ways to address deer problems - uaex.edu with pesky deer.pdf# deer in arkansas • harvest records...
TRANSCRIPT
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Ways to Address Deer ProblemsBecky McPeake
Professor – Wildlife Extension
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“Oh Deer”A Conservation Success Story
Area Pre-1950’s 1960’s-1980’s Post-1990National 500,000 (1900) 12,000,000 (1980) 25,000,000 (1995)
30,000,000 (2011)Arkansas 500 (1920s) 500,000 (1985) 1,000,000
(current)
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# Deer in Arkansas
• Harvest records as an index of deer population
• Estimate of total number based on harvest– An educated guess
• 1 million deer• 2,959,373 people in
Arkansas (2013)
Year Number
2013-14 213,216
2012-13 213,487
2011-12 192,511
2010–11 186,247
2009-10 170,516
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Why problems with deer?
• Because humans move into wildlife habitat.
• Because we intentionally or unintentionally create backyard habitat for them.
• Because more wildlife exist than before (excluding endangered species).
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Deer-related Vehicle Accidents
• Estimate 18,000 annually in Arkansas, $35m in damage.• Most occur October – December between 5:30pm &
midnight.• Low human injury rate (< 1%)• Influenced by roadway features, level of urbanization,
and human population densities (less related to deer densities or landscape characteristics)
• Safety advice: do not swerve, stay on roadway
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Spike in tick-borne illnesses nationally
• More opportunities for human/tick encounters• Primary reason is increase in white-tailed deer populations
(preferred host of adult black-legged ticks)– Jerome Goddard, medical entomologist, Mississippi State Univ.
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050
100150200
1995
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Num
ber o
f Cas
es
Year
Cases of Tick-Borne Diseasesin Arkansas
Rocky Mtn Ehrlichiosis Lyme
Source: Arkansas Department of Health
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Plant Damage ID
• Rough, shredded edge where nipped
• Clean nip > 20 inches from ground
• Tree scarring (rubbing velvet from antlers) on tree trunk up to 3 feet high
A deer rub removes bark off a tree
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Q: Will deer eat my _____?
A: How hungry are your deer?
Plant Damage
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White-tailed Deer Browse Line
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Integrated Pest Managementfor White-tailed Deer
• Multiple methods– Fencing– Repellents or frightening
devices– Vegetation management– Population reduction
Source: University of Missouri Extension Service
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• Fencing (attractive?)• Repellents (limited effectiveness)• Frightening (limited effectiveness)• Vegetation management (not always an option)• Population reduction (over entire deer range)
– Live trapping and relocation (difficult, not effective)– Birth control or sterilization (limited to no effectiveness)– Shooting / Hunting (safety concerns, only during hunting season
unless obtain depredation permit)
Deer Damage Control Options
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Fencing
• 8 foot woven wire• 14 foot better
though not 100% deer proof
• Height• Spacing between wires• Low or at ground level
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Fencing
• Small inside space
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Electric Fencing
• Single or multiple strand electric• Peanut butter trick
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Electric Fencing
• 6-wire vertical high tensile electric• Spaced so deer cannot crawl through• Vegetation control by mowing and herbicides• Visible such that deer will not pass through
before sensing the hot wires
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Electric Fencing
• Double row electric
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Electric Fencing
• Slanted & electric• Confuses deer’s depth perception• Used to protect commercial nurseries
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Frightening Devices• Types– Visual– Auditory– Tactile
• Examples– CD’s, aluminum foil pans– Motion-detection water sprinkler– Fishing line fence?– Flashing lights– Pyrotechnics– Barking dogs– Ultrasonic devices (not effective)
• Deer whistles on vehicles
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Frightening Devices
vs.Habituation
• The diminishing of a physiological, emotional, or behavioral response to a frequently repeated stimulus
• Adapt to different circumstances; sometimes curious
• Frightening devices need to be changed (e.g., moved, removed, interchanged) often
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Repellents• Types– Fear (e.g., predator scents)– Conditioned aversion– Pain– Taste
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Repellents• Homemade– Soap (Irish Spring)– Human hair or urine
• Commercial– Active ingredients
• Egg-based or protein-based more effective; none 100% effective
• Reapplications necessary• Effective in some situations
• Five or more weeks depending on feeding pressure & deer density
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Deer Repellent Demonstration Study (in progress)• Azaleas
• October – May, 2012–13, and 2013-14• Treatments (4)
– Sprayed with Deer Stopper, Repels-All, Plantskydd– Applied Milorganite
• Controls (2)– Inside cage– Uncaged
• 6 replicates• Set out for deer
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Repellents vs. Survival Instinct
• High deer density + limited food = plant damage
• Less wary, more visible• Less palatable or tasty plant
materials consumed, even with repellent
• Northern states: consumption of otherwise indigestible plant parts
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Select Plants that are Less Susceptible to Deer Damage
• Plants which are less palatable or less preferred– “deer-resistant”– “deer proof”
• Counteracting conditions – “Survival Instinct”– Deer population density– Food availability
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Community Efforts
• Vegetation management• Ban on Deer Feeding• Birth control and/or
sterilization• Live trapping and
relocation• Urban or residential
archery deer hunts
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Vegetation Management
• Remove deer habitat within deer range (food, cover, water sources)
• Keep open, mowed areas
• Remove brush or other thick cover
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Ban on Deer Feeding
• Reasons for feeding – Draw deer away from
problem areas– Humane, not let starve– Aesthetic
• Issues– Concentrates deer resulting in excessive
plant damage in the vicinity– Disease transmission among deer– Encourages additional population growth
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Birth Control or Sterilization
• Contraception effective in penned deer
• Obstacles with free-ranging deer – Requires booster which means
identification and revisiting individual deer
– Must be a closed population; influx of outside deer nullifies the effectiveness
– Expense– Sterilization of bucks even less
effective than contraception
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Live Trapping & Relocation
• Under the authority of a state wildlife agency
• May be effective for short-term deer reduction
• Expensive• Relocated deer often don’t
survive– Capture myopathy– New habitat may already be at
carrying capacity
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Urban Archery Deer Hunts• Arkansas Game & Fish
Commission– Fairfield Bay– Heber Springs– Lakeview– Bull Shoals– Horseshoe Bend– Cherokee Village– Russellville– Eureka Springs– Hot Springs Village
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Resources• Dealing with Wildlife
(http://www.arnatural.org/wildlife/dealing/default.htm)– Do it yourself solutions, legal aspects & permits, invasive and non-
native wildlife species, health and safety issues, species specifics, who to call, sick, injured or orphaned wildlife, FAQs, additional resources, quick survey
• National eXtension website (www.eXtension.org)• Arkansas Game & Fish Commission website
(www.agfc.com)• Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management
http://wildlifedamage.unl.edu/• Managing White-tailed Deer in Suburban Environments:
A Technical Guide, Cornell University