water solutions of acids universal indicator is yellow turn phenolphthalein colorless turn litmus...
TRANSCRIPT
Water Solutions of Acids
• Universal Indicator is yellow
• Turn phenolphthalein colorless
• Turn litmus paper red
• React with metals to give off hydrogen gas
• Taste Sour
Water Solutions of Bases
• Taste bitter and feel slippery
• Do not react with metals
• Conduct electricity
• Turn litmus paper blue
• Turn phenolphthalein pink
• Universal Indicator is blue
Svante Arrhenius
Svante Arrhenius:
Acids form hydronium ions in water while bases form hydroxide ions.
Hydronium ions: [H3O+] (H+ combined with H2O)
Hydroxide ions: [OH]
Hydronium Ion
WaterMolecule
O
H
H
Hydronium Ion
O
H
H
H
+
+
+
+
H3O
WaterMolecules
HydroniumIon
Water polarity
Water Molecule
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Hydrogen
+
+
WaterWater Molecule
OxygenAtom
Hydrogen AtomHydrogen Atom
+ +
+
+
H
H
O
Hydrogen Bond
HydrogenBonding
Hydrogen BondingHydrogen Bonding
H2O
WaterMolecules
HydroniumIon
+ +
+
++
NO3
Nitric Acid in waterHNO3 + H2O NO3
+ H3O+
H3O+
Svante Arrhenius:
Acids form hydronium ions in water while bases form
Hydronium ions: [H3O+] (H+ combined with H2O)
Hydroxide ions: [OH]
hydroxide ions
HydroxideIon
O H +
OH
OH
Sodium Hydroxide in water
NaOH + H2O Na+ + OH + H2O
Na+
HydratedAl+3
Al+3
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
H2O
StrongAcid
WeakAcid
Neutral Strong Base
WeakBase
O
O
O
O
S
HH
O
O
O
N
H
O
O
O
N
NO3
Nitrate Ion
Cu + 4 HNO3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + 2 H2O
The brown gas is NO2
The green material isCu(NO3)2
Nitric Acid is an oxidizing acid
Acid and Base Strength
Acid strength depends on the number of hydronium ions formed per mole of acid.
HNO3 is a strong acid and HF is a weak acid. The ionization of hydrofluoric is
more reversible the HNO3 ionization.
HF + H2O F + H3O +
HNO3 + H2O NO3 + H3O +
reversible
HydroniumIon
NitrateIon
100 % Ionized
Strong Acid
HNO3
FluorideIon
HF
HydroniumIon
Weak Acid
HFReversible
Cl
H
100 % Ionized
Strong Acid
100 % Ionized
Strong Acid
O
O
C
H
Bond
O
O
C
C
H
H HH
CH3COOH
Acid and Base Strength
Acid strength depends on the number of hydronium ions formed per mole of acid.
HCl is a strong acid and acetic acid is a weak acid. The ionization of acetic acid is
more reversible the HCl ionization.
CH3COOH + H2O CH3COO + H3O
+
HCl + H2O Cl + H3O+
weak acidstrong acid
IodideIon
HydroniumIon
100 % ionization
Strong Acid
HI
100 % ionization
Strong Base
Johannes Brønsted
Johannes Brønsted:
Definition based on what happens during an acid base reaction
and is not limited to aqueous solutions.
Brønsted Base
A substance that accepts an H+ ion (proton) from another substance
Brønsted Acid
A substance that donates an H+ ion (proton) to another substance
Acid – A substance that produces hydrogen ions in water solution.
HCl H+ + Cl
Acids and Bases
Base – A substance that produces hydroxide ions in water solution.
NaOH Na+ + OH
An acid is a proton donor.
A base is a proton acceptor.
Brønsted states
Brønsted states
Conjugate Acid – A particle obtained after a base has gained a proton.
Conjugate Base – A particle remaining after an acid has donated a proton.
Conjugate Acid and Conjugate Base
Brønsted Used The Acid-Base Reaction
To Define The
NH3 + HCl NH4+ + Cl
Conjugate Acid and Conjugate Base
BaseCan Accept a
Proton
AcidCan Donate a
Proton
Conjugate AcidHas Accepted
A Proton
Conjugate BaseHas Donated
A Proton
The ProtonIs Gone !
Conjugate Acid and Conjugate Base
Acid Conjugate Acid
BaseConjugate Base
HNO3 + H2O H3O+ + NO3
HCN + SO42 HSO4
+ CN
Conjugate Acid and Conjugate Base
Acid Conjugate Acid
BaseConjugate Base
Base
Acid
ConjugateAcid
ConjugateBase
