waves the electromagnetic spectrum essential question: what are the wave variables and how do they...
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WAVESTHE ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM
Essential Question: What are the wave variables and how do they relate to each other?
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Wavelength (λ) in meters
Frequency (f) in Hertz
10-14 10-12 10-10 10-8 10410-6 10-4 10-2 100 102
1022 1020 1018 1016 1014 1012 1010 108 106 104
Gamma rays
X rays
Ultraviolet Infrared Radio
Microwave
TV, FM AM
High Energy
Low Energy
R O Y G B I V
Visible light
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Waves are a method that enrgy uses to travel from one location to another
Waves are the result of a vibration traveling from one location to another.
velocity
Wave
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Types of Waves
• Longitudinal or compression – vibrate parallel to velocity. ex. Sound
• Transverse – vibrations perpendicular to velocity. ex. Light and water waves
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Crest
Trough
Amplitude 1
second
Vert
ical
dis
pla
cem
ent
3 Hertz
2 Hertz
1 Hertz
Wavelength (λ) in meters
Frequency (f) in Hertz
(Waves per Second)
λ
f
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Period and Frequency of Vibrations
• period – time (seconds) it takes for 1 vibration (wave) to occur.
• frequency – number of vibrations (waves) in a second
• f = 1/p AND p = 1/f10Hz has a period of 1/10th of a second
Unit: Hz or s-
1
Unit: s
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1 second
.1s .3s .5s .7s .9s.2s .4s .6s .8s 1s
10 Hzf =
Period = 1/10 or 0.1
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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Wave Uses
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Relative Wavelength
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What type of wave is it?
Use EM spectrum1. λ = 2.90 x 10-8 m2. f = 6.35 x 10 Hz3. λ = 7.01 x 10-6 m4. λ = 9.40 x 10-14 m
5. f = 1.52 x 1022 Hz6. f = 3.99 x 108 Hz7. λ = 8.34 x 10-10 m8. f = 2.76 x 1010 Hz
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Calculating frequency, wavelength, period and velocity
Symbol Unit Equation
Wavelength
λ(Lambd
a)
Meters (m) λ = v/f
Frequency f Hertz (Hz, s-
1)f = v/λ
f = 1/p
Period
p s 1/f
velocity of light v* Meters per
second (m/s)v = f λ
v = velocity
*Speed of light
(3.00 x10 8)
c Meters per second (m/s) c = f λ
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1. Draw continuous Y axis 4 sq from left side all the way down
2. Calculate amplitude sq. + 1. Count down from the top this many squares and draw your x axis all the way across
3. Dots represent wavelength, dashes represent half a wavelength: calculate # of sq. for wavelength and make your dots (number of dots is determined by # of vibrations)
4. In between each dot along your x axis make your dashes
5. Calculate # of sq. for amplitude. Make a dot in between dashes and dots up the correct number of dots. Alternate this for crest and trough
6. Connect the dots to form your wave.
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Speed of LightSpeed of light (c) in a vacuum =
3.00 x108 meters per second (m/s)
Vacuum Water
In any other medium you have to calculate velocity
v=fλ
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Going around the world 7.5 times a second
How fast is the speed of light?
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1) The wavelength of an x-ray is 4.32 x 10-11 m. What is its frequency?
2) Ultraviolet radiation from the sun has a frequency of 2.49 x 1016 Hz. What is its wavelength?
3) An infrared ray has a frequency of 1.01E10 Hz and a wavelength of 2.95 x 10-2 m. What is the
speed of the wave?
What is the wavelength?What is the frequency?What is the speed of the wave?
f = c/λ3.00x108 m/s
4.32x10-11 m= =
λ = c/f3.00x108 m/s
2.49x1016 s-1= =
6.94 x1018
Hz
1.20x10-8
m
1.01x1010 Hz x 2.95x10-2 m = 2.98x108 m/s
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Radio StationsRadio stations transmit their signal in megahertz (MHz)1 megahertz = ? Hertz
106
98.5 MHz
1 MHz
Hzx =
1
106 9.85x 107 Hz
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Radio Station’s WavelengthWhat is the wavelength of these
radio stations?
1) 97.9 MHz (you have to convert to Hz first)
2) 104.5 MHz
3) 105.3 MHz
9.79 x 107 Hz
λ = c/f 3.06 m
1.045 x108 Hz
λ = c/f2.87 m
1.053 x108
Hz
λ = c/f2.85 m
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Interference
• Interference occurs when 2 waves occupy the same space at the same time.
• It can be “destructive” or “constructive”, depending if the waves are “in phase” or “out of phase”.
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Interference• Destructive
• Constructive
+ =
+ =
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Faster = f or ↓ λ
Slower = ↓f or λ
v=fλ
In a vacuum v = (c) speed of light
In any other medium you have to calculate velocity
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Color Wavelengths
Color R O Y G B I V
λ (m) 7.00E-7 6.50E-7 6.00E-7 5.50E-7 4.70E-7 4.30E-7 4.00E-7
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Baaaaaaa!
Lambda!
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B
D
C
3 Hertz
2 Hertz
A
λ
f
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1 sec
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1 sec
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Mass
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3
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Peri
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tim
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Title
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String length (m)