waterpurification.pdf

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15 :

(WATER PURIFICATION SYSTEM)

(Na+ , Ca2+)

(CI

-

, SO42-

, HCO3-

) (Fe2+

, Na

+

, Mg

2+

, Ca

2+

)

( 15.1) 4 (distillation) (deionization) (filtration) (reverse osmosis)

(Water still)

(conductance) 0.5-2

/. 1.

(condense) (Qc) (Ds) (L1) (L2)

Qc = Ds (L1 + L2)


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15.1

(turbidity) -(filtration)

-(ultrafiltration)--(sedimentation)

-(precipitation)-(deionization)--

- -(adsorption)

----(oxidation)

----

(Ss) (Sbw) (carryover coefficient, Y)

2. ( 15.1)

(

15.2)


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() ()

() ()

() ()

15.1 () ()

(, ) () ()


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331

15.2

2.1 (boiler) 2 3 (Y) (borosilicate glass) (stainlesssteel)

2.2 (heater)


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2.3 (condenser)

2.1

2.4 (constant level device) (raw water)

2.5

2.5.1 (filter)

2.5.2

2.5.3(solenoid)

( 15.3)

2.6

() (reset switch) ( 15.3)

2.7


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15.3

( 15.3)2.8

3.

3.1

( ) 3.2 3.3 6,000 3

(220 380 ) (110 220 ) (circuit breaker)

3.4 5-10 /


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3.5

3.5.1

Na3PO4, Na5P3O10, (NaPO3)6 Na5P3O10 hydroxyapatite [3 Ca

3

(PO4)

2.Ca(OH

2)

2] 3.5.2 12-16 . 1

3.5.3

3.6

(close-circuit cooling water) CaCO3 (H2SO4) CaCO3(2H

++ 2HCO

3

- 2H2O + 2CO

2)

3.7 0.5-1% NaOH () [citric acid + EDTA(1 :1 )]

3.8 10

3.9

3.10 (overheat) 20

3.11

4.

4.1 4.2

4.3 6 4.4 6


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4.5

4.5.1

4.5.2 (chemical method)

[CaCO3,CaSiO3,CaSO4,Ca3(PO4)2,MgO,Mg(PO4)2]

4.5.2.1 (10%)

4.5.2.2 citric acid, formic acid, maleicacid acetic acid 12-24 EDTA 50-60 0. 1

: formic acid : acetic acid = 80:10:10 5.

5.1 5.6-7.2 0.5-2/. 2.5 /.

5.2 (2-8 /) 50 /

5.3 1

5.4 () 1 5.5

1


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5.6

5.7

5.8 5.9 (distillate) 35-60 0.

6.

15.2

15.2

() -----

-------

--

---

-

-


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--

(Deionizer)

18 /.

1. (cation) (anion)

(resin) (H+) (OH)

-

(cross linkage) Th4+>Al3+>Ca2+>Na+,PO

4

3->SO

4

2-

I>Cr>Cl>F>Tl>Ag>Ca>Rd>K>Na>Li2.

2.1 (matrix) (functional group)(polymer) styrene divinyl benzene divinyl benzene meta acrylic acid

2 (cation exchanger)

(R-NH2, R-RNH2, R-R2N, R-R3N

+

OH

-

) (anion exchanger)(R-SO3H, R-OH, R-COOH, R-PO

3H

2)

R2SO

3

-H

+R

2SO

3

-Na

++ H

+

Na+

Cl-

H2O

RCH2N (CH

3)

+2OH

-RCH

2N (CH

3)

2

+Cl

-+ 2OH

-


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2

2.2 polystyrene polyvinyl chloride neoprene, polystyrene butyl rubber

2.3 ( water pump) (recirculation)

2.4 /. /.

3. 40 0. 5-15 / 50-100/

2R SO3H + Ca

2+< ---- > (R-SO

3)

2Ca + 2H

+

2R SO3Na + Ca

2+< ---- > (R-SO

3)

2Ca + 2Na

+

2R COOH + Ca2+

< ----> (R-COO)2

Ca + 2H+

2R COONa + Ca2+

< ---- > (R-COO)2

Ca + 2Na+

2R R3NOH + SO

4

2-< ---------- > (R-R

3N)

2SO

4+ 2OH

-

2R R3NCl + SO

4

2-< ---------- > (R-R

3N)

2SO

4+ 2Cl

-

2R NH3OH + SO

4

2-< ---------- > (R-NH

3)

2SO

4+ 2OH

-

2R NH3Cl + SO

4

2-< ---------- > (R-NH

3)

2SO

4+ 2Cl

-


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3.1 (backwash) (remixing) (regenerate)( 15.4

)

15.4 ()


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()

3.2 (Na+) ( 15.4 ) (H4SiO4) (H2CO3) (degasifier)

4. 4.1

4.2 6 (conductivity meter)

4.3

4.4 (regenerate) ( 15.3)

2 ( 15.4 )

R2SO

3

-Na

++ HCl R

2SO

3

-H

++ Na

++ Cl

-

RCH2N (CH

3)

2

+Cl

-+ NaOH RCH

2N (CH

3)

2

+OH

-+ Cl

-+ Na

+


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5. 5.1 5.2 (capacity)

5.3 (stability)

15.3

(regenerant) H+ HCl, H

2SO

4

Na+ NaCl

H+ HCl, H2SO

4

Na+ NaOH OH- NaOH Cl- NaCl, HCl

Cl- NaOH, NH4OH, Na2CO3 Cl- HCl

5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7

(Adsorbent) (activated carbon)

1. 3 (surface reaction) carbonyl carboxyl (adsorbate)

(external diffusion) (micropore)


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(macropore) ( 15.5)

2.

170 0. (dehydration) 275-400 0. (carbonization)

15.5

750-985 0. (activation) (basic carbon) 500 0. (acid carbon)

2.1 10-100 2.2 1.2-1.7 .2.3 0.9-1.5 /. 2.82.4 (500-2,500 ./)

( 15.4)2.5 acetaldehyde, acetic

acid, acetone, alcohol, amine, ammonia, benzine, calcium hypochlorite, chloral, chlorine,

chlorophenol, chlorophyll, cresol, detergents, dissolved oil, dye, ethyl acetate, gasoline, glycol,


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herbicides, H2S, insecticide, I

2, ketone, lactic acid, naptha, (), toluene,

trichloroethane, vinegar xylene .2.6

2.7

2.8

15.4

(./)

PCC GW 800-1,000PCC SGL 1,000-1,200

Norit 700-1,400Columbia O 1,100-1,150

Columbia AC 1,200-1,400Darco 551 500-550Darco KB 950-1,000Nuchar C 1,050-1,100

Nuchar Aqua 550-650

3. 2

3.1 (downflow cocurrent)

3.2 (counter current)


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4.

1,600-1,8000

.

(Reverse osmosis)

(hemodialysis) .

(100-200 //) (membrane) 1-3 70-99.9%, 99.7-99.99% 0-99.9%

1. (semipermeable membrane) (direct osmosis) (reverse osmosis) (15.6)


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15.6 (direct osmosis)() (reverse osmosis) ()

(solute)

Fm = Wp (UP-UPo)Ni = KpiUci

Fm = Ni = (i)Wp = Water permeation ()Kpi = Solute permeation ()

UP = 2 UPo = 2 Uci = (i) 2


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Wp Kpi 3.5 / o. 15-30 o.

(% retention) ->->->-> (Cl

2, O

2, CO

2, H

2S)

->->-200>

2. 2.1

polybenzimidazol(Celanese). Polyamide(Dupont, Barnsted), polyfuran(FRL),polyethyleneimine(NSRI), polyether amide(UOP), copolyacrylonitrile(Sumitomo Electric) cellulose acetate (Barnsted) . 95-99.9% 2

2.1.1 (cellulose acetate) (surface skin) 0.2 2 3 100 NaCl 97 99.9 (4-8) 50 o. (biodegradable)

2.1.2 Polyamide cellulose acetate butyrate 0.0005 2-12 polyamide NaCl 99.9

2.2


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( 15.7)

2.3 ( 15.7)

2.4 40-100 ( 15.7)

2.5 ( 15.7)

2.6

( 15.7)3.

3.1

3.2 (total dissolve solid) 2,000 ppm

15.7

3.3 350

.


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3.4 CaCO3 CaSO

4

5.03.5 polyamide

1./.3.6

(30-100 /)3.7

3.8

4.

4.1 6 4.2 3 4.3

4.4 6 4.5 4.6 6

5. 5.1

5.2 5.3

1 /. 1 /. (totalorganic carbon) 100 ppb 100 1

5.4

5.5 1 .

5.6


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5.7 5.8

5.9

(Ultrafiltration)

1.

2. cellulose(Dynetics),cellulose acetate(sartorius), polyvinyllidene(Abcor), polysulphone(Sertorius), polyacrylonitrile

(Wafilin), polybenzoxazidione (Byer), polytetrafluoroethylene(Sartorius) .2.1 15.5

2.2 65-140 0.01-8 (molecular weight cut off) 300 100,000

2.3 50-60 o. PTFE (100 o.) 15

o. 25 o.2.4 10-30 /

(gel) (back diffusion)

2.5 0-14 3. 0.2

2,200-34,000

/

/


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15.5

/Cellulose

acetate Cellulose nitrate

Polytetrafluoroethylene

(PTFE)

Autoclave 121o

. + + +Autoclave 134

o. + - +Ethylene oxide + + +

-ray + + -

Xylene + + +

Chloroform - + +

Methanol 98% + - +

Ethanol 98% + - +

Glycerol + + +

Acetone - - +

Ethyl acetate - - +

Dimethyl sulfoxide - - +

Triethanolamine + + +

Pyridine - - +

1. (ionically pure water) .

-------------------> -----> -------------------> -------------------> 2

-------------------> ----->


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2. (biologically pure water)

.

3. (organically pure water) (HPLC) gas chromatography (GC) total organic carbon (TOC) biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

-----> -------------------> --------> -----> --> ---------> -----> -------- > ----->

-----------------> -----------------> ---------------> -----------------> ------------> ----------------->


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1. Arden TV. Water purification by ion exchange. London : Plenum Press, 1968.2. Belasn Fl. Water treatment. Moscow : Mir Publishers, 1981.3. Cheremisinoff PN, Ellerbuch F. Carbon adsorption handbook. Mich : Ann Arbor

Science Publishers Inc, 1978.

4. Granzi GC, Parise PL. The production of pharmaceutical grade of water usingcontinuous deionization post reverse osmosis. J Parenter Sci 1990;44:231-41.

5. Schroder ED. Water and waste water treatment. Tokyo : Mc Graw-Hill Inc, 1979.6. Walter J, Weber JR. Physiochemical process for water quality control. New York :

Wiley : Willey-Interscience, 1972.

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