water treatment i kurang komplit
TRANSCRIPT
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 1/89
WATER TREATMENT
A. TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER AND
B. TREATMENT OF DRINKING WATER
1 2 / 1 5 / 1
5
1
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 2/89
OBJECTIVES - STUDENTS SHOULD:
List and describe treatment methods for wastewater.
List and describe treatment methods for drinking
water.
Compare and contrast treatment methods and goals
of wastewater and drinking water.
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5 2
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 3/89
JUSTIFICATION FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT:
Pollution from sewage is a primary environmental health
hazard (wastewater effluent).
The purpose of municipal wastewater treatment is to limit
pollution of the receiving watercourse.
The receiving watercourse may also be a source of
drinking water .
1 2 / 1 5 / 1
5
3
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 4/89
GOALS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT:
Reduction of organic load of the
wastewater euent to limiteutrophication (BO! "Olimits#!
Reduction of micro$iological
contamination that ma%transmit infectious disease.
1 2 / 1 5 / 1
5
4
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 5/89
&re'treatment
&reliminar% treatment &rimar% treatment econdar% treatment
ludge ($iosolids#disposal
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
1 2 / 1 5 /
1 5
5
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 6/89
Wastewater Treatment SchemeWastewater Treatment Scheme
Preliminary Secondary
WW
influent
WW effluent
sludge
Primary Tertiary
Disinfectant
Sludge Treatmentand Disposal
1 2 / 1 5 /
1 5
6
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 7/89
WASTEWATER TREATMENTPROCESSES:
Pre-treatment
- Occurs in business or industry prior to discharge
- Prevention of toxic chemicals or excess nutrientsbeing discharged in wastewater
Preliminary treatment is a physical process thatremoves large contaminants.
Primary treatment involves physical sedimentation of
particulates.
Secondary treatment involves physical and biologicaltreatment to reduce organic load of wastewater.
Tertiary or advanced treatments.
1 2 / 1 5 /
1 5
7
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 8/89
TERTIARY OR ADVANCED TREATMENT
Nitri)cation'denitri)cation process to
remo*e N and &
+iltration
"ar$on Adsorption
1 2 / 1 5 /
1 5
8
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 9/89 1 2
/ 1 5 / 1 5
9
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 10/89
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Bar Scree
ca!c"e# $ar%e
&'(ec!# !"a! "a)e %&!!e*!& #e+er #,#!e #c"a# 'r*c/#0 '&!!$e#0 1*ece#&2 +&&30 e!c.
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 11/89
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Gr*! C"a'er
- re&)e# r&c/#0 %ra)e$0 'r&/e
%$a##0 e!c.Me#" Scree
- re&)e# 3*a1er#0 c&'#0 !&+e$#0
1$a#!*c 'a%#0 #,r*%e#0 e!c.
1 2 / 1 5 /
1 5
11
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 12/89
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
&reliminar% Treatment
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 13/89
WASTEWATER TREATMENT
&rimar% Treatment
'' a ph%sical process
'' wastewater ,ow isslowed down and suspendedsolids settle to the $ottom $%
gra*it%'' the material that settles
is called sludge or $iosolids
13 1 2
/ 1 5 / 1 5
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 14/89
PRIMARY TREATMENT
1 2 / 1 5 /
1 5
14
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 15/89
&rimar% Treatment
1 2 / 1 5 /
1 5
15
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 16/89
C O A G
U L A T I O N A N
D
F L O C
C U L A T I O N
I N W A T E R
T R E A T M
E N T
1 2 / 1 5 /
1 5
16
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 17/89
1 2 / 1 5 /
1 5
17
COAGULATION &FLOCCULATION
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 18/89
1 2 / 1 5 /
1 5
18
WHAT IS COAGULATION4
Coagulation is the destabilization of colloids byaddition of
chemicals that neutralize the negative charges
The chemicals are known as coagulants, usuallyhigher valence
cationic salts (Al3+, Fe3+ etc.
!oagulation is essentially a chemical "rocess
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 19/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
19
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 20/89
COAGULATION AIM
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
20
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 21/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
21
WHAT IS FLOCCULATION4 Flocculation is the agglomeration of destabilized"articles into
a large size "articles known as #ocs which can bee$ectively removed
by sedimentation or #otation.
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 22/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
22
Why coagulation and flocculation?Various sizes of particles in raw water
Particle diameter (mm) Type Settling velocity
1 Pe!!le "#$ m%s
1 &ourse sand "'$ m%s
"1 ine sand " m%min
"1 Silt *" m%d
"1"1
(1 micron)(1 micron)
+arge colloids+arge colloids
"$ m%y "$ m%y
"1 (1 nano)"1 (1 nano) Small colloidsSmall colloids $ m%million y $ m%million y
Colloids – so small: gravity settling not possible
G r a v I t y s
e t t l I n g
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 23/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
23
&olloid Sta!ility
-----
- -----
- Repulsion
Colloid - A Colloid - B
!olloids have a net negative surface charge
%lectrostatic force "revents them from agglomeration
&rownian motion kee"s the colloids in sus"ension
H 2 O Colloid
'm"ossible to remove colloids by gravitysettling
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 24/89
COLLOIDAL INTERACTION
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
24
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 25/89
CHARGE REDUCTION
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
25
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 26/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
26
"olloids can $e desta$ili-ed $%charge neutrali-ation
&ositi*el% charges ions (Na! Mg/!Al0! +e0 etc.# neutrali-e thecolloidal negati*e charges and thusdesta$ili-e them.
With desta$ili-ation! colloidsaggregate in si-e and start to settle
COLLOID DESTABILI5ATION
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 27/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
27
Force analysis on colloids
The integral ofthe combinedforces is theenergy barrier
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 28/89
FLOCCULATION AIDS
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
28
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 29/89
FLOC FORMATION WITH POLYMERS
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
29
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 30/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
30
Jar Tests
Determination of optimum
pH
The ar test ) a laboratory "rocedure to determine theo"timum "*
and the o"timum coagulant dose
A ar test simulates the coagulation and #occulation "rocesses
Fill the ars with raw water sam"le( or - m ) usually / ars
Adust "* of the ars while mi0ingusing *124 or NaOH/lime
("*5 .6 .6 /.6 /.6 7.6 7.
Add same dose of the selected coagulant (alum or iron to each ar
(!oagulant dose5 or - mg8 Jar Test
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 31/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
31
Jar Test set-
up
Rapid mix each jar at 100 to 150 rpm for 1 minute. The rapid mixhep! to di!per!e the coa"uant throu"hout each container
Reduce the !tirrin" !peed to 25 to 30 rpm
and continue mixin" for 15 to 20 min!
Thi! !o#er mixin" !peed hep!
promote foc formation $%enhancin" partice coi!ion!&
#hich ead to ar"er foc!
Turn off the mixer! and ao#
foc! to !ette for 30 to 45 min!
'ea!ure the fina re!idua
tur$idit% in each jar
(ot re!idua tur$idit% a"ain!t p)
Jar Tests – determining optimum
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 32/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
32
Optimum pH: 6.3
Jar Tests – optimum pH
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 33/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
33
Optimum coagulant dose 9e"eat all the "revious ste"s
This time adust "* of all ars ato"timum (/.3 found from :rst testwhile mi0ing using *124 or
NaOH/lime
Add di$erent doses of the selected coagulant (alum or iron to each ar
(!oagulant dose5 6 76 -6 -16 -6 1 mg8
9a"id mi0 each ar at - to - r"m for -
minute. The ra"idmi0 hel"s to dis"erse the coagulant throughout
each container
9educe the stirring s"eed to 1 to 3 r"m for -
to 1 mins
O ti l t
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 34/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
34
Turn o$ the mi0ers and allow #ocs to settle for 3 to
4 mins
Then measure the :nal residual turbidity in each ar
;lot residual turbidity
against coagulant dose
Coagulant Dose mg/L
Optimum coagulant dose:12.5 mg!
The coagulant dose
withthe lowest residualturbidity will be theo"timum coagulant
dose
Optimum coagulantdose
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 35/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
35
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 36/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5
36
• Hydraulic Jump: Hydraulic Jump creates turbulence and
thus help better miing!
• "echanical miing
• In-line #lash miing
In#lo$
Chemical
#eeding
Chemical
#eeding
In#lo$
%ac& mi impeller #lat-blade impeller
*oa"uant
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 37/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
37
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 38/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
38
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 39/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
39
Inflow
Chemical
feeding
Inflow
Chemical
feeding
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 40/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
40
"elati#e coagulating po$er
<a+ = -6 >g1+ = 3 Al3+ ? -6 Fe3+ ? -
Typical coagulants
Aluminum sulfate5 Al1(243.-4 *1
'ron salt@ Ferric sulfate5 Fe1(243
'ron salt@ Ferric chloride5 Fe1!l3 ;olyaluminum chloride (;A!5 Al1(*3!l3
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 41/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
41
,luminum &hemistry
1 mole of alum consumes moles of bicarbonate ! )*+3, -
2 /+4-3.14 ) 2 + 6)*+3, ⇔ 2/+)-3↓ 6*+2 14) 2 + 3+4
,2
f aainit% i! not enou"h& p) #i reduce "reat%
ime or !odium car$onate ma% $e needed to neutraie the acid.
!Optimum pH: "#" – #"$
%it& alum addition' (&at &appens to (ater
pH)
2 /+4-3.14 ) 2 + ⇔ 2/+)-3↓ 8) 2 + 3) 2 +4,2
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 42/89
AL67 SPECIES AS A FUNCTION OF PH
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
42
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 43/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
43
-ron &hemistry
e* 3 3)*+3, ⇔ e/+)-3↓ 3*+2 3* ,
%it& iron salt addition' (&at &appens to (ater pH)
!%ider pH range of: * – +, est pH range of *#" – "#"$
1 mole of .eCl / consumes / moles of bicarbonate ! )*+3, -
f aainit% i! not enou"h& p) #i reduce "reat% due to
h%drochoric acid formation. ime or !odium car$onate ma% $e
needed to neutraie the acid. ime i! the cheape!t.
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 44/89
FE SPECIES AS A FUNCTION OF PH
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
44
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 45/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
45
CO0304T 05D6
Other substances thancoagulants used:- Clay minerals
- Silicates
- Polymers
Polymers are often
either anionic or
cationic to aidcoagulation.
Polymers also
reinforce flocs
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 46/89
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
46
F!OCC%!&T'O(
Flocculation ) agglomeration o* colloids +y collisions to *orm
separa+le ,ocs
-amples ) mil/0 +lood0 sea$ater
ecanisms ) peri/inetic0 collisions *rom ro$nian motion
) orto/inetic0 induced collisions troug stirring
Orto/inetic ,occulation 4elocity gradient0 relati#e mo#ement +et$een colloids in a ,ui
+ody " #elocity gradient
Camp (o. t Typical 2 17 8 ) 175
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 47/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5
47
Cross #lo$ 'locculator (sectional vie$)
*lan (top vie$)
T r a n
s v e r s
e p a d
d l e
L
H
+
7ec&anical .locculator
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 48/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5
48
Hydraulic Flocculation
• Hori,ontally ba##led tan&
*lan vie$ (hori,ontal #lo$)
• ertically ba##led tan&
L Isometric ie$ (vertical #lo$)
L
+
H
The water flows horizontally.
The baffle walls help to create
turbulence and thus facilitate mixing
The water flows vertically. The baffle
walls help to create turbulence and thusfacilitate mixing
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 49/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5
49
http://$$$!environmental-center!com/maga,ine/i$a/.$s/art!pd#
Hydraulic Flocculation
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 50/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5
50
HYDRAULIC FLOCCULATORS
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 51/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5
51
Hydraulic ,occulators:
simple tecnology
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 52/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5
52
Hydraulic Flocculation: Pipe
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 53/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5
53
Hydraulic Flocculation: Pipe
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 54/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5
54
Hydraulic Flocculation:Large stirrers
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 55/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5
55
ecanical,occulators
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 56/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5 56
ecanical,occulators
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 57/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5 57
ecanical
,occulators
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 58/89
ANOTHER MECHANICAL FLOCCULATOR
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5 58
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 59/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5 59
Flocculators integrated
$it settling
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 60/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5 60
Flocculators integrated $itsettling
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 61/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5 61
Flocculators +ot sides o*settling
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 62/89
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5 62
Flocculator per*orated $all 9in+ac/ground
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 63/89
WASTEWATER
TREATMENTecondar% Treatment
1 2 / 1 5 / 1 5
63
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 64/89
WASTEWATER
TREATMENTecondar% Treatment
0econdary treatment is a biological
process
1tili,es bacteria and algae to metaboli,e
organic matter in the $aste$ater In Cape Girardeau secondary treatment
occurs on the tric&ling #ilter 1 2 / 1
5 / 1 5 64
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 65/89
WASTEWATER
TREATMENT+rom secondar% treatment on the
tric1ling )lter water ,ows to the)nal clari)ers for further remo*alof sludge.
The )nal clari)ers are another setof primar% sedimentation tan1s.
+rom the )nal clari)ers the water isdischarged $ac1 to the Ri*er.
1 2 / 1
5 / 1 5 65
ON 2TE WATEWATER TREATMENT
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 66/89
ON'2TE WATEWATER TREATMENT
More than /34 of all households in the
2ndonesia are ser*ed $% on'sitetreatment s%stems.
A$out 0 $illion gallons of wastewater isdischarged each da% to on'site
wastewater treatment s%stems.&otential disease transmission ris1s
through wastewater should $e limited.
1 2 / 1
5 / 1 5 66
TYPICAL SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 67/89
TYPICAL SEPTIC SYSTEM DESIGN:
eptic systems t%picall% consist of5
A se"tic tank 8c&cre!e0 +*!" *$e! a3 &!$e!0 'a9e#0 a3 re&)a'$e!&1 2&r c$ea*%0 +"*c" c&$$ec!# a3 "&$3# +a#!e0
A drain :eld &r tile :eld 81$a#!*c &r !*$e 1*1e +*!" &!$e!# +"*c" a$$&+#
+a#!e+a!er e9e! !& *;$!ra!e #$&+$, *!& #&*$#. ;lumbing connections.
1 2 / 1
5 / 1 5 67
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 68/89
1 2 / 1
5 / 1 5 68
PERIODIC SUMMERY
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 69/89
PERIODIC SUMMERY
Treatment of wastewater is necessar% toprotect the en*ironment and preser*e
the 6ualit% of water for drin1ing.Treatment of municipal wastewater
t%picall% includes preliminar%! primar%treatment! secondar% treatment! and
tertiar% treatment.On'site wastewater treatment is
facilitated $% septic tan1 s%stems.
1 2 / 1
5 / 1 5 69
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 70/89
B. DRINKING WATER TREATMENT:
"lari)cation ' primaril% a ph%sical process! $ut ma% $e aided$% addition of chemicals.
+iltration ' also primaril% ph%sical! $ut chemicals ma% aid the
process.isinfection ' t%picall% a chemical process that reduces
pathogenic microorganisms.
1 2 / 1
5 / 1 5 70
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 71/89
B<. CLARIFICATION OF DRINKING WATER:
"lari)cation remo*es particulates that contri$ute to tur$idit%and contamination of water.
"lari)cation is aided $% chemicals which cause particulates toaggregate! precipitate! and form sediment (sludge#.
1 2 / 1
5 / 1 5 71
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 72/89
B=. FILTRATION:
eparate nonsettlea$le solids from water.
"om$ined with coagulation7clari)cation! )ltration can remo*e894':;4 tur$idit%! coliform $acteria :<'::.:34! and =::4>iardia.
1 2 / 1
5 / 1 5 72
TYPE OF FILTRATION
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 73/89
TYPE OF FILTRATION
Rapid )ltration ' uses gra*it% (faster ,ow#.
low )ltration ' uses gra*it% ?slower ,ow@.
&ressure sand )lters'use water pressure.
iatomaceous earth (E# )ltration
Microstraining ' uses )ne steel fa$ric (sometimes used prior toother )ltrations#.
1 2 / 1
5 / 1 5 73
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 74/89
FILTER MEDIA
+ilter media should $e5 c&ar#e e&%" !& re!a* $ar%e >a!*!*e# &2 ?&c
#@c*e!$, ;e !& 1re)e! 1a##a%e &2 ##1e3e3#&$*3#
3ee1 e&%" !& a$$&+ re$a!*)e $&% ;$!er r#
>ranular'medium )lters (Rapidand +ilters@
A!"rac*!e & !"e )er, !&1 8$ea#! 3e#e0
;e #a3 & !&1 &2 #11&r!*% c&ar#e #a38$e##
3e#e0 +"*c" $a,# & !&1 &2 %ra)e$ $a,er 8"*%"e#! 3e#*!,.
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
74
CLEANING 8BACKWASHING FILTERS
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 75/89
CLEANING 8BACKWASHING FILTERS
etermination of how often to $ac1'wash can $e made on the$asis of5
Hea3 $&## 81re##re $&##0
L&## &2 +a!er >a$*!, 8e.%.0 *crea#e3 !r'*3*!,0 &r
T*e #*ce $a#! 'ac/+a#".
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
75
BACKWASHING PROCESS
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 76/89
BACKWASHING PROCESS
Water ,ow is re*ersed through the )lter $ed.
T"e ra!e &2 'ac/+a#" *# 3e#*%e3 !& 1ar!*a$$, e1a3 8?*3*e !"e
;$!er 'e3. S#1e3e3 a!!er *# re&)e3 ', #"ear 2&rce# a# !"e +a!er &)e#
!"r&%" !"e ?*3*e3 'e3.
A33*!*&a$ c$ea*% &ccr# +"e 1ar!*c$e# &2 !"e 'e3 a'ra3e a%a*#!eac" &!"er.
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
76
FLOW CONTROL THROUGH FILTERS
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 77/89
FLOW CONTROL THROUGH FILTERS
"onstant'rate )ltration
F$&+ ra!e *# c&!r&$$e3 ', $**!*% !"e 3*#c"ar%e ra!e0 $**!*% !"e ra!e&2 *?&+ ', a +e*r0 &r
', 11*% &r #e &2 *?e! ?&+-#1$*!!*% +e*r.
eclining'rate )ltration Ra!e &2 ?&+ 3ec$*e# a# !"e ra!e &2 "ea3 $&## '*$3# 8*?e!- &r
e9e!-c&!r&$$e3.
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
77
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 78/89
PERIODIC SUMMARY:
rin1ing water treatment t%picall% include clari)cation!)ltration and disinfection.
rin1ing water treatment should ma1e water $oth pota$le
and palata$le.Wastewater and drin1ing water treatment processes are
similar in se*eral wa%s.
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
78
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 79/89
VII. WATER TREATMENT
B6. DISINFECTION OF DRINKING WATER
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
79
OBJECTIVES - STUDENTS SHOULD:
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 80/89
OBJECTIVES - STUDENTS SHOULD:
e)ne and gi*e eamples of t%pes of disinfection techni6uesfor drin1ing water.
istinguish $etween ph%sical and chemical disinfectiontechni6ues.
E*aluate the safet%! cost! eecti*eness! and popularit% of*arious disinfection techni6ues.
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
80
TYPES OF DISINFECTION:
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 81/89
TYPES OF DISINFECTION:
&h%sical disinfection techni6ues include $oiling and irradiationwith ultra*iolet light.
"hemical disinfection techni6ues include adding chlorine!$romine! iodine! and o-one to water.
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
81
PHYSICAL DISINFECTION 8BOILING
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 82/89
PHYSICAL DISINFECTION 8BOILING:
Boiling 1ills *egetati*e $acterial cells! $ut spores! *iruses! and someproto-oa ma% sur*i*e long periods of $oiling.
Boiling ma% also *olatili-e CO"Ds.
Boiling is an eecti*e method for small $atches of water during
water emergencies.
Boiling is prohi$iti*el% epensi*e for large 6uantities of water.
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
82
PHYSICAL DISINFECTION
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 83/89
PHYSICAL DISINFECTION8UV RADIATION:ltra*iolet radiation is an eecti*e and relati*el% safe
disinfection method! $ut is relati*el% epensi*e and not
widel% used.
C light disrupts NA of micro$ial cells! pre*entingreproduction.
peci)c wa*elengths! intensities! distances! ,ow rates! andretention times are re6uired.
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
83
CHEMICAL DISINFECTION:
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 84/89
CHEMICAL DISINFECTION:
"hemicals added to water for disinfection include chlorine!$romine! and iodine.
Bromine is not recommended for drin1ing water disinfection!$ut ma% $e used for pool water.
2odine is sometimes used for drin1ing water disinfection! $utcauses a $ad aftertaste.
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
84
CHLORINE DISINFECTION:
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 85/89
CHLORINE DISINFECTION:
"hlorination is a cheap! eecti*e! relati*el% harmless (andtherefore most popular# disinfection method.
"hlorine is added as a gas or h%pochlorite solution.
F%pochlorous acid and h%pochlorite ions form in solution!which are strong chemical oidants! and 1ill micro$es.
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
85
CHLORINE DISINFECTION 8CONT :
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 86/89
CHLORINE DISINFECTION 8CONT.:
"om$ined chlorine is the proportion that com$ines with organicmatter.
+ree chlorine is the amount that remains to 1ill micro$es in the
distri$ution s%stem (G.3 ppm! HG min.#Total chlorine is the com$ined concen'tration of com$ined and
free chlorine.
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
86
DISINFECTION BY-PRODUCTS 8DBPS
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 87/89
DISINFECTION BY PRODUCTS 8DBPS
"hlorine (or $romine or iodine# IprecursorsJ (organic compounds# KTFM(Trihalomethanes#
e%. C"$&r&2&r 8CHC$60 Br&&2&r 8CHBr60 I&3&2&r
8CHI60 c"$&r&'r&&2&r 8CHBrC$=0 Br&&c"$&r&2&r
8CHBr=C$0 Br&&*3&32&r 8CHBr=I0 e!c.
TFMs are carcinogenic
"horoamine disinfection reduce TFMsproduction due to preferential reactionof chlorine with ammonia
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
87
O5ONATION:
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 88/89
O5ONATION:
O-one (O0# is an eecti*e! relati*el% harmless disinfection
method! $ut is epensi*e (and therefore less popular than
chlorine#.
O-one is a strong oidant! that produces h%dro%l free radicalsthat react with organic and inorganic molecules in water to1ill micro$es.
1 2 / 1 5
/ 1 5
88
SUMMARY:
7/23/2019 Water Treatment I Kurang Komplit
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/water-treatment-i-kurang-komplit 89/89
SUMMARY:
isinfection is the destruction of microorganisms in drin1ingwater to safe le*els.
isinfection techni6ues include ph%sical ($oiling! ultra*ioletlight# and chemical methods (chlorine! $romine! iodine! ando-one#.