ways and means for achieving climate change mitigation jayant sathaye cla, wgiii lawrence berkeley...
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![Page 1: Ways and Means for Achieving Climate Change Mitigation Jayant Sathaye CLA, WGIII Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA 18 July 2001](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022082711/56649f135503460f94c280bb/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ways and Means for Achieving Climate Change Mitigation
Jayant Sathaye
CLA, WGIII
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
18 July 2001
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Key Messages
• Many barriers prevent the realization of the potentials noted earlier.
• Identification of barriers can help in the development of sharper and targeted policies, measures, and instruments.
• Cost of barrier removal increases estimated bottom-up costs.
• Explicit consideration of barriers and the no regret opportunities linked to them can reduce top-down cost estimates.
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2010 Mitigation Potential (under $100 per t C)
• Energy and other technological options
– 1.9 -- 2.6 Gt C/yr
• Land use, land-use change and forestry– about 1 Gt C/yr
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Opportunities and Barriers
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Realizing these Potentials Requires Overcoming Many Barriers to their
Implementation
• Barriers add to the cost of implementation, and reduce the realizable potential
• Removal of barriers during capital stock turnover and periods of rapid social change can minimize disruption and mitigation costs
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Mit
itga
tion
Pot
enti
al
Time
Market (Achievable) potential
Economic potential
Socio-economic potential
Technological potential
Physical potential
Opportunities and Barriers -- A Classification
Market failures
Values, attitudes, social barriers
High costs
Knowledge gap
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Market and Institutional Barriers (Market Failures) to
Achieving Economic Potential: Examples
• Lack of information
• Lack of access to capital, especially for smaller firms
• Absence of full-cost pricing
• Risk aversion in financial institutions, including Multilateral Development Banks
• Trade barriers, such as tariffs or export restrictions
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Social and Cultural Barriers to Achieving Socioeconomic Potential:
Examples
• Individual behavior
• Social values and preferences
• Cultural traits and norms
• Gender issues
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Mitigation Opportunities for a Given Country May be Found in the Removal
of Any Combination of Barriers
• Most countries could benefit from innovative financing, institutional reform and removing barriers to trade.
• Developed countries: Removing social and behavioral barriers.
• Economies in transition: Price rationalization
• Developing countries: Price rationalization, increased access to data and information, availability of advanced technologies, financial resources, and training and capacity building.
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Policies, Measures and Instruments: Sectoral Level
• Market based instruments (taxes, tradable permits, subsidies, deposit/refund systems)
• Standards, product bans, energy mix requirements
• Voluntary agreements
• Information, and labeling programs
• Government investment/ R&D spending
Sectoral PMIs Only As Effective As Allowed by Macro Conditions
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Policies, Measures and Instruments International and Macro Levels
• Macro policies -- Examples– Reform of the legal system– Create open and competitive markets – Develop physical and communications
infrastructure– Improve land tenure– Improve macro-economic stability
• International co-ordination can address competitiveness, international trade rules, and “leakage”
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Conclusions • Importance of barriers differs by region and
sector
• Setting appropriate macro-conditions can contribute more to mitigation than improving sectoral policies, measures, and instruments
• Cost of barrier removal increases bottom-up mitigation cost estimates, and can reduce top-down cost estimates
• IPCC review shows a major gap in research– Few studies explicitly identify barriers and ways to
overcome them, and estimate the cost of their removal