ways to study 4 evaluating and programming
TRANSCRIPT
Ways to Study lecture 04Evaluating and programming
Ways to study and researchurban, architectural and technical design
Prof.dr.ir. A.C.J.M. Eekhout
Prof.dr.ir. T. M. de Jong
Dr. D.J.M. van der Voordt
chapters to discuss
CONTENTS
Introduction
A.Naming and describingB.Design research and typologyC.EvaluatingD.ModelingE.Programming and optimizingF.Technical Study G.Design Study H.Study by design
Epilogue
A. Naming and describing
1. Criteria for scientific research and design
E. Programming and optimizing
27. Programming of buildings31. Designing a city hall
C. Evaluating
7. Ex post evaluation of buildings20. Evaluating prototypes
Functionality Access / Parking Accessibility Effectiveness / Efficiency Security (ergonomic, social) Spatial orientation Privacy and social contact Identity physical well-being (light, sound, heat, humidity) Future Value - flexibility Aesthetic requirements Image quality Order and complexity Representativeness Meaning Grant Cultural and Historical Value Technical aspects Fire Safety Structural Safety Building Physical quality Environmental Awareness and Sustainability
Economic & Legal AspectsInvestment and operating costsTime InvestmentPublic and private regulations
Pre-design research
Post-Occupancy Evaluation
Initiatief
Programma
Ontwerp
Uitvoering
Gebruik en beheer
Plananalyse
the traditionalbuilding cycle
intuitive design - research by design - designing research
design researchtypological research
(empirical) research in favor of designing
Scientific approach to designing
Art Designing Research Science
Designing with or without research
- Own experiences
- Own Imagination
- Inspiring examples (precedents)
- Application of results from research
- research into user needs and satisfaction
- size studies
- plan descriptions and analysis plan (precedents)
- Thematic studies e.g. flexibility, physical access, social security, sustainable building
- Own research (investigating, searching, researching)
Research
Generating knowledge through:
- Reflection, idea development, design studies, forming of hypothesis
- Literature Study
- Analysis of existing data (e.g. CBS)*
- Collecting, processing and analyzing of empirical data through interviews, surveys, observations,
experiments, study of documents, etc.
*http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/organisatie/organisatie/internationale-samenwerking/int-perspectief.htm?Languageswitch=on
Searching and Investigating
- How large are the classrooms in school X?
- How big should a classroom be, according to book Y?
- How many toilets are there in theater X?
- How many m2 does our neighborhood library has?
- What kinds of education can be distinguished and what is the relationship
between the type of education and housing?
- What factors determine the size of a classroom?
- What is a good method to determine this?
- What factors determine the number of toilets in a public building?
- Is there a method to determine the required number m2 for a neighborhood library?
- Sources: literature, websites, empirical research
Scienceordered unity of the knowledge and the rules, laws, theories, hypotheses and systems with which further knowledge can be acquired
Scientificin accordance with the requirements or rules of science
Criteria for scientific researchScience equals any collection of statements that features a reliable relationship to reality, a valid mutual relationship and a critical potential with regard to other statements in the same domain.
- Methodical approach
- Objectivity
- Controllability
- Validity
- Reliability
- Social relevance
- Scientific relevance
Project dependent researchContext Dependent (place, time, local conditions)
Project independent researchGeneric knowledge, as much as possible independently of the particular context or with a clear picture of context-sensitive factors
Objectives of project dependent researchbefore (ex ante) and afterwards (ex post)
- Making reasoned and founded choices in programs of requirement and designs
- Seeking optimal balance between conflicting requirements
- Reviewing alternatives on expenses and quality
- Determining whether objectives have been met
- Identifying unintended and unforeseen effects
- Starting points for a plan of improvement
Initiative Goals
Preconditions
Interest
(Criteria)
Formulation of the problem
Designing and screening of alternatives
Predicting of effects
Choosing the best solution
Developing
Reviewing
Findeisen & Quade (1985)
The methodology of systems analysis
Objectives of project independent researchbefore (ex ante) and afterwards (ex post)
- Theory formation (product and process oriented)
- Instrument development (tools)
- Design Guidelines
- Policy Recommendations
- Database of reference projects (documentation - Analysis - Evaluation)
- Research Methodological lessons
Research
Initiative
Program
DesignExecution
Use and management
a designflowchart
The Program of Demands [PoD]Listing of quantitative and qualitative requirements and constraints to which a accommodation solution should meet.
Ordered set of data on the accommodation needs of an organization and the performance required on the location, building, premises, building parts and facilities in the building and on the site.
Functions of the PoD
- Reflection on the accommodation task and the design assignment
- Information and communications between the parties
- Assessment tool
- Budget Determination
- Contract Formation
Development of a PoDStatic or Dynamic?
Interaction between program and plan development
“My design started with an extensive study of the
location and the program of requirements”
* Carel Weeber, Dutch architect (1937 -)
Designing a City Hall - Weeber*Study of context
Designing a City Hall - WeeberSummary program of requirements
“I am learning it already by heart”.
Relation schema + valuation
determining the relations between parts and characterizing them
Designing a City Hall - WeeberScale relation study
“I study possible organizations for the building and proportions of the parts of the building.”
”Guided by the program of requirements and the relational schema I determine the total concept. I am looking first to what I’ve got in hand. How much office surface is required? Is it an office with additional functions or is it a hall with offices?”
“What the study of the program of requirements has yielded as a whole is placed in the context in terms of urban architecture. This will result in morphological requirements for the surroundings.“
Designing a City Hall - Weeber
Test of form Cross-sectionLoose sketch
Study of the front
Designing a City Hall - WeeberDesign study for a library Adding functions: a library and some homes. No
further study of a program of requirements for the homes was necessary: a house is a house”
Final drawing
Contents of a PoD
recommended literature
Wijk, M. (2004) Bouwstenen, gids bij het maken van een programma van eisen
(Rotterdam) SBR
Contents of a PoD 01
- Principles, objectives, mission of the organization
- Organizational (organigram)
- Employees number part-time/full-timefunctions / disciplinesrelationships
- Work processes (activities) primary and secondary processes, coherence and logistics (persons, goods), communication, concentration, individual / collective; privacy / social contact, internally and externally; representativeness prospects (trends, scenarios)
User demands
Example of a company analysis
Contents of a PoD 02
Site
- classification (layout) and internal design m2/room (functionally useful)supplement for circulation spaceadditional spacefacilitiesconstructionrelationships between spacesequipment & services (water, electricity, cabling)fixed furniture
- supporting structure (flexibility!)- outer Skin (wall, floor, roof)- ducts and installations
Functions and Performance
Contents of a PoD 02
Functionality
- space in m2 (site, building, workplace)- relationships
separation / connectionzoning compartmentation
- use of spaceMono / multifunctionalindividual / joint
- general conditionsaccessibilitysecurity changeability (internal and external)identity/representationorientational convenience [sun/shadow]durability/sustainability
Functions and Performance
Contents of a PoD 02
Physical Conditions
- thermal comfort temperature, air quality, radiation
- visual comfort view, daylight, artificial light
- acoustic comfort noise, acoustics etc.
- safetySafety in use (use loads, ergonomics) Social security (i.e. intrusion security) Calamities i.e. fire (escape routes etc.) Operational safety (facilities) etc.Hazardous substances
Functions and Performance
Contents of a PoD 02
- Floor area 5100 m2 RFA*; max 6000 m2 GFA**
- Proper recognizability of the organization
- Representative, luxury entrance
- Accessible to everyone, including people with disabilities
- Central hall with reception
- Sufficient lifts (maximum 1 minute delay)
- Separate delivery entrance
- Adaptability by layout flexibility (carrier / installation, grid size), expandability, multi-functionality of
space, divisible into wings with private sanitary (part rentability)
- Innovative office concept, fixed work stations secretary
- Finishing and furnishing sober and practical
Example 1: PoD of a building
* Rentable Floor Area
** Gross Floor Area
Contents of a PoD 02
Example 2: PoD of a building PoD of an office building 200pp
175 flexible workplaces 2100m2 NFA*
cockpits, etc. 200 m2
meeting rooms and reception areas 200 m2
restaurant 250 m2
service area (pantries, repro) 100 m2
Mailroom 35 m2
Library 35 m2
Archive 100 m2
storage room 30 m2
FNO Total 3050 m2 NFA*
Supplement Factor GFA / FNO 1.6
Total GFA 4880 m2 GFA**
* Net Floor Area
** Gross Floor Area
Example of a space-relation scheme
Source: G. Streng en F. Vehoeven (1990), Programma van eisen huisvesting
consumentenbond. Graduation thesis
Source: Grootenhuis (2002)Stadhuis Alphen aan den Rijn
Contents of a PoD 03
- Cultural values
socio-cultural
architectural
urban design
landscape
- Identity
recognizability
representativeness
- Experiential value
aesthetics
design
Image Expectations
For example
- Representative character of the location
(modern, commercial)
- Modern architecture
- High quality of the facade (beautiful, durable
materials)
- Possibility of commercial expressions
- Hal spacious and luxurious, high quality
finishes (e.g. marble)
- Interior furnishing according to own design line
Contents of a PoD 04
- Cost / budget investmentoperating costs
- time durationcompletion dateservice life
- working conditions on siteduring use
- environment energy materials
Internal requirements and preconditions
- meet demands Sustainable Building
- Safety burglary NEN 5088
- Gross initial yield at least 8%
- Rent max 275, -/m2 VVO
- Completion not later than November 1
Contents of a PoD 05
- Legislation Building ActHealth and Safety Actenvironmental legislationfire security legislation
zoningconservation areae.g. maximum height 40 m
- Technical conditions shapem2access sitesoiltraffic / public transportutilities, water boards
External requirements and preconditions
- Funding grants
References
- Existing PoD’s
- Needs, wishes and preferences of clients, users and visitors (through direct
participation / indirectly through research)
- Experiences of building managers (idem)
- Views of experts (designers, consultants, critics) (idem)
- Guidelines and recommendations from the literature
- Results from evaluation
- Norms (NEN standards, quality marks)
- Laws and legislation (Building Act, Health, private regulation)
- Function analysis
- Visit similar projects
- Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE)
Example of spatial study
Example spatial studyGovernment Buildings Department
Example spatial studyGovernment Buildings Department
Real Estate Facts & Figures
- Space per employee 25 to 30 m2 GFA
- depending on business type
- Surface per FTE 15-18 m2 NFA, 21-25 m2 per workstation RFA
- GFA / NFA 1.5 - 1.7; NFA / GFA 0.58 - 0.67
- GFA / RFA 1.16 - 1.21; RFA / GFA 0.83 - 0.86
- Number of parking lots
- A location: 10/100 Randstad employees; elsewhere 20/100
- B location: Randstad 20/100 workers; elsewhere 40/100
- Elsewhere, 1 or 2 / 100 m2 GFA
- Reduction factor for easy access public and private transport
Key Figures m2
Example from:
Wijk, M. (2004) Bouwstenen, gids bij het maken van een programma van eisen (Rotterdam) SBR
Evaluating
- to value, determining what something is worth
- Scientifically assess the content, implementation and effects of an intervention
on the basis of certain criteria or objectives [side effects?]
Forms
- Ex ante versus ex post
- Product oriented or process oriented
- Integral or selective
EvaluatingResearch Design
Dynamic Evaluation Office Haarlem
Old Experiment New
Control Control Control
office innovation
no changeT0 T1 T2
T0 T1 T2
Building PerformanceEvaluation:- questionnaires- interviews- observation etc.
Comparativefloor plan analysison similaritiesand dissimilarities
Exploration of ideas- review of literature- experts’ interviews- site visits
Typology of differentsolutions with pros and consfor quality and costs
Description and analysis Evaluation
Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE) Health centre Leiden
Spatial-Functional analysis of a consultation bureau
Prisons cost and quality of alternative types
Decision points for evaluating
- Which aspects (what to measure, what criteria)
- What objects (selected cases)
- How to measure
- How to value
- How important are (prioritizing)
- How to analyze data
- How to apply / implement
Functional evaluation aspects
- Access and parking facilities
- Accessibility
- Effectiveness / efficiency
- Safety (ergonomic, social)
- Spatial orientation
- Territoriality, privacy and social contact, identity
- Physical wellbeing (light, acoustics, heat, drafts, humidity)
- Future Value - Agility / Flexibility
Aesthetic evaluation aspects
- Order and complexity
- Representativeness
- Significance Grant (symbolism, semiotics)
- Cultural historical Value
- Image quality
Aesthetic evaluation aspects
- Order and complexity: clearly readable and fascinating
- Clear distinction between public - private
- Appropriate use of architectural tools such as color, material,
texture, light
- Interesting symbolism and signification (expressiveness)
- Clear relationship between form and function
- Contribution to quality of public space
Criteria for architectural quality
Technical/Economical evaluation aspects
Technical aspects
- Fire Safety
- Structural Safety
- Building physical quality
- Environmental awareness and sustainability
Economic and legal aspects
- Investment and Operating expenses
- Time Investment
- Public and private legislation
How to measure?
- Own observations
- studying papers (literature, maps, archival records)
- Ask methods (survey, interview)
- Measuring using Devices
How to value?
- Existing PoD’s
- Needs, wishes and preferences of clients, users and visitors
(through direct participation / indirectly through research)
- Experiences of building managers (idem)
- Views of experts (designers, consultants, critics) (idem)
- Guidelines and recommendations from the literature
- Results from evaluation
- Norms (NEN standards, quality marks)
- Laws and legislation (Building Act, Health, private regulation)
- Function analysis
- Visit similar projects
- Post-Occupancy Evaluation (POE)
Quality References
Example Real Estate Standard
Access for trucks and passenger cars:
- Distance to nearest highway
- Distance to nearest highway junction
- Traffic Flow / obstacles
- Connecting type plot - Highway
Quality classes e.g.
- A = 500 m or more
- 2 = 300-500
- 3 = 200 to 300
- 4 = 100 to 200
- 5 = less than 100 m
Recommendations
- support your program and design choices to your (outcomes of) research
- test your design in various stages to your (results from) research
- remember that research does not interfere with your creativity, but could provide a good
balance between reason and emotion, between head and heart, between art and science
Semester 2 building and materialization
Central theme Subject in Semester 2 is the design and the materialization of a small public building in an urban context. The program is extremely simple in organization and relations. The emphasis is on the most fundamental qualities of a designed space in relation to materialization and realization.
ObjectivesThe main learning objectives of the semester builds forth on that of the first semester and provide further guidance on the architecture. The level of units of study “Design, Media Concepts” is widening. The contents of the unit of Construction, Building Physics and Structural Design is a partly broadening and partly introductory course.New in the semester is the educational unit of Real Estate & Housing, which included the building and construction law subjects. The level is introductory. A student who has completed the second semester has a basic level of a summary of all important aspects of the design. In addition, the student based on level understanding of various aspects of the building.
Semester 2 main objectives
- the student can engineering issues in a methodical and systematic investigations
- the student architectural precedents in their various aspects analysis (program, context, type, composition, construction)
- the student with the architectural concepts of architectural idea of a argue methodically building design
- students may combine the knowledge and use of resources compositional architecture of a building design
- the student the basics of materials science, building physics (light and thermal environment) and support structures to apply a building design
- the student can describe different phases in the building while the actors, their activities and control options and products name and confront.
Semester 2 program outline
- The "climate machine", a greenhouse in the botanical gardens of Leiden, the final product of the design task, is an integration of spatial, constructive and building technical design.
- Learning to design is also done in this semester in the “Integrated Design Project”. It involves both the conceptualization of the assignment as to the materialization and further elaboration.
- The building has three different climate zones. At the start of each semester is an modified assignment isposted on the Blackboard Course.
- The project is a simulation of a (small) design project in practice.
- It reviews the technique of building. Supporting structures, separating constructions and finishing make the design to building. These have a major impact on cost, durability, maintenance and appearance.
- Lastly, the building process gets a central place.