water & the minerals
DESCRIPTION
Water & the Minerals. Fluids. Females 50-55% water Males 55-60% Less water in older adults More in children More in persons who exercise. Fluids. Main functions Shape and structure to cells normal turgor Aids in digestion and absorption of nutrients Transports/ lubricates - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Water & the Minerals
![Page 2: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Fluids Females 50-55% water Males 55-60% Less water in older adults More in children More in persons who
exercise
![Page 3: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Fluids Main functions
Shape and structure to cellsnormal turgor
Aids in digestion and absorption of nutrients
Transports/ lubricates Solvent/ chemical reactions Stabilizes body temperature
![Page 4: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Fluids Adults metabolize 2.5-3
liters water/day Excrete 500-600 ml/day to
get rid of body wastes 7-9 liters secreted into GI
tract each day almost all reabsorbed
![Page 5: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Approximate Total Volume of
Digestive Secretions Produced in 24
Hours by Adult of Average Size
Secretion Amount
Saliva 1500 mlGastric 2500Bile 500Pancreatic 700Intestinal 3000
TOTAL 8200 ml
![Page 6: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Fluids Normal losses 2.5 liters/day Obligatory Facultative Thirst-not always accurate
diminished in elderly infants can’t tell you watch color of urine
![Page 7: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Fluids ECF water outside
cell 1/3 body H20 blood plasma interstitial
fluids
ICF water inside
cells 2/3 body H20 site of basic
metabolic activity
![Page 8: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Dehydration Fluid volume deficient or
hypovolemia Output exceeds water intake Shift of water from ECF to
ICF Lower blood volume Cellular edema
![Page 9: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Dehydration Hypovolemia symptoms
intense thirst dry mucous membranes weak and rapid pulse orthostatic hypotension vomiting and confusion concentrated urine life threatening -10% weight
loss
![Page 10: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Signs of dehydration
Headache/ lightheadness Fatigue Loss of appetite Flushed skin Heat intolerance Dry mouth and eyes Dark, scanty urine
![Page 11: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Fluid overload Fluid volume excess or
hypervolemia Fluid intoxication
muscle cramps and low BP
excessive water intake renal failure or CHF water shifts from cell to ECF
![Page 12: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Fluid overload Peripheral edema Rapid, bounding pulse Distended neck veins Pulmonary edema/SOB
![Page 13: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fluids Adequate water intake 30 ml/kg or 1-1.5 ml/1
kcalorie energy expenditure Urine should be pale yellow
![Page 14: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Minerals
Inorganic elements Classified as macro and
trace elements by amount by need
![Page 15: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Functions Structure Fluid Balance Vitamin, enzyme, and
hormone activity Nerve cell transmission Muscle contraction
![Page 16: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Acid -Base balance Determined by pH Water regulates pH Normal pH 7.35-7.45 Acid base buffers
carbonic acid sodium bicarbonate
![Page 17: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Acid -Base Balance Disturbances
respiratory acidosischronic lung disease
metabolic acidosisketosis
respiratory alkalosishyperventalating
metabolic alkalosisvomiting
![Page 18: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Mineral salts NaCl in body water Movement directed by cells Water follows salt Separate into ions in
solution Conduct electricity Called electrolytes
![Page 19: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Electrolytes Cations-NA+, K+
Anions-Cl-
Usually balanced
![Page 20: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Sodium Principle electrolyte in ECF Primary regulator ECF volume Maintains acid base balance Muscular irritability Nerve impulse transmission Intestinal secretions 35-40% skeleton
![Page 21: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Sodium 1 gram sodium in 1/5 t. of NaCl Salt is 39% sodium Use less with HTN, CHF, and
Kidney Failure Adjust depending on climate
and physical activity Suggested intake 2400 mg or
1000mg/1000 kcalories
![Page 22: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Sodium Increased losses with
vomiting and diarrhea Replace both Na+ and water
![Page 23: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Potassium Principle cation in ICF Maintains cell integrity Keeps heart beat steady Deaths from severe diarrhea
or dieresis Assists in CHO and protein
metabolism
![Page 24: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Potassium High K foods associated
with decreased risk of stroke and lower blood pressure
Hypokalemia too low=death
Hyperkalemia too high =death
![Page 25: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Lower Sodium Diet
Reduce sodium gradually Learn to read the food labels
and compare brands Fresh is best Balance high and low
sodium foods Experiment with herbs,etc.
![Page 26: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Chloride Principle anion of ECF Not usually treated
separately from sodium problems
![Page 27: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Calcium Most abundant 99% bone and teeth 1% serum Bound with P04
-3 and Mg++
![Page 28: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Calcium Bones replete serum Serum Ca++
bone and teeth formation controls muscle contractions transmits nerve impulses blood clotting secretion of hormones
![Page 29: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Calcium Calcium Regulated very tightly 30-40% dietary calcium
absorbed bound to oxalates &
phytates in plant foods New recommendations
![Page 30: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Calcium Serum levels kept constant Vitamin D and parathyroid
hormone raises Ca++ levels PRN
Calcium travels with Albumin in blood-need to do corrected Ca++ calculation if Albumin low
![Page 31: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Calcium Deficiencies Means less bone density
Osteoporosis- thin, white or Asian women most at risk
Rickets- malabsorption of Ca++
![Page 32: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Calcium Deficiencies Sedentary lifestyle
less absorption Low calcium diet
increased blood pressure ETOH and smoking
increases losses
![Page 33: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Calcium Supplements Carbonate Citrate Acetate NO oyster shell
![Page 34: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Supplements
No more than 2500mg per day
Count amounts from food Smaller divided doses Do not take iron and
calcium at the same time Plenty of fluids
![Page 35: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Calcium Excesses Constipation Kidney Stones
![Page 36: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Calcium Sources Milk Cheese Yogurt Soy & other legumes Whole grains Green Leafy Vegetables
![Page 37: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Phosphorous Combined with Ca++ in
bone and teeth 85% in bones Major body buffer Important in energy
transfers-ATP
![Page 38: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Phosphorous Absorption regulated by
parathyroid hormone Excesses excreted in urine Renal insufficiency =
high serum levels
![Page 39: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Phosphorous Deficiencies Malnutrition ETOH abuse Starvation
![Page 40: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Phosphorous Sources Meats Poultry Fish Eggs Legumes Milk and Dairy Products Soft drinks
![Page 41: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Magnesium Small amount in body Critical to operation of
hundreds of enzymes Smooth muscle relaxation Necessary for release of
energy Holds calcium in tooth
enamel
![Page 42: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Magnesium Deficiency Vomiting and diarrhea ETOH abuse Protein malnutrition Causes hallucinations in
ETOH withdrawal Prolonged muscle
contractions
![Page 43: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Magnesium Sources Green leafy vegetables Nuts Legumes Whole grains Seafood
![Page 44: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Iron 3-5 g stored in body 2/3 as heme in hemoglobin 1/3 as ferritin RBC carries O2 to tissues Needed for new cells
![Page 45: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Iron 10-15% dietary iron
absorbed Amount increases in
deficiency Nonheme Fe+++ ferric
plant source Nonheme and heme Fe++
ferrous animal source
![Page 46: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Iron Toxicity Repeated transfusions Polycystic disease Iron poisoning Symptoms
N&V shock convulsions and coma
![Page 47: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Iron Deficiencies Most deficient nutrient in US Nutritional Anemias Hemorrhagic Anemias Postgastrectomy anemia Malabsorption anemia Chronic disease anemia
![Page 48: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Iron Deficiencies Symptoms
weakness and fatigue headaches apathy
Pica-eating of non-nutrient substances ice, clay, paste, starch, kaolin
![Page 49: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Iron Deficiency Anemia Increase food sources
Include iron fortified cereals
Know heme iron sources Add sources of Vitamin C Drink coffee & tea between
meals, not with meals Cook in iron pots
![Page 50: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Iron Sources Liver Lean meat Dried beans Fortified cereals
![Page 51: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Iodine Major source is iodized salt Thyroid hormones
body temperature metabolic rate reproduction/growth nerve and muscle
functions
![Page 52: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Zinc Picked up by
albumin for transport Energy job Healing job Immune function
![Page 53: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Zinc Deficiencies Mental disorders Abnormal dark adaptation
in vision Skin lesions Hair loss Strict vegetarians at risk
![Page 54: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Iodine Deficiencies Goiter Weight gain Birth defects Cretinism
![Page 55: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Selenium Antioxidant Sparing effect on Vitamin C Research area Toxicity
hair & nail loss skin lesions diarrhea
![Page 56: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Selenium Rare deficiency in long
term parenteral nutrition
![Page 57: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Other Trace Minerals Copper
wound healing hemoglobin help cells use FE++
sheaths around nerve fibers Deficiency
dementia, liver failure
![Page 58: Water & the Minerals](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062221/568148e8550346895db60352/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Other Trace Minerals Manganese Fluoride
excess can mottle teeth Chromium
CHO/lipid metabolism works with insulin