water treatment technology (tas 3010) lecture notes 5 - water quality parameters
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WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY (TAS 3010) LECTURE NOTESUNIVERSITY MALAYSIA TERENGGANU 2009Disclaimer: I don't own this file. If you believe you do, and you don't want it to be published here, please let me know. I will remove it immediatelyTRANSCRIPT
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.University College of Science and Technology Malaysia
CHAPTER 3:Environmental Microbiology
TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
MAY ALL THE BLESSING OF GOD BE UPON ALL
OF YOU.. AND SUCCESS ALWAYS!!!!!!!
YUS – 8 OGOS 1986
ZAKI – 9 AUGUST 1984
CASSEY – 12 AUGUST 1986
MALA – 13 AUGUST 1985
COKIES – 17 AUGUST 1986
API/PEQ – 24 AUGUST 1986
ZAI/ZYE – 26 AUGUST 1985
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.University College of Science and Technology Malaysia
CHAPTER 3:Environmental Microbiology
CHAPTER 5 : CHAPTER 5 : CHAPTER 5 : CHAPTER 5 :
TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
Water Quality ParametersWater Quality ParametersWater Quality ParametersWater Quality Parameters
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
© SHAHRUL ISMAIL, DESc.University College of Science and Technology Malaysia
CHAPTER 3:Environmental Microbiology
CHAPTER 5 : CHAPTER 5 : CHAPTER 5 : CHAPTER 5 :
TAS 3101 : WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY
Water Quality ParametersWater Quality ParametersWater Quality ParametersWater Quality Parameters
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Menu
1) Introduction
2) Physical
3) Chemical
4) Biological
5) WQI
a) Suspended Solids
b) Turbidityc) Odourd) Tastee) Temperature
a) Microorganisms
a) TDSb) Alkalinityc) Hardnessd) Fluoridee) Metalsf) Nutrients
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
• To illustrate the quality of a tested water qualitatively and quantitatively.
• Can be divided into three types:
■ physical■ chemical■ biological
Introduction
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
a. Suspended solid – measured in mg/L
• Sources (s):i) inorganic compounds such as clay, sandii) organic compounds such plant fibre, human waste
• Effects (s):i) Aestheticsii) Adsorption point/centre for chemical and micro-organismiii) Health aspect
Suspended Solid
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
b. Turbidity• Source (s):
i) same as in (a)
• effect (s):
i) same as in (b)
Turbidity
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
c. Odour and taste • Source (s):
i) inorganic compounds such as minerals,metals, salts,
ii) organic compound from petroleum and/or degradation of organic matter
• Effect(s):
i) aesthetic
ii) health problems [reaction from sources and other chemicals such as chlorine (Cl)
Odour
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
c. Odour and taste • Source (s):
i) inorganic compounds such as
ii) organic compound from• effect(s):
i) aesthetic
ii) health problems [reaction from sources and other chemicals such as chlorine (Cl)
Taste
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
d. Temperature – measured in 0C or 0F• source (s):
i) effect from ambienceii) industrial activities – cooling system
• Effect (s):i) disturb biological activitiesii) chemical properties such as
Temperature
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
a. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) – solid left in water after the water is filtered and dried.
• Source (s):i) inorganic compoundsii) organic compounds
• Effect (s):i) cause taste, colour and odour problemsii) health aspectiii) small amount of TDS – water becomes corrosive to attain equilibrium
measured in either mg/L (organic + inorganic) or mS/m* [milisiemens per meter – measuring unit for conductivity (the potential of waterallowing electric current to flow in it)]only measure compounds that produce ion (when it is added to water)
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
b. Alkalinity
• The quantity of ions in water to neutralize acid or a measure of water strength to neutralize acid.
• Main constituents are bicarbonate (HCO3-), carbonate (CO3
2-), and hydroxide (OH-) ions.
• Source (s):
i) mineral dissolved in water and airii) human activities such as
• Effect (s):i) non pleasant tasteii) reaction between alkaline constituent and cation (positive ion) produces precipitation in pipe.
Alkalinity
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
c. Hardness
• Measure of “multivalent” cations in water such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe2+, Mn3+
• Ca2+ and Mn2+ are very important
• Source (s):i) natural mineral on earth
• effect (s):i) excessive soap usage (a waste !)ii) precipitate form on hardwareiii)precipitate in pipe – temperature and pH increased
Hardness
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
• Two kinds of hardness:
i) carbonate hardness
ii) non-carbonate hardness
Hardness
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Carbonate hardness Non-carbonate hardness
1. temporary in character e.g. Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2
1. permanent in character e.g. CaCl2, CaSO4, MgCl2, MgSO4
2. precipitated through boiling
2. eliminated through chemical softness methods and/or ion exchange
Hardness
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
d. Fluoride• Source (s):
i) minerals
• Effect (s):i) not good for health if it is taken in high concentrationii) concentration of 1 mg/L is good for the growth of children teethiii) excessive concentration – color on teeth and problem in bone growth
Fluoride
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
e. Metals – non toxic and toxic
• non – toxic - Ca2+, Mn2+, Na+, Fe2+, Mg2+, Al3+, Cu2+, Zn2+
dangerous for health if the concentration is high • Source (s):
i) minerals, readily available from nature
• Effect (s):i) color, odour, taste and turbidityii) deteriorate health (at high concentration)
Metals - Introduction
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
• Toxic – As2+, Ba2+, Cd2+, Cr2+, Pb2+, Hg2+
stored up in food chain
• Source (s):i) human activities such as mining and industries
• Effect (s):i) dangerous disease such as cancer, abortion and deformation in newborn babyii) organic and inorganic compounds
Metals - Toxic
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
g. Nutrients
• crucial elements needed by animals and plants to live
• important elements – C, N, P
• C – easily obtained from CO2, degradation of organic compounds
• N, P – limiting factors
Nutrients
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Nitrogen (N)
• Source (s):i) elements for protein, chlorophyll and biological compoundsii) decomposition to a simple compound
……………………………………………………….iii) animals and human wastes, chemicals (fertilizers)
• effect (s):i) NO3
- poisoning in human and animals babies & human below than 6 month old)■ NO3
- > NO2- (in acidic condition) – will substitute O2 in blood
vessel■ Babies algae breeding and aquatic plantsii) Excessive algae breeding and aquatic plants
Nutrient - Nitrogen
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Phosphorus (P)
• exist in a form of “orthophosphate”, “condensed phosphate”, and “organic phosphate”.
• Source (s):i) readily present in soilii) fertilizersiii) human wastes (“organic phosphate”)iv) domestic wastes (element in detergent)
• effects (s)i) algae breeding and aquatic plantsii) >0.2 mg/L – disturb coagulation processes in water treatment plants
Nutrient – Phosphorus (P)
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
• microorganism that bring diseases are called “pathogen”. Their quantities are very small compared to other microorganisms.
• The experiments to determine the presence of all pathogens takes a long time and very expensive. It is only carried out for very specific cases
• The presence of pathogenic microorganism is shown by indicator microorganism
Biological
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
• Pathogenic microorganisms
• Indicator microorganism
• Their presence shows that pollution has occurred and suggests the TYPE and LEVEL of pollution.
• Indicator microorganism properties:
– Can be used for all types of water
– Always present when pathogen is present
– Always absent when pathogen is absent
– Easily experimented and give reliable results
Biological
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
• Typical indicators used are coliform group
i) Coliform group:
■ fecal coliform e.g. E.Coli
■ Total coliform e.g. fecal coliform, soil coliform and others
Biological
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
• Relates a group of water quality parameters to a common scale and combines them into a single number in accordance with a chosen method or model of computation.
• Preliminary means of assessment of a water body for compliance with the standards adopted for five designated classes of beneficial uses.
Water Quality Index (WQI)
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
• The parameters chosen for the WQI based on the DoE's formula are:
1. DO,
2. BOD,
3. COD,
4. SS,
5. AN and
6. pH.
WQI Formula
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
• The formula used in the calculation of the DOE's WQI is :
WQI = 0.22*SIDO + 0.19*SIBOD + 0.16*SICOD + 0.15*SIAN +0.16*SISS + 0.12*SIpH
where SI is the subindex of each parameter.
DO - Dissolve Oxyge
BOD - Biological Oxygen Deman
COD - Chemical Oxygen Deman
AN - Ammoniacal Nitrogen
SS - Suspended Solid
pH - Acidity/Alkalinity
Water Quality Index (WQI)
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
Water Quality Index (WQI)
Izan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMTIzan Jaafar, Engineering Science, FST, UMT
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