waves energy can be transported by transfer of matter. for example by a thrown object. energy can...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Waves• Energy can be transported by
transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object.
• Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer of matter. For example by sound waves and electromagnetic waves.
![Page 2: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Waves• Mechanical waves travel through
matter. The matter is referred to as a “medium”. Examples are sound eaves, waves on a string, and waves on water.
• Electromagnetic waves do not require a medium through which to travel. Examples are gamma rays, x-rays, ultraviolet light visible light etc.
![Page 3: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Waves• A wave is a disturbance or oscillation
that travels through matter or space, accompanied by a transfer of energy.
![Page 4: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
WavesA transverse wave causes the medium particles to vibrate in the direction perpendicular to the motion of the wave.
![Page 5: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Waves
A longitudinal wave causes the medium particles to vibrate in the direction parallel to the motion of the wave.
![Page 6: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Waves
A pulse is a single disturbance travelling through a medium or space.
![Page 7: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Figure 14-7A Reflected Wave Pulse: Fixed End
![Page 8: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Figure 14-8A Reflected Wave Pulse: Free End
![Page 9: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
A crest is the point on a wave with the maximum value of upward displacement within a cycle.
![Page 10: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
A trough is the point on a wave with the minimum value of downward displacement within a cycle.
![Page 11: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
The amplitude is the value of the maximum or the minimum displacement from the average position
![Page 12: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The wavelength (l) is the distance between corresponding
points on consecutive waves.Unit: m
![Page 13: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The frequency (f) is the number of waves that pass a given point per
unit time.Unit: Hz=s-1
![Page 14: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The speed of a wave is given by v=fl
Unit: m/s
![Page 15: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Figure 14-1A Wave on a String
![Page 16: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Waves
A standing wave oscillates with time but appears to be fixed in its location
![Page 17: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Figure 14-19
Wave superposition occurs when two or more waves meet in the same medium. The principle of superposition states that at the point where two or more waves meet the displacement of the medium equals the
sum of the displacements of the individual waves.
![Page 18: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Figure 14-20
The effect of two or more waves travelling through a medium is called interference.
Constructive interference
Destructive interference
![Page 19: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Figure 14-20Nodes and antinodes
• Nodes occur at points where two waves interact in such a way that the medium remains undisturbed.
• Antinodes occur at points where two waves interact in such a way that maximum displacement of the medium occurs.
![Page 20: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Figure 14-20Nodes and antinodes
NodeAntinode
![Page 21: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Figure 14-20Nodes and antinodes
• If one end of a string is attached to a vibrating object, and the other end is fixed, two wave trains are produced. One by the incident vibration, and one by reflection from the fixed end. The reflected wave train returns to the source and is reflected again. If the second reflection is in phase with the source, constructive and destructive interference will produce stationary antinodes and nodes. The string will appear to be vibrating in segments.
![Page 22: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Figure 14-20Nodes and antinodes
• This is called a standing wave an is an example of resonance.
![Page 23: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
String fixed at both ends
![Page 24: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Figure 14-24bHarmonics
![Page 25: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Figure 14-24cHarmonics
![Page 26: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Reflection of Waves• When a wave train strikes a barrier it is
reflected. • The law of reflection states that the angle
of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.• The direction of the wave train’s travel is
called a ray, and the angles are measured from the normal to the boundary.
![Page 28: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Refraction of Waves• When a wave train moves from one
medium to another, its velocity changes.• Since the waves in the new medium are
produced by the waves in the old medium, their frequency remains the same. Since the velocity changes, but not the frequency, the wavelength must change.
![Page 29: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Refraction of Waves• When parallel waves approach a
boundary between media along the normal, their direction does not change.• When parallel waves approach a
boundary between media at an angle to the normal, their direction is changed. This phenomenon is called refraction.
![Page 30: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Refraction of Waves• When parallel waves approach a
boundary between media along the normal, their direction does not change.• When parallel waves approach a
boundary between media at an angle to the normal, their direction is changed. This phenomenon is called refraction.
![Page 31: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Boundary
Refraction of Waves
![Page 32: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Boundary
Refraction of Waves
![Page 33: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Diffraction of Waves• Diffraction is the bending of waves
around obstacles in their path.
![Page 34: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Diffraction of Waves
![Page 35: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Diffraction of Waves
![Page 36: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Diffraction of Waves• An interference pattern can be
created by placing a barrier with two openings in front of a wave train.• The openings must be smaller than
the wavelength of the approaching wave train.
![Page 37: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Diffraction of Waves• In regions where crests overlap with crests,
and troughs overlap with troughs, constructive interference occurs, and antinodes lie along those lines. These lines are called antinodal lines.• In regions where crests overlap with troughs
destructive interference occurs, and the medium is undisturbed. These lines are called nodal lines.
![Page 39: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Diffraction of Waves• The pattern produced is called an
interference pattern.• Different wavelengths produce similar
interference patterns, but the nodal and antinodal lines are in different places.• Regardless of wavelength a central
antinodal line always falls in the center of the pattern.
![Page 40: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Standing waves on a string –
In order for standing waves to form on a string, the length of the string L must be a multiple of one
half the wavelength
1, 2,3...2
L n n
![Page 41: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
String fixed at both ends
2L
![Page 42: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Figure 14-24bHarmonics
L
![Page 43: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Figure 14-24cHarmonics
2
3L
![Page 44: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
v= =
F mass
length
F the tension in the string
Speed of waves on a string
![Page 45: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
A 4.0 m length of string has a mass of 20.00g. It is stretced between two points,
and experiences a tension of 40.0N. The string is plucked.
a) What is the velocity of a wave on the string?
b)Wha
Example
t is the longest wavelength possible
for a standing wave on the string?
c) What is the frequency of the longest wavelength possible
for a standing wave on the string?
Speed of waves on a string
![Page 46: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
3
3
0.02000kg) = 5.00 10
4.0
40.0v= = =89.44
5.00 10
Solution
mass kga
length m m
F N mkg sm
Speed of waves on a string
![Page 47: Waves Energy can be transported by transfer of matter. For example by a thrown object. Energy can also be transported by wave motion without the transfer](https://reader030.vdocument.in/reader030/viewer/2022012918/56649cba5503460f94982d4b/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
)Longest wavelength possible is =2L
=2 4.0 8.0
88.44) 11.055
8.0
Solution
b
m m
mv sc v f f Hz
m
Speed of waves on a string