water treatment filter disinfect purify or sterilize?
TRANSCRIPT
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WATER TREATMENT
Filter
Disinfect
Purify
Or Sterilize?
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The Bugs • Giardia• Carried by both man and
animal• Found even in pools of
fresh snow melt• Sx of explosive, foul
smelling diarrhea and gas can occur from days to months after infection and RECUR without treatment
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Cryptosporidium
• NOT killed by iodine or chlorine
• Another enteric pathogen causing diarrhea
• One of the reasons to use a dual method of treating water other than boiling (most effective)
• Tends to be seasonal and very rare in the US (more of a problem in 3rd world)
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E. Histolytica
Another enteric pathogen
MAY cause similar symptoms to Giardia but may also make you a nonsymptomatic carrier.
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Nematodes (Worms)
• Ascaris (roundworm)• More of a problem in
dense urban areas of low socioencomics
• Death, when it occurs, due to bowel obstruction
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Filariasis
• Tropical or foreign bug
• The cause of elephantiasis
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Bacteria
• Various strains of E. coli
• Sx range from GI to toxic syndromes depending on species
• Most common cause of cystitis (bladder infection)
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Viruses
• Hepatitis A• More of a concern in
foreign countries• Often cling to bigger
“bugs” or clump together
• BUT if single will past thru any filter
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Other Concerns
• ?Heavy Metals?
• ?Radioactive Compounds?
• ?Chemical Contaminants?
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The community bath… as well as community toilet…
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TREATING WATER
• BOILINGBOILING
• FILTERING FILTERING
• FILTERING PLUS FILTERING PLUS IODINEIODINE
• CHEMICALSCHEMICALS
• RADIATION?RADIATION?
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BOILING
• Gold Standard
• Kills Everything (including taste)
• Bringing to boil sufficient to “disinfect”
• Boiling for 5 – 10 minutes to “Sterilize”
• Makes water taste flat
• Requires time for water to cool
• Requires time and fuel to heat
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FILTERING• Fairly effective for most everything
but viruses• Fast• Weightier and Bulkier than chemicals• Remember to treat intake hose as
“contaminated”• If sealed cartridge filters takes a
significant impact, internal filter may crack allowing unfiltered water to pass through.
• Filter the cleanest water you can find.
• Prefilter with t-shirt, coffee filter, etc. if water is dirty or let it stand overnight.
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Filter Brands and Types
Membrane Filters – use thin sheets with precisely sized holes that prevent ojects larger than pore size from passing through.
-Less cleaning required but when clogged, it’s done.
Depth Filters – use thick porous materials (carbon or ceramic) to trap particles as water flows thru.
-Can be field cleaned but easier to crack and easier to clog.
The Backpacker’s Field Manual, R. Curtis, Random House, 1998
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Other Types of Filters
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Water Purifying Filters
• Filter plus some iodine treating component
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Chemicals
• Iodine and chlorine (iodine more effective)• GREATLY affected by water clarity and
temperature• Does not kill cryptosporidia cysts• Light and portable• Requires longer contact time, adds “taste” to
water• CAN EXPIRE – UNOPENED bottle 4 yrs, or 1
year after opening a new bottle.• Iodine should be avoided in: Shellfish allergies,
thyroid disorders, pregnancy, or if on lithium.
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4 Drops per Liter
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The MIOX
$130
One set of batteries and packet of salt last ~50gal.
Claims to be effective against all agents including crypto and cyclospora.
Destroys viruses and bacteriain 15 minutes, giardia in 30 minutes and cryptosporidia in 4 hours
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Radiation?
Battery Dependent
Effectiveness? Claims all organisms in seconds
Impact resistance?
(~$150)
Lightweight
Technique?Four alkaline AA batteries purify 20 to 40 16-oz. glasses of water
(~$99)
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~ 1 gallon / minute with electrical power source
~ 100 gallons / day on solar battery only
Weight: 38 lbs
Average Life: 40,000 gallons
Cost - ~$4000
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The water purification center.
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Filter Before
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Filter after half gallon.
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Water Storage
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