watson pavlov skinner thorndike be hav iorism how we learn?

Watson

Pavlov

SkinnerThorndike

Be hav ior ism

How we How we learn?learn?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Skinner.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ivan_Pavlov_%28Nobel%29.png

Behaviorist TheoryBehaviorist Theory

________________ is an is an ____________ change in change in ______________ and is a gradual and is a gradual ________________ of the of the

learned learned ________________, driven by a pattern , driven by a pattern of of ________________________. With enough . With enough

____________________, the link becomes so , the link becomes so __________________ that the time between that the time between ______ and ______ and __________________ gets very gets very

______. ______. Click here Click here for the for the DEALDEAL

BehaviorismBehaviorism

Click here Click here for the for the DEALDEAL

• Behaviorism: Focuses on observable behavior rather than non-observable mental events. It suggests learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience (Ormrod, 1999).



“Behaviorism focuses on behavior that can be __________.” The banker wants you to click on the picture below that makes this

sentence correct.


LearningLearning is an is an ____________ change in change in ______________ and is a gradual and is a gradual ________________ of the of the

learned learned ________________, driven by a pattern , driven by a pattern of of ________________________. With enough . With enough

____________________, the link becomes so , the link becomes so __________________ that the time between that the time between ______ and ______ and __________________ gets very gets very

______. ______. Click here Click here to continueto continue

• Behaviorism: Focuses on observable behavior rather than non-observable mental events. It suggests learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

(Ormrod, 1999).



Occurs when the learner answers

the questions correctly.

Occurs when the light bulb goes off

over your head.

“According to Behaviorist, learning __________.” The banker wants you to click

on the phrase below that makes this sentence correct.

Occurs when behavior has been modified.

Behaviorist TheoryBehaviorist TheoryLearningLearning is an is an ____________ change in change in ______________

and is a gradual and is a gradual ________________ of the learned of the learned ________________, driven by a pattern of , driven by a pattern of

________________________. With enough . With enough ____________________, the link becomes so , the link becomes so strongstrong

that the time between ______ and that the time between ______ and __________________ gets very ______. gets very ______.


• Behaviorism: Focuses on observable behavior rather than non-observable mental events. It suggests learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

(Ormrod, 1999).



According to According to Behaviorism…Behaviorism…

• Learners learn best when complex concepts are broken into smaller segments

• Each segment is learned through the Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement model.


The entire concept is best dealt with all at

once.

The entire concept is best dealt

with in smaller

segments.

How do individuals learn complex concepts? The banker wants you to click on the phrase

below that is correct.


LearningLearning is an is an ____________ change in change in ______________ and is a gradual and is a gradual strengtheningstrengthening of the of the learned learned ________________, driven by a pattern , driven by a pattern

of of ________________________. With enough . With enough ____________________, the link becomes so , the link becomes so

strongstrong that the time between ______ that the time between ______ and and __________________ gets very ______. gets very ______.


The banker wants to know you to click on the phrase below that is correct.

The banker wants to know which is the more effective way to introduce students to the water

cycle? To seal the deal click on the phrase below that is correct.

Teach students about

evaporation until they master,

then concept, then

precipitation, and then finally

collection.

Describe the process from evaporation to

condensation to precipitation to collection

back to evaporation again so that students

can see how all the steps are interrelated in an unending cycle. Have

students create a poster of the water cycle to test

for mastery.


LearningLearning is an is an ____________ change in change in ______________ and is a gradual and is a gradual strengtheningstrengthening of the of the learned learned ________________, driven by a pattern , driven by a pattern

of of ________________________. With enough . With enough practicepractice, , the link becomes so the link becomes so strongstrong that the that the time between ______ and time between ______ and __________________

gets very ______. gets very ______. Click here Click here

for the for the DEALDEAL

Behaviorists believe that learning takes place as the result of a response that follows on a specific stimulus. By repeating the S-R cycle the organism (may it be an animal or human) is conditioned into repeating the response whenever the same stimulus is present. Behavior can be modified and learning is measured by observable change in behavior.

John B. Watson

1878-1958

American psychologist, thought of as the father of behaviorism


Stimulus Situation; conditions in the environment

Response Act; reflexes

Reinforcement Reward

Repeat cycle to condition response

Response time diminishes with practice


Reinforcement

Response

Repeat

Stimulus

Reinforcement

Stimulus

Repeat

Response

The banker wants you to choose the correct sequence of events, according to

Behaviorist Principles.


LearningLearning is an is an ____________ change in change in ______________ and is a gradual and is a gradual strengtheningstrengthening of the of the learned learned ________________, driven by a pattern , driven by a pattern of of consequences/reinforcementconsequences/reinforcement. With . With enough enough practicepractice, the link becomes so , the link becomes so strongstrong that the time between ______ that the time between ______

and and __________________ gets very ______. gets very ______.


Stimulus

Response Act; reflexes

Reinforcement

Repeat cycle to condition response Click here Click here


A hungry lab rat presses a lever when a

light is turned on

and receives food.

A lab rat receives food at a regularly

scheduled intervals.

The banker wants to know which example best describes the learning theory of Behaviorist.

Click on the phrase below that is correct.


LearningLearning is an is an observableobservable change in change in ______________ and is a gradual and is a gradual strengtheningstrengthening

of the learned of the learned ________________, driven by a , driven by a pattern of pattern of

consequences/reinforcementconsequences/reinforcement. With . With enough enough practicepractice, the link becomes so , the link becomes so strongstrong that the time between ______ that the time between ______

and and __________________ gets very gets very smallsmall. .


Behaviorists believe that learning takes place as the result of a response that follows on a specific stimulus. By repeating the S-R cycle the organism (may it be an animal or human) is conditioned into repeating the response whenever the same stimulus is present. Behavior can be modified and learning is measured by observable change in behavior. Click here Click here


Another form of learning is classical conditioning, in which a reflexive or automatic response transfers from one stimulus to another. For instance, a person who has had painful experiences at the dentist’s office may become fearful at just the sight of the dentist’s office building. Fear, a natural response to a painful stimulus, has transferred to a different stimulus, the sight of a building. Most psychologists believe that classical conditioning occurs when a person forms a mental association between two stimuli, so that encountering one stimulus makes the person think of the other. People tend to form these mental associations between events or stimuli that occur closely together in space or time.

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005

Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning is a type of learning in which an animal’s natural response to one object or sensory stimulus transfers to another stimulus.


Classical Classical ConditioningConditioning

This illustration shows how a dog can learn to salivate to the sound of a tuningfork, an experiment first carried out in the early 1900s by Russian physiologist

Ivan Pavlov. For conditioning to occur, the pairing of the food with the tuning fork (step 3 in the illustration) must be repeated many times,

so that the dog eventually learns to associate the two items. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


The banker wants you to read and then click on the story below that is an example of

Classical Conditioning

An animal placed inside the box is rewarded with a

small bit of food each time it makes the desired response, such as pressing a lever or pecking a

key. A device outside the box records the animal’s responses.

Light reflects off the cup and into the eye. The image is then transferred through the optic nerve to the sensory register. From the sensory register, the image is moved into Short-term Memory (STM) as information about the cup is drawn from Long-term Memory (LTM). The process of elaboration occurs when information is retrieved from the LTM in order to link to the new information.


LearningLearning is an is an observableobservable change in change in ______________ and is a gradual and is a gradual strengtheningstrengthening

of the learned of the learned ________________, driven by a , driven by a pattern of pattern of

consequences/reinforcementconsequences/reinforcement. With . With enough enough practicepractice, the link becomes so , the link becomes so strongstrong that the time between that the time between cuecue and and

__________________ gets very gets very smallsmall. .


Another form of learning is classical conditioning, in which a reflexive or automatic response transfers from one stimulus to another.

• For instance, a person who has had painful experiences at the dentist’s office may become fearful at just the sight of the dentist’s office building. Fear, a natural response to a painful stimulus, has transferred to a different stimulus, the sight of a building.

Most psychologists believe that classical conditioning occurs when a person forms a mental association between two stimuli, so that encountering one stimulus makes the person think of the other. People tend to form these mental associations between events or stimuli that occur closely together in space or time.

• Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006.


Classical Classical ConditioningConditioning


Classical Conditioning.

The blue light goes off at the local Kmart store. What happens when it goes off? We observe shoppers who want to save money go directly to find out what is for sale. They know that the blue light is associated with a really good sale. Even if the sale price is not really a big bargain the sales will be higher because the blue light tells the shopper that it is a really good deal.

Tom has a new puppy. He begins to whistle a specific tune before he feeds the puppy. The puppy keeps coming to get fed. Tom opens the creaking cupboard door at about the same time. Tom feels the puppy is coming because he is whistling but the puppy is coming because he hears the creaking cupboard door and hearing his food dropped into his food bowl.

**1.


LearningLearning is an is an observableobservable change change

in in ______________ and is a gradual and is a gradual strengtheningstrengthening of the learned of the learned

relationshiprelationship, driven by a pattern of , driven by a pattern of consequences/reinforcementconsequences/reinforcement. With . With

enough enough practicepractice, the link becomes so , the link becomes so strongstrong that the time between that the time between cuecue and and

__________________ gets very gets very smallsmall. . Click here Click here


This illustration shows how a dog can learn to salivate to the sound of a tuningfork, an experiment first carried out in the early 1900s by Russian physiologist

Ivan Pavlov. For conditioning to occur, the pairing of the food with the tuning fork (step 3 in the illustration) must be repeated many times,

so that the dog eventually learns to associate the two items. Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.


• Increasing a behavior by following it with a reward, or decreasing a behavior by following it with punishment.

• For example, if a mother starts giving a boy his favorite snack every day that he cleans up his room, before long the boy may spend some time each day cleaning his room in anticipation of the snack. In this example, the boy’s room-cleaning behavior increases because it is followed by a reward or reinforcer.

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Operant conditioning, pioneered by American psychologist B. F. Skinner, is the process of shaping behavior by means of reinforcement and punishment.


Operant Operant ConditioningConditioning

This illustration shows how a mouse can learn to maneuver through a maze. The mouse is rewarded with food when it reaches the first turn in the maze (A). Once the first behavior becomes ingrained, the mouse is not rewarded until it makes the second turn (B). After many times through the maze, the mouse must reach the end of the maze to receive its reward (C).

Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2006. © 1993-2005 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.Click here Click here



Operant Conditioning

An animal placed inside the box is rewarded with a small

bit of food each time it makes the desired response, such as pressing a lever or

pecking a key. A device outside the box records the

animal’s responses.

Nikki is listening to the radio station when the DJ calls her name and announces that she has 2 minutes to call. The prize includes tickets to the Yankee game and a dinner date with her idol Derek Jeter. She has about 20 seconds to retain the number in her short term memory. She rehearses the number by repeating it over and over in an effort to transfer from short term to long term memory, but is interrupted by signs and commercials with numbers.


LearningLearning is an is an observableobservable change change

in in behaviorbehavior and is a gradual and is a gradual strengtheningstrengthening of the learned of the learned

relationshiprelationship, driven by a pattern of , driven by a pattern of consequences/reinforcementconsequences/reinforcement. With . With


__________________ gets very gets very smallsmall. . Click here Click here


This illustration shows how a mouse can learn to maneuver through a maze. The mouse is rewarded with food when it reaches the first turn in the maze (A). Once the first behavior becomes ingrained, the mouse is not rewarded until it makes the second turn (B). After many times through the maze, the mouse must reach the end of the maze to receive its reward (C).



The banker wants you to read and then click on the story below that is an example of Operant

Conditioning.

Peter is 14 months old. He was frightened by a

loud noise and started to cry. His mother

immediately picked him up, rocked him, and

soothed him. Every time Peter cries his mother

will pick him up to comfort him.

The seasons change as the earth rotates and circles

the sun. The closer it gets to the sun the warmer the

weather we have. As it circles the sun, it blocks

the light from the sun and the moon can not be seen in its entirety. We see this each day of every year. We

feel the warmth and we also see that the length of

the days is directly connected to this cycle.

**2.

LearningLearning is an is an observableobservable change in change in behaviorbehavior and is a gradual and is a gradual

strengtheningstrengthening of the learned of the learned relationshiprelationship, driven by a pattern of , driven by a pattern of consequences/reinforcementconsequences/reinforcement. With . With


behaviorbehavior gets very gets very smallsmall..

Behaviorist TheoryBehaviorist TheoryClick here Click here

for for THE THE DEALDEAL

Operant Conditioning

• Increasing a behavior by following it with a reward, or decreasing a behavior by following it with punishment.

• For example, if a mother starts giving a boy his favorite snack every day that he cleans up his room, before long the boy may spend some time each day cleaning his room in anticipation of the snack. In this example, the boy’s room-cleaning behavior increases because it is followed by a reward or reinforcer.



• Presented by:Presented by:– *Nola Bruder*Nola Bruder– *Diane Harris *Diane Harris – *Bret Mason *Bret Mason – *Barbara Morley*Barbara Morley– *Chris Ozias*Chris Ozias

How We How We LearnLearn

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watson pavlov skinner thorndike be hav iorism how we learn?

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observable behavior

permanent change

behaviorist theorylearning

nonobservable mental

dealthe banker

complex concepts

experience ormrod

gradual strengthening