water soluble vitamins - mbbs students...
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WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Presented by:Dr Shalini G UnnithanI MD(Rep)GHMCT
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VITAMINS• “VITAMIN” means “vital for life”• VITA + AMINE
• VITAMINS are *Micronutrients which are necessary for everyday healthy functioning
of the body • VITAMINS cannot be synthesised in the body. So
they have to supplied thru’ diet 06/16/10 www.similima.com - dr shalini g
unnithan 2
* Nutrients required in very small amounts - mg or µg
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VITAMINS - Two main categories
• B • C
• A• D • E• K
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Fat solubleWater soluble
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Water soluble
• Cannot be stored in body - regular supply needed
• Excess is excreted in urine - no danger of toxic levels
• Unstable to heat and light, leach into cooking liquids
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Fat Soluble
• Can be stored in body - regular supply not needed
• Can accumulate to toxic levels if large amounts ingested
• Fairly stable at normal cooking temperatures
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WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
Vitamins B and Co Structure
o Functions
o Properties & RDA o Sources
o Co - enzymes
o Effects of deficiency
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Overview of Water soluble Vitamins
• Dissolve in water • Subject to cooking losses• Generally readily excreted• 50-90% of B vitamins are absorbed• Marginal deficiency more common• Function as a coenzyme• In energy metabolism
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B-vitamins• Do not give people energy,
like energy yielding nutrients, but help to burn this fuel
• This class contain 8 B vitamins, each work as coenzyme
• Must be present in every cell continuously for the proper cell function
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Coenzyme: a small molecule that works with an enzyme to promote theenzymes activity
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Vitamin B Complex• Thiamin (B1)• Riboflavin (B2)• Niacin (B3)• Pantothenic Acid(B5)• Pyridoxine (B6)• Biotin (B7)• Folic Acid (B9)• Cyanocobalamine (B12)
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Co enzymes:Catalysts in Biochemical pathways
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Absorption, Transport, Metabolism of Vitamins
• Absorbed in the SI into the capillaries by a carrier-mediated system
• Vit B12 must bind with Intrinsic Factor in stomach to get absorbed in SI
• Transported by RBC in the blood• No carriers required• B2 – protein carrier
• Excess quickly excreted in the urine
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Absorption
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B1
Most of B, Vit C
VitC, B1, B2, B6, B12
Biotin
IF + B12
Release B2
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Vitamin B1
THIAMINE
( Aneurine)
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Structure• Pyramidine ring ---- -CH2 ----- Thiazole
ring
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C12H17N4OS Active form - TPP
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Vitamin B1 - ThiamineFunctions• Essential for
release of energy from carbohydrates
• As coenzyme ( TPP )
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Vitamin B1 - ThiamineProperties• Destroyed by high
temperatures, alkalies• Stable in crystalline
form• Lost by milling flour,
leaching into cooking liquids and in thawing frozen food
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RDA
1.5mg per day Requirement increases with energy expenditure
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Vitamin B1 - Thiamine
SourcesOuter layer of grain & germWhole grainsWheatgermPulses , Nuts, SeedsTuna Broccoli Thiaminase found in raw fish
Not in butter & veg oils ( not fat soluble)
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The 1929 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Christiaan Eijkman
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"White rice can be poisonous!“ Conclusion of Christiaan Eijkman (1896)
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Coenzyme: Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP)
• Coenzyme in decarboxylation of pyruvic acid -> acetyl coA in metabolism of carbohydrate
• Kreb’s cycle
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• Decreasedo dehydrogenation ->
accumulation of pyruvate & lactate -> vasodilatation &
î CO -> fluid leakage -> oedema
o acetyl coA & ATP formation -> decreased acetyl choline & CNS activity
o Cells cannot utilize glucose -> affects CNS
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BeriberiRisk groups• Poor• Alcoholics• Infection • Hard physical labor• Diet with highly
processed food• Thiamine def moms
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Beri = I can’t Oriental beriberiWet beriberiEdemaenlarged heart SHOSHIN heart failurePISTOL SHOT sound over femoral artery
Dry beriberi
Weakness,nerve degeneration, irritabilitypoor limbs coordination, loss of nerve transmission
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Infantile Beriberi• Form of wet type• Breast fed babies of
thiamine deficient mom• a/c onset
Restless & crying
o Anorexiao Oedema -> larynx -> aphoniao Tachycardiao Tachypnoea -> death
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Wernicke’s Encephalopathy• Mid brain, hypothalamus, walls of III ventricle• Haemorrhagic polyencephalitis• c/c alcoholics consuming other food in little amt• Triad- encephalopathy ophthalmoplegia ataxiaIf untreated – Korsakoff’s psychosis coma death
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Diagnosis
• Plasma pyruvic acid level î
• Transketolase activity in RBC with / without adding TPP
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Interesting facts• It is thought that thiamin can be useful
for motion sickness in air and sea travel, and that this vitamin also repels insects when excreted through the skin.
• In autism management • Thiamin should be taken with the B
group vitamins and manganese.
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Vitamin B2
RIBOFLAVIN
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Structure• Heterocyclin, isoallaxozine------alc-
ribitol• Flavus = yellow
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Vitamin B2 -RiboflavinFunctions• Metabolism of
carbohydrates, proteins and fats
• Precursor for the co enzyme FAD & FMN
• Convert B6 & Folate to active form
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Vitamin B2 -RiboflavinProperties• Water soluble• Unstable at high
temperatures• Destroyed by alkalies• Sensitive to uv radiation
(sunlight)• Stored in paper, opaque
plastic containers
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RDA
1.5 - 1.8 mg per day 2-2.5 in pregnancy
lactation
child
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Vitamin B2 -RiboflavinSourcesMilk & milk productsEggsGerminating seedsOffalLiverOysterYeast extracts
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Risk groups• Rare– Low milk/dairy
intake– Elderly – Alcoholics– Long term
phenobarbital use
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ARiboflavinosis
oOral –chelosis angular stomatitis glossitis
oOccular – vascularisatn
oSkin - dermatitis oNasolabial seborrhoea
oAnemia – normocytic
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Occulo orogenital syn • Occurs within 2
months • Lesions in eyes,
genital, oral mucosa
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ARiboflavinosis
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Vitamin B3
NIACIN
(Nicotinic Acid/ Nicotinamide)
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Structure
• Pyridine – 3 – carboxylic acid• P-P Vitamin
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C5H4NCO2H.
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Vitamin B3 -Niacin (Nicotinic acid)
Functions• Metabolism of
glucose, proteins
• Mild Vasodilator “niacin flush”
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Vitamin B3 -Niacin (Nicotinic acid)
Properties• Water soluble• Stable to heat• Fairly stable to
acids/alkalis• 80 -90% loss in milling• Body can make it from
protein. • The amino acid
tryptophan can be converted to niacin in the body.
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*RDA
15 - 20mg per day
*Related to protein intake
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Vitamin B3 -Niacin (Nicotinic acid)
SourcesLiver Brewer’s Yeast BranWheatgerm TomatoMilk Maize & Potato-bound form->treated
with lime( alkali)
Instant Coffee 1 cup -> 1 mg niacin
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Pellagra • Risk factors• Maize as staple diet• Alcoholism• Malabsorption• Hartnup disease
• Pella=skin, agra=rough• Dermatitis – exposed to
sun, friction areas CASAL’S NECKLACE Pellagra sini pellagra• GIT s/s – loss of app V, D,
Stomatitis, soreness of tongue
• Mental – depressionanxiety
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Pellagra
3Do Diarrhoeao Dermatitiso Dementia
Generalised malabsorptionMacrocytic anemiaEncephalopathy
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Vitamin B5
Pantothinic acid
(Filtrate factor)
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Structure • Pantothen = everywhere• Chick pellagra factor• Peptide derevative• amide between D-pantoate and beta-
alanine
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Vitamin B5 - Pantothenic acidFunctions
Acetylation reaction in cells
Commonly named as coenzyme A
Metabolism of AASynthesis of FA & cholesterolFormation of steroids
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Vitamin B5 – Pantothenic acidProperties• Water soluble• Heat resistant• Viscous oil
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*RDA
6 – 10 mg per day
* No clear data
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Vitamin B5 - ( Pantothenic acid)SourcesAnimal tissuesLiverKidneysSpleenHeartAdrenalsEgg yolk Milk
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Risk groups
• Poor pts in South India
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Burning foot syndromeGrierson-Gopalan syndrome
Grey hairAdrenocortical insuffNeuromuscular failure
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Commercial uses• Topical application
for burns• Treatment of acne reducing oil content of face
• Also in paralytic ileus
• Exploited in shampoo industries
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Vitamin B6
Pyridoxine
( adermin )
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Structure • 3 comp – pyridoxal
pyridoxol pyridoxine pyridoxamine
pyridoxal PO4
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Origin of name
• PYRIDine hydrOXyl & vitamIN
• AntiDERMatitis vitamIN
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Vitamin B6 -PyridoxineFunctions• Protein
metabolism• Involved in
formation hormones and structural proteins
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Vitamin B6 -PyridoxineProperties• Water soluble• Reasonably heat stable• Sensitive to high
temperatures, oxygen, milling and processing
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RDA
2mg per day
Increase with high proteindiet
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Vitamin B6 -PyridoxineSources
Yeast extractsBananaEgg yolkFishMeat, milkWhole grains, cabbage
Intestinal bacteria
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Deficiency • Rare deficiency, usually in infants• Dermatitis• Anaemia – hypochromic microcytic• Cheilitis, conjunctivitis • Seizures, irritability in infants - fed on artificial milk
powder• Familial pyridoxine- responsive anemia• Xanthuric aciduria + mental retardation
• Anti TB drugs -> peripheral neuritis06/16/10 www.similima.com - dr shalini g
unnithan 57
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Can prevent…..
o N & V during pregnancy & Radiation sickness
o Local application in seborrhoeic dermatitis
o Kidney stone & homocystinurea
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Vitamin B12
CyanoCobalamin
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Structure • 2 comp – cyanide group
cobaltCobalt containing porphyrin
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Vitamin B12 - (Cyano) CobalaminFunctions
• DNA synthesis• Nervous system -
maintains myelin sheath around nerves
• Helps treat pernicious anaemia
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Vitamin B12 - (Cyano) CobalaminProperties• Water soluble• Heat stable up to 100°C• Affected by strong
acids/alkalis• Affected by light
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RDA
3-4 µg per day
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Vitamin B12 - (Cyano) CobalaminSourcesMeat, OffalFishCheese , eggs
Liver storage
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No B12 in plant foods – vegans, vegetarians risk of deficiency
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Risk groups
• Lack of intake• Absence of intrinsic
factor• Gastrectomy• Fish tapeworm• Diseases of ileum• Congenital vit malabs• Excess demand
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oCongenital B12 defeciency in childhood
oPernicious anemia – def of IF
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Deficiency • Haematological o Megaloblastic anaemiao Megaloblastic bone marrowo RBC survival time – 60 days
• Neurologicalo Sub a/c combined degeneration ( demyelination)o Degen of lat & post columns of spinal cordo Peripheral neuropathyo Glove & stocking impairement of superficial sensationo Occational mental changes06/16/10 www.similima.com - dr shalini g
unnithan 65
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Diagnosis • Schilling test• Distinguishes deficiency
caused by pernicious anemia with that caused by malabsorption
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Vitamin B9
Folic Acid
(Pteroylglutamic Acid)
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Structure • Folium = leaf• Lactobacillus casei factor• Mono/ Poly glutamates• Pteridyl grop & glutamic acid +
paraamino benzoic acid
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Vitamin B9 -Folic AcidFunctions• Development of brain,
spinal cord and skeleton in foetus
• Reduces risk of neural tube defects e.g. spina bifida
• May play role preventing heart attacks, strokes and cancer
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Vitamin B9 -Folic AcidProperties• Water soluble• Unaffected by acids• Sensitive to light and oxidation
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RDA300 µg per day
More during pregnancy
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Vitamin B9 -Folic AcidSourcesFortified cerealsDark green leafy
vegetablesCitrus fruitsShell fishMeat Liver
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Vitamin B 9 -Folic AcidRisk groupsPoor Alcoholism PregnancyInfancyLeukemia Prox SI diseases – coeliac
diseases
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Deficiency• Fatigue in mild cases• Megaloblastic anemia• Infertility – severe
cases• Tropical sprue • Neural tube defects
Important to take folic acid prior to conception and vital during first 3 months pregnancy
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Neural tube defects
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Folic acid antagonistsantifols
• Folic acid-vit B12 antagonism Folic acid supplements can correct the anemia
associated with vitamin B12 deficiency. Unfortunately, folic acid will not correct changes in the nervous system that result from vitamin B12 deficiency. Permanent nerve damage could theoretically occur if vitamin B12 deficiency is not treated
• Provides fuel to malignant cells of leukemia, myeloma, hodgkin’s disease
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Vitamin B7 (H)
Biotin
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Named after….
Egg white injury factorAvidin combines with biotin in intestine &
prevents absorption of biotin from intestine
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H represents "Haar und Haut” German words for “hair and skin”
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Structure • Heterocyclic S containing
monocarboxylic acid
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Vitamin B7 (H) - BiotinFunctionsCell growthProduction of fatty acidsMetabolism of fats and aaRole in the TCA CycleHelps to transfer carbon
dioxideMaintains a steady blood
sugar levelStrengthens hair and nails
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Vitamin B7 (H) - BiotinProperties• Water soluble
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RDA300μg/day
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Vitamin B7 (H) - Biotin
Sources
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CheeseBeef LiverBrewer’s yeastCauliflowerChocolates Mushrooms Spinach
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Risk groups• Persons who
have taken large amt of raw eggs for long time
• Partial gastrectomy
• Alcoholics• Anticonvulsant
drug06/16/10 www.similima.com - dr shalini g
unnithan 82
skin rash
hair loss
Convulsion
neurological disorders
impaired growth in children
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Interesting facts• It seems that biotin may affect hair color,
together with PABA, folic acid and pantothenic acid.
• Some research had varying results with biotin supplements in returning hair to its original color.
• This has proved only successful to a limited degree and only when natural vitamins were used, as the synthetic vitamins did not influence the results very much.
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Vitamin B Complex & carbohydrates
• B take part in carb metabolism at various stages
• In nature B combined with carbohydrates
• B deficiency leads to impaired carb metabolism
• So administer B complex when glucose given parenterally
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Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid
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Structure • enolic form of 3-oxo-L-gulofuranolactoneDisease of Sailors
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Vitamin C -Ascorbic AcidFunctions
• Prevents scurvy• Acts as
antioxidant, protects HDL cholesterol
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Vitamin C -Ascorbic AcidProperties• Water soluble• Destroyed by alkalis, dry or moist
heat and enzymes• Sensitive to Fe, Cu • Sensitive to light and oxygen• Acts as an antioxidant
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RDA
30-60 mg per day
Least stable of all vitamins
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Vitamin C -Ascorbic Acid
SourcesGuavas(boiled/stewed) blackcurrantsgreen peppers, kiwiCitrus fruitsstrawberriesspinach, cabbageBroccolli
Exception : dried cereals & pulses
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Risk Groups
Infantselderly men Alcoholicssmokers
• Prolonged consumption of dry fruits & vegetables
• Defective Hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline
• Deficiency of collagen
Permeability of capillaries -> haemorrhage
Defective erythropoesis -> anaemia
Defective collagen form. -> delayed wound healing
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Pathology
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Scurvy• Weakness & debility• Swollen & spongy gums• Gums – scurvy buds• Hallitosis Cutaneous bleeding in lower thigh -> Perifollicular Bleeding ->
petechial haemorrhage usually in ankle & feet Haem in deep tissues of thighs & legs -> woody leg Heaping of keratin like material -> corkscrew appearance of hair
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Rebound scurvyInfantile scurvy ( Barlow’s Disease)
LassitudeAnaemia• Scurvy buds – after
teeth eruption• Frog-legs position• Scorbutic rosary
Immediate halt to excess vitamin C supplements
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Perifollicular bleedingCorkscrew appearance
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Scorbutic rosary
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Bogus Vitamins
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Vitamin B 4 Adenine
Vitamin B 10 Identical with Folic acid
Vitamin B 11 „ „ „
Vitamin B 15 Pandemic acid
Vitamin B 13 Orotic acid
Vitamin B 17 Laetrile
Vitamin B 19 Wormser’s secret formula
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DO s & DON’T s for nutrition
• Do peel the skin as thinly as possible. • The nutrients are concentrated just below the skin, so peeling
before boiling increases the loss of Vitamin C, Folic Acid and other B vitamins. Better scrape
• Do not cut vegetables into very small cubes as each small part comes in contact with oxygen, destroying vitamins.
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DO s & DON’T s for nutrition • Do not soak vegetables in water to
prevent discoloration. • Almost 40 % of the water soluble vitamins and minerals are lost
in the soaking water. If you must soak, use up the soaking water to knead dough, prepare soups & gravies
• Root vegetables should be boiled with skins on and then peeled after boiling. This helps the nutrients to migrate to the center of the vegetables, helping better retention of its nutrients. Do eat with skin on whenever possible.
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DO s & DON’T s for nutrition • Certain amount of minerals and vitamins
are lost even during preliminary washing before cooking.
• Washing may remove as much as 40% of the thiamine and nicotinic acid. Thats why it is preferable to wash rice with minimum amount of water.
• Salads should be prepared just before serving and should be served in closed dishes to avoid excessive exposure to air.
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DO s & DON’T s for nutrition • Do not throw away the excess water
drained after boiling rice or vegetables. When preparing cottage cheese, the water left over after curdling is called whey. It is extremely rich in good quality proteins and vitamins and should be used up in preparing gravies, kneading dough or simply had as a refreshing drink after
flavoring with lemon juice and salt and pepper.• Do not keep milk open or exposed to
light, as considerable destruction of riboflavin can occur.
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DO s & DON’T s for nutrition • Baking soda makes cooking water
alkaline and thus helps retain the color of vegetables as
well as speed up the cooking process, BUT it destroys thiamin and vitamin C.
• Cooked vegetables when exposed to the atmosphere before serving may also result in loss of vitamin C.
• It is preferable to cook vegetables in minimum amount of water keeping the vessel covered and to consume it as soon as possible.
Reheating cooked vegetables further destroys vitamins.06/16/10 www.similima.com - dr shalini g
unnithan 100
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homoeopathy
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DEWEY W. A. Practical Homeopathic Therapeutics
• Vitamine therapy• As Cartier remarks - "Without these imponderable vitamines
life would be impossible".• It reminds of Hahnemann's "spirit-like force" which he applied
to the action of remedies.
Vitamines are of special interest to the homoeopathic physician. • First, they offer positive evidence of the curative power of
imponderables and infinitesimals • Second, they are analogous practically to the Tissue Remedy Therapy
of Schuessler introduced by Hering and practiced by our physicians all over the world.
• It was pointed out by Schuessler and verified first by Hering and then by the physicians of our school, that the deficiency condition due to a lack of a mineral salt would not necessarily be remedied by giving foods rich in the deficient salt, and that the deficiency disease would continue quite frequently no matter how much was taken into the system in foods.
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PSORIC MIASM -- GEORGE LOUKAS• The feature of deficiency regarding body manifests
itself in various ways, such as inadequate nourishment. He eats all the time but the organism cannot assimilate the foods and the result is deficiency.
• Those who mention that deficiency of vitamins and minerals are the cause of various diseases go together with the homeopathic thinking because they focus on the point related to psoric miasm.
• For instance deficiency of vitamin A causes dryness. Dryness is one of the main symptoms of psoric miasm. When Hanhemann wrote about psoric miasm, he was not aware of the existence of vitamin A.
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Medicines with vitamins• Aegle marmelos • Embelica officinalis • Thea • Coffea • Vaccinium myrtillus• Daucus carote• Oleum triticum• Oleum jecoris• Angelica sinensis• Taraxacum
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• Citricum acidum• Chocolate• Sarothamnus scoparius• Beta vulgaris• Draba verna• Ilex mate• Marrubium vulgare• Rosa canina• Hydrastis• Aesculus
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Contd……• Aloes • Bambusa • Capsicum• Coca• Crocus• Rheum palmatum• Sambucus• Thuja• Urtica urens• Vibernum
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• Allium sativum• Apium graveolans• Aqua marina• Asparagus• Crataegus• Cucurbita• Fagopyrin• Ginseng• Mangifera• Menyanthus
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Contd……• Raphanus• Solanum• Veronica
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SCHROYENS F., Synthesis [original English version] [9th Ed.]
Vit b1+b2+b6+b12
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REPERTORY
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Synthesis GENERALS – BERIBERI GENERALS – PELLAGRA MOUTH bleeding gums scurvy GENERALS SCURVY, scorbutus GENERALS - FOOD and DRINKS - vitamin C
Phatak B – BeriberiP – Pellagra S - Scurvy
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REPERTORY
Complete • SKIN – PELLAGRA• GENERALITIES – PELLAGRA• MOUTH - HEMORRHAGE - Gums – scurvy• GENERALITIES - SCURVY, scorbutus
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Murphy • GENERALITIES – PELLAGRA• Skin – PELLAGRA• Skin – PELLAGRA• Diseases – SCURVY – scorbutus• Fever – HECTIC fever-scurvy• Mouth – BLEEDING – bleeding,gums - scurvy
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THANK YOU