water supply within blding

7/27/2019 Water Supply Within Blding

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THE HOUSE WATER CONNECTION :


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House Water Supply Water main: A water supply pipe vests in the

administrative authority for the use of public or community

Ferrule: It is gunmetal or bronze screwed into the holedrilled in CI pipe mains. Communication pipe takes offfrom the ferrule. The pressure in the domestic supply andequal distribution among the house connection are effectedby adjusting the ferrule opening. Normally the ferruleopening is equal in area to the area of flow incommunication pipe.

Saddle: it is used in place of ferrule for mains of AC or PVCpipes

Communication pipes: It is a pipe taking off from theferrule for the house connection. It is owned and managedby the water supply authority. Communication pipe

terminates at the boundary of the consumers premises.


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Service pipe : it is the part of the house connection beyondthe stop cock. It is owned and maintained by the consumer.No pumps shall be installed on this pipe.

Watermeter: It is installed to measure the flow. Generally

12.5 mm to 18.75mm rotary water meters are installedeither at the beginning or at the middle of the service pipe.A masonary pit is constructed around it. It has facility ofsealing by the water supply authority

Residual pressure: It is generally measured at the ferrule

and should be about 7m head of water

Goose Neck: It is the short bent pipe and allow for smallchanges in length due to expansion and movement of pipesdue to soil settlements


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WATER SUPPLY IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

Water distributed to every floor from Overhead

Tankrequired an uniform pressure

Types of water supply Systems:

Pumping and Gravity System

Auto-pneumatic System

Combination of both


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PUMPING AND GRAVITYSYSTEM

Water is pumped to

overhead tank and then

supplied to each fittings


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Advantage:

Dependency on electricity is less.

Disadvantages:

Lower floors receives high pressure of water due to

gravitational force

Large over head tank is necessary

Remedies:

System is divided into zones (10+2 floors in each zone)

Each zone with its own tank and pump

Each zone will have service floor aboveto locatedtank and distribution pipes.


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AUTO PNEUMATIC SYSTEM:

Water is supplied to each floordirectly from under ground tank

is induced with pressure

through auto pneumatic

pressure vessel and directly

sent to each fitting

Auto Pneumatic pressure vessel

is a sealed cylinder in which

compressed air is sent to push

water to rise up in the supplypipe to feed upper floors.


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Water is drawn to the vessel when water level fallsbelow the pre determined level, automatic deviceoperates the pump immediately.


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Disadvantage:

Total dependency on electricity so need for back up allthe time.

Advantage:

Equal pressure at each floor

No need to have over head tanks


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COMBINED SYSTEM

Lower floors are

served by autopneumatic systemand upper floors byover head tanks feedby pumps anddistributed by gravity.

All water closet feedby overhead tank andall other fittings byauto pneumaticsystem.

All other by Gravityand only drinkingwater by pneumaticsystem.


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HOT WATER SUPPLY


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Can be discussed as

1. Generation of hot water

2. Storage

3. Distribution 4. Safety Devices


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GENERATION OF HOT WATER

Heating could be done by

electrical system,

fire wood,

coal,

solar heating system or

indirectly through heat exchange process.

Water is heated at 600c for domestic, hotels and

hospitals.

The volume of hot water is calculated as per

consumption demand at peak hours.


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Hot water is required for space heating and for

supplying hot water in bath and toilets of buildings.

Hot water supply system could be arranged in twoways

Central Heating systemFor large installations,

supply is more, effective in optimizing energy &

simplifying maintenanceproper safety measures are

necessary to be undertaken

in hot water supply

Local Heating System -boiler, gas geyser.


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STORAGE OF WATER

If the boiler is use to generate hot water at the same

rate of the peak demand then no storage is necessary.

If storage capacity is increased then the generation

capacity could be reduced or vice-versa.

Storage container should be properly insulated.

Two types of storage system areDirect & Indirect

system

In indirect system calorifiers are used


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DIRECT SYSTEM


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Calorifier: For large quantity storage system of hot water

supply, as heating coil is provided in the storage container.

It helps in reducing the heat loss and scaling of the

container. Calorifiers are available vertical and horizontaltypes. Hot water from boiler is usually pumped to calorifier

where the temperature is maintained by heating coil.


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DISTRIBUTION OF HOT WATER SUPPLY:

Depends on piping systems

All pipes properly insulated with lagging or rope

Heat loss due to circulation could be reduced by

recirculation of hot water.

Two set of pipes: Supply pipe (from boiler to fitting)

and return pipe(fitting to boiler)could reduce the heat

loss of the stagnant hot water in the pipe.

Heat exchange can occur in recirculation process due

to thermo-symphonic action.

Piping networks: piping layouts are worked out for

efficient and economic operations with one set or two

sets(supply & return) of pipe as one pipe system & two

pipe system.


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One pipe system : Single pipe makes a loop of supply

and return connecting all installations to the boiler.

Up Fed SystemSupply line is below the installation. Down Feed SystemSupply line is above the installation.

Two-Pipe System: Two separate sets of pipes are

installed for supply and return. There could be threevariations.

Up-feed System

Down Feed System

Reverse Calculation System


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One pipe system

Two-Pipe System


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UP-FEED SYSTEM:

The main Supply and return pipe run at lowest level, vertical

feeder and return pipe branches out from the main pipe at lowerlevel. Circulation occurs due to thermo syphonic action or by

pumping


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The main supply line run at top level from which distribution

branches are taken vertically downward. The main return pipe

runs at lowest level which connects to the boiler.

DOWN-FEED SYSTEM:


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REVERSE CIRCULATION SYSTEM:

Similar to up feed system except that the return pipe is in

the same direction of the supply flow and finally join the

main return line in the reverse direction. It enables

balance in the system.

Cold Water Store

Hot Water


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SAFETYDEVICES:

Expansion loop: Extended pipes to balance pressure

Check valves: Installed in delivery lines of pump

Pressure guage: Installed in different critical locationsin the system.

Temperature and pressure relief valve

Vacuum Breaker

Blow off valve


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HOT WATER SUPPLY

Generation of Hot Water

FuelFire wood, coal, electricity, Solar.

Heating Systemcentral system, Local system

StorageDirect calorifiers, Indirect Calorifier

Distribution : One pipe SystemUp-feed, Down-feed

Two Pipe Systemup-feed, down-feed and reverse


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SOLAR WATER

HEATING

Passive Solar

Heating System

Active Solar

Heating system


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All solar water-heating systems employ a

collector area and a storage tank

Usually collectors consist of an insulated boxcontaining a winding array of water pipes

attached to metal sheeting or fins that have been

painted flat black to absorb solar radiation.

Most collectors have a cover of either tempered

glass or plastic to better contain the solar

energy.

The main use of a solar water heater without a

cover glass is to heat water for swimming pools.

These low-temperature collectors usually do not

heat the water above 90 degrees Fahrenheit,

which is sufficient for swimming pools.


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PASSIVE SOLAR WATER HEATING

Passive systems do not use a pump to circulate water

from the collector to storage or other locations. They employ three means: gravity, the tendency of hot

water to rise above cold water and water pressure.

Passive solar water heating systems can be

categorized as either direct or indirect.A direct passive solar water heating system is the

simplest.

The crudest form of direct passive solar water heating

is to paint a water storage tank black to absorb heatinto the water.


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Care must be taken with such a system to avoid

scalding injuries since the water in the tank can

reach very high temperatures on sunny days.

systems can hold only as much water as the tank

holds.

Integral Collector Storage systems- modern

versions of these systems often enclose the

storage tank(s) in an insulated box with one or

more layers of glazing to let the sun in

Passive Direct systems that store water in a tank

that is separate from the collector area. (The

term direct means the water to be used by

building occupants is run directly through the

solar collector.)


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ACTIVE SOLAR WATER HEATING

In active solar water-

heating systemspumps circulate

water from the

storage tank to the

collector.

The diagram below

shows the essential

elements of an active

system, but there are

many variationsavailable


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Excessive heat buildup also can harm a system.

Controllers are usually solid-state devices that

direct the pumps in a solar water-heating system

to operate in a manner that optimizes thetransfer of heat from the collector to storage to

avoid dangerous levels of heat buildup in the

collector.


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No

.

Direct System Indirect System

In a direct system, the water to

be used by the building

occupants runs directlythrough the solar collectors.

In an indirect system, either

water or another heat-

conducting liquid runsthrough the collectors and

then passes through a heat

exchanger to heat the water

used by building occupants.

system designed for year-round use should be an

indirect system using a heat-

transfer fluid that contains an

anti-freeze agent such as non-

toxic propylene glycol so that

damage from freezing can beavoided.

Heat-transfer fluid needs to

be changed every three to five

years to avoid system failure.

water supply within blding

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