wave processes

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | 12 APRIL 23-29, 2013

YYVVOONNNNEE HHAARRVVEEYYContributor

HELLO, MY friends. Do you realisethat there are just a few weeksremaining before the externalexamination? You should be well intothe study mode and looking forward tomoving into the examination mode.Closer to the actual examination I willgive you some study tips. For now, wewill continue to look at the exam-typequestions I have provided for you. Weare still with marketing. Consider thequestion, guidelines and answers below:

Advertising and sales promotions aretwo of the activities undertaken by themarketing department of a business.

(a) Distinguish between advertising and sales promotions. (4 marks)

(b)(i) Discuss three types of advertising. (6 marks)

(ii) Discuss two examples of sales promotions. (4 marks)

(c)(i) List two activities, other than advertising and sales promotions, carried out by the marketing

department of a business. (2 marks)(ii) Describe each of the activities listed in (c)(i) above. (4 marks)

(A) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTSAdvertising and sales promotions are

two important marketing activities. Theyare often confused and though there maybe some overlap, it is imperative that aclear distinction is given between them.

ANSWERAdvertising is concerned with getting

information about a good or service tothe prospective consumers and is anongoing process. Sales promotions areshort-term buying incentives atparticular times of the year.

(B)(I) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTSThe types of advertising differ

according to what it is that the advertiseris seeking to do in order to increase thedemand for the good or service.

ANSWEROne type of advertising is informative

advertising. This seeks to bring factsabout the good or the service to theprospective consumers. They areinformed about the price, quantities soldin, materials or ingredients, where thegood or service can be bought, etc.

Competitive advertising is verypopular and this is when the advertiserstry to indicate to the prospective buyersthat their good or service is better than asimilar one on the market offered bytheir competitors. They often choosespecific characteristics to compare.

Remember, advertising is used whenproducts are mature; been on the marketfor a long time. Advertisers wish toremind their customers and prospectivecustomers that the product is still verygood and is still on the market.

(B)(II) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTSSales promotions are short-term

incentives to encourage consumers to

buy a good or service during a specifictime with the hope that they will continueto buy it even when the time period hasexpired. Christmas and Easter are twotimes of the year when sellers invest insales promotions.

ANSWERMany sellers use the buy-one-get-

one-free sales promotion. Usually, thefree one is a smaller version of the onethat was bought, but the fact that it isfree encourages the purchase of the firstone to get the other free.

A discount is also a sales promotion.This is a reduction in the price of thegood or service for a set period of time.Since the consumers pay less, they areencouraged to buy.

(C)(I) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTSDo you remember doing functional

areas of a business in profile 1? Good.In looking at marketing as a functionalarea, the varied activities of this areacome to the fore.

ANSWEROther than advertising and sales

promotions, the marketing departmentpackages and distributes the productsto consumers.

(C)(II) GUIDING YOURTHOUGHTS

This requires you to describe exactlywhat is involved in the activity listed in(c)(i) above.

ANSWERPackaging means to prepare an outer

cover or wrapper for the good in orderto protect it and to make it moreattractive, among other things.

Distribution looks at the differentways in which the goods or servicescan reach the prospective buyers.Distribution can be by direct andindirect methods.

Thats it for now. I hope I havesucceeded in stimulating somethoughts on an area in the syllabus.Keep revising your work. Bye for now.

Yvonne Harvey teaches at Glenmuir HighSchool.Send questions and comments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

Exam-type questionsyl:principles of business

yl:office administration

HHYYAACCIINNTTHH TTUUGGMMAANNContributor

JOB OFFER AND ACCEPTANCEIF YOUR application and interview were good enough to make apositive impression on the interviewers, you may be offered the job. Insome organisations, you may be asked to wait for a while outside theinterview room while a decision is made. You may then be toldwhether you are to be offered the job. Otherwise, you should be toldhow you will be informed of the decision by telephone or email. Youshould also be told when you can expect to hear the result.

The offer letter should confirm the details discussed at the interviewwhich will, if you accept the offer, be included in a contract. Usually,two copies of the letter are sent, one for you to sign and return to theorganisation if you wish to accept the offer, and another for you to keep.

The procedure may be less formal in a small company. You mayreceive a telephone call or letter offering you the job with basic details.In this case you will reply, either accepting or rejecting the offer.

STARTING TO WORKWhen you start your new job, you are likely to be on probation. This

is a two-way trial for the employer to make sure that you can do the job

and fit in with the team and for you to find out whether you like the workand the organisation. Probation is usually a three- to six-month period.

INDUCTIONYour offer letter will have informed you to whom you should report

and when. This is usually the human resource officer who will startyour induction. This is a process that goes on throughout yourprobation period; it may include training and any other additionalskills you may need to do the job.

The officer will go over the conditions of service with you to ensurethat you are familiar with them, especially disciplinary procedures,grievance procedures, lunch and any other matter that may be relevantto the organisation. You will meet the manager/supervisor who will tellyou more about your job.

RESIGNINGYou may wish to stay with one employer for many years, but the day

may come when you decide that you need broaden your experience orneed a change. The procedure for resignation is as follows.

- Inform your immediate supervisor.- Write a letter stating that you are terminating your employment (this should include the reason you are leaving).

HERE ARE SOME QUESTIONS FOR YOU TO PRACTISE.1. The post office may not be seen as an active entity these days,

however, it still offers some services. List as many services offered bythe post office and give examples of when it may be used.

2. Give at least three reasons a telephone operator should get basicinformation from a caller before transferring the call.

3. The telephone operator has been asked by Mrs Pauline Francis,marketing manager, to place a person-to-person call to Mr Peter Wrayat the head office in Kingston. How should the telephone operatorproceed?

4. The human resource manager has asked you to makearrangements for a departmental meeting to be held in the boardroomthe third Thursday of next month. What arrangements would you makefor such a meeting?

5. State four good qualities that would make a young man/womanqualifide for the position of a receptionist.

6. Give at least three reasons it is important for organisations tohold meetings.

This all for this week. Remember to work hard as your exams willsoon be here.

Hyacinth Tugman teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and commentsto kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

Recruitment and orientation

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 23-29, 2013 13

yl:english language

Old Story Time

BBEERRYYLL CCLLAARRKKEEContributor

WE RETURN today to the consideration of some elementsof drama. Last week, we looked briefly at dialogue andsoliloquy. There is an element of device used in thisplay through which members of the audience sometimes haveinformation that a character on the stage does not have. Thishelps to pull in the members of the audience and to maintaintheir interest, but it does more. (The interaction between theactors on one hand and the audience on the other is strong inthis Trevor Rhone drama.) The character whois unaware of certain things, like Miss Aggy forinstance, does and says things which, whilethey move the action of the play forward, mayhave negative repercussions.

Do you know the name of this device? Thereare different types: verbal, attitudinal, dramaticand situational. Have you got it yet? When youdo, please identify the types that occur in thiswork; then make a note of where they are andtheir effect on characterisation and the themes.

Let us talk now about stage directions.These, as you know, are tips given by theplaywright concerning how he or she wants theplay to be put on the stage. These guidelinesinclude the props, lighting, costumes, music,sound effects and scenery. You have probablybeen discussing the quantity of stagedirections that are in OOlldd SSttoorryy TTiimmee. Let usbriefly examine the first set. Imagine that youare in the theatre. You would have enteredwhen the lights were on, everything wasvisible, then the lights are turned off and in thedarkness you hear voices. Soon you see lightapproaching; the source is a lantern held by aman. What would you have learnt from thedirectors implementation of the stagedirections?

1. That the action of the play begins at night.

2. That there are more than one actor on stage and at least one of them is a man.3. That either there is a power cut or the area has no electric supply at all.

This last would be a way of informing us that the area is eitherdeep rural or underdeveloped or both. In such an area, therefore,it is not surprising that the villagers would gather to listen to astoryteller. This would be their source of entertainment.

I want you to consider the information supplied by the tips.Just look at these. Why do we see Pa Ben dancing, see apregnant Pearl? What do we learn from directions that tell us ofMama that She drags him up; As she pushes him to the groundagain and ... shoves him off home. Remember that stagedirections can tell about condition of clothing, their colour,length and even fit. It can inform the director and actors how theactors should walk and talk, when to laugh, when to cry, when tolook happy and when not to look happy. We also getdescriptions of characters, as well as information about offstage

incidents, like the one in which Len is flogged forhis presumption in writing a love letter toMargaret.

It is said that the plot in drama should besimple excluding numerous characters, twistsand turns and many subplots. If there is asubplot, it should connect easily with the mainplot. You can trace the plot through the conflictswhich do not only reveal character but help theforward movement of the play. Here we haveconflict between Miss Aggy and her son, MissAggy and Pearl, Miss Aggy and Pa Ben, MissAggy and Lois; Len and his schoolmates,particularly George and Miss Aggy and George.

Finally, I would like you to do the following.Please choose one of the conflicts and trace itsdevelopment through to its resolution. Include inyour essay, for I want you to actually write, howand why the conflict started, between whom, howit affected those involved in it as well as others,what it led to and finally the outcome. When youare finished, share your work with someone elseand I hope that you will benefit from theircomments.

Think about the quote at the top of the lesson.My intention is that you will be inspired by it.Reflect on it again and God bless!

Beryl Clarke is an independent contributor. Send questionsand comments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

The rungs of success are not meant to be rested onbut to support us until we are able to climb higher.

(Borrowed)

Pulse supermodel Jeneil Williams returned to her alma mater Vere TechnicalHigh School recently to inspire current students to always go after theirdreams. Here she poses with two current students.


yl:history

Popular protests in the 1930sDDEEBBBBIIOONN HHYYMMAANNContributor

OBJECTIVESAT THE end of the lesson you should be able to:

1. Assess the role of the outstanding male and female protest leaders.2. Describe the consequences of the

disturbances Moyne Commission, tradeunions and political parties.

ST KITTSIn January 1935, sugar workers in St Kitts

went on strike for higher wages. In response tothe employers refusal to increase wages,workers on strike moved from one estate toanother attacking owners and managers. Whenthey returned to disband, they were suppressedby the police who opened fire and killed severalrioters. Armed police and a British warship werecalled in to maintain order. Out of this came theSt Kitts and Nevis Trade and Labour Union andpolitical parties, led by Robert Bradshaw,emerged out of this union.

ST VINCENTIn St Vincent, the government raised custom

duties, which then led to higher prices for foodand clothing. The working class protested andthis resulted in disturbances. Again, the policewere armed and marines landed from a warship.A state of emergency was declared and tworioters were killed. Local leaders would laterestablish St Vincents WorkingmensAssociation.

ST LUCIAIn 1935 workers in St Lucia, primarily those

who worked at the islands coaling station, wenton strike. They were agitating for better workingconditions. Even though the island experiencedno disturbances, the governor requested awarship and marines were sent to the island toassist the police in street patrols. The governorwould act in the same manner two years laterwhen sugar plantation workers went on strike.In 1939, a St Lucia workers union was startedand in 1940 it became St Lucia Workers Co-operative the basis for the St Lucia LabourParty.

TRINIDADIn 1937, riots broke out in the oilfields in

Trinidad under the leadership of Uriah Butler.The trouble started with a sit-down strike on the

property of Trinidad Teasehold Limited, whichwas operated by South African capital andwhere white officials were suspected of colourprejudice. The strike at two oilfields led to twopolice officers being killed. The strike spreadfrom the oilfields to the sugar estates then tothe towns of San Fernando and Port-of-Spain,where business places were burnt. The RoyalNavy and the marines were called in after 14persons had been killed and 59 wounded. Theworkers demands were heard and Butlerbecame labour leader.

BARBADOSIn 1937, riots in Barbados centred around

Clement Payne (Trinidadian). He told the peoplethat they were being oppressed because of theirrace and he urged them to organise themselvesinto unions. Payne kept several meetings inBridgetown and at other parts of the island. Theauthorities decided to put a stop to thesedevelopments by deporting Payne on thegrounds that he had given false information toimmigration officers when he entered the island(Barbados). Payne had declared that he was aBarbadian but the authorities claimed he wasTrinidadian. The truth is that Payne had beenborn in Trinidad of Barbadian parents. GrantleyAdams led the appeal against Paynesdeportation, but it still went ahead.Consequently, riots broke out in Bridgetownand on sugar estates, automobiles were pushedinto the sea, stores were ransacked and thepolice volunteers killed 14 and wounded 47rioters. Grantley Adams emerged as labourleader and the Barbados Progressive Leaguewas formed. The trade union law was alsopassed.

JAMAICALabour unrest began in Jamaica in 1937

when a demonstration of unemployed workersand ex-servicemen in Kingston was broken upby the police, using batons. Then, in January1938, violence erupted at the Frome sugarfactory which was owned by Tate and Lyle.When strikers attacked the estates officials, thepolice opened fire, killing four and woundingnine. The disorder spread to the Kingstonwaterfront where a general strike was called.Mobs paraded the streets, attacking shops andcars, and the police again resorted to usingforce. In the end, eight persons were killed, 171wounded and more than 700 were arrested. A

leading figure in the Jamaican riots wasAlexander Bustamante. Norman Manley thenrose to prominence during the disturbanceswhen Bustamante was arrested.

These waves of riots and strikes with deathand injury of so many attracted worldwideattention.

CONSEQUENCES OF THE DISTURBANCESThe following can be regarded as the most

important consequences of the disturbances ofthe 1930s.

a) Mass political parties were formed,designed in conjunction with trade unions topress for political, social and economicadvancement. Examples of these were thePeoples National Party under Norman Manleyin Jamaica and the Barbados ProgressiveLeague under Grantley Adams in Barbados.

b) The labour unrest led to the formation oftrade unions to enable concerted action amongworkers to achieve higher wages and betterconditions of work. Tade unions were notrecognised in many territories before 1930.This meant they did not have much power toprotect the interest and improve the workingconditions of workers. Within five years afterthe riots, there were 58 registered trade unionswith a total membership of 65,000 workers inthe British Caribbean. Some of the manybenefits brought about by the formation of tradeunions included:

Sick leave Pension schemes Minimum wage law Workmens compensation Holidays with pay Redundancy pay

EXAMPLE OF TRADE UNIONS1. British Guiana Labour Union July 21, 19222. Trinidad Federated Workers Trade Union August 27, 19353. Trinidad Oilfield Workers Trade Union September 15, 19374. Jamaican Workers and Tradesmens Union (1935) 29 June 19375. Bustamante Industrial Trade Union (BITU) January 23, 19396. Barbados Workers Union October 4, 19417. British Guiana Manpower Citizens

Association (1936) 05 November 19378. Antigua Trades and Labour Union March 2, 1940

c) The uprisings of the 1930s were a concernof the colonial office in Britain. This led toanother Royal Commission (1938). Thecommission, headed by Lord Moyne, wasresponsible for investigating social andeconomic conditions that occurred during the1930s. Popularly called Moyne Commission, itwas also expected to make recommendations.

For a period of 15 months, from September1938 to June 1939, the commission took formalevidence, oral and written, made on-the-spotinvestigations of conditions in housing,agriculture, hospital, schools, prisons,factories, lunatic and leper asylum, orphanagesand land settlement.

The commission found that: Too much attention was being paid to how

things were done in Britain and not enough wasbeing paid to how things would be done in theCaribbean.

The ordinary people, especially ordinaryblack folks, lacked health, wealth and properelementary education.

There was too much of a gap between thehaves and the have nots.

RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE MOYNECOMMISSION

The establishment of West Indian Welfarefund, with a sum of 20,000,000, with anobjective to finance schemes for the generalimprovement of education, health services,housing, slum clearance, creation of labourdepartments and provision of social-welfarefacilities.

Gradual progress to self-governmentthrough gradual participation of people in thedecision-making process.

Compulsory registration of trade unionsand government audit of their funds.

Further diversification of agriculture.

Debbion Hyman teaches at St Hughs High School. Sendquestions and comments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm


yl:english language

NNAATTAASSHHAA TTHHOOMMAASS--FFRRAANNCCIISSContributor

THIS WEEK I want to turn your attention to the multiple-choice paper (Paper 01). This paper isnormally sat on the same day as Paper 02 and is the part of the examination which tests skillsunder the profile Understanding.Below is an excerpt taken from the 2012 English A Examiners Report. It summarises the

candidates performance on this paper:Candidates generally continue to perform well on items of word choice, grammar and mechanics

and on comprehension passages based on informative and persuasive discourse, and less well onliterary items. Items presenting difficulty were those requiring recognition and evaluation oflanguage devices such as irony and symbolism, as well as evaluating the use of connotativelanguage and the choice of style in relation to the authors intention.

I want to challenge you to respond to items related to grammar and word choice (spelling,synonyms, antonyms and sentence completion). Pretend that you are under examinationconditions so you are not allowed to use a dictionary. I also want you to time yourself; giveyourself no more than 20 minutes to complete this task.

Follow the instructions and do not leave any blank responses. Remember that even if you guess,you have a 25 per cent chance of being correct!

SPELLING (ITEMS 1-8)In the following sentences, one of the underlined words may be misspelt. Choose from the three

options A, B, C, the word that is misspelt. If there is no spelling error, choose D.

1. The coporal investigated the report of the burglary. No errorA B C D

2. She refused to make the appointment untill she received an apology. No error.A B C D

3. We were so hungry that even the unappetising meal with its tasteless ingredients appeared A B

sumptous. No errorC D

4. Metaphor and personnification are two literary devices frequently used by writers. No error.A B C D

5. John decided that in order to be an impartial judge, he would have to make occassional visitsA B

to the site. No errorC D

6. He was a conscientious objector to military service and preferred to go to jail rather thanA B C

obey the government. No error.D

7. As we listened to the dialogue, what went unoticed was the disappearance of the mainA B C

character. No error.D

8. All valueable possessions should be deposited for safe keeping in the vault. No error.A B C D

SYNONYMS (ITEMS 9-15)In each sentence, one word is underlined. Select the option which is nearest in meaning to the

underlined word.9. The young recruit was reluctant to serve as relief operator during my illness.A. unwilling B. anxious C. unprepared D. afraid

10. The irate employee was sent to the personnel manager last week.A. irresponsible B. untidy C. angry D. hardworking

11. The widow declined our offer to help financially.A. refused B. misunderstood C. questioned D. considered

12. The enemys extensive supply of ammunition was the decisive factor in the battle.A. definite B. powerful C. determining D. persuasive

13. Situated in Jamaica is a major rum-making factory.A. thriving B. located C. visited D. producing

14. The new headmaster initiated a novel system of discipline in his school.A. started B. developed C. improved D. organised.

15. Joan nominated Hazel as the next chairperson of the committee.A. accepted B. confirmed C. considered D. proposed.

ANTONYMS (ITEMS 16 - 21)Choose the word that is most nearly opposite in meaning to the underlined word.16. The distinguished novelist always attempted to evade the press when he visited his nativecountry.A. confront B. criticize C. contact D. recognise

17. He gave a vague response to the queries about his whereabouts on the night of the crime.A. relevant B. specific C. general D. frank

18. Soon after the announcement was made on the television, crowds of villagers dispersed.A. mingled B. assembled C. conferred D. rallied

19. Suzans health slowly deteriorated after her diagnosis.A. renewed B. improved C. increased D. altered

20. The principal chastised the students for their behaviour at the football match.A. commended B. recognised C. accepted D. excused

21. He adopted a neutral position in the negotiation between the two parties.A. biased B. unique C. flexible D. decisive

SENTENCE COMPLETION (ITEMS 22-28)Each sentence in this section has either one or two words missing. Choose from the four options

that follow the sentence, the word or pair of words which best completes the meaning of thesentence.

22. The audience were asked to ____________ from smoking in the theatre.A. refrain B. abandon C. leave D. finish

Multiple-choice paper

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE


MMOONNAACCIIAA WWIILLLLIIAAMMSSContributor

THIS WEEK, we will leave the baseline geneticsbehind and begin to look at how man has usedthis knowledge that we have been gaining overthe last weeks to change certain aspects of life aswe knew it. Some of these advances/changes haveethical and environmental implications which wewill discuss later.

How are you this week? As each day passes, youare getting nearer and nearer to the dreaded externalexam. I hope you realise that this is true irrespectiveof whether you are in fourth form or fifthform/grades 10 or 11. Sorry to inform you, but timejust flies at this stage of your life so use it wisely!

GENETIC ENGINEERING WHAT IS THIS?This is changing the genetic trait of one organism

by removing a gene from it and inserting another.

This has proven to be advantageous in thetreatment of diabetes. Do you remember what youhave learnt about diabetes? I hope so! If you dont,this would be a good time to go back to your notesand reread. This is how genetic engineering is usedto produce insulin that is used in the treatment ofdiabetes:

The human gene that codes for the production of insulin is identified. Special enzymes are used to cut this gene from the rest of the DNA. These enzymes are called chemical scissors. A circular piece of DNA called a plasmid is removed from a bacterium. The human insulin gene is introduced into the plasmid. Again, this requires special enzymes. The bacterium can now make insulin because it has been given the gene. Bacteria are used because they multiply very quickly. Remember, this multiplication is by mitosis so there is no variation. Each bacterium produced is an exact copy of the one from which it was produced.

Because all of the bacteria will have the insulin gene, lots of insulin can be produced.

Genetic engineering has made it much easier andmuch cheaper to produce insulin on a large scale.The bacteria are grown inside of huge industrialfermenters that are called bioreactors. Prior togenetic engineering, insulin had to be extractedeither from sheep or pigs.

Genes have also been introduced into animalsthat are bred and reared to produce the protein thatis made by genes. One type of animal that has beenused is the sheep. These sheep will eventuallyproduce milk that contains the required protein thathas been formed due to the introduction of thegene. These animals are known as transgenicanimals. Transgenic sheep have been used toproduce Factor 8 that is given to haemophiliacsafter it has been purified from the milk produced bythe sheep. Factor 8 aids in the clotting of the blood.A protein which is used in the treatment of cysticfibrosis is also being developed by scientists. Themilk produced by the transgenic sheep is termeddesigner milk.

Genetic engineering has also been used infarming to produce disease resistance in cropplants as well as herbicide resistance. In theseinstances, the bacterium that is most commonlyused is agrobacterium tumefaciens. The new plantsthat are produced are called transgenic plants.

Genes from resistant plants have beenintroduced into soya beans to increase theirresistance to herbicides. This means that the cropcan be safely sprayed to remove weeds without thesoya bean being affected.

Scientists are investigating the possibility of

introducing the gene responsible for fixing nitrogeninto wheat and rice. This gene is present in legumes(peas and beans). This would greatly reduce the useof fertilisers in the cultivation of these crops.

Genes controlling the production of vitamin Ahave been taken from carrots and put into rice.

Resistance to insect pests has beenintroduced to some plants by transferring the toxin-producing genes into them.

Foods that have been produced as a result ofgenetic alteration are known as genetically modifiedfoods (GM foods). Needless to say, experimentationwith the genetic material of both plants and animalshas caused much concern. Many have stated thebenefits and even more have stated the concerns.Some of these are listed below.

BENEFITS This could solve world hunger food

production could be increased if crops are createdto tolerate adverse conditions such as drought, frostand salty soil.

Development of resistant plants can lead tothe use of less insecticide and of nitrogen fixingplants to the use of less fertiliser. This would createless environmental problems.

Increased consumer benefits foods lastlonger without spoiling and often have improvedtaste.

CONCERNS Environmental safety pollen from GM plants

may be transferred to non-GM plants.

Food safety the effects of consuming GMfoods are not known.

Biodiversity this could lead to a reduction ofplant varieties and wild types, hence decreasingvariation.

There are also more broad-based concernsregarding the issue of genetic engineering. Theseinclude:

SOCIAL/ECONOMICWho is going to benefit, poorer countries or

richer ones? The costs are very high, so it is morelikely that the ones providing the capital outlay arethe ones that will benefit. It means that returns oninvestment, rather than reducing world hunger,might be the factor that decides what will be done.

ECOLOGICALThis was mentioned above, under concerns.

Genes from the GM plants could escape into theenvironment. The effect of this cannot be predicted.

ETHICALDo we have the right to change the genes of

organisms, particularly humans? Where should theline be drawn? Could it lead to the elimination of arace of individuals?

The questions are many, the answers, at thispoint in time, are few. However, this is a topic thatyou, my young reader, should think about, becauseit is going to develop in your lifetime and, whetheryou like it or not, it will affect you!

See you next week!

Monacia Williams teaches biology at Glenmuir High School.Send questions and comments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

Patterns of inheritanceyl:biology

genetic engineering

23. I was ___________ in my own mind that we had done the right thing.A. direct B. decisive C. certain D. correct

24. Isnt it extraordinary that no two fingerprints are ____________?A. exacting B. identical C. like D. same

25. It was difficult to guess what her ___________ to the news would be.A. impression B. reaction C. comment D. opinion

26. The drivers attention was ____________ by a child running across the road.A. deterred B. disturbed C. destroyed D. distracted

27. When the factory closed down, 400 workers were made __________.

A. redundant B. unworkable C. unemployable D. obsolete

28. Please _______ me alone so that I can ________ it over.A. allow.....Plan B. leave........ thinkC. permit.........puzzle D. set .......see

You should now be in the final weeks of your exam preparation. You need to practise asmany questions as possible. Just focus and you will be successful.

Until next week, may God bless you!

Natasha Thomas-Francis teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

yl: e

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hla

ngua

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yl:chemistry

Organic chemistry reviewFFRRAANNCCIINNEE TTAAYYLLOORR--CCAAMMPPBBEELLLLContributor

IN THESE last series of lessons before your examination wewill review the chemistry of carbon compounds and theireffects on the environment.IMPORTANT POINTS

Carbon forms a large number of compounds due to itsability to bond with itself forming single, double and triplebonds.

Each organic compound belong to a homologous series inwhich the members have a general formula, show similarchemical properties, contain the same functional group andshow a gradual change in physical properties along the series.

A hydrocarbon is a compound containing only hydrogenand carbon.

Crude oil is a mixture of different hydrocarbons of differentsizes and molecular masses.

The compounds in crude oil can be separated intodifferent substances called fractions by using fractionaldistillation. Each fraction boils at a different temperature with themost volatile (lower boiling point) having the smallesthydrocarbons. The larger molecules have stronger forces ofattraction between them and, hence, boil at higher temperatures.

The main fractions found in crude oil are refinery gases,petrol, kerosene, diesel, lubricating oil, fuel oil and bitumen.

Hydrocarbons burn in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide,water and heat. They are excellent sources of energy commonlycalled fossil fuels.

Alkanes are saturated compounds and contain single C-Cbonds. They undergo substitution reactions. They have thegeneral formula CnH2n+2

Alkenes are unsaturated compounds and contain doubleC=C bonds. They undergo addition reactions. They have thegeneral formula CnH2n

Cracking is the process of breaking down large alkanemolecules into smaller alkane and alkene molecules.

Alkenes can be differentiated from alkanes as they rapidlydecolourise bromine water and acidified potassiumpermanganate solution.

Isomerism describes the existence of compounds with thesame molecular formula but different structural formula.

Alkanes and alkenes are obtained from natural gas andcrude oil (petroleum) which are mixtures of hydrocarbons.Natural gas contains CH4, C2H6, C3H8 & C4H10 and petroleum

contains liquid hydrocarbons with gaseous hydrocarbonsdissolved in the liquid.

Substitution occurs when atoms in the molecule (alkane)are replaced by other atoms: CH4 + Br2 == CH3Br + HBr

Addition occurs when atoms or radicles are added to themolecule to form a single compound: C2H4 + Br2 == C2H4Br2

FURTHER ADDITION REACTIONS OF ALKENES1. Hydrogenation addition of hydrogen; using a nickel or

platinum catalyst at 2000C to produce an alkane.C2H4 + H2 = C2H6

2. Hydration is the addition of water. In the presence ofphosphoric acid on silica at 3000C and 60atm, alcohols areformed.

C2H4 + H2O === C2H5OH (ethanol)

3. Addition of hydrogen halides (HCl, HBr, HI)C2H4 + HCl = C2H5Cl (chloroethane)

4. When ethane is heated to 200oC under pressure with a

catalyst it polymerises to form a white solid, polythene orpolyethene.

nC2H4 = (C2H4)n

Francine Taylor-Campbell teaches at Jamaica College. Send questions andcomments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

RUDOLPH BROWN/PHOTOGRAPHER

Anthony Lawrence (left),global branch manager,GraceKennedy Foods,looks on as NoelGreenland (right), seniorvice-president,GraceKennedy MoneyServices, makes apresentation to athletesrepresenting various highschools at GraceKennedyshead office, HarbourStreet, Kingston, yesterday.The function, dubbedFrom Champs to Penn,served the dual purpose ofawarding top performersat the GraceKennedy Boysand Girls Championshipstheir prizes, as well asunveiling Grace Foods andWestern Unions supportof the schools toparticipate at Penn Relays.


yl:social studies

MMAAUURREEEENN CCAAMMPPBBEELLLLContributor

OBJECTIVE: OUTLINE THE objectives of the Organisation of Eastern CaribbeanStates (OECS), Caribbean Community (CARICOM), and CARICOMSingle Market and Economy (CSME).

OBJECTIVES OF THE CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY(CARICOM)

The Caribbean Community has the following objectives whichpromote the following

1. Economic collaboration/cooperation through the Caribbeancommon market. This should accomplish the following:

a. The full employment of labour and other factors of production.b. The accelerated, harmonised and the unrelenting economic development and union of the Caribbean region.c. The expansion of trade and economic associations with third states.d. The enhanced levels of international competitiveness afforded by cooperation.e. An organisation geared for increased production and productivity.f. Enhancing improved standards of living and work.

2. The coordination of foreign policy among independent memberstates. This should result in:

a. The achievement of a greater measure of economic power and effectiveness of member states in dealing with third states, groups of states and any other entities.b. Enhancing the coordination of member states foreign and economic policies.

3. Enhance functional cooperation by establishing common servicesand cooperation in matters such as health, education, culture,communication, sports, meteorology and other industrial relations.This should inevitably result in:

a. This will help member states as it provides more efficient operation of common services and activities for the benefit of the population.

b. The accelerated promotion of greater understanding among its peoples and the advancement of their social, cultural and technological development.c. There is in the region increased activities in areas such as health, education, transportation and telecommunications.

The main aims, therefore, of the Caribbean Community include theimproved standards of living and work of individuals in all memberstates; the full employment of labour and other factors of production;accelerated, coordinated and sustained economic development;expansion of trade and economic relations with the outside world;enhanced levels of international competitiveness; organisation forincreased production and productivity; achievement of a greatermeasure of economic power.

THE CARICOM SINGLE MARKET AND ECONOMYHeads of Government in CARICOM now have the determination to

work together towards the establishing of a single market andeconomy (CSME).

THE CARICOM SINGLE MARKET AND ECONOMYa. Its aim is to benefit the people of the region by providing more

and better opportunities to produce and sell our goods and servicesand to attract investment. This will be accomplished by the creation ofone large market among participating member states.

This will be made possible through the following objectives: The full use of labour from all regions in the Caribbean (full employment). The full utilisation of the factors of production (natural resources and capital). Competitive production leading to greater range and measure of products and services to trade with other countries. Through the above objectives to provide improve standards of living and work, and maintain workable economic development. This will involve the following key elements:

FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS AND SERVICESThis will be made possible through the exclusion of all obstructions

to intra-regional movement and balancing standards to guarantee thesuitability of goods and services traded.

RIGHT OF ESTABLISHMENTTo allow the establishment of CARICOM-owned businesses in any

member state without restrictions.

FREE MOVEMENT OF CAPITALThrough procedures such as removing foreign-exchange controls,

convertibility of currencies (or a common currency) and integratedcapital market, such as a regional stock exchange.

A COMMON TRADE POLICYConformity among the members on matters associated with internal

and international trade and a corresponding external trade policynegotiated on a joint basis.

FREE MOVEMENT OF LABOURThrough measures such as removing all barriers to intra-regional

movement of skills, labour and travel, harmonising social servicessuch as education, health, and others. Also providing for the transferof social security benefits and establishing common standards andmeasures for certification and uniformity.

THE OBJECTIVES OF THE OECSa. To promote economic integration/cooperation among its

members both regionally and internationally.

b. To secure their sovereignty, territorial integrity; promoteeconomic integration; support them in meeting their internationalobligations and responsibilities. Enhancing unison and harmony, in sodoing helping to secure their sovereignty, territorial integrity andconfidence.

c. To establish, wherever possible, arrangements for joint overseasrepresentation and adopt common policies on international issues.

d. To promote development by the formation of a common marketamong member states and to assist each other in maintaining theirpolitical independence.

ACTIVITIES:1. Suggest three factors that CARICOM member states must understand in order for Caribbean integration to work.

2. Suggest two problems members of CARIOCOM may have with regard to the acceptance of the objectives of the CSME.

3. In what way are the objectives of the OECS and CARICOM similar?

Maureen Campbell teahces at St Hughs High School. Send questions andcomments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

Caribbeanmultilateralagreements


yl:geography

MMAARRJJOORRIIEE HHEENNRRYYContributor

GREETINGS TO you all, my young readers! I hope the preparations for your externalexaminations are going well and that you are spending quality time reviewing andunderstanding concepts in keeping with the syllabus. I also hope that you have prepared foryourself a study timetable and that there is some order in what you are doing. As the clich goes,If you fail to plan, plan to fail. Remember to reduce distractions in your study space and remainfocus as you study. Some of you may have already started to write examinations. I trust that youhave done well in them. Your ability to do well in any examination is dependent on the extent towhich you have prepared for it. Do not depend on luck that certainly does not always work.

In the last lesson, I started to look at wave processes; these you are required to describe asstudents of geography. At the outset, I stated that waves are one of the three movementsassociated with seawater and that they are the most powerful agents of marine erosion. Theprocesses identified by which they carry out their work of erosion are corrasion, hydraulic action,solution and attrition. I concluded the lesson with information on two of the processes of erosion:corrasion (or abrasion) and hydraulic action. I will continue to share with you this week onsolution and attrition.

SOLUTION IS ALSO REFERRED TO AS CORROSIONSeawater contains dissolved chemicals, hence, its solvent action is more effective than that of

land water. Where rocks which are susceptible to solution, such as chalk and limestone, abut onthe coast, the chemical solvent action of seawater may have a pronounced effect. On limestonecoasts, the solvent action of seawater on calcium carbonate sets up chemical changes in the rocksand disintegration takes place.

ATTRITIONThe constantly moving waves that transport beach materials such as boulders, pebbles, shingle

and fine sand also hurl these fragments against one another until they are broken down by attritioninto very small pieces. The grinding and polishing of such fragmental materials against cliff facesand against each other is largely responsible for fine sand which forms the beaches that are sotypical of the seaside resorts.

Having discussed the erosive action of waves, I must point out that there are different types ofwaves and not all of them result in erosion. It is possible to identify two types of waves:constructive and destructive. The text, GGeeooggrraapphhyy ffoorr CCSSEECC by Nelson Thornes, tells us abouteach of these types of waves.

Constructive waves are those that surge up the beach with a powerful swash. They carry largeamounts of sediment and construct the beach, making it more extensive. They are formed bystorms often hundreds of kilometres away. The waves are spaced well apart and are very powerfulwhen they reach the coast.

Destructive waves are so named because they destroy the beach. They are formed by localstorms close to the coast. Destructive waves are closely spaced and often interfere with each other,

producing a chaotic swirling mass of water. They rear up to form towering waves before crashingdown on to the beach. There is little forward motion (swash) when a destructive wave breaks, butthere is a powerful backwash. This explains the removal of sediment and the destruction of thebeach.

The characteristics and effect of these different waves are set out in the following table takenfrom the text, GGeeooggrraapphhyy ffoorr CCSSEECC, by Jeanette Ottley et al.

The rate at which marine erosion proceeds depends upon a variety of conditions or factors.These will be highlighted in the next lesson. In the meanwhile, read on the topic from any sourceavailable to you.

REFERENCES:CCeerrttiiffiiccaattee PPhhyyssiiccaall aanndd HHuummaann GGeeooggrraapphhyy Goh Cheng LeongGGeeooggrraapphhyy ffoorr CCSSEECC Jeanette Ottlet et alGGeeooggrraapphhyy ffoorr CCSSEECC Nelson ThornesMMoorrpphhoollooggyy aanndd LLaannddssccaappee Harry Robinson

Marjorie Henry is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

Waveprocesses

RUDOLPH BROWN/PHOTOGRAPHERVere Technicals Shericka Jackson is presented with the Class One ChampionGirl Trophy by Anthony Lawrence, global branch manager, GraceKennedy Foods,at the GraceKennedy/ISSA Champs awards ceremony, dubbed From Champs toPenn, at GraceKennedys head office, Harbour Street, Kingston, recently.


NNAATTAALLEEEE AA.. JJOOHHNNSSOONNContributor

GOOD DAY, students. This is lesson 31 and this week we will conclude looking at writing arrays usingthe Pascal code.TO OUTPUT ELEMENTS OF AN ARRAY

Remember, once you accept values from the user by means of a for loop, when you want to output thevalues you use a for loop comprising the same array name, counter and size as shown below. See examplebelow of a program segment.

An example of a program segment for outputting three scores, based on the example given in theprevious lesson.

EXAMPLE 2To find the total of a set of values in an array list

Arraysyl:information technology

LINEAR SEARCH OF AN ARRAY

USING AN ARRAY TO ACCEPT AND OUTPUT STRING VALUES

Example

This program is designed to accept and output the names of four students in an array called names.

We have come to the end of this lesson. Remember that if you fail to prepare, you should prepare to fail.

Natalee A. Johnson teaches at Ardenne High School. Send questions and comments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

continued


yl:principles of accounts

RROOXXAANNNNEE WWRRIIGGHHTTContributor

IT IS well known that you are getting closer to your examination day. I hope you are doing yourbest to remain focused and that you are sticking to your revision plan. To further assist you, thisweeks presentation will be on company account.Some characteristics of a public limited company (plc) are: The minimum number of members is two. It offers shares for sale to the public. There is no limit to the size of its membership.

Whenever a public limited company wants to increase its share capital, it may issue ordinaryshares and preference shares to the public.

Proposed dividends and transfers of general reserves are shown in the appropriation account ofa limited liability company.

Companyaccount

A public limited liability company seeks to get assets. These assets can be financed by: Shares - which can be ordinary or preference shares. These shares could be issued or

unissued. Issued shares could be called-up, paid or unpaid as well. There could also beuncalled.

Debentures Long-term loans

WORKED EXAMPLEQuestionThe share capital of Campbell Ltd on December 31, 2012 was as follows:

No changes took place in the authorised or issued capital during the year.

The following information is available for the year ended December 31, 2012:

At the year end the directors recommended: The transfer of $50,000 to general reserve. The payment in full of the final preference shares dividend for the year. The payment of a final dividend of 15% on the ordinary shares.

You are required to prepare: The profit & loss appropriation account for the year ended December 31, 2012. A calculation of the return on the capital employed, that is, the net profit for 2012 in relation to the total shareholders funds at the start of the year.

WORKINGS:

SOLUTION(a)

Profit & loss appropriation account for the year ended December 31, 2012

You cannot afford to miss next weeks presentation. See you then.

Roxanne Wright teaches at Immaculate Academy. Send questions and comments to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm


CCLLEEMMEENNTT RRAADDCCLLIIFFFFEEContributor

THE REVIEW of matrix transformation will be continued with the solution of last weeks homework.

HOMEWORK

Matrix transformationyl:mathematics

Clement Radcliffe is an independent contirbutor. Send questions and comment to kkeerrrryy--aannnn..hheeppbbuurrnn@@gglleeaanneerrjjmm..ccoomm

YL20130423_A12YL20130423_A13YL20130423_A14YL20130423_A15YL20130423_A16YL20130423_A17YL20130423_A18YL20130423_A19YL20130423_A20YL20130423_A21YL20130423_A22

wave processes

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