N yasaland Protectorate

GEOI)OGIOAL SURVgy DgPAR'NJEKrr

Colonial Development

Water Supply Investigation

PROGRESS REPORT (No. 8)

Fon THE YgAR 1938.

1939.

PlUN'fED AND PUBLISHED BY 'rITE GOYBRN}IEN'I' PRIN~rIm,

ZmIBA, NYASALAND

9097B: 370; 25. 6d: mdP 46/39

, .. ,

A. GTeNTeRAL.

Staff

The Year's Work

B. DIS'l'lUC'l' RBPOIU'S.

Dowa District

Lilongwo Distriet

South Nyasa District

CONTENTS

C. j\lAIN'l'TeXANCTe OF BORTe-I-IOLBS AXD WTeLLS.

D. WA'l'EH-SUPPLY PnOPOSALS Fon 1039.

i\.PPE"NDICES.

'[la.ble 1. llorc-holos comtrueted in 1938.

l'able 11. Wells constructed in 1088.

Table ILT. W"lls deepened in 1938.

PACE

i5

7

8

9

10

11

'[lable TV. Bore-holes and wells constructed in Districts dUl'ing pcriod1931-38.

Table 17. Summary of ,Vater-Supply Operations during period 1931-38.

Table 171. AlHllyscs of Boro-Holo and Well Waters fol' 1936-37.

Map No. 1. P,U't of ])owa District.

Jjap No.:2. Part of Lilong-wc District.

Map No. 8. Part of South Nyasa District.

Mal' No. 4. Central and Southern Nyasalancl showing m'eas covered by Water Supply ma.ps issued by the Geological Survey Department.

f I I

I I-

t

I I ,

I Dil'('Ct-or

Geologist

,VeIl Ba l'(o l'

STAFP,

P. DIXEY, a.n:e., D.8e., F,G.B.

H. J)i, P. SAVAGg, F.G.S.

\V, EL .HIDEH, C. N, PE'I.

\Vell Foremen

\Vells :\'Irtintcn[lTICe Officer

Hceon1" o iJicc I.'

H,. C. S'J'IDsTON-BnOADJm::s-'l', J:-. G. J1~SSEP) J. C. VA:\"

\V'h\, T. C. CAHxm, H" G. Hous'l'o:.:\, J. C, ::\NDlmsox.

W. G. iHACINTYHE:.

B. P. HODGSO~.

DIH'ing October the Director was seconded to Nodhel'11 R.hodesia, in on1Cl' to l'CPOJ.t upon fH)c!

preparG a scheme fol' the development of waiel' snpplies in ceJ't.ain Native n,escl'vcs. ~ehe l'(lsults

of this inYcstigaLion hRYO been commnnicated to the Govel'nment of Northern Rhodesia. in a

sepa,rate report..

[1:be Directot' went on lea,ve on NOV0111bel' 2Gth, since when J\I1', Sn,vage ha;:; acted as Dil'cctol'.

Owing to the Dil'ector's absences in the field and on secondmcnt the work of watcr supply

invesbign.tions aud construction WHS la.rgely (',ontl'olled by 1'1'11'. S::wa.ge who has desr,ribed the operations in the accompanying District I~cpol'ts,

Mr. H.idcl' wellt on leave on Augnst 30th, 11essrs, Bl'oadbent a,nd van \V~;k l'csignecl in

Augnst to tlllw l1p oLher employment", a,nd ~1r, Jossep resigned in October on aocount of ill health,

':f.1110 va,ca.ncies cltllscd by 'Lbose J'esignations werB filled by 110S81'S, Houston, CO:l'nie and Anderson

l'especti\'cly,

During pru:Ls of September and Octobf!J' while lVI1'. Jessep WitS ill, Mr, lVlacint:\'l'e supervised

the well-sinl;:ing opcl'a,tions in. the IJilong-wc District.

THI~ YEAH'S \VOHI{,

The work of 018 Dcpa.l'tment un ring t,hc yea.r ilnd since the inoeption of the CoJonia,l Develop­

ment \VittCl' Supply Schemes may be snmmal·ir.ed as follows

BOlm-HOl,ES.

Number of bore-holes completed N1lll1bcl' of bore-holes under cOll~5knctjon

Number of bOJ'c-holes tlbandoned

Total footage (completed, under construction. and abandoned)

Footagc of prodnetin; bOl:c-}lOles

Footage abandoned Total minimum da,ily yield, in ga.Jloll»

IvIinimnm mttiyc popuhtion nJfeeted

Avcl'l1gc depth of pl'oductive bore-boles, in feet Average minimUl,11 cbily yield of p1'ocll1ctiw~ bore-

holes, in gRllons

5

193G

G

5

2,2071

UH 812

160,,360

500 2:151

26,760

1:):37 19f~8 :tf.l31-3S

iJ (j 55

ij 19

2,111' 1,WiG 11,HG1'

J,-H2?i 1,175 8,955

GJ5} HJ5 2,7021

Sn,720 213,0'10 UI2,,.J10

1,300 1,24.5 17,297 l60} 195 168

37,OGB 3;:\501 23,862

Number of \vells complet.ed

D1:0 \VELLS,

lDHG

63 Number of ,yells deepened 01' othel'wise im­

pro\"(~d

Number of wells under construction Totrd fooLage (complet.ed, undor construc­

tion, [Cnd ft-bandoncd)

}'oot.age of pl'oductiYe wells

Foota,ge of tl'ial sbuJts aba,ndoned owing to ha.l'dncss of rock, unstable gl'ound, inadequate yield 01' pl'esence of salt water

I.rota.l minimum daily yield, in gallons

J\linimum natiyc population a.ffect.ed

:1,8G8

3,853-}

1,014}

284,330

8,102 61 Avemgo depth of pl'oduotive wells, in feet.

Averagc minimum daily :l'ield of productive wells, in ga.}lons ,1,513

5

·I,185·}

3,582

;J-J3}

137,816 6,.165

61

2,338

,37

2

3,806,'

2,Wi21'

7·{9

233,885 ),1,821

i")Z

4,103

1D31-38

,101

,.12

1

28,566 20,380;}

9, 150l

1,378,071 80,,!73

501

3,'136

Of the six bo}'o-holos completed in 1938, foUl' were in Dowa District a,nd two in Uppel' Shit'c

District. Of the 57 wells completed, 21 were in Dowa Dist.rict, 20 in Lilongwe a,nd 16 in South Nyasa District. The one well remaining under construction at the end of thc ),oa.l' was in South

Nyasa District. rrwo wells wE're deOl)ened, one in Upper Shil'e Distl'ict and one in Zomba Di,strict"

as in Table Ill.

The following table gives the limits of depth rcached by the Ya,rious wells and shafts put

down by the Depa.rtment in }fl88 and in preceding yCfH'S :-.-

Ll:\rI'l'S OF DEP~l'll HEACHED BY 'V]~]:'LS AND SHAF'l'S,

L~:mits of depth, in feel '" 12-25 ;26-/50 60·76 76·100 100-1£5

No. of \Y811s and sha,fts in 1£)38 7 28 20 15 1

" 1837 9 25 23 H 3

1036 8 25 26 12 9

1935 20 >14 15 6 4

" 1834 29 36 17 10 7

" 1933 17 22 20 18 5

1832 6 26 31 15 ·1

1931 18 6 6 5 1 10'31,38 115 2J3 158 9{5 3,1

A8 in the preceding reports of this sories, details of aH the bore-holes a.nd wells constructed are given undcr the hcttd of District Hepol'ts a.nd in the a.ppended tn.blcs and ma,ps. Many miles

of water-snpply sel'vice roads ha,ve beon ent, a,nd the impol'ta,nce of maint,aining these for the

'Scl'vice of the wclls hit·S been emphasized in ea,diet' roports.

,.'cable IV shows the bore-holes a,nd wclls constl'llctec1 in tbo varions Districts dming the

period 1931,38, while IJ.1a ble V 5nmnlttl'izcs the water-sullply opera-tions a.s a· wholo dUl'ing the same pol'io<1,

Instructions wel'C issued fol.' thc filling in of all aba,nclonec1 sha.ft.s, Difficulty dl.O to noxious gas ,nl,S encountcl'cd in the shaft; still nnde!.' constl'llction, in South NYlts[L Di.strict. .EYel'Y bOl'O­

hole il>nd well constl'l1cted ha.s been elcady marked with its official numbel', ftS given in rrables I and n.

r:I:hel'c were no cases of wftter being fonnd under sllb-tt.l'i.:esia,n pt'CSStll.'c.', but thoro WCt'E'

flnctuations dne to moYcment, of the water table. It is intel'esting to noto t.hat i,he highest temporary rise recorded in each a,).'oa, ,yas one of 17 fecL

In September at the reqnest of the Director of lDc1ucation, the Director gn,Yc a.n Q,ddl'ess on \Vatcr Supply to Kati\'{~ Authorities a.nd Communit,y wOl'kcrs a.ttonding COUl'ses rtt the Jcanes rrmining Ccntre, Domnsi; otlWl' pupils of the Cent,rc wel'C a,lso present. rrho. mode of Con­

struction of the b01'e-b01('8 n.ll{l wells wa.s expIH.ined, as ,,-ell as the steps taken fOl' thoit'

ma,intcn~t.nc-e, a,nd emphasis wa,s laid on the necessity fol' nsing the equipment wit.h propel' care ~lJ}d flJ.tention.

Good progross was ma.de with the ol'ganizing on a pel'manent ba,sis of tho ruaintemLl1ce of

completed bore-holes and wells, and a,n account of the work of 1'1'11', \V. G. :Macintyl'c, ;,Vells 'Maintenance Offl0er, is given in Section C below.

6

I specif

detn,il

1

37 an takel:

the' the ~

l'epor lusti· soc1il; type,

sodit supp

galla than that of IX

pain·

alth(

the

Toh Nb~

borE

abol

com grol

·east

we})

com fici[l

moc clec(

gro1

suc:

the

bot on 1

floo de,p

obt wat

.gne

son

dee lini

1931·3S

'101

29,566

20,330;}

9,150t 1,378,071

80,4 73

501

3,436

, in lJ PP01' Shire ]:nd 16 in South

<tl' was in South

Zomba District,

and shaJts pnt

?O 100·125

1

3 9 ,j

7 5

.j

J

34

!Is constructed Ma,ny miles

these fol' the

:ts dUl'ing the )Ie during the

hie to noxiolls Eyery bol'c­

m in rrabIcs I

t there W('l'(,

t the highest

'In a,ddl'ess on

.t ihe Jeanes

node of C011-

:on fol' their

l propel' care

jutena,nce of

ntYl'e, vVells

During the year, time JUt,S been dc\roted to proposals for well cons~l'l1Ction in 1fi38, \\"iiJl specia.l reference to I{ota Kota, Down·, l~iIongwe, Dedza. Q,nd Sout.h Nya,St1 Districts. Flll'tbm'

deta.ils as to these ncw [u.'cas are given in Section D below.

Acknowlcdgements are due to the Directol' of the Impel'ia.l Institute for the valuable sC!'ies of 87 a,nalyses of bOl'e-hole Ilnd well waters gi,en in fl'able VI. rnwse analyses [H'e ma.inly of samples

taken from the bore-holes and "wells desol'ibed in the last Report, and a OOl'l'csponding series for

the weJls constJ'ucted in 1988 will be included in the Report fat' 1939, especially interosting is the al1a,lysis of the wute!' from the Hot Spring nca,)' t,ho old Boma at T.Jiwonde and the speci,)'l

report npon it submitted by the Prineipa.! of the ?dinCl:a,l Resoul'ces Depa,l.'imcnt of the Imperia.l

Institute. The report descl'ibes the water iM3 being \'Cl'y sOfti lll1d conta,ining tninel'al sH,lts, chiefly

sodiulll cfH'bonn·te and sulphate together with some sodium chlol'ide. 11: states tha.t wat~rs of this type, conta.ining npPl'Oximatdy 30 gl'ains pcI' gaJlon (eQlliYa,lellt to about 430 pru{s per million) of

sodium cal'bonate a.nd sulphate are widely used in parts of Britain as oJ'dinfl,ry domestic water supplies, Natural scltzer water ::md Apollin[l;ris water lHe sta,ted to eonta,in about 58 grains por

ga,Jlon (eCJlliva,lent to about; SOO pn,l'ts per million) of sodium ca,rbon!1te, which is very lUuch higher

than the amonnt occlH'ring- in the sample of \Yatel' ft'om the T.Jiwondc Hot Spring. It is considered that this water may bc rcgarded as a soft wa.tcl.' suitable fo1.' domestic supply, and that its content

of mineral saJts is not high enongh for it to have any Jl),al'ked medicinal value. (fhe l'eport also

points out that soft watcr of this type is often slightly corrosive to meb.ls such a,s iron and zinc,

nJthongh i(' does not HsnaHy affect lea,d,

B. DISTRICT REPORTS.

DOWA DIS'l'RICT.

FOHr bore-holes wel'e completed by Mr. N. C. Pini. Two WC1'e for native water-supplies in

the Dzo'ole al.'Cfl, t~t Chidoti fmd Pwetekere, 1.5 miles and 4..2 miles respectively from I'I'fponela

Tobacco .i\Ial'ket. ~L'hc remaining two were for the JDmpil'e Cotton Growing COl'J.wration, onc at

NlnVfdi and onc ~1~ Chitala, in the T.Jake-sho1'e al'Cf1 neal.' the old Dowr~-Dol11ira Bay road. All the bore-holes reached gneiss bedrock and penetratcd it to depths ranging from 120 feet to 182 feet.

Twenty-one wells wcre constructed in the Mpali area, cast of the, Dowa-Kasungu roa,d fl'om

about G miles to 15 miles nOl,th of l\iponela Tobacc.o Mal'ket, The well-sinking opemtions we1'e

commenced by :Mr. J, C. "Rn W~;k and continncd to completion by Mr, T. O. Camic. The new gronp of wells extends O\"C1' an m'ea measuring 10 miles from n01'th to sonth and 9 miles from

east to west. Tlw ft.J1llllfl.i l'ainfa,1l of the al'ea, is t1bont 3-1 inches. The Inea in which the 110 \\'

wells lie is part of a, 13,500-5.000 foot penephl.in ]H'oba,bly of :Mioccne a,gc. '1:he1'o is f.~ l'oek floor

composed of sohists a.nc1 gneisses of the Basement Complex upon which lies il, coveJ'ing of Rllpct'­

ficinl deposits pal'L\y l'fOsidua,j from the l'ocks below, and p(l;l,t,ly of an alluvial nature due to the

modoJ'a,tel~v erosivc action of the loea.! rivers ~U1d streams. ~ehe J'csidual la,yel's formed by the

deeomposition of the underlying rocl{s havc been in pa,)'t transported, sorted a·nd redeposiU-,d ,t~

Ya.J.ying hut., in general, not \'(,l'y grcn,t dist,mccs from theil' oJ'iginnJ sotH'ces,

~L'he l'oeks of tIH! Basement Complex reach the smface in many places and often J'iso above ground icyel to form hills up t.o 500 feet aboye the genoml level of the eonni.!'}'. Distinct from

such hills n.·re nl1lJWl'0118 lo\\' ridges due to (,ho dissection of the penepln.in by the present str{'n.ms,

the di',,,ectioll lwying' l'en,cl\cit depths up to abont 60 feet, rTllC \'alleys thus formed arc usually

fairly broad,

All the wells arc mainlr in gnciss, the exc:wntions showing that, [t,pa,l't from the fl·ctUfll vaHt:,y

bottom, the coyet'ing of snprl'iicial deposits Yfl·j'ics from 4 foet. to 18 feet, In one \\'ell (No, 2:1,:'H8) on the edge of th0. brOftd Ngon:1 dambo thel'(~ was a depth of 3] foet of allllyium abovG the rock

Hoor. The gneiss pl'OYCl1 to be of varia.ble hanlness, a.nd shafts n,t three sites wore a,bandonecl n"t

depths of .1G feet, 75 feet flnc1102 feet owing to t,he hardness of tho l'ock and the pOOl.' prospect of

obtaining water, \Vlwl'e the gneiss \\-as weathered to a. suWcicnt depth, 1"C, to 20 feet 01' morc,

\\,8"tOl' wa.s usually obtainable, in qnantities ra.nging from 1,5S{ to 9,040 gfl,llons po)' 24 hoUl's.

~rhe superficial dcposits and, occa.sionally, the morc highly decomposed of the micaceous

gneisses beca.me unsta.ble as soon as \n~ter \\"as reached, and consequently it was necessary in

some cases to undel'cnt cyJindel's of concrete down into the water-bea,l'ing zone, 01' int,o a less­

decomposed zone. In one instance 3-foot concrete rings were undercut inside the nOl'mal <i-foot

lining.

7

f

ii'

~rhe depth to water ranged from 21 to 77 feet in the different shnfts, and the yields from 720 to 9,0·J.O gallons per 2·1 hours. As the dry season ~Hhnnced the wale1' ta.ble in genera.! fell through a vertical ra·nge of a.bout 31 feet, but in three cases the)"e \\"(~l'e ],ises of 2, ·1, and 5 f(~et l'cf:ped.ivciy.

,Vith but one exoeption the water leyol, as recorded in the various shnfls showed H temporary rise

l'anging between 1 and 17 feet,

The soils of Ow arerL desoribed arc gcncndly or: excellent qun.lity a.nil are rdJ'cady ff.Lidy well uncle1' cllltiytLt:ion. The principrri object of the work Wflf: to imp1'o\'e the in~Hl('qlw..te and insa·nitftn· watel' snpplies of this well-popnln.tocll'cgion, lJ.'his should lcnd to [I.n improH"ment in the honlth and gencral well-being of the villages a.fJedec1, and should allo\\' of a somewhat closs)" setllement of part.s of the arca. It is cstima.t.ed t.h, .. t some.twclve squal'(' miles of land we)"(l nw.de a\"ailable fol' soch closct' scttlement 01.' for op(Jl~ing up, nnd this land \\"IU; suitable fat" the pt'odne-tioll of

tobacco, cel'cals, gl'ouJ1(1nuts, cn,ssn,Yf\. a.lld b(UHUlit.;o,

J3r the end or the season both the \yells in new nxens had been t:t!,Cl1 up and hut bnilding had

commenced.

Home on miles of sCJ.'\"ice rOfu1i-; wcre cleared in the conrse of \\'ell constrnction, a.nd, if

properly maintained, theso sho111d add greatly to the usefl1hwss and aeeessibiiity of the an)[\,.

LTLONGWe D1S'rRIC'J'.

1'weniy wolls worG constl'uctcd in the Chac1za·]"\:a.pnduJa. a·rea, east of Lilong\yc and north of the Ililongwe-Pot"t. ]"I.ra.nning l.'ond f1'om ab01lt )5 Jniles to 2;) miles from JJilongwe. ':I:be Nsn'l'll

Toba(~co l\Ja-l.'ket lies in the nort.h-cast quartel' of th0. nrea. rrho \yell-sinking opCl.'ntions \YCre

commenced by idl". h G, Jcsscp a·nd (;Ontinllcd t.o completion by l\h. J. C. Anderson. ~I'he new group of \yolls extends 0\'01' a.n a.l"ca. measuring 17 miles frolll north to south and 101 miles fl'om

east to west.

The annual minfn..ll of the a·rea. is about 39 inches.

lJ.'ho new wells lie in an a-rea· which is pm't of the Slune :3,500-5,000 foot 11ioceno pcncplain mentioned abo\'o in connexion with tbo DO\Y<l. District wells, aDd accordingly thero is a fioor of

rocks of thc Ba.sement Complex co,'el'ecl by simihr snpcl'ficiaJ c1ellOsits, Only in onc 1),1:1'1 of the area·, in Chipala Estate, do the Basement gneisses reach the surface, nnd there they form n lo\\' hill.

In this nno'a t.he pencphin has <le gentle tilt c1owl1\yal'ds in u· nOl"th-nol"t.h-wesierly direction,

t,herc being a drop in a.ltitude of aJ)()ut 200 feet o\'er a· distfH1Ce of about 20 miles. ~rhe majol'

dissections ba-ye reached depths not much in excess of 100 feet, a.nd e\,"11 th(~ dcepest lJa\'c fairl~'

shallow profiles.

All the wells penetratc the gneiss a-nd fLro mll,inly in that rock Tb.: shaft soctions showed that the covering of superficial deposits yal'ies from G feet to 21 feet in thickness. In two sha.fts hard dyke rocks were encountered in the soft wcathered gneiss and t,he shafts W01'O aba.ndonec1

at depths of 1G and 23 feet respectively. One shaft was nbandoned upon striking very hard gneiss at 33 feet, onc on account of meeting ba.ni bterite at ]Q foet. and two at 15 a.nd 20 feot respectively beca.llso n, very strong flow from pcrched Hquifers rondored further work in the soft

ground da.ngcrous, In a.ll these cases other sbafts were sunk [t. fo\\- dOI',en ya.rds f\.\Vfty and Huccessful wells wel"C completed. In the wea.thel'cd gnciss wat-el' \vas ohtitinable at depths from 13 to 60 feet from its snri'n.-ce.

Undercntting was rosorted to in a few cases on account of inBtability of the gronnd l1pon

reaching the '>va,ter zone, but in general the weat.hel'ed gneisses, though soft. were firm enongh to

stand nntil the shafts were complet.ed. rnlC concrete lining \Y:Hi then ~et in place from the bottom of the shaft upw:.ll'ds to the top.

The depth to wa.ter from ground leyell'angec1 ft'om 88\'On to sixt.y feet in the different shafts, and the yiolds from 1,512 to 0,GOO gallons lWl' 2,1. hoUl's, As the clJ'y SC1Hson a(h'nn(~ed the wat(~l'

table in gencrn,l fell through a YCl.'lical range of about, 21 foet, but. in the cases tbc:."c W01'O rises of I, 1, 7, 8 and 8 feet respoctively. In a Dumber of ecu;es there was a Lell1Dol'a-l'y rise mnging beLwccu 1 a.nd 17 feet-.

culti'

\vate

and!

of pr!

such

and

the ~

pl'Op

bet" furt: rock wu-s end opel

Mr. to SI

fron rece baNt

hiJl~

Bas for

sep~

a'w and

COY'

SOil

bee:

85,

sne· w111

por

the

11 diff difJ

rea

sb:

the poi'

by

COl]

wo'

risi not me

; yields from 720

nend fell throng])

{(,(;,t 1'l'8pC'e:tiYcly,

n tempora)'y l'isf:.!

l'oady faidy well

l,te and illS(UliUu'y

'nt in the health

closel' scttlcment

C l1lfHle a\'{(iluble

he production of

hut builtling had

tJ'l1ction, and, if )f the m'oa.,

\YC :l,nd north of (WO, ~I.'he l\s<tl'u

Opc),<t.tions wow

81'80n, 1'h~; new

d 1.1 miles fl'om

ioccne peneplain

~l'e is a ilOD], of

one part of the 2J'e they fo)'m (1.-

·'stel'ly direction,

i]es, 'The majol'

pest ll<lye fairly

sections showed

In two shafts

were aba,ndoned

'iking \'ory hal'd

15 a,nd 20 feet

.'ork in the soft.

,·a.rch a way a.nd

ut depths from

he ground upon

fjl'Jll enough to

pIneD from the

diffel'cnt shafts, ll1ced tbe water

~'e \\·01'0 riscs of

H':')' J'isB ranging

~l'he soils of the a.l'Cl.t a1'e genendl~- of exccllent, qnaJity and a,re rdready fnil.'ly well under

culth-ation, f].IJlC principal object of the wOl'k \\'[\,s to impl."Ovc the inadequate a,nd inscH)itm:y

wu,ter St1I11:lies of this \YCll'popllhted I'egion_ ~Phis shol1Jc11ead to a.n improvement, in the health

and gencmJ..l well-heing of the vilIa.ges affected, and should Rllo\\' of (1 somewha·t elosel' settlement

of parts of the iH-CIl,. It; is estimated that some ten sqtHu'e miles of bnd \\"01'8 made a.vailable for

snch closeI.' settlement or for opening np, and this bne'! wa,s ::mita:ble 1'01' the production of tobacco'

a.ml food e1'Ops_ 8ett.len·wnt had already begun at the \\-c]] in the une ncw ai.'C<L bdo1'o the close of

the season,

Some -11 miles of service roads wel'e clea,reJ in the CO\H'se of well consb'uction, il..ncl, if

properly maintained these should add gl'ea.t.Jy to the usefulness n.nd accessibility of the area,

SOOTH NYASA DIS~J:H.ICT,

Sixteen \\"ells \\'el'C constructed in the" NanlwmbrL" a,l'ea in the vicinity of the Lake·shore

between :\1onkc~y EFL:,!.' lH1d the Nkolakola. ]3..i\"e1' noa,!' the western bouncbl'Y of the Distl'ict. One

fmthel' well was not completed U,g its construction wu-s greatly retarded b:y the banlncss of the

rod: and the OCClH'l'CnCe of noxious gu,s a,t It, depth of 8:) feeb, ~ehe fiow of \Ya,ter into this shaJt

was \"ery slow, aml the shaft has been left for obs0l'\'ation dming the elry SCl'tson of 1989, a,t the

end of' \\-hieh, if cil'cnll1stnnces wal'l'twt it, it wiiI be deepened a,nc1 f1nished off. fl'he woll-sinking

opel'ations \\"(:1'0 cOll1lncnced by MJ'. It.. C, S, Bl'oa,dbent Rnd continl1ed to completion by

:MJ', R G, HOllston, The new gronp of wells ext.ends over an a,i-ea measuring 19 miles from north to south a,nd H miles fl'om (last to west. 1.l.'IlC- annua.! rainfnJI of the region is a.bont 27 inches_

r1'he new wclls lic on a, part of the coa,stal plain. of T.J<Lkc Nya.sa., at dist.a,nccs of 2 t,o 10 miles

from the T.Jn,j;:e shol'e. l_rhis section of the f.J,,,b,,_ plain is fOl'med mainly of the I.Jake shore fringe of

l'ccent- alltl\'iUJl1 ovcrlying a,. penepbinod stll'fitce of gneisses of the R'l;semont Complex into whieh

bfLVC been inb'uded gl'anitie <Llld syenit,ic rooks which fl'eqllcntiy rise a.bove the slll'fa.ce to form

hills and lllolmktins, ~Chel.'e fLt'e many hills, also, fanned of the mOl'e l'osisLant members of thc

Ba.semellt gnoisses, the metamoJ'phism c:1Hsec1 by the intrusions being in some c[tses responsible

fol' their incl'crtsed crystallinity rmd h(H'dness_

~rbe grcater l'csist-rtl1ce to e1'oslon of these rod:s ha,s led to the existence of the peninsula, whicb

sepa,rn.t,es the sonth-eust-em <Lnd south·west-em a,t'ms of htlw Nyasa., r.I:he axis of th8 intrllsion >l,,,

rt whole trends J)Ol'th and south, but the component mountain ril"nges usurtlly hase nOI.'th·p>l.slied\'

and sonth·\\"(!!';te1'ly trends, giving a gencra.} " Hchelon " form of topography,

ACCOl'ding!y in the northern pa,l't of the Uol'(;a, tlw old la.nd snrfa,ee lics beneath but a. sha.\Jow

COW')1' of ;11h1YiuJn and the wells and "ha-He; a·l'C nH1inly in gneiss Ol" syenite_ In the eentra,l a,nd

son them parts of the :l)'eil, the gneiss slll'flwe lies at, fL gre,ttcl.' depth ,tnd all the wells a.l'e in n,lluyium_

'rhe J'ocks met in the "hafts in the north proved to be \"ery hard and 1'01' this l'eason and

beca,llse of the pOOl' pl'ospeet of obtcl;ining wMc!', ii\-e shaft.s \\"e1'e ahHlc10ned (l,t depths of 25, 52, 8:3,

85, and 80 feeL In two of these fin~ cases ot-her shaHs wel'e sllnk close by, one of whieh was

sllecessfnlly completed as it \\·('11; the other is still undel' construction, In the fOUl' roek wells

\vater \Vas met [Lt c1epths hetweon 21 tUHl 8:1 feci-. in (Jlmntities ranging fl'om 1,18G to 8,584 gallons

per 2-1 hoUl's, Tn t,he sh,ti't under constl'lwtion the watel' lay <"Lt 84, feet, at whieh depth flow is a,t

the l'n.tc of a,bont :WO gallons in 2,1 boUl's,

[n the alluvium of Llw south, one shaJt was a.bandonecl at a depHI of .-1G fcet. on flccount or t diffic.ulties and dangel.' due to naming sftlld_ The depth to \\·f1.,tel' mngcd from 1-1 to G8 feet in the

different. sl),tftf;, ll]1(i the yiQlds from l,GOO to Hi,;-380 gallons pet' 24 hotH's_

CndC'l'cntting was resorted to in ft, f(~w cnsC'C\ on aceol1nl of the instftbiliiy of t.he ground npon

rCfl..ehing the wniC'I'·benl'ing ,.;on8_ but in W'l1c'm1 tbc rt.llu\-il1l1l, \.hough soft, was fil'll1 enough to

sta,nd 1.1J1lil the shafts were completed and jijwd up,

A sNics of bt"tl'onwtrie rcadings indic",t('{l Hmt the waicl'·table in tlw n.lluvil1nJ coincided wit.h

th(~ ]jaj,c surface ]lea!' tJ]O shore; in genend it. riJst! gl'a,dllally inland so that. its height at ,lny onc

point wac; (letC'l'll1incd mainly by (lista,llC-(~ ['ram t lw Lake, a.Jthough it W:LS apt to be ra.iscc1 Joca..lly

by Cl si;rNlm COllrse, r.rhe slope of the nJltl\'illll1 W;lS about 20 j'()()t PCl' mile,

'1'he alhl\"ial soil of the l'U.'CR described is, ti)lon the whole, of good quality, but priol' to the

constl'nelion of the \yolls mllcb of it lay idle o\ying to lack of wate!'_ ~L'he prineipa,l objcets of the

work were to provide ne\\" b,nd fo1' the naii\"es dl'jn;Jl bauk from thc TJnli:c shoro <Lt; a result of the

l'ising of tho [luke, a,ne! to incl'c,\sC the proc1udio)) or . :;)t.i.on and food crops, It is estimated th,LL

not less O_HHl HI stjuat'O miles of good agl'iculturnl i::ntl ha.\"c been )))fl.c1c a,v:;t,ilable fol' nati\'o settle· ment by the Gonst.l'lwtion of these wells_ By the ('nd of the seasoll only onc well was UllOCCllpip.d,

H

,

but the intending settlers ha,d begnn ma.king g<"\'l'c1cns near it with a -view to building hnts there in the follo\ying ~ycal'. fll1 lC success of the season's \\'od;: \vas derH'ly '5110\\,11 by t.he readiness with whieh the people took up the land as soon ns it wa.s rendercd ha.bita,ble by the wclls.

Some ·14 miles of son ice roa.ds were olea.rod in the cotu'se of well constl'lwt.ion, a·nd, if properlY ma.intained, these should 11(1d gl'ea-tly to the useflllncss and a,ecessibility of the area,.

C. MAiNTENANCE OF BCORE-HOLES AND WELLS.

~ehl>O\1ghout the Y0ar l\h. \V. O. l\Jacint;)Tc, Vile lIs lI1a,intemulce Of'Heel', and his tra·inecl natinC! staff yisitcd a.nd cll-l'l'ied out necessary J'cpa,il's a,nd a.djust.ments to :H) bore-holcs a,nd 200 wclls in Zomba, Mlanje, Chiradznlu, Chikwawa, Lowcr Shiro, UIlPCl' Shire, South NYflsa, Ne-hen, IJilongwe and Do\'ra, Districts. CloRe eonbct; WflR l1lninbtined with the Distl'ict C0111missioners cOl1ccl'llec1, from whom eYClT assistance WitS J'ceeiyccl, fl..nd lVh'. 1JrwintYl'e was a.ccompanied on his rounds by the local Native 'Vell Inspectors, who were given any a·clditiona.l instructions required l'ega,}'c1ing the propel' maintenance of the wells in t,heil' cha.rge. Tho \Vell Inspector's tool-kits were snpple­mentcd where necessary, a,nd books of forms were issued in order t,o farcilitate and standardize the rotmn of monthly we111'epo1'ts to thp. Wells Maintenance Officer.

Thirteen Native 'Vell Inspectors tra.ined by the Geological Stll'vey are in charge of thc various gt'OllpS of wells a,nd bOl'e-hales,

The conditions reveal cd by these visits of inspection were found to be generally satisfactory, and the standa,rd of maintenance ha,s shown a mll.:l'ked improvement since the introduction, in 1986, of the present system of close inspection.

The work of inspection and maintenance wa.s scriously hindered 01' even prevented in some -cases by the neglect of the sel'vice l'oads, which actunJly require but little care to keep them in order. CCbis is a mattct' to which ftttention has been ca,lled witb increasing empha,sis year by year, for in the absence of propel' facilities for inspecting the wellB time and effort are wa.sted a.nd the required service ca,nnot always be given. Freqnently ga.rdens are permitted to encroach upon the roads 01' even to over-run them altogether. On the whole f\; slight illlpl'ovement in the state of the sen'ice roads was noticeable in 1938, but it is still aeCCSSal'Y to mge that District Commis, -sioners and Native Authorities i111pl'ess more strongly upon the users of the \yells tho importance ft,nd necessity for kecping open all such access roads.

IDloven \yells put down in vu,rious yeal's in ncw al'eas were taken, up during the year, a,ud the extent to which the wells hase been settled by t,he natives is highly satisfactory: lal.'ge tr8.cts of land t,hat only a few years ago weru uninhabited are now snpporting nnmel'OUS villttges.

Two wells, one in Zomba· Dish-ict and ono in Upper Shiro District were deepened c1ming the year, with the l'esult that the yields were eOllsiderably improvcd, <18 in Ta.ble Ill. One well in the lJowcr Shire Distdet, originally constructcd in 1880 under the immediate supe1'\'ision of the Distdct Commissioner from funds allotted by the Geological SUl'\'CY went out of commission. Owing to the dangerous state of the well it was considered inac1Yisablc to attempt to repa,il' it, and it wa.s theref01'O filled in a·nd u, no\\" \Yell commenced close to it. The funds for the constl'lwtion of this weJl \vere provided by the Native Authority Centml Fund, iLnd the work is heing ca.J.'l'ied out with 10cRI !atom under the c]lflrge of the Native ,Vell Inspector, a.ud direotly snpervised by tIle District Commissioncr. Certain cssentia,j items of well-sinking plant were lent to the District Commissioner by the Geologicftl SU1'l'cy.

Secl'etfH'iat CiJ'culft.l' No. 12 of 1937 contllins a statement on villa.ge wells, their constrllction, use, ltnd nminLcnq,nce. In this circular \'fLrions maJttcl'S directly a,nd indircctly connected \viLh the

maintena,nce of village bOl'e-holes a,nd wells are den,lt with in some detail, fl,ud m,'LiiltenaJ1Ce Rrrangcments as J."cga,)'(ls staff, financial provisions, inspection a.nd repairs a.re fully descl'ibed.

A circular containing instl'uejjions to Nati\'e Authorities on the maintenance of yillage wells hits n.lso been distributed to the NiLtivo Authorities concerned.

Dming the rains the wells maintenance staff Wet'8 oecllpied at hea-dqllf1rters in O\'Ol'hftllling pla.nt and equipment, l'epa,iring val'ious bore-hole pUlllp pa-l'ts aml in the making of 25 wiridlass barrels a.nd 72 windlass ha.ndles.

10

Fo Do

lar:

Ad COl

1st

5" huts t.here in readiness with

md, if propedY

t.rained native cl 200 wells in heu, Lilongwe 81'S concerned, his rounds by

il'cd regarding \Y01'O supple­

tandardize the

of tbe y,Hious

l satisfactol'Y, troduction, in

nted in some keep them in year by year,

ftsued and the (Leb upon t.he

n the state of rict Commis­e importance

year, ~~lld the l'go tn~Jci;s of ?s.

d during the le well in the i-ision of the

commission. repair it, and constrnction

being' ca,l'l'ied

~l'\'iBed by the the Distl'ict

::onstl'L1ction,

ted with the ma,int.enance ;cl'ibed.

dllage wells

O\'el'hfLuling

25 windlass

D. WATER SUPPLY PROPOSALS FOR 1939.

No, ] Drill will complete Ow approved pl'ogl'~HllmC in Uppel' Shire District nlong the f.Jiwondo­Fort Johnston road, while No, 2 will continue the bOl'ing opcn.'ftt.ions alrea,dy in progress in the Domil'8J Bay il,l'ea" Do\ya District.

One well forcma,n will be stationed in the Na,lnbuma area. of the J~ilong\\'0·DowH, Districts, ·with a view to impJ'oving the wntel'-suppJy conditions of this native tobacco rJ.,l'ca. Another will 'bo stationed in the Sa,limll-Chipo]w" l~a,ke Shore arC[L of Dedza District. in ot'del' to open up new hmd required for native ('ot,ton pl'oduction ; this officer will a.Iso constnwt a gran)) nf fOlll' wells in Eot-a KoLa District north of the Chil'ua Rin:l'. A third will be stationed in the m'ea along the east shore of T"H,]W Mrdombe, South Nyasa Dish·iet., It,lso in order to 0]1cn up new native cott,on lands. Provisional sites haNe been agreed upon by the Department of ~c~gl'icllltnre a .. nd the District Administration, a,nd the lwcns luwe been examined by the Geologiea'! Survey with rlJ \-iew to commencing operations early iD 1939.

1st May, 1939. F. DIXEY, Direc.tor of Geological Survey.

11

\-~

<_~-_._ ~_~~~~_T" 'O.,_~~~ __ ,~~ _____ ". __ , __ ~_~. __ . _,~ ____ ~.~,'

])j~(rid.

:17

,In

~;!L\

2 :\0 l),)w:]

:jj

.,}:~

;;:-j

l.'"",!it)'.

'J1"1'1\11;1a l)l]". from (;11 rn~-,d Li) LiwPllde

11st))l!. %O!l1h:l.·Fol't J(,lhl)~ton )"11.1(1

m1. \ycst of .. : j,;1.

/'O)))l),)-Fo) ,1(lh~lstOll mad

, Chicl()~i

']'w"v:lir'I":'

S1;\\'ali ; C()l-t'-'~I E-:;lwl"iml'lli. ~tIU-;(>l)

Chi(-,I1<1: C"nfoll

,\P)n-OX. cl,w",(i01l.

l'''d.

1,fJ75

] ,G70

1,(;75

:3,RGO

:;,T,O

2.()OO

~.O:JO

:\~l!lro"

3:"i

:1;:;

.','1

,JG

:-)5

:-l:j

.-,:;

Table i.

BOli.E·HOLES CONSTRUCrrgD IN 198B.

ne])~h n.t His(; of SUjJer

D('pth. ,·;hidl wn,~('}" ~~;~,~(;~' GeoJog}:m.j j;d,~l

cl"cd Fresh Casing SU]lply in fil"~~ <!!l(;()lllll· (kpo· rod,. rock. uSl'(l. grdlon~ <.',.,;,1 in fed, fonn[l,,")1) ~i[.s.

per ~~ hmn·~. Feel·. and (htlc. Feel., FeeL Feet. Fc()~. Feet.

----171 01 2 Alluvium; DB 7;} lOG .13,200

(ID.l.HSj gneiss

1 :):) ,10 Alluvium! El5 (1G.2.:3,'{)

~lS GO G Al1uyimn: 21.8 17;) 12,000 (:21.-,1.38)

186 2,) ;:;~ Gllci~s 12 TJ 101 HO 11 ,520 (1()A,8S)

200 iH S AI1l\vimn;' 80 ,{O SO 100 8,400 (14.G.38) Gll(+-;~

lQ8~ G5 I:} Alluvium; 20 JOG 721 128 G5,920 (28.H.3S) Gneis~

202 RO (;~ AllU\-iu1U; 20 182 120 72.000 (17.12.:38) gneiss

----------• '\IJal:;~es of watcr lo ]lC includcd in Pmgrcss l{eporL for 1939_

Table' 11,

Pump lit-tell.

Singlc-haudlcd rotary

Hemal'k~.

Ahandoned owing to inabllii-y further int.o s~iff alluvium. 13. H. 80.\

lo ell-iye ('a~ing Hephteed by

Single-handled i Bore·hole filled wiLh stones £ro111175 to218 feet rota,ry

Single handled Casing perforated from 20 to 30 feeL. Bore­rotary hole filled with hroken ro(:);; from HO to 18G fed,.

and packed wii,h broken rock hehind U'.~illg from 15 to 90 fcr<t

Single·handled, l"::ttehet ,tud ' lever

Ca~ing perfomlcc1 from 88 t(llOO fed. Borc­hole filled with btohm toek from 82 to 1·10 fed., and with sand ",nd gra.vc1 from HO V) 200 [i;(,l; packed with broken rock behind casing from 40 to 100 feet

Sing1e-haadlcd Ca~ing pcdol"l\ted from ~18 t.o 117 feet rot~U'y

Singlc"ha,ndlcd: rot::try ,

rotary

:\llaly~es of water to he inclndc(l in Progl'cs~ Hepol"t for 1939.

WEr~LS CONSTRUCTED IN 1938.

Tot!!'1 Well J;:~lilllatcd (101'[·h ill Depth of.· ,>,'" . ,

Di~l)"ie1i, ",ulllber )"icn!it,y. ]lOllulatioll Geologic-aI Lining, length in fce~ fcet from s.tanding water""l ~~!~ gI h~~~! ll) <>I~l~m;; Jo'ormcr pct'fmnill.ll'onrec of (l ~):~'l). :din·cUy served fonnation. in hracket!>. \\"atel"rui",illg" uJlPa.rll.tu~.

!O'!~;~r ~~ ~~.~t ~~~~l~. - ill<lic~tc~{~ It e . wQ.tcr. by well.

. ~ .. - ... -,. _£~).~!E_/.L .

LilOllgwe 1 *' Ko~am 2·!:) Alluvium: COllcrctc (3(;~) 'Windlass, cllain n.nd hncke 37 17 2,0'10 (:31.12.38) Inadequate d:tmbo wat.er-gnd"" boles.

2 ;\Icgi (Kanjiru) 115 Alluvium; (58~) 59 22 3,300 (29.11.38) Inadequate dambo wrlter-gneiss holes.

3 Ch i ll ffa,n<1rt 290 AlluYium; (SlS) 3S~ 9 1,512 (31.12.38) Inadequate a,nd polluted (1(;t~1h;:'eana) gneills dambo water-boles.

·1 Al1dcrson {New area) 170 Alluvium; (45) 4 45~ 11 1,512 (31.12.38) Ni1. gneiss

5 Master 200 Alluvium; {GG} 4 G6~ 22 1,512 (31.12.38) Inadequate dambo water-gncisll holes.

0 Vizimlm 300 Alluvium; (5Gilil 4 57 25 2,448 (23.11.38) Inadequate dambo water-gneiss holes.

7 " Nkw:\mha 290 ,\\\Ilyimn; (81;) 4 82 16 4.,140 (31. 1.38) Inac1.e.quate and polluled gnci;;;; d:lInbo 'yater-hok~.

.~:. oS Sillumb .. , 390 Alluvium; (G7) 4 G7~ 15 1,284 (27.12.38) Inadequate :\lld polluled

gncisll dambo wat·er-holes.

0 ?lIasuh 2AO Allm'ium; (27~) , Roller, chain aml bucket.. 27} 19 1,944 (Hl.12.38) Inadeqnate dnmllo water-gneiss holes.

10 )rL;;ongoll' 500 Alluvium; (25~) 4 25?r 17~ 9,600 (18.12.38) Inadequate a.nd polluU)(l gneiss dambo water-holes

11 KaL1 {Kbtn} 410 Alluvium; (54;) , Windlass, chain and bucket! 55 25 1,728 (31.12.38) Inadquate and polluted gneiss damebo wat.er-holes.

12 :'IJatekwc 3M") Alluyium; (35!) 4 Roller, chain and bucket 35~ 31 2,l(i0 (31.12 . .38) Polluted dambo wakr· gneiss holes.

13 Kapudz:tma 205 AlluYinm; (7) 4 Windlass, chain and bucket: 37} 28 2,500 (31.12.38) Inadequate and polluted gneiss dambo wat.er-holes.

14 Cl~ipelJi 375 Allu\'ium; (·12) 4 421 28~ 1,()80 (28.11.38) Ina.dcq\l:\tc dambo water-gnei;.;;.; holes.

10 :M puJamazi m <lIld 190 AlluYium; (8G?r) 4 37 25~ 1,728 (31.12.38) Polluted dambo 'water-Pa,kiza gneiss holes.

10 Chib\lllgll 285 Alluvium; (13) , 431 18~ 2,016 (31.12.38) Inadequa.te a,nd lx>lluted gneiss dambo water-hole".

17 ' Kaklm ngw:t 245 Alluvium; (52) 4 52~ 43 1,644 (31.12.38) Polluted dambo water-gncb; hob;.

~ AnalYll('.s of water to he included in Progress Report for 1939.

I",~,~~~_~w

])i~'riti,·

18

10

20

Do~ya 21

22

~n

2~

25

'" 2(;

27

2.')

:,w

,}O

::"11

!32

3:3

34

!If)

Ti

J.()",,);!.,".

A K~tL,'lldo

.N, A. 1\apauul:l

Nlwnjc

~ l\:\"CS'~

GHlll,~ (:\"ewarea.)

Mkolamo

Chinli:wili I

Chinkwili 11

GhateW:l

Chisoso

, Chimbuli

New arc:), (\Iwangara.)

)lhua

Stcphen

Chilwbwe

" Galangombc

Songeni

Elisha

r;ip{~llg;t

E~lilnRte(l TJOpullttin)l

dircdl\' ~cl"n"l by ~vclL

500

(;('ol(>~i"a.l

fonlmtiOIl.

Alllll"inlll ; g!wi!>s

HQ Alluvium; gnc,iss

:]SO All t\yiUlll ; gnej,:!,

180 Gneiss

G:j Gneiss (Scttlenlt'!1(. IH'ocecdillg)

1:30 .-\llu\·inlll;

400

600

2G5

glH:iss

,\llm'ium; gneiss

c; l)(~iss

Alluvium; gneiss

210 Gn(:i~;;

2,3;} Aliuyium; gnci:;s

100 ,\lluvinlH; (Settlement. gnei:;s procclodillg)

2:30 AlluYium; g!,ci~s

85 Gneiss

805 Gll(;iss

245 Alluvium; gm:iss

105 Alluyium; gneiss

180 Alluvium; gneiss

150 AJluvium; gneiss

Table II.-Continued.

WELLS CONSTRUCTED IN 1938.

de )th in Depth of

r,inin~. length in fee[. in

lwadwts,

Internal ,'iamctc\".

Feet.

\ 'rot,(l,l I : fe6t from s(·anc1ing wl~tcr Yield of "'",lel' in gRllollS

"\"n.ter-rlLi~inr< ,WPM "u~. , tOll of i in feet at cnd ]IN' 24 ,hO:ll"H, ,?ll dale F()nl)c~' llcrcnnial $O\ll"CC of watel'· 1 <;(>vt:;r or ' of dry season. llltllCO.teo.

COllcrete: (HS~)

(61)

(303)

(:'35})

(S3)

(GG)

(;:ri~')

(55)

(57)

(:J7})

(521)

(e,l)

(45)

(10)

(30)

(H)

(S9~)

(62)

(80)

4

,1

1

4

1

4

1

4

'1

4

'1

1

4

,1

4

4

lowest feet)

4

, COJ)!lli;: . . --~I

chain and bucket1

39 I

61~

:33~

36

83~

66~

38

55~

57~

59

S8

89,

46

ii8~

ao~

7G

30

G2~

80~

31

15

13

13~

8

12

16

10

20j

12~

13

17

13

17

3

13

12

14

12

1,892 (2G.l U38)

2.160 (31.12.38)

1,452 (80.11.38)

2,010 (:31.12.38)

2,'.180 (31.12.38)

5,0·.10 (:}.12.38)

3,360 (5.12.38)

1,140 (5.12.38)

5,160 (5.12.38)

9,0·1-0 (10.12.38)

1,800 (18.1~.3S)

4,800 (13.12.38)

4,140 (10.12.38)

5,280 {5.12.38}

720 (31.12.38)

6,583 (5.12.38)

5,400 (5.12.38)

3,360 (1O.12.38)

5,280 (18.12.38)

Polluted da.mbo walc!·"holcs.

Inadc(lHaic da·mho watcr~h()lcs.

Inadcqualc and ponu~cd damho watcr-holc~.

Dista·nL damho water-holes.

Nil.

rollukd dambo waLc:t·~holcs.

Jnadcquale and polluted (la-mho wat.or-holes.

Inadoquate and pollut.ecl dambo water-holes.

Inadeqn:tLO dambo watcr~l\Olcs.

Inadeqnate a.nd polluted dambo water-holes.

Inadequate dambo w;~ter-holes.

Nil.

Inadequate and pollnted dambo \wter-holes.

Inadequate cl,Ul1bo water-holes.

Inadequate and polluted dambo water-holes.

Inadequate and polluted dambo water-holes.

Inadequate and polluted dambo water-holes.

Polluted dambo water·holcs.

Ina<1equatc and polluted dambo water-holes.

ifijlllll~~~~~~~Iii1Iii1Iii1Iii1""~,*,"',*,""""""""""'''''M""""m""", .. """""",,,,"·'';A:;n~'~'l~Y;'O~'~' ~O~f~,; •• ;t:;o;o;t~O~b.~o:;,;in;;;;d~n~d~o~d:,.i~n:.,,;p~:o,:o~g;oo~'~'~R~;o~p~oo;t~.'f;O~O~'~3;3;9~. _7"""""'''''"''''''"'''''''Cff''''"'''''''''''''''''''~''''''''=c",*,,",~. ~"~':4F~Y!f?g!!fffffjffiI.41k)ii;'%@lfff}2

Table Ii .-Continue,\.

WgLLS CONSTRUCTgD IN 1938.

gf) Elislm 180

:)7 Lip~llg:t 150

,,\llnYinm; glleiss

Alluvinm: gneixs

(62)

(80)

,I (:3, for lower;

7t. feet)

4

G2~

80~

14 3,360 (lO.12.38)

12 5,280 (18.12.38)

Polluted c1alllbo water-holes.

In"dcqnatc "nd pollu~cd dambo water-holes.

"'_',,,,,,' i, '"'''' ' ' '' ,Analyses of water to be included in Progress Report for 1939. , ",' ,_ " ", ' ,_ _, ,', ',,-; tun'h.T- )%(!,} '; 'r ,¥;;; ''''''';;'' i(O " "''''''-,'''- ~ .. --~~~-,~ -"~,". I", ;J

"

J)l~l-ritt.

POW;l

Si)\l(,h

::\yasa

\\"dl ;:;:~nllbcl"

W!3S).

:38

·:!o

,11

·12

,J::\

d5

·iG

~GA

49

50

;)1

52

i),1

55

5G

57

58

5!)

GO

Gl

G2

Loc:llii-)",

Chingoma

?lTbulUll1:;>'

Chingt\\\'()

~ Tlfamlnlo

_Katambo

Chigoll.;re

New:1fca

:i.'\cwarea

• 1";:,tmpam1c

)[walala

Mpango

" N cw ;U'C,t

ChanLlllo

Mimpi

:-\cwarc::\.

Chi$ob~

- N.A. Nanli:umb:1

, i'\ew area

Re:warea

Newa,rea

E~til'l(1.ted ]l()]JUlation

directly served b~' \Vell.

2:30

170

2:30

2,15

335

12G

'1.05

1;3'2

115

1,;;00

'170

100

595

1bkokola and 1\6ra no

rieological fonnaLion.

Gnei:-;s

,\lluYinm', gneisx

Alluyimn; gneiss

Alluviulll gneiss

Alluvium; gneiss

;\llu\'ium

AJluyinm

Alluvium

Allm'imll ; gnci:-;s

Alluvium; gneiss

Alluvium; gneiss

Alluvium; gneiss

Alluvium

Alluvium

Allnyium

Alll.lyiul11

Alluvium

AIll1viUll1

Alluvium

Alluvium

Allnvium

Table I i.-Continued.

WET,T,S CONSTRUCTED IN 1938.

Lining, j('ug~h in fed in brackets.

ConcrcLe (SG)

(.i'l)

(72&)

(52,)

(421)

(121)

(31)

(25)

(50)

(56~)

(,17)

(47)

(61)

(:35~)

(G5)

(87)

(19)

(")

(75)

(52)

(271)

i Internal idiaJllctcl'.

Feet.

·1

, , 1

, , , 4

, , 4

1

4

1

1

, , , 4

, 4

Wakt'-ra;silll-! al'l'amtm;.

\Vindlass, chain and hucJ;et

Holler, chain and bucket

Windlass, ch:'tiu and bucket

Rollcr, ehain aud bueket

Windlass, chai.n and bucket

Roller, ehain and bucket

~ Analys£!s of water to be included in Progress Report for 1939.

Total l dCpUl in I Depth of fce~ from 'I~ta!lding wate

tOI) of in feet ,~t end eoveyor '1of dr1' seasoIl,,' cOJ)mg. _____ UM''_"'''.-' ____________ c'

SG! i 13!

81

81,

87

43

31

25

50~

57

47!

47~

Gl!

3G

G5~

37~

10

'i5~

751

52~

271

13

17i;

15

5

7

7

5

3

19

23

13;!

22

G

G

H

5~

3

10)

G

11

5~

Yield 0; water in gallon per 2-! )lOun" on date Former pe1"(:llniaJ S'lUfee of wale\".

indie'tt-ed.

3,360 (10.12.38)

3,360 (5.12.38)

4,560 (10.12.38)

1,581 (11.12.38)

2,'70~ (31.12.38)

13,42~1 (8.11.38)

13,5-18 (27.12.88)

10,780 (27.12.38)

3,58·1 (22.12.:38)

1,680 (8,11.38)

1,136 (27.12.38)

1,568 (81.12.38)

;3,501 (7,12.38)

1,312 (14..12.38)

2,688 (23.ll.38)

2,576 (14.12.38)

16,380 (21.12.38)

1,156 (11.ll.38)

4,200 (14.11.38)

2,800 (14.ll.38)

H,208 (31.12.38)

InadeqtJ;ttea,nd polluted dambo w<ttcr~ho\Bs.

Stagnant water-hole in strc,tm-bed,

Inadequate dambo watcr­holes.

Inadequate and polluted d,~lllbo water-holes.

Inadequate and polluted dambo Wltter-holes,

Inadequate water-holas ill ri\·cr-beel.

Nil.

Nil.

Jnad(;rluale W;ttClI'-holes ill river-bed,

lnadcqun.te water-holes ill river-bed,

Inadegu;,>,te water-holes in rh·et-bed.

Nil.

Polluted d:),mbo water-holes & LakeNyalia,disiant:3 miles

InaelcqlHl,t.e wat·er-holcs in stream-bed.

NiL

Inadequate and polluted water-holes in stream-bed

Inadequate and pollulcd water-holes in stream-bed

NiL

Nil.

NiL

lmulequate wa~er-holcs in stream-beel.

Original ~ Dak of DCJlth. c~ District.. Well ?\o. Locn,Jit.y.

con~tr\1ctio!l. Feet

Upper Shire 57/37 J{,tsnpc 1937 46~

Zomha. 58/37 SOllgani 17;}

Table Ill.

WELTJS DEEPENED IN 1938.

Origil\[t,l AdditionaJ dCJlt.h of Dctl)JenC'(l Final lining wl1wr ill 1938. u(lJlth. inserted.

dry scrrson. Feet Feet Feet Feet

20 22 G8, 22

11 40~ 58 10~ ~

Pinal dcpth \ Fllml }lcld I '\PPlO;l:lI\laLC 1 of s(.n.ndllW I faH III I

water in GaHo!l~ v; Iltcr ['!).blc , dry season. per Z4 I

Feet ho>rr'~ _~ I Fcd

22 3,408 20

35 5,496 I I,

l{clllarl;".

Origin,,} mpply from J;!erchcd wltk.r.

r. . ~

I I1

, 1 I

I I 1 I i

Table IV.

GEOLOGICAL SU.RVEY WA'l'E.R·SUPPLY OPK.RATIONS

UNDER COLONIAf-l DEVgLOl?l\II~N~' SCHli]l\UJS .

BORE·HoIJES AND WELLS CONS'liRUC'1'ED IN DIB'l'lUC1'S Dum:;:";G- PERIOD 1831-38.

'J'ot(l,] '1'ot[ll 'l'ot[ti Bore-District. Bore·holes. Bore- Dng W(,]h. pngwells. holes aud

holes. DIH; wells, - --------- ---: ---"j ,

1931 li):J:: 1~33 1031·193S HISl In~ 1~133 193·1 1935 l!1~G i J~137 i In::;s ! 1981-j(13S 1!13Hf'3S

--_._-,---- • ; 1-- ---------.~ ..

Lower Shire 16 10 1 27 '27

Chili\v<!,w<L . 18 6 25 25

Cbirndzulu 2 2 2 2

~lhmjc 2 3 7 5 3 20 6 34 41

Zomba. 5 1 G 0 5 ; .- I 15 21

Blnniyrc 4 55 2 57 61

'GppCI' Shire 1 2 2 2 7 38 88 - I 77 84

South Nya~a I .- - i 3 8 16 27 28

Nehcll •.. 1 -- - S 33 42 43

Dc(bt - i 21 21 21

I Lilongwe 8 - 20 20 28 I

Dowlt ]3 1 1 10 3 19 21 M 73

... _1. ___ ... • -"'- -~-- _._.- i'-G3-"~;8-',57-i-'-'401'-!'~G---------,--'l'otfll

H. ! 1 7 55 25 40 • ~t2 61 54

NOTE. In ID30, priol' to t.he commencement of the :cbo\'c Colonial DC\-c1opmcnl. Schemes, the Geological Sur\'ey

COllst.l'llcted t.he following addit.ional wells

I~owel' Shil'c Five dug wel]:';.

ChikwRwa Onc dug well ,md onc hand bore-hole.

17

00

D;~l-riet.

Lower Shire

Chikw~wn

Chinuhulu

:ilThnje

ZOlllha.

BlanLyrc

Upper Shire

South Nya5rt

Ndwll

D('.(b::l

Lilongwc

D()w;t.

Tokll

Lower Shire (19:30) ChikW,tw<t (1930)

Bore-holes

Dug Wells

Table V.

SUMMARY OF WATER SUPPLY OPgRNl'IONS DURING PERIOD 1n1·3S.

,\rea illv""ti(.!Rlc(l, in ~<1n. mile~.

330

450

'8

'lG2

81

240

617

8·16

%·t

]52

526

455

:'Ul71

2

7

G

7

s

10

55

J)\I,~ Wells (:on~lrncllCd.

27

25

2

:34

15

57

77

27

42

21

20

51

·101

i\[i\lilll\\lll yield of w<lter. in galls, per

2·1 honr~.

---~----, .. ~

27 78.500 10,200

25 ~l:3.720 ],800

-1 t),SOO 2,700

H );:/),51.0 18,900

21 107 }lOO 9,:,350

Gl 17] .\)GO 10,100

8,1 11:1.25;") ~),S;32

28 211.584 ij}iel

'.1:-1 212.~JW 8,110

2.1 67,020 2JH

2f1 :"lW,S.::;2 7,085

73 SO:3.2G{ 8.12:3

IJ56 2.G~')(H81 DJ,238

}\PP1·O;>;. ar,"a (\f l)CW ;and Olll>ll('d

np in sql1. 1Jlil('~.

·10

110

28

11

~7

Ha

,_14.

Fl

10

10

142

7lb

5 Prior lo COl)llllcn(".cmellL of Co]oni:tl DeyclorlllCll~ Schemr:,;.

56 407

AVERAGE DEPTH. ETC .. OF PRODUCT1VE BORg·HOLl'S AND W1TITJI,S.

:S-nmhm.·. Total depth- Average depth,

Feet. Feet.

,---

b5 8/)55 16:3

'01 20.:330} 50:(

* Exc]m1ing i\Iua sub-ai"l,('.sian bore-hole.

Table VI.

A venWe depth of st.6king waler.<

Fee~.

so

40;}

Al\pro;>;. milc"ge of neW l·on,l~.

30

a2

:)

8,1

31

GO

170

os

b!)

'G

" 121

807

A vcrage rjsc of water level."

Feet.

13

)IRM llllblj~hcd.

1

2

3

1

3

10

Average minimum yield. GII .. llH.1)e1"

114 hours.

23,802

3,4.36

ANAT,V~T;"'~ ()11' nOTI.F,.110TJID AND \VET;TJ ,\VATEIlS BY THE l\UNEJLUJ HTDSOURCr;S DEPArt.rrI\1T0N~!:' DIPEHL\L TNSTFl'lYr.J<~) LONDON.

vug Vl"t'll;;

~ Excluding )Iua sub-artesian bore-hole.

Table VI. ANALYSBS OF BORE-BODE AND "\VET.lL VlATERS BY THE :r,HNEH.;\L rt"n;SOURCES DKPAHTj\:niNIJ\ DIPETtLH.l TNS!rITurj~T·j, I.lONDON.

FD.OM BOnIc,HOLES AND WfCLLS CONS1'llUCTED IN 10>l6,H7 AND Dl"SCHlI3JiJD IN PHOGHI,SS HgPOH'l'S FOH 'l'IIOSn YnAHS. (COMPOSITION IN PAWl'S PJGR 11IBAON).

-----------------,-----,-----,----,-

Source

Locn.lity

District

Depth from which sa.mple taken

Geological fon1H'ttion

Turbidit:r of Filtered Water

Suspended Matter

~ CO;;

Cl

SO.I

C<~

lVIg

Na

E:

SiO,

AI,O, 1 Jj"o"O" 5

TOT" L (excluding suspended ma,tter)

Residue on cYa.pora,t.ion ((hied a.ii IHO°C.)

Borc-hole No. 1/35

Kap;th. muh

Upper Shire

142 ft.

Gneiss

Slight

·1

491

21

29

51

42

49

1

70

8

7G~)

498

2

Bore-hole No . .InG

Ndo,,~\

Road. Ba!ab1..

Upper Shire

150 fti.

Gneiss

Nil

11

G1G

trace

11

G7

58

81

5

cl8

/.I":lee

SSG

GHO

3

Bor(,-ho\c No. 2/26

?Iponela. Tob,tcco Market

Dowa

112 ft.

Gneiss

Nil

2

425

trace

11

76

22

2::5

6

73

trace

Gill

·126

, Bore-hole No.2/2!.J

Tobacco Auction Floor

Liiong"Wc

132~ fL-

Gneiss

Nil

1

330

firace

8

18

16

46

7

72

7

.534

360

5

Wdl :No. 1" (1!l)f:.\7

Chil;\\"a,wa. ]<:,4ak

Dow".

79} it.

6

\Yell 1\0.1/:-1(

Lifa­llchima $Lre,un

Dowa

29 ft.

7

Well ){o. ·1;":3/

"NC:lr Slim;l..

J);J\\';"t

57 fL-

oS

Wdl .::\(). [)f:37

l\It:llal;t 8t.l"e~.ln

llowa

7Bt ft.

Alluvium; AlIuyinm; i AlluYinm;: Alluvium gneiss gnciss gneiss

Nil Nil Nil Nil

1 -1 ·1 8

587 2::32 .)28 4-13

Lrace 7 trace s

G 9 7 J.l

108 -19 81 28

29 11 31 18

5·1 :)1 6D 50

12 10 7 24

62 -if:i n 18

6 ira,ee tnl.ce tra.ce

864 an 75·1 598

GOO 818 ;)27 161

" Well

Ko. ]:3/37

Ln·j

DQW;'!.

4.l·~- ft.

10

Well No. 2'-)/:37

Mwima

Upp(,r Shire

29~~ ft.

Alluvium Alluvium

Slight Nil

8 22

3G7 4.70

tra.ce 8

21 20

61 61

18 24

1B 77

6 17

35 18

trace 6

651 731

382 4D3

In t.he above a.ml])';;!)S, 4 parte; per million and under, of chloride, and 5 parts per million andllllder of alumina and knit.: oxide, arc recorded as traces.

11 12

Well Well No. 'lH/ 17 Xo. 32/:37

Nl;a~i Chilllmpa St.ream

Upper :UPT1Cl" Shire Shire

121 ft. 77} ft.

Alluvium

Nil

30

1,003

281

22

3-1

39

,17 i)

27

50

trace

1,931

1,477

Gneiss

Nil

4

79

trace

41

33

trace

40

12

105

6

316

335

,~

o

Source

Looolity

District

Depth from w hieh slunpie {is-ken

Geologica.l forma,fjon

Turbidity of filtered \yn,ter

Suspended mattcl'

CO:l

Cl

SO.!

Ca

Mg

NfI.

K

SiO,

AI,O, l F0.l0~)

TOTAI" (Excluding suspended matter)

Residue on :U-;v[t,poration (Dried at 130"C)

13

Well No. 35/73

Chilembwc

Upper Shire

71~' ft.

14

Well No. 10137

Ka,pntn

upper Shire

51-~ fL

15

No,42f37

Chahwcm

l;pper Shire

11 0 ft.

16

Nsa.nama,

Upper Shire

51} H.

Table VR~-Continuca.

17 18 10 20 21 22

~~-~

Well \Vcll Well Well '\Yell Woll No. 53/37 No.56/37 No. 57/37 No. 58/37 No. 22/8G No. 23i8G

Pniika

"(;"P1.1"l'

Shin.,

78-~- rL.

)Ilomha Ka.supe

lTpper Shire

2'1 ft.

Gppcr Shire

46~ ft.

Songa.ni

Zomba

17~ ft.

RaihY~lY Northc1~n Extension ml. 110/12 ~eheu

87 i tf.

?'h;asa

Nchen

65 ft.

AllllyiUlH; Alluvinm; AllllyilJJl1: Allnvimn: Alluvium: j Onc'iss Gneiss Gnci[;s Alluvillm Alluvium

gneiss syenite gneiss gneiss

Turbid Nil

3" • v 15

486 51G

hate trace

8 '18

22 70

22 31

119 60

H 6

72 87

trace trace

H3 851

553 596

TLH'bid

21

528

258

103

H

62

4U7

40

312

trace

1.814

2,527

Nil

11

075

35

3

8,1

37

54

7

29

trace

824

548

Nil

10

:-150

trace'.

fJ

39

19

GO

6

'14

Nil

8

79

6

6

20

22

12

18

37

trace

200

26;')

Nil

30

45

truce

16

42

10

6

7

42

tl'nee

---_ ...

IG8

197

Nil Nil Nil

11 6 14

57 555 348

11 16 11

3 78 50

18 131 88

4 77 10

9 72 8

f) 9 3

19 (if) 68

tr::tce trace

126 616

H5 J ,0;)3 57;'5

23 24 25 26

--.--~

Well Hot BOl"cho1c Borcholc No. 2·Jf26 Spring No. 2/28 No. 1/37*

Grmya Nc~t old Tobacco ?TpnlnJa, Balab

Ndwu

Liwonde A ucLion Boma, Flool',

Upper Shire

I.Jilol1gwc .

20 ft. Surface 227 ft.

UPIWt Shire

171 ft.

Alluyium Gneiss Gneiss Alluvium; gneiss

Turbid

26

318

80

71

81

43

83

G

70

trace

702

632

TUl'bid

2

105

57

119

3

trace

].11

9

54

trace

488

54.4

Nil Nil

2 5

276 400

trace 58

trace 235

61 117

10 47

18 102

4 3

61 58

trace trace

430 1,020

304 896

In Lhe abow, <1n:dysc:<, 't pa.rls pC'1" million alld undel", o[ chloride, and [) parl;; per )nillion n-nd nudel" of allllllin<l .tnd fcrrie oxide, are rc(;ot"clcd n;; ~raccs.

~ Proi~ress HeJl01'L, ElgS.

Iv

",,,_, ~\)i) l<J( BD J ,U;3;) 575 G32 544 304 896

In the abo\'<~ :tllalysc,.;, 4 p:tl'!,,.; W·1' million and llmIer', of chloride, amI 5 llRr[.,.; pe!: million al1(1 under of :l]lllllin;{_ ;(.n<1 knit: oxide, arc recorded as tmcc". ~ Progr<',:;s RCPOl-t-, 1:):38,

,~ '~'.''', v,_.__ :( ---.'C! ;"f,:V" ,.":~:r,',,:'-]

SOllree

L(J(~ali!.y

Dis~rid

Depth froll1 \vhich sample 'la·ken

G('ologica,l formoJiion

Tlll'hidity of filtered \vater

Suspended Mnttel'

co" Cl

so,

Ca

Mg

Nu,

R

Si0 2

AbO" Fe20~

TOTAr ... (Excluding Suspended Matter)

Residue on Eva.poration (Dried at 130°C) ... '

~7

Borc"holc ::-;0. 1/31:\

"' 11::::: I -,",0. ~!\.l2

CuirillU, LUll) ba· Fan·jug(lo!\· (hi

F'or~ )lIur]ld Johm;~Ol)

IWud

South Lilon-Nyasa gwe

223 ft.

Gneiss

Nil

2

260

3

4

34

14

22

7

90

4

'1;)8

309

11 160 ft,

'G . i llClSS

\ Nil

I 7

265

4

8

42

16

16

6

93

2

452

277

Table Yi.-Continued.

"' l3ore·lloi(,

H"ilw(l,\' Bore- J {ole

Mile 117{1 Nodhcl'U extensioll

Dcdz<t

88 ft.

Alluvium

Nil

'1

307

5

G

;35

25

25

4

GO

4

471

273

&1

Bore-hOle

llailw,l.Y llOt<.l-Hole, Slmr)lc Yale

Stn.j,lOll

Nchcu

?1'75 ft.

Alluvium

Nil

'l66

12

16

55

32

32

5

71

3

592

373

t Due to colloidal clay.

3I

Well }\o. 2A/3{i

ChikOlJl!)fL

Dcdz:\'

69~ ft.

Alluvium

Clea,r

2

712

402

1,201

'343

143

846

44

75

10

8,276

3,094

3"

Well No. ·j/3G

Nlu.l,ata,ka '1'o\\'n~hip

Dc(h,t

as} ft.

Alluvium

~J.1urbid -I-

427 §

102

J

" 21

3

19

7

64

6

232

213

§ Mainly clay.

3:>

Well ~o. 14/::>6

I.m. E of

Hwanali

Dcdza

561 ft.

Alluvium

Nil

8

273

5

8

15

3

75

16

117

1

H3

335

31

Well No. Hj!8ii

l,alllWendo

Dcdza

59~ ft-.

Alluvium

Cle;:u'

2

825

70

72

26

23

326

45

91

4

1,482

1,050

35

Well ~o. 11/Jll

Mile l·li:16 ~orth(\rn Exkn~ion

Kche\l

on,l; ft_

Alluvium

Il'nrbid

>j

446

6

19

9B

31

16

19

72

2

70,1

,199

3(; 37

,---,-1---Well

1\0.1:1[36

1 \ll. North 01' Rh(l,l"]>c Vale

St:~ti(}Jl

NchC1.l

102 Cl.

Alluvium

Nil

15

J:)>j

6

22

75

21

34

19

72

3

e86

i.--~ .. ~-HH

\Vell };o. ·n!:)G

:l'i'y,\-nYfilv-;,a Stre'Llll. ]hn1llic VuJley

Nchcu

78 fl.

AlluviUl11

Clear

9

987

25

2,:1;3

84

;'57

271

2,1

66

10

1,767

J,2RO

SKETCH MAP of port of

DOWA showing

WELLS coNSTRUCTED BY THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN 193B

WELL, " well number' figures in bracket~ show mean depth to water

TRIAL SHAFT, depth in feet

NATIVE VILLAGE

FOOTPATHS

DAMBO

MOTOR ROAD

TEMPORARY -DO-

42 (nP

D

2 .J MILES No.1

/

/ ------/

D ~

NkOmdngd~

I ~, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 193B

~File

LI LONGWE

J 0

SHOWING

WELLS CONSTRUCTED BY THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

iN 1938.

J 2

~...L= ': c 3

b figures in brackets WELL Clnd well-num er, dC?pth to Wdter show mean

TRIAL SHAFT, depth in feet

led in 1936),number, BORE -HOLE (c~A'Jtrd~~th to '(/a\er In leet

4 Miles

I

40(27)

(29')0

(/SO). 19

== M.'~[N ROAD

DISTHiCT dnd ESTATE ROAD

I TEMPORARY MOTOR ROAD

NATiVE VILLAGE

D A M B 0 _____ .• ________ •. ____ _ D. l_. _____ ._ •. __ •

Chi

SKETCH MAP OF PART OF

DISTRICT ILONGWE L. SHOWING

WELLS CONSTRUCTED

GEOLOG!CAL

BY THE

SURVEY

IN 1938.

4 Miles

"'~~~~'O~~~~~::~;J~2~:;~~3'a==-:",;Jc I \.J

4;;;;1 . , 10 '",k,,, 4 0(27) ~nd weil-number~e~i~U~eSpth to water WELL 0 ,how (29')0

'h in fee t

I SHAFT, depc 1936) number, (/50)ft 19 TRIAo '" j "

HO' E (conds\rd~Cpi~('t~ Wd('er in e BORE - '- cn

Noo2

\

\

"

N

I I ;

MAIN ROAD nd ESTATE ROAD

OISTR!CT a MOTOR ROAD TEMPORARY

V I LlAG E ~~-------::::::::;;;::::::iiHhi"iKi'''i"i::~~~~~iiiiiiiiiiiiiillliiiiiiiiillllllllll 1011 1' o • ___ !:l_ -.--

Survey, 1938

SKEiCH MAP

SOUTH NYASA DISTRICT

WELLS CO~iS7RUCTED BY THE

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

'936

WELL ~r.d w",;I numbet figures ,~ br~c~et& snow

"H'd~ c<.'p:h to wilte~

TR'I,[. Sri!,F: de;>P ,n leet

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"-Cc:

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>- /; i " 1)

!: \ !! i} /\

No.3

SCALE OF MILES I 0 I ;0 3 4 ~", .. ~--j12.~~+""·,,,,·c.~.I~= ...... = .. =.=i

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SCALE

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10 20 30 40 50 MILES

WATER -SUPPLY MAP, showtng number of map and dare of re/allv€' Progress Report

INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARy

RAI/.WAYS

MAIN ROADS

, \ .=

COPlfS 01 the MAPS mdlcdted may be obtained, as <ll'dil.;;blE'. O(1olDplicc'lt<on to the DI(€'clor 01 Geological Survey, 2omt:<l

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Ceologlc,3/ Surve , :938.