waves - lhschools.org filetransverse waves, longitudinal waves,and surface ... ultraviolet rays, ......
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Wavesomg!!!!!
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● A mechanical wave is created when a source of energy causes a vibration to travel through a medium.
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● mechanical wave: Is a disturbance in matter that carries energy from one place to another.
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● The three main types of mechanical waves are transverse waves, longitudinal waves,and surface waves.○ transverse wave:Is a wave that cause the medium to vibrate at right angles to the
direction in which the waves travel.
○ longitudinal wave:Is a wave in which the vibration of the medium is parallel to the
direction the wave travels.○ Surface wave:Is a wave that travels along a surface separating two media.
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Transverse,longitudinal,Surface Waves
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● A wave’s frequency equals the frequency of the vibrating source producing the wave.○ Frequency: which is the number of complete cycles
in a given time.
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Frequency
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● Increasing the frequency of a wave decrease its wavelength.○ Wavelength:Is the distance between a point
on one wave and the same point on the next cycle of the wave.
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Wavelength
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● For waves traveling at a given speed, wavelength is inversely proportional to frequency .
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● The more energy a wave has, the greater is its amplitude. ○ Amplitude:Is the maximum displacement of
the medium from its rest position
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● A reflected wave has a smaller amplitude than the original wave because it loses some energy during reflection.○ Reflection:Does not change the speed or
frequency of a wave,but the wave can be flipped upside down
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● When a wave enters a medium at an angle, refraction occurs because one side of the wave moves more slowly than other side.○ Refraction:The bending of the wave as it
enters a new medium at an angle
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● The larger the wavelength is compared to the size of an opening or obstacle, the more a wave diffracts.
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● The types of interferences are constructive interference and destructive interference.○ Interference:Occurs when two or more waves overlap and combine together.
○ Constructive Interference:Occurs when two or more waves combine to produce a wave with a larger displacement.
○ Destructive Interference:Occurs when two or more waves combine to produce a wave with a smaller displacements.
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● A standing wave forms only if half a wavelength or a multiple of half a wavelength fits exactly into the length of the vibrating object.
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● Many behaviors of sound can be explained using a few properties-speed, intensity and loudness,and frequency and pitch.○ Intensity:Is the rate at which a waves
energy flows through a given area○ Pitch:Is the frequency of a sound as you
perceive it
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● Ultrasound is used in many applications,including sonar and ultrasound imaging.
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● As a source of sound approaches,an observer hears a higher frequency.When the sound source moves away,the observer hears a lower frequency.
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The outer ear gathers and focuses sound into the middle ear,which receives and amplifies the vibratons.The inner ear uses nerve endings to sense vibrations and send singals to the brain.
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● Sound is recorded be converting sound waves into electrical signals that can be processed and stored.Sound is reproduced be converting electrial signals back into sound waves.
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● Most instruments vary pitch by changing the frequency of standing waves.
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● Electromagnetic waves are produced when an electric charge vibrates or accelerates.○ Electromagnetic waves:Transverse waves
consisting of changing electric fields and changing magnetic fields.
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● Electromagnetic waves can travel through a vacuum,or empty space,as well as through matter.
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● The speed of light in a vaccum,c, is 3.00 X 10^8 meters per seconds.
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● Electromagnetic waves vary in wavelength and frequency
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● Electromagnetic radiation behaves sometimes like a wave and sometimes like a stream of particles.○ Electromagnetic radiation:The transfer of
energy by electromagnetic waves traveling through matter or across space.
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● The intensity of light decreases as photons travel farther from the source.
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● The electromagnetic spectrum include radio waves infrared rays,visible light,ultraviolet rays, X-rays,and gamma rays.○ Electromagnetic spectrum:the full range
frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.
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● Radio waves are used in radio and television technologies,as well as in microwave ovens and radar.
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● Scattering:Means that light is redirected as it passes through a medium.● Opaque:Materials either absorbs or reflects all of the light that strikes.● Image:Is a copy of an object formed by reflected or refracted waves of light.● Mirage:Is a false or distorted image.● Scattering:That light is redirected as it passes through a medium.● Polarized light:Light with waves that vibrate in only one plane.● Diffuse reflection:Occurs when parallel light waves strike a surface and reflect all in the same
direction.● Regular reflection:Occurs when parallel light waves strike a rough uneven surface and reflects
in many different directions.