ways of knowing - representing the information needs of...

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SCHOOL OF BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

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Ways of knowing - representing the information

needs of tourists in digital tourist dictionaries and

guides

Patrick Leroyer and Kirsten Wølch Rasmussen

Ways of Seeing, Ways of Being: Representing the Voices of Tourism

An International Conference hosted by CERLIS - University of Bergamo, Italy

23-25 June 2016

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OUTLINE OF PRESENTATION

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• Tourists’ needs for information

• Types of dictionaries for tourists, types of data presentation

• Present travel dictionaries – limitations and flaws

• New principles for the making of dictionaries for tourists

• Illustration: The Bergamo dictionary, lemmatisation of Bergamo words


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TOURISTS’ NEEDS FOR INFORMATION – 4 THESES

1. When on the move, tourists need fast and easy access to relevant cultural and practical information

2. Tourist do not travel only for pleasure but also to satisfy their cultural curiosity of the destinations they

visit

3. Cultural knowledge of destination helps enhancing the experience

4. Dictionaries can be very helpful! Access to representations of information needs – solve information

gaps

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For at få punktopstilling

på teksten

(flere niveauer findes),

For at få venstrestillet tekst

uden punktopstilling, brug


THE FIRST TOURIST DICTIONARY : La guide 1552 – index of roads and cities

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på teksten





• Website glossaries, apps, online guides, travel dictionaries, phrase books, ‘translators’ etc.

• Problem: destination language (LGP) and destination knowledge (LSP) are separated!

• Need to innovate

HUGE SUPPLY OF DICTIONARIES AND DICTIONARY-LIKE INFORMATION TOOLS FOR TOURISTS

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ENCYCLOPAEDIC PRESENTATION – Bergamo Wikitravel

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GENERAL GLOSSARY PRESENTATION – Tourist office Tampere

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SPECIFIC GLOSSARY– Palio di Siena

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Alfiere: The flag-waver of a Contrada;

Bandierino: finishing postmanifestopalio 300

Barbaresco: He who is involved in the care of the horse

Barbero: A racehorse, but also traditional wooden balls coloured with the insignia of the Districts, a typical game of Siena

Bombolone: very strong horse

Brenna: a poor horse

Canapi: ropes that bound the area at the start of the race but also the period prior the start of the race, proverbially quite long and tense

Captain: head of the contrada during the period of the Palio;

Cappotto: saying if you win both Palios in the same calendar year

Carriera: the race

Carraccio: the wagon pulled by oxen during the parade carrying the prize


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MULTIPLE GLOSSARY PRESENTATION - Venezia

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THE SO-CALLED TRAVEL DICTIONARIES

• So far tourist dictionaries and tourist guides have been developed as collections of words and phrases

• Designed to be used in order to communicate in the language of the destination

• Normally unrealistic!

• No culture

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TRAVEL DICTIONARIES FOR BEGINNERS

The travel dictionary is bilingual (or multilingual) and is aimed at people with little or no knowledge of the

foreign language; it is a typical reference dictionary, primarily intended to solve practical communication

problems. (Nordisk Leksikografisk Ordbok 1997)

Das Reisewörterbuch ist als lexikographisches Hilfsmittel für Reisende gedacht, die nur geringe oder keine

Kenntnisse der Sprache ihres Urlaubslandes besitzen. (= The travel dictionary as a lexicographic tool is

aimed at travellers who have only very little or no knowledge of the language of their country of holiday). (H.

Abend 1991)

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på teksten




Ændr 2. linje i overskriften WEBSITE GLOSSARIES: VERY BASIC COMMUNICATION – Barcelona

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på teksten





WEBSITE GLOSSARIES: USEFUL EXPRESSIONS? Barcelona

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REPLICAS OF GENERAL LANGUAGE DICTIONARIES

resquilleur (queue jumper), ressac (bacwash), ressaisir (to regain one’s self-control),

ressemblance (resemblance), ressemblant (lifelike), ressembler (to resemble), ressemeler (to

resole), ressentiment (resentment), ressentir (to feel), resserrer (to tighten), ressort (spring),

ressortir (to come out), ressortissant (citizen), ressource (resources), ressusciter (to rise from the

death), restant (remaining), restaurant (restaurant), restaurateur (restaurateur), restauration

(catering), restaurer (to restore; to feed), reste (rest), rester (to stay), restituer (to return),

restitution (return), resto (restaurant), restoroute (roadside restaurant), restreindre (to restrict),

restraint (restricted), restrictif (restrictive), restriction (restriction), restructuration (restructuring),

résultat (result), résulter (to result), résumé (summary), résumer (summarize), résurrection

(resurrection), retable (altarpiece) (Gyldendal Fransk-Dansk, Dansk-Fransk, Mini ordbog, 2004)

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PHRASE BOOKS: HELP FOR CONVERSATION?

The making friend section (Berlitz 2008)

Can you suggest…? Pouvez-vous nous conseiller… ?

Poovay voo noo kawngsayay

things to do quelque chose à faire

kelker shoaz a fehr

The flirting section (Politikens Fransk Rejseparlør 2005)

Min mand kommer lige om lidt Mon mari va venir tout à l’heure (my husband will be there in a moment)

Lonely Planet German (2003)

Before this goes any further, I must be upfront. I’m an (accountant)

Bevor wir uns näher kennen lernen, muss ich etwas klarstellen. Ich bin (Buchhalter/Buchhalterin).

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NEW PRINCIPLES

• A functional approach should be used (Leroyer 2009: 297) – Needs, user profiles

• Access to knowledge of visited destinations = access to cultural words with explanations in

mother tongue

• Access to ‘untouristed’ current information = politics, problems, plans for the future, etc.

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INFORMATION – WHEN?

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Before leaving – SYSTEMATIC CONSULTATION

• the medias, tourist litterature (books, guides), encyclopedias (wikitravel), promotional material from tour

operators and tourist office (catalogues, brochures), websites from tourist office of destination

• Language courses, learners’ dictionaries

On the move/during the stay – PUNCTUAL CONSULTATION

• Cognitive situations = guide, smartphone apps

• Communicative situations = phrase book, e-translators, travel dictionary

• Instructions


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NEW DEFINITION

• As the purpose of tourist lexicography is to develop dictionaries and guides that can satisfy

the lexicographic needs of potential users engaged in the activity of tourism, the definition

of a tourist dictionary and tourist guide lies in its genuine purpose:

• It is the satisfaction of the types of lexicographically relevant needs that can arise among

one or several types of potential tourist users in one or several types of extra-

lexicographic tourist situations

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COMMUNICATIVE, COGNITIVE & OPERATIVE SITUATIONS

A distinction should be made between:

• communicative use-situations: look up words in order to understand written word

meanings (particularly “cultural words”)

• cognitive use-situation: look up words in order to get knowledge of the destination

(particularly “cultural words” but also practical words)

• operative use-situations: look up words in order to get guidance

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NEW DATA SELECTION, NEW LEMMATISATION

The distinction leads to a reprioritisation of data selection

• From mainly communicative to mainly cognitive data types

• Lemmatisation of cultural words food, traditions, history, architecture, places of interest,

practical words, experiential words,..

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BERGAMO – Cultural lemmas - gastronomy

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• casoncello

• enoteca

• formai de mut

• macelleria

• osteria

• panetteria

• pescheria

• polenta bramata

• polenta taragna

• polenta cunsada

• polenta e osei

• polenta e pica so

• ristorante

• salame nostrano bergamasco

• scarpinocc: gli scarpinocc sono un tipico piatto del paese di Parre in provincia di Bergamo. È una sorta di casoncello

• trattoria


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BERGAMO: cultural lemmas, history

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Bergamo città dei mille En référence aux180 Bergamasques qui participèrent à l'expédition des Mille. Ils forment la 8e compagnie, appelée par Garibaldi, la « compagnie de fers »,

i BorghiLittéralement ‘les villages’, ancienne dénomination du Bas-Bergame.

Campanone (torre civica)Grande cloche de la tour civique. De ce point exact, chaque soir depuis 360 ans, à 22 heures, sonnent inévitablement les cents coups de cloche qui antiquement avisaient les habitants de l’imminente fermeture de toutes les quatre portes d’accès à la Città Vecchia.

Civica Angelo MaiBibliothèque du Palazzo Nuovo, le palais nouveau, sur la piazza vieccha

misureCes barres sont appelées "misure" (mesures) et remontent au Moyen-Age, lorsque la fragmentation du pouvoir conduisait également à la fragmentation des grandeurs. Chaque ville créait ses propres unités de mesure de poids, de volumes, de longueurs qui étaient affichées dans des lieux publics (généralement là où le marché avait lieu). Les bars situés sur le mur de Santa Maria Maggiore représentent donc les unités de mesure en utilisation à Bergame dans la période médiévale.

scalette the scalette (flights of steps) are the remains of a dense network of medieval connections between the plain and the hill and the routes into the once numerous fields and vegetable plots.

https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exp%C3%A9dition_des_Mille


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BERGAMO: practical lemmas, services

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• bike rental

• bus excursion

• car rental = EC Via S. Bernardino, 133/a, 24126 Bergamo BG - Phone: +39 035 315428 - 08.30–12.30, 14.30–18.30

• consulate

• dentist

• doctor

• funiculare

• hospital

• pharmacy =

• police

farmacia Boccaleone Via G. Rosa, 27/a, Phone number: +39 035 31316


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BERGAMO: practical lemmas, link to Google maps

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BERGAMO: practical lemmas, link to pagine gialle

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BERGAMO: experiential lemmas

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• Concert

› mardi 21 juin - fête européenne de la musique

› dimanche 1 mai - jeudi 30 juin - pianocity for peace. des pianos dans la ville pour tout le monde.

• cruise

• excursion

• exhibition

• Garda

• Iseo

• valleys


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TOURIST DICTIONARY REVISITED = distinctive functions, distinctivelemmas, mashup of resources

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REFERENCES

Abend, A. (1991) Das Reisewörterbuch. In F. J. Hausmann et al.: HSK Band 5.3. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2903-2908

Bergenholtz, H. and al. (1997). Nordisk Leksikografisk Ordbok. Oslo: Universitets forlaget.

Berlitz (2008) French phrase book and dictionary. Available at: http://www. Berlitzpublishing. com

Estienne, R. (2016 [1553]) La Guide des chemins de France. Available at: http://gallica.bnf.fr.

Leroyer, P. (2009): Lexicography Hits the Road: New Information Tools for Tourists. In H. Bergenholtz, S. Nielsen and S. Tarp:

Lexicography at a Crossroads, Dictionaries and Encyclopedias Toay, Lexicographical Tools Tomorrow. Bern: Peter Lang, 285-

310.

Lonely Planet German (2003). Victoria: Lonely Planet

Politikkens Fransk Rejseparlør (2005). København: Politikken.

Tarp 2007 Lexicography in the information age. Lexikos 17, 170-179.

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GRAZIE MILLE

[email protected]

[email protected]

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mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

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