water supply and drainage in future additive …water supply and drainage in future additive...

Water supply and drainage in future additive manufacturing building systems M. P. Nekrep(1), R. Vdovic(2) 1. [email protected] 2. [email protected] 1. Faculty of Civil Engineering,University of Maribor, Slovenia 2. Faculty Of Architecture, University of Zagreb, Croatia Abstract There in no doubt that additive manufacturing or simpler 3D printing will play significant role in not so future building construction industry. Additive manufacturing is maybe the most promising and intriguing line of research in all kind of industries from simple prototyping to personalized medical implants including building industry. Additive manufacturing in building industry allows advanced and brave design and free form nature inspired constructions. No significant human intervention will be needed in the building phase; designing phase will overcome most of the efforts. Micro inner design of “the walls” can follow design and structural demands together with many additional possibilities including all building utilities. New materials and mechanical devices are observed, possibilities of using materials from site (sand, clay,..) are more than exciting. New demands and opportunities will challenge water supply and drainage in building. Not only pipe lines but also active elements of networks could be embedded in time of building creation on site. Keywords Additive manufacturing; hybrid manufacturing; embedded installations; automated manufacturing systems

CIBW062 Symposium 2013

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1 Brief history of automated manufacturing systems in construction Beginning of automated systems to construct a complete building started in Japan in eighties of the twenty-century. Various robotic systems where combined to erect a building. Those systems has been called building factories. At the beginning of the new millennium new approach has been discovered – additive layer manufacturing called also 3D printing. Thin layers are put one by one to create final form. 3D printing has been recognized as the technology of the future (Wright 2001). We can divided automated construction systems into following categories: Integrated Robotic Systems (IRS) and Additive Layer Manufacturing (Tibaut 2013). 1.1 Integrated robotic systems From early beginning of our civilization, peoples shelters where somehow constructed from existed parts, by centuries building techniques evolved into prefabricated building, motivated by low costs and fast building process. Automation in the building construction has developed for different type of steel and concrete structures (Shinko Research Co. 2007). In the mid-1980s Japanese building contractors made intensive investment to develop automated building systems, as well as a variety of robots for different construction tasks. Steel fabricators started introducing welding robots at the same time. 1.2 Building factory Development of automated systems for entire building construction started around 1990. The systems combine building robots and automatic transferring system, prefabrication and unitization, and computer technology for controlling the systems. Various systems have been developed, among others “SMART Systems” and “ABCS” for steel structures, and “Shuttle rise” and “Big Canopy” for reinforced concrete structures (Cousineau 1998). They have significantly improved quality, reduced heavy manual labour and enabled a factory type and look environment, which was safer and independent of various weather conditions. After the economy bubble the development of the “building factories” slowed down due to the reduction of R&D investments, but such systems are still in use.

Figure 1. Model of shelter 3D printed by clay (Nekrep, 2013)


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1.3 Future home

The main objective of the 1999 European FutureHome project (FH) has been declared as “Housing for Europe in the next century: Affordable, high quality homes for all. FutureHome is following the concept of integrated construction automation using various robotic systems using foundations from “Building factory concept” as it is following the concept of integrated construction automation using various robotic systems. It covers all stages of the house-building construction process from architect’s desk to site robots. Special planning tool (AUTOMOD3) has been developed for modular building system. It is composed by several tools for design, planning and simulation, which are linked and able to interchange their data. The tools have been integrated in a well-known CAD system (Diez et al. 2007). 2 Some directions in building automated manufacturing 2.0 Additive layer manufacturing technologies Additive layer manufacturing (ALM) technologies are also known as 3D printing (3DP) technologies. A 3D printer is depositing thick layers of material that are able to harden fast enough to bear the following layers. The “printing head” is moving vertically stepwise as layers are printed one on top of another. Many 3D printing technologies have been developed for production of prototypes or models, and even to produce series of objects. Contour crafting (CC) and D-Shape are 3D printing automated construction technologies, while n2mBuild can be understand as seed for thinking out of the box. 2.2 Contour crafting Contour crafting (CC) is automatic manufacturing technology based robotic system. (Khoshnevis 2004). It is a fabrication process by which large-scale parts can be fabricated quickly in a layer-by-layer fashion.

Figure 2. Conventional of adobe building using CC (Khoshnevis 2004)


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Advantage of the contour crafting is in smooth and accurate surface forming capability, planar and free form surfaces. CC can be applicable in most advantage buildings, but also in case of low income housing as a tool for producing series of . Another technology in development is D-Shape. It is an automated building system using sand and binder to create stone-like free-form structures (Dini 2009). The process is similar to small scale 3D printing.

Figure 3. D-Shape printer (Canessa et all 2013)

2.3 N2mBuild N2mBuild (N2MB) (cited by Rebolj et al. 2011) is a concept that has been developed with a strong motivation to reduce waste, pollution and energy consumption caused by traditional building technologies. The first decision therefore was to use materials, which exists on site and can be transformed into building materials. Since carbon exists in nature in vast amounts, the next decision was to use carbon as the basic material and to extract it from CO2 from the air.

Figure 4. nano- to meter scale building using light projector to send energy and information to Bio

Nano robots on the building plane.


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The whole building consists of a single basic material, but with different atomic geometry that result in different required characteristics.

2.4 Some inspiring examples "3D Printed building Blocks Using Lunar Soil" is project funded by the European Space Agency within the funding scheme of the General Studies Programme (GSP) and uses D-shape technology.

Figure 5. Visualization of “building” lunar module (D-SHAPE 2013)

MIT media lab (leaded by NeriOxman) 3D printing buildings towards new kind of architecture

Figure 6. Foam 3D printing with robotic arm (Arch Daily 2013)


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A team at Loughborough University rethinks concrete with 3D printer technology

Figure 7. 3D Concrete Printing (3DCP) project, Innovative Manufacturing and Construction

Research Centre at Loughborough University (Walton 2013). Solar sinter uses local material – sand and solar energy to produce 3D objects only with and from environment.

Figure 8. 3D Solar sintering in the Moroccan desert (Kayser 2011)

3 Basic principles of water supply and drainage in building produced by additive manufacturing 3.1 Integral design

Integral design of all building elements is essential in case of automated and especially additive manufacturing. Design is crucial and creative part of building process in this case. Building is created in virtual world and the final phase of the building process is almost completely automated. That includes also water supply and drainage network.


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Detailed Building Informational Model (BIM) of all building elements must be prepared. Designing and planning phase will become most manpower consuming. Great design freedom will give us power and bring difficulties in to the water supply and drainage networks planning. Vertical – horizontal lines approach will be difficult or even impossible. The main advantage of all additive manufacturing is production on site, which is also the basic characteristic of building industry. 3.2 Embedded installations Embedded installations are very intriguing possibilities for the future installation. Additive manufacturing layer by layer can be done with several “printing heads” for different materials. For example in micro structured clay wall we can embedded and print in the same time layer by layer also plastic drainage pipe or even cooper DC power line.

Figure 10 Breathing building model inspired by termite mound - dr. Rupert Soar from Nottingham

Trent University 3.3 Active elements Active elements can be integrated into design and produced construction. Diverse in micro wall structure, can include active elements of air vent or even water hammer protection elements, can act as storage of rain water and passive cooling… 4 Conclusions Additive manufacturing in the building sector has potential to be “the next big steep forward”. Especially possibility of use local materials can results in deed sustainable and affordable housings. We can already 3D print clay and wood in smaller scale. Detailed control of inner structure of construction elements as “walls” and “floors” can be used for optimal design of inner world of the wall. We can expect significant progress even on the affordable and workable micro scale and even more in future Nano scale. First of all the result can be optimal use of material versus maximal structural


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strength. We can adopt inner structure (“sub walls” mesh - inner walls or beams in the “WALL”) to the stress lines in the structural elements. The inner structure of small cavities with isolated air can be optimized also from building physics point of view. In such a wall as building utilities active we can integrate passive ventilation systems “breathing buildings” (Morgan, 2013), tubular daylight systems and of course water supply and drainage system passive (lines) or even active (air vent, ..) elements. Large-scale 3D printing or additive manufacturing systems are in early research phase but we have to prepare theoretical platform, BIM models and new approaches in water supply and drainage for buildings simultaneously or better in advance to cocreate possible future building paradigm. 4 References 1. Rosenfield K (2013), Printing 3D Buildings: Five tenets of a new kind of

architecture / NeriOxman, Arch Daily, 18.1.2013, http://www.archdaily.com/320986/printing-3d-buildings-five-tenets-of-a-new-kind-of-architecture-neri-oxman/ Accessed 15.6.2013

2. Contour Crafting. http://www.contourcrafting.org/powerpoint-slides/. Accessed 8Jul 2013

3. Enrique Canessa, Carlo Fonda and Marco Zennaro (2013), Low-cost 3D Printing�for Science, Education & Sustainable Development, ICTP Science Dissemination Unit

4. Cousineau L, Nobuyasu M. (1998), Construction Robots, The search for the new building technology in Japan, Asce press

5. Diez R, Padrón VM, Abderrahim M, Balaguer C (2007) AUTMOD3: The integration of design and planning tools for automatic modular construction. International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 4:457–468.

6. Dini E (2009) D-Shape. http://www.d-shape.com/cose.htm. Accessed 10Jul 2013

7. Kayser M (2011), http://www.markuskayser.com/work/solarsinter/. Accessed 1 June 2013

8. Khoshnevis B (2004) Automated construction by contour crafting—related robotics and information technologies. Automation in Construction 13:5–19. doi: 10.1016/j.autcon.2003.08.012

9. Morgan J (2013) Termite mounds inspire new ‘breathing’ buildings, http://www.scienceomega.com/article/1076/termite-mounds-inspire-new-breathing-buildings, accessed 12.7.2013

10. Rebolj D, Fischer M, Endy D, et al. (2011) Can we grow buildings? Concepts and requirements for automated nano- to meter-scale building. Advanced Engineering Informatics 25:390–398. doi: 10.1016/j.aei.2010.08.006

11. Shinko Research Co. L (2007) Automation of building construction and building products industry - state of the art in Japan.

12. Tibaut A, Rebolj D. (2013) Interoperability and automated manufacturing systems in construction, Jims (in press)

13. Walton J (2012)3D Printing - The Future of Concrete, Construction Digital, http://www.constructiondigital.com, 15.3.2012

14. Wright PK (2001) 21st Century Manufacturing, First Edit. Prentice Hall


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5 Presentation of Authors Matjaz Nekrep Perc is a Teacher and Head for Centre for Hydraulics at the University of Maribor, Slovenia Roberto Vdovic is a Teacher and Researcher at the Faculty Of Architecture, University of Zagreb, Croatia


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water supply and drainage in future additive …water supply and drainage in future additive...

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