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WATER SCENARIO IN INDIA
Issues, Challenges & Way Forward
13 November 2019
The Portuguese and India Water & Sewage Industry
Opportunities for Business, Partnerships, and Knowledge Networks
India’s annual water resource potential is
1870 – 1950 bcm, but, utilizable water
resources is 1030-1120 bcm
Annual avg. per capita water availability
declining over time - 1850 m3/capita (2001) to
1550 m3/capita (2011) to 1470 m3/capita (2015)
India is water stressed and at the threshold of
becoming a water scarce country
India’s water resources
Water Infographics
Challenges
Available Water
Agriculture
Industry
Maintaining Ecological
Flows
Municipal
(Drinking & Domestic
use)
• Distribution of water
between different users
• Maintaining minimum
ecological flows in
rivers
• Poor Quality Water
Competing
Water Demands
Jal Shakti Abhiyan
संचय जल, बेहतर कल
Government of India’s Initiative
Water Conservation: Now a National Priority
https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/documents/presentations
11,18 10,99
6,60
4,78 4,74
2,28
China Israel
3 to 5 times more water for irrigation (agriculture) than China, US, and Israel
USA South Africa Brazil India
Disproportionate higher use of water per crop
Water used for irrigation (in m3) per kg of crop produced (2005-17)
Need for Integrated Water Management
6 Source: FAO AQUASTAT 2017, OECD data (2018)
5177
2209 1820
1545 1341
-500
500
1500
2500
3500
4500
5500
1951 1991 2001 2011 2025
India’s decrease in water availability
Cubic meter per capita per year
Source: Dept of Water Resources, Ministry of Jal Shakti
https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/documents/presentations
Water Stressed Blocks/Districts to be covered
Criteria:
I. Blocks with Critical/Over-exploited
Groundwater levels.
II. For States without Critical/Over-
exploited Blocks, Districts with the least
groundwater availability are selected.
INDEX [Total Districts: 257] 234 Regular Districts 23 Aspirational Districts
States / UTs Blocks Districts
1 Andhra Pradesh 68 9
2 Arunachal Pradesh 11 1
3 Assam 5 1
4 Bihar 30 12
5 Chhattisgarh 2 2
6 Delhi 24 10
7 Goa 7 1
8 Gujarat 30 5
9 Haryana 81 19
10 Himachal Pradesh 4 4
11 Jammu & Kashmir 15 1
12 Jharkhand 5 2
13 Karnataka 53 19
14 Kerala 3 2
15 Madhya Pradesh 29 11
16 Maharashtra 20 8
17 Manipur 3 1
18 Meghalaya 3 1
19 Mizoram 2 1
20 Nagaland 3 1
21 Odisha 9 1
22 Punjab 111 20
23 Rajasthan 218 29
24 Sikkim 8 1
25 Tamil Nadu 541 27
26 Telangana 137 24
27 Tripura 6 1
28 Uttar Pradesh 139 35
29 Uttarakhand 8 1
30 West Bengal 1 1
31 A&N Islands 3 1
32 Chandigarh 1 1
33 D&N Haveli 1 1
34 Daman & Diu 1 1
35 Lakshadweep 9 1
36 Puducherry 1 1
Total 1592 257
7 https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/documents/presentations
Intervention Areas
Concerned Departments: M/o Jal Shakti; M/o Rural Development; D/o Land Resources; M/o Agriculture & Cooperation and Farmers Welfare; D/o Agricultural Research and Education; M/o Environment, Forests and Climate Change; and M/o Housing and Urban Affairs
1. Water conservation and rainwater harvesting
2. Renovation of traditional and other water bodies/tanks
3. Reuse, borewell recharge structures
4. Watershed development
5. Intensive afforestation
8 https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/documents/presentations
JSA Intervention Areas
1. Water conservation and rainwater
harvesting
Activity
Construction of water conservation
structures:
a) rooftop rainwater harvesting structures
- public ; private
b) Check Dams
c) Trenches
d) Farm Ponds
2. Renovation of traditional and other
water bodies/tanks
Activity:
a) Restoration / renovation of
traditional water bodies/tanks
(includes individual owned units)
a) Number of other water bodies
restored
9
A series of trenches/Khantis along hill slopes hold rainwater and recharge water sources, Uttarakhand
Traditional water system, Maharashtra
https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/documents/presentations
JSA Intervention Areas
3. Reuse, borewell recharge
structures
Activity:
The following structures constructed
a) No. of borewell recharge
structures
b) Soak pits
- Community; individual
c) Greywater* treatment ponds
* Waste water generated from household washing and bathing
Community soak pit, MGNREGA
10
4. Watershed development
Activity:
a) Area under Watershed
Development increased
b) Number of staggered trenches
constructed
c) Many gully plugs constructed
d) Percolation tanks constructed
Watershed Management, Assam https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/documents/presentations
Efforts Towards Ganga Conservation
GAP I
• Launched in 1985
• Focus on Main stem of River Ganga
• 25 Towns Covered
• 260 schemes completed
GAP II
• Extended from GAP I in 1993
• Merged with NRCP in 1996
• Taken up works on four tributaries – Yamuna, Gomti, Damodar & Mahananda
NRCP
• Launched in 1995
• Covered 41 major Rivers of the country
• 8 Ganga basin rivers taken up viz Betwa, Chambal, Gang.a, Mahananda, Mandakini, Ramganga, Yamuna
NGRBA
• Separate Authority for Ganga created in 2009
• Chaired by Prime Minister of India
• NMCG as an implementing body at center and SPMGs at states
Namami Gange
• Project under Separate Ministry for Ganga Rejuvenation
• All 11 Basin states covered
• Conservation measures for all tributaries of Ganga
A Shift Towards Basin Based Approach
Details on Namami Gange Programme available at <https://nmcg.nic.in/>
‘Namami Gange’ – Holistic approach
Thrust Areas
Improved Inter-Ministerial and Centre-State Co-ordination
Tributaries and sub-tributaries of Ganga brought under one umbrella
Holistic Basin Approach
Pollution abatement
Wholesome River
Peoples’ participation and
creating awareness
Research and Monitoring
Capacity Building and State’s
participation
Conservation of biodiversity
River Front Development
Flood-plain protection & Sand-Mining
Ganga River Basin Management Plan (GRBMP) by IIT Consortium
Details on Namami Gange Programme available at <https://nmcg.nic.in/>
Efforts initiated under Namami Gange
River Front Development
100% sewerage treatment infrastructure for 118 Towns
River Surface Cleaning
Massive Afforestation Drive Treatment of drains
Strict enforcement for Industrial pollution
Improved wood-based crematoria
Details on Namami Gange Programme available at <https://nmcg.nic.in/>
Need of the hour
• Rationing of water- Promote water metering and volumetric supply of water
• Proper pricing- To minimize wastage and change mindsets
• Promoting water efficient equipment, faucets, micro-irrigation, etc.
• Encouraging Reuse of treated municipal wastewater in
• Industry
• Agriculture
Sewage Generation
Increase in Urban Population
Increase in Municipal & Industrial Activities
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
320
340
360
380
400
420
440
460
2011 2013 2015 2017
Sew
ag
e G
en
era
tio
n (
ML
D)
Urb
an
Po
pu
lati
on
(M
illio
ns
)
Urban Poulation (Millions) Sewage Generation (MLD)
Change in Sewage Treatment Capacity
• Government has launched a
number of programmes/
schemes for augmenting
sewage treatment and
collection infrastructure
Smart Cities
AMRUT
Namami Gange
Swachh Bharat
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
2009 jul-18(M
LD
)
Generation-Treatment capacity Gap- Sewage (MLD)
National Sewage Treatment Capacity (MLD)
~83% STPs
Operational
Positives
• Given the constraints in ULBs, PPP models have tremendous opportunities
• Recently under Namami Gange Scheme, 2 STPs in Haridwar and Varanasi have been awarded under the new Hybrid Annuity Model
• Municipal Agencies & State Govts. are providing Incentives to encourage reuse/recycle of wastewater
• Municipal Corporations in Pune & Hyderabad have raised funds through Municipal Bonds
• Municipal Corporations are exploring new advanced technologies for treatment and reuse of municipal wastewater
• State Governments are developing Policies for Reuse of Municipal Wastewater- Gujarat, Haryana
• Projects for more than 11,000 MLD worth in excess of USD 2.4 Billion to be awarded by 2026 by Govt. of India
International Centre for Clean Water At IIT Madras Research Park – the first university owned research park in the country
Research
Technology for greywater recycling for households and rural communities Prototype ready. Funds required USD 150K
Separating Oil from Water
Oleophilic Nano Spun Fibre technology for recycling industrial waste water and kitchen waste water. Lab scale version ready:. Funds required USD 150 K
Sensor development - Low cost, mobile enabled, multi-parameter sensors (Arsenic, Fluoride included) for use by school children. Ongoing Project: Funds for enhancing LOD = USD 150K
Technologies offered (CDI)
• CDI is a De-centralized Desalination technology to remove harmful toxins and contamination in water. • Involves the removal of ions by the application of a small potential (Max 1.7V DC) across a collection of electrode pairs • Graphite / Carbon material based electrodes – Easy to replace – Environmentally friendly • Highly scale-able from small devices to large community based applications.
Technologies offered (eSBR)
• eSBR Intelligent Sewage Treatment System
• Highly scalable system - from 1KLD to 500 KLD
• Totally automated - No manpower required
• Energy saving – treats incoming water only as per load
• 98% cleaning in 6 hours
• No chemical use – fully biological treatment
• Space saving – entire plant can be placed underground
Collaboration areas
• Core R&D in water technologies, filtration products, materials, sensors etc
• Technology integration to provide affordable solutions to corporates and communities
• Water security studies with recommendations for greater water stewardship in urban and rural districts
• Real time water quality and consumption monitoring systems with trouble shooting support
• Measuring social impact of clean water in terms of economic, ecological and health indicators
• New technology evaluation, certification and marketing with sustainable implementation
Waste Water Reuse – 100 MLD Domestic Waste Water Treatment
• Project Treatment of domestic waste water with reuse
Project size 100 MLD plant -estimated value ~USD 15 Mn
• Challenges
• Varying quantity of silt / organic matter / nutrients • High cost of treatment • Disposal / reuse of sludge
Requirement of Technologies
• Cost effective technology- Rs.5/- per KL (USD 0.1 per KL) • Technology for decentralized system with improved primary
treatment • Cost effective secondary treatment • Direct reuse without tertiary treatment for urban
landscaping
Structure EPC/PMA/O&M/Reuse management
Future potential Across Indian towns/ cities and peripheral rural areas
Desalination of Sea Water Drinking Water Augmentation 735 MLD
• Project Sea Water Desalination, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Project size 6 plants aggregating 735 MLD - estimated total value ~USD 1,000 Mn
• Challenges
• Varying qualities of in-put seawater • Disposal of rejects and effluents • High power consumption
Requirement of Technologies
• Purify levels of above 35000 TDS • Non- RO systems if possible • Lower Power consumptions (reduce the power cost by
25% - 30%) • More efficient technologies for pre-treatment and
cost effective membranes
Structure • EPC/ PMA/ O&M
Future potential Scaling-up in coastal cities/ towns in India
Potable Water Distribution 800 MLD Water Distribution
• Project Distribution of treated water on 24x7 basis
Project size 800 MLD distributed over 16 zones spread over 170 sq km with an estimated value of contract ~USD 25 Mn
• Challenges
• High level variations in supply pressures and quantities in the distribution pipeline
• Intermittent system of supply • Absence of volumetric measurement and electronic
billing
Requirement of Technologies
• Improved technologies for equitable and reliable distribution of water, to reduce distribution and billing cost
• Cost effective systems incl GIS, AMR and web based applications for billing and revenue collection
• Remote monitoring mechanisms of water leakage or losses
Structure EPC/PMA/O&M/Reuse management
Future potential EPC/PMA/O&M / Revenue Collection
Ground Water Management Brackish/ Ground Water Treatment
• Project Treatment of brackish or contaminated ground water
Project size Multiple decentralized plants of 10-15 MLD capacity
• Challenges
• No alternative sources available for augmentation of drinking water supply
• Continuous replacement of media every 2-3 years
Requirement of Technologies
Cost effective technologies using ground water as source • Low O&M costs incl. low power consumption • Minimum back-wash and generation of sludge
Structure EPC/PMA/O&M
Future potential 70% of Indian water supply uses ground water as main source
Lake Remediation Water Augmentation and Eco-Restoration
• Project There are no. of smaller capacity surface water sources namely ponds and lakes are available all over Tamil Nadu which are either not fit to be used as drinking water source or not bridging the demand supply gap for want of better technological solutions. The project envisages go in for an effective remediation procedure adopted so as to ensure the water is made available for consumption
Project size ~200 Lakes of up to 1,000 ha with an estimated value of contract ~USD 50 Mn
• Challenges
Spread over entire state and hence requires attention at micro level which may not be possible by the local bodies concerned
Requirement of Technologies
Technology for treatment of influents and removal of vegetation, algae, weed control, artificial aeration
Structure EPC/PMA/O&M
Future potential
Implementation at all India level
Thank You