wdr 2006 khmer2 - world bank

2006r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak

smFm’ nigkarGPivDÆ

esckþ Isegçb

FnaKarBiPBelakv:asuInetan DI>suI

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r)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelak smFm’ nig karGPivDÆn_

TidæPaBTUeTA

1> sUmBicarNaeTAelIkumarCnCatiGaRhVikxagt,ÚgBIrnak; Edl)anekItenAkñúgéf¶CamYyKña kñúgqñaM2000 . kumarI eQµaH Nthabiseng mansm,úrexµA )anekItenAkñúgRKYsarRkIRkmYy enAkñúgtMbn;CnbTPaKxagekIténextþ Cape

EdlsßitenAcMgayRbEhl 700 K>m BIRkug Cape. mþayrbs;kumarIenH min)anTTYlnUvkarGb;rMpøÚvkareT . cMENk ÉkumaraeQµaH Pieter mansm,úrs )anekItenAkñúgRKYsarGñkmanenAkñúgRkug Cape enHEdr . mþayrbs;kumaraenH )anbBa©b;karsikSaenAsaklviTüal½y Stellenbosch EdlmaneQµaHl,IsßitenAEk,renaH . 2> enAéf¶EdlkumarTaMgBIr)anekIt Nthabiseng nig Pieter esÞIrEtminGacsþIbenÞas cMeBaHsßanPaBRKYsarbs; BYkeK)aneT ³ dUcCaCatisasn___rbs;BYkeK karGb;rM nig R)ak;cMNUlrbs;«Bukmþayrbs;BYkeK TIlMenAkñúgTIRkúg b¤ CnbTrbs;BYkeK b¤k¾ePTrbs;BYkeK. k¾bu:Enþ sßitibgðajfa savtarEdl)ankMNt;TukmunTaMgenaH nwgman\T§iBl eTAelIskmµPaBrs;enArbs;BYkeK . kumarI Nthabiseng man«kassøab; 7/2 PaKryenAkñúgqñaMTI 1 Edlnag)an ekItKWeRcInCagBIrdgén«kassøab;rbs; Pieter EdlmanRtwmEt3PaKryb:ueNÑaH . Pieter Gacrs;dl;Gayu68qñaM cMENkÉ Nthabiseng Gacrs;enA)anRtwmEt50qñaMb:ueNÑaH . Pieter GacrMBwgfa nwgbBa©b;karGb;rMpøUÚvkarcMnYn 12 qñaM cMENkÉ Nthabiseng ticCagmYyqñaM1 . Nthabiseng TMngCaRkCag Pieter kñúgmYyCIvitrbs;nag2 . karFMFat; nagman«kastictYc kñúgkarTTYl)annUvTwks¥at nigGnam½y b¤ cUleronenAsalal¥² . dUecñH»kas 1 GRtamrN³rbs;Tark RtUv)aneKKNnadac;edayELkenAfñak;extþb:ueNÑaH ehIyminKitGMBIBUCsasn¾ eynDr½ ehIymin KitGMBIPaBxusKñaenAkñúgtMbn; b¤ R)ak;cMNUleT . PaBxusKñaBitR)akdrvagcriklkçN³rbs;buKÁlsamBaØ TMngCaRtÚv )anelIkeLIg . eRkABIenHGayukalrbs; Nthabiseng GacTabCagenHeTot RbsinebInagqøgemeraKhIuv¼eGds_ dUcRsþIv½yekµgCnCatiGaRhVikxagt,ÚgCaeRcInenaH . Tinñn½ydkRsg;ecj Day nig Hedberg (2004) . cMnYnqñaMbeRgon Edl)anBüakrN_Tuk vaGaRs½yeTAelIBt’manEdlmin)anRbmUl ¬tamextþ ePT BUCsasn_ lMenAdæanenACnbT TIRkúg mYyPaKR)aMéncMNayelIkareRbIR)as; nigkarGb;rMrbs;mþay¦ BIkarsÞabsÞg;elIkMlaMgBlkmµ nig karsÞabsÞg;elIcMNUl nigcMNaysMrab;qñaM2000 EdlRtUv)anGnuvtþedaykariyal½ysßitirbs;GaRhVikxagt,Úg . 2 cMNayelIkareRbIR)as;RbcaMEx Edl)anBüakrN_TukkñúgqñaM2000 sMrab;RbePTmnusSTaMgenaHKW 119Rand ¬45duløar¦ sMrab; Nthabiseng nig 3662 Rand ¬1340 dusløar¦ sMrab; Pieter . cMnYnkumaraEs,ksCamFüm Edlman mþayTTYlkarGb;rMx<s; Edlrs;enAkñúgRkug Cape ehIysßitenAkñúgbMENgEck20PaKrydMbUg sßitkñúgRkumTI99 énbMENgEck

1

EdlkumarTaMgenaHmanrhUtdl;BYkeKFMeBjrUbrag KWvanwgxusEbøkKñay:ageRcInBIkalEdlBYkeKekItmkdMbUg . 3> PaBxusKñaén»kasbNþaleGaylT§PaBrYmcMENk kñúgkarGPivDÄGaRhVikxagt,Úgk¾xusKñaEdr . suxPaBrbs; Nthabiseng enAeBlEdlekItmkexSayCag edaysarEtmþayrbs;nagxVHCIvCatibMb:n kñúgkMLúgeBlmanépÞeBaH. ebIKitGMBIcMNucl¥ rbs;BYkeKelIeynD½r TItaMgPUmisaRsþ nig»kascUleron Pieter TMnak;TMngCaGacTTYl)an karGb;rMeRcInCag EdlnwgeFVIeGaykumaraenH manlT§PaBGaceRbIR)as;eTBekaslüBIkMeNItrbs;va)anya:g eBjelj . eTaHbICaenAeBlGayu25qñaM bUkrYmTaMg»kas Nthabiseng manKMnitxagGaCIvkmµd¾Gs©arü ¬dUcCa KMnitfµIkñúgkarbegáItplitplksikmµ¦ y:agNak¾eday k¾nagenAEtmankarlM)akkñúgkarbBa©úHbBa©ÚlFnaKar eGay pþl;luy[nagx©IkñúgGRtakarR)ak;smrmümYyenaHEdr . Pieter EdlmanKMnitl¥RsedognagEdr ¬KWBIviFIbegáIt Software fµIEdlmanRbeyaCn_eRcIn¦ GacmanPaBgayRsYlCagkñúgkarTTYl)annUv\NTan edaysarEt Kat;mansBaØab½RtmhaviTüal½y nigkarFanamYycMnYneTot. qøgBIsm½yGnþrkarmkkan;lT§iRbCaFibetyüenAkñúg GaRhVikxagt,Úg Nthabiseng manlT§PaBGace)aHeqñat dUecñHnagGaccUlrYmedayRbeyalkñúgkarsMritsMraMg eKalneya)ayrbs;rdæaPi)alrbs;nag dUcCakarerIseGIgCnCatiEs,kexµA kñúgeKalneya)ayRbkan;BUCsasn¾ rbs;GaRhVikxagt,Úg. k¾b:uEnþmrtkénGMNacxagneya)ay nig»kasminesµIPaB EdlmanEcgkñúgeKalneya)ay enH nwgenAEtmansuBlPaBkñúgmYyry³eBlxøI . vaRtUvkarry³eBld¾yUrkñúgkarpøas;bþÚreKalneya)ay ¬mUldæan¦ mYy edIm,IQaneTApøas;bþÚrlkçx½NÐesdækic© nig sgÁm. 4 - sUmeFVIkarkt;sMKal;eTAelIPaBxusEbøkKñakñúgkarrs;enArvag Pieter nig Nthabiseng enAkñúgRbeTsGaRhVik xagt,Úg BYkeKTaMgBIrnak;RtUv)anbnÞúcbg¥ak;edaysarEtPaBxusKñarvagCnCatiGaRhVikxagt,ÚgKitCamFüm nig Blrdærbs;RbeTsGPivDÆn_eCOnelOnCaeRcIn . cUrBicarNaeTAelIviBaØabnb½RtnanaEdl)anRbKl;eTAeGay Sven ¬Edl)anekItkñúgéf¶CamYyKña enAkñúgRKYsars‘uyEG‘tEdlmankMritCIvPaBmFüm¦ . »kassøab;rbs;kumara enHeBlEdlekItmkdMbUgmantictUcNas; ¬0>3 PaKry¦ ehIyvaGacrMBwgfa nwgrs;ran)anGayu80qñaM KW 12qñaM eRcInCagPieter nig 30qñaMyUrCag Nthabiseng. kumaraenHTMngCaGacbBa©b;karsikSacMnYn 11>4 qñaM ¬KW5qñaM eRcInCagcMnYnqñaMsikSamFümrbs;kumarGaRhVikxagt,Úg¦ . PaBxusKñaelIcMnYnqñaMsikSaTaMgenHRtUv)anbUkpSMCamYy nigPaBxusKñaelIKuNPaB ³ enAkñúgkMritfñak;TI 8 Sven GacrMBwgfa TTYl)an 500BinÞú kñúgkarRblgsakelImuxviC¢a 20PaKrydMbUg sßitkñúgRkumTI99 énbMENgEckR)ak;cMNUlsrub . Tinñn½ydkRsg;ecjBIkarsÞabsÞg;kMlaMgBlkmµ nig kar sÞabsÞg;elIcMNUl nig cMNUlsMrab;qñaM 2000 .

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KNitviTüa GaceRbobeFobCamYysisSbreTs)an cMENkÉsisSCnCatiGaRhVikxagt,ÚgCamFüm nwg TTYl)anEt 264BinÞú b:ueNÑaH KWeRcIn 2KMlatsþg;da eRkamkMritmFümPaKrbs;GgÁkarGPivDÆn¾ nig shRbtibtþikaresdækic© (OECD) . Nthabiseng R)akdCa nwgminGacQandl;kMritenHeT ehIydUecñHnagnwgminRblgeT3. 5> PaBxusEbøkKñakñúgkarrs;enArvagsBa¢ati BUCsasn_ eynD½r nigRkumsgÁm nwgeFVIeGayGñkGanCaeRcInKitfa min yutþiFm’ . PaBxusKñaenH k¾TMngCaGacnaMeTAdl;PaBx¢Hx¢ayskþanuBlrbs;mnusS nignaMeTAdl;kar)at;bg;»kas sMrab;GPivDÆn¾ . ehtudUecñHehIy )anCar)aykarN¾GPivDÆn¾BiPBelakqñaM 2006 eFVIkarviPaKeTAelITMnak;TMng rvagsmFm’ nigkarGPivDÆn_ . 6> GMBIsmFm’ eyIgcg;mann½yfa buKÁlnImYy² KYrEtman»kasesµIPaBKña kñúgkarrs;enARbkbedaykareRCIserIs nigTTYl)anplRbeyaCn_epSg² . xøwmsarsMxan;KWfasmFm’ KWCakarbMeBjbEnßm ¬enAkñúglkçx½NÐcaM)ac;mYycMnYn¦ eTAelIkarEsVgrkPaBfáMúefáIgyUrGEgVg . sßab½n nig eKalneya)aynana EdlbegáInkMrit»kas ¬EdlsmaCikTaMg Gs;enAkñúgsgÁm man»kasRsedogKñacUlrYmskmµPaBenAkñúgsgÁm bMerIplRbeyaCn¾neya)ay nigesdækic©¦ cUl rYmcMENkenAkñúgkarGPivDÆn_ nigkMeNInRbkbedaycirPaB . dUecñHkalNamansmFm’kan;EtTUlMTUlay vakan;Et l¥eTVreLIg dl;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk ³ tamry³\T§iBlplRbeyaCn_ skþanuBlelIkarGPivDÆrYmyUrlg; nigtamry³»kasd¾RbesIrsMrab;RkumCnRkIRkCageKenAkñúgsgÁm . 7> esckþIbMeBjbEnßmrvagsmFm’ nig PaBefáIgfáanmanmUlehtuBIrFM² . TImYymanPaBbraC½yEpñkTIpSarCaeRcIn enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ CaBiessenAkñúgTIpSar\NTan Fanar:ab;rg dIFøI nigFnFanmnusS . CalT§pl FnFan TaMgenH GacnwgmineTAdl;eKaledA Edlpþl;mkvijnUvsmiT§iplx<s;bMputenaHeT . ]TahrN¾ kumarEdlman smtßPaBx<s;mYycMnYn dYcCa Nthabiseng Gacnwgxkxanmin)anbBa©b;karGb;rMfñak;bzmsikSa cMENkÉ kumard¾éTeTotEdlmansmtßPaBTabCag EbrCaGacbBa©b;fñak;saklviTüal½yeTAvij . ksikrCaeRcInGacnwg eFVIkarenAelIERscMkarrbs;xøÜÜnpÞal; eRcInCageFVIenAelIERscMkarEdlBYkeKdaMdMNaMrYmKña . plitkrEpñkksikmµ nig 3manPaBxusKñarvagR)ak;cMNUl kareRbIR)as; nig ktþaepSgeTotpgEdr ³ Sven GacrMBwgfanwwgrkluy)an 833duløar kñúg1Ex eRbobeFobCamYynwgCnCatiGaRhVikxagt,Úg Edlrk)anCamFüm207 duløar (Nthabiseng nwgTTYl)an44 duløarkñúg 1Ex) . RbsinebI Sven mansMNagCag ehIy)anekItkñúgkMritbMENgEckR)ak;cMNUlrbs;RbeTss‘uyEG‘t dUcEdl Pieter TTYl)an enAGaRhVikxagt,ÚgenaH R)ak;cMNUlRbcaMEx):an;sµanrbs;Kat;nwgekIndl; 2203 duløar . Sven nwgmanlT§PaBGaceTAeFVI TsSnkic©enARbeTsNamYy)anPøam cMENkÉ Nthabiseng nig Pieter GacrMBwgfa nwgRtÚvcMNayeBlrab;em:agrg;caMTidæakar EdlBYkeKGacnwg)an b¤min)anTTYl .

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vayNP½NÐEdlbuinRbsb;mYycMnYnenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆRtUv)aneKhammineGaycUlTIpSar OECD ehIy

km�krRkIRkEdlK�anCMnaj man»kasraraMgx<s;kñúgkareFVIcMNakRsukeTAeFVIkarenAkñúgRbeTsGñkman.

8> enAeBlEdlTIpSar)at;bg; b¤minRKb;RKan; karEbgEckRTBüsm,tþi nigGMNacvaman\T§iBlelIkarEbgEck

»kassMrab;karvinieyaK. kareRsacRsg;PaBbraC½yTIpSar KWCaTegVVImYyRbkbeday]tþmKti EdlbBaðaenHmin

GaceFVIeTArYc b¤k¾RtUvcMNayx<s;eBk b¤CaTMrg;mYycMnYnénkarEbgEcksarCaf� IeLIgvij ¬siT§i b¤»kasTTYl

esvakm� RTBüsm,tþi b¤k¾\T§iBlneya)ay¦ GacbegáInRbsiT§iPaBesdækic©)an.

9> mUlehtuTIBIr EdlsmFm’nigPaBfáúMefáIgry³eBlyUrGacbMeBjeGayKña)an KWekItecjBIRbkarEdlfa vism

Fm’xagneya)ay nigesdækic©kñúgkMritx<s; TMngCaQaneTArksßab½nesdækic© nigkarerobcMsgÁmEdlKaMRTdl;

plRbeyaCn_y:agCak;lak;rbs;CnEdlman\T§iBlxøaMgCageK. sßab½nEdlK �ansmFm’TaMgenHGaceFVIeGay

xatbg;dl;plRbeyaCn_esdækic©. enAeBlEdlsiT§ibuKÁl nigsiT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþiRtUv)anGnuvtþ enAeBl

EdlkarEbgEckfvikabMerI\T§iBlneya)ayCacMbg nigenAeBlEdlkarEbgEckesvasaFarN³ KaMRTGñkman

eBlenaHTaMgRkumGñkRkIRk TaMgRkumfñak;kNþalnwg)at;bg;»kasbeBa©jeTBekaslüEdlBYkeKman. bnÞab;mk

sgÁmTaMgmUlGacnwgkan;EtK�anRbsiT§iPaB nig)at;bg;»kassMrab;vinieyaK nigEklMG. enAfñak;BiPBelak enA

eBlEdlRbeTskMBugGPivDÆnanaK�ansMelg b¤mansMelgtictYcenAkñúgGPi)alkic©sklelak c,ab;Gacman

lkçN³minsmRsb nigmantMéléføsMrab;RbeTsRkIRk.

10> plb:HBal;GviC¢manén»kas nigGMNacneya)aymines � IPaBelIkarGPviDÆTaMgenH KWCakarxatbg;d¾eRcIn

BIeRBaHvismPaBesdækic© neya)ay nigsgÁmTMngCabegáIteLIgvijedayxøÜnvapÞal;kñúgry³eBlNamYy nigBI

mYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan;. eyIgehAvafa {GnÞak;vismPaB}. kumarEdl)at;bg;»kaskñúgRKYsarEdlTTYl)an

RTBüsm,tþiticCageK BMuman»kasdUckumarkñúgRKYsarGñkmanEdlTTYl)ankarGb;rMmanKuNPaBenaHeT. dUecñH

kumarEdl)at;bg;»kasTaMgenHGacrMBwgfanwgrkluy)anticdUcmnusSeBjv½y. BIeRBaHCnRkIRkmansMelgtic

tYcenAkñúgdMeNIrkarneya)ay BYkeK ¬dUc«Bukmþayrbs;BYkeK¦ nwgman\T§iBltictYceTAelIkarsMerccitþelI

cMNay edIm,IEklMGsalasaFarN³sMrab;kUnrbs;BYkeK. ehIyvdþénsmiT§uiplminTan;sMercnwgbnþ.

11> karEbgEckRTBüsm,tþimanTMnak;TMngy:agCitsñiT§iCamYylkçN³rbs;sgÁmEdlEbgEckmnusS shKmn_

nigRbeTs CaRkumEdldwknaM nigRkumEdlRtUveKdwknaM. TMnak;TMngénkarRKb;RKgenHenAEtbnþmanrhUt BIeRBaH

5

PaBxusKñaénesdækic© nigsgÁmRtUv)anBRgwgedaykareRbIR)as;GMNacc,as;las; nigkarpøas;bþÚrGMNac. Gñkdwk

naMkarBarplRbeyaCn_rbs;xøÜnedayviFIeQøósév ]TahrN_ karGnuvtþBiesskñúgRbB½n§erobGaBah_BiBah_ nig

TMnak;TMng ehIynigtamviFInanaEdlminsUveQøósév dUcCakarRKb;RKgneya)ayEbbbgçM b¤kareRbIR)as;GMeBI

higSaedaycMh.

12> vismPaBRtYtelIKñaénneya)ay sgÁm vb,Fm’ nigesdækic© TaMgenHeFVIweGayraMgsÞHdl;cl½tPaB. vaBi)ak

nwgkat;pþac; BIeRBaHvamanTMnak;TMngy:agCitsñiT§eTAnwgskm �PaBrs;enAd¾samBaØ. vaRtUv)anbgáeLIgedayRkum

GñkdwknaM nigCaerOy²RtUv)aneFVIxagkñúgedayRkumminsMxan; b¤RkumEdlRtUveKCiHCan; EdleFVIeGayCnRkIRkman

karlM)akkñúgkarcakecjputBIPaBRkIRk. GnÞak;vismPaBGacmanPaBnwgn+bnþicbnþÜc TMngCabnþRKb;CMnan;.

13> r)aykarN_)ancgRkgGMBInirnþrPaBénGnÞak;vismPaBTaMgenH edayKUsbBa¢ak;GMBIcMnucsMxan;²énTMnak;

TMngrvagTMrg;xus²KñaénvismPaB. r)aykarN_enH bgðajPsþútagfa vismPaBén»kasEdlekItmanKWK�anRbsiT§iPaB nigK�anRbeyaCn_cMeBaHkarGPivDÆ nigkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkRbkbedaycirPaBenaHeT. r)aykarN_

enHk¾)anelIkeLIgpgEdrGMBITMnak;TMngeKalneya)ayEdlepþateTAelITsSnaTanTUlMTUlayénkarkMrit»kas

¬TaMgneya)ay nigesdækic© ehIyTaMgenAkñúgRsuk nigenAelIsklelak. RbsinebIkumarEdlCYbRbTH»kas

dUcCa Nthabiseng mancMnYnkMriteRcInCagkumarEdlCYb»kasdUc Pieter nig Sven ehIyRbsinebIbBaðaenHva

b:HBal;dl;PaBrIkcMerInénkarGPviDÆCarYm eBlenaHskm�PaBsaFarN³mantYnaTIRsbc,ab;kñúgkarBüayam

begáIn»kasnanarbs;GñkEdlmanCMerIsticbMput¦.

14> karBicarNabImansar³sMxan;enAedImdMbUg . TImYy enAeBlEdl»kaskan;EteRcIn TMngCaGacQaneTA

kat;bnßyvismPaBGegát enAkñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rM suxPaB zan³ nigR)ak;cMNUl eBlenaHbMNgrbs;eKal

neya)ayTTYl)anlT§plmines� IPaBeT. tamBit sUm,IEtCamYysmPaBén»kasBitR)akd Canic©CakaleK

rMBwgfanwgeFVIkarGegátelIPaBxusKñamYycMnYnénlT§pl edayeyageTAelIPaBxusKñaxagcMNg;cMNUlcitþ

eTBekaslü kic©RbwgERbg nigsMNag4. bBaðaenHvaRsbKñaCamYytYnaTIsMxan;énPaBxusKñaénR)ak;cMNUlkñúg

4 kñúgkrNImYycMnYn dUcCakarmineFVIsmUhPavkm�énvis½yksikm�rbs;RbeTscinkñúgcugTsvtSr_qñaM1970 kMENTMrg;GacQandl;RbsiT§iPaB

eRcIn »kaskan;EtTUlMTUlay nigvismPaBénR)ak;cMNUl ¬enAkñúgCnbT¦ kan;EtekIneLIg. bTBiesaFn_rbs;RbeTscin ¬nigkarekIneLIg

énR)ak;ebovtSr_enAkñúgesdækic©sm½yGnþrkalmYycMnYnkñúgRbeTsGWr:ub nigGasIukNþal¦ KWCa]TahrN_mYyd¾l¥éncMnucTUeTA ³ BIeRBaH

smFm’ sMedAeTAelIdMeNIrkarRtwmRtUv nig»kasesI�PaB. vaminGacbNþalmkBIEtkarEbgEckR)ak;cMNUlmYyenaHeT . CaTUeTA

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karpþl;nUvkarelIkTwkcitþeGaymankarvinieyaKelIvis½yGb;rM nigmUlFnrUbv½nþ elIkTwkcitþeGayeFVIkar nigTTYl

ykhaniP½y. tamBit lT§plmanbBaða k¾b:uEnþ eyIgRBYy)armÖcMeBaHlT§plTaMgenH CaBiess cMeBaH\T§iBl

rbs;vaelIkgVHxatBitR)akd nigtYnaTIrbs;vakñúgkarsMritsMraMg»kas.

15> TIBIr karRBYy)armÖeTAelIsmPaBén»kasmann½yfa skm �PaBsaFarN³KYrEtepþatkarykcitþTukdak;elI

karEbgEckRTBüsm,tþi »kasesdækic© nigsMelgneya)ayecosCagepþatkarykcitþTukdak;pÞal;eTAelIvism

PaBénR)ak;cMNUl. eKalneya)ayGacrYmcMENkkñúgkarcakecjBI {GnÞak;vismPaB} eq<aHeTArkRkumsmFm’

nigkMeNInEdlRbkbedayKuNFm’ tamry³karkMrit»kas ¬tamry³karvinieyaKkan;EteRcInelIFnFanmnusS

rbs;CnRkIRkbMput siTi§ b¤»kases� IPaBeRcInkñúgkarTTYl)annUvesvasaFarN³ Bt’man nigTIpSar Fanadl;siT§i

kan;kab;RTBüsm,tþisMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nigPaBRtwmRtUvkan;EteRcIneLIgenAkñúgTIpSar¦. k¾b:uEnþ eKalneya)ay

kMNt;»kasesdækic©CYbRbTHbBaðaRbQmFM²CaeRcIn. mansmtßPaBmines� IKñakñúgkarpøas;bþÚrrebobvar³eKal

neya)ay ³ karcab;Garm�N_rbs;GñkK�ansiT§ibeBa©jsMelgminEdlRtUv)aneKRbkas b¤KitKUreT. ehIyenA

eBlEdleKalneya)ayRbQmeTAnwgbuBVsiT§i RkumEdlmanGMNacGacBüayameFVIeGayraMgsÞHdl;kMEN

TMrg;. dUecñH eKalneya)ayEdlRbkbedaysmFm’GacnwgTTYleCaKC½yeRcInCagenAeBlEdlkarkMrit»kas

esdækic©RsbKñaCamYynwgkic©RbwgERbgdUcKñakñúgkarkMrit»kasneya)aykñúgRsuk ehIybgðajGMBIPaBRtwmRtUvd¾

RbesIrenAkñúgGPi)alkic©sklelak.

16> TIbI Gacmankarpøas;bþÚrkMritneya)ayepSg²kñúgry³eBlxøI rvagsmFm’nigRbsiT§iPaB. bBaðaTaMgenHRtUv

)aneKTTYlsÁal;y:agc,as; nigRtUv)ancgRkgTukCaÉksary:agTUlMTUlay. bBaðavasßitenARtg;fa ¬Cajwk

jab;RtUv)aneKyl;¦ RbB½n§KNnacMNay nigplcMeNjEdlGñkbegáIteKalneya)ayeRbIR)as; edIm,Ivay

tMélGMBIGtßRbeyaCn_éneKalneya)ayepSg²jwkjab;eBk min)anKitdl; KuNvibtþi ry³eBlEvg eRkABIKit

GMBIplRbeyaCn_BitR)akdrbs;smFm’eRcInCag. smFm’vamanTMnak;TMngCamYynwgkarkMNt;muxgaresdækic©

kan;EtRbkbedayRbsiT§iPaB kat;bnßyCMelaH manTMnukcitþkan;EtxøaMgeLIg nigsßab½nkan;EtRbesIr CamYynwg

plRbeyaCn_DINamiuksMrab;karvinieyaKnigkMeNIn. drabNaplRbeyaCn_TaMgenH RtUv)aneKminykcitþTuk

dak; GñkbegáIteKalneya)ayGacbBa©b;kareRCIserIsyksmFm’tictYc ¬CMBUk 5 nig 6¦.

PaBRtwmRtUveRcInCagenH nwgQaneTArkkarkat;bnßyvismPaBénR)ak;cMNUl k¾b:uEnþ minEmnCanic©CakalenaHeT. ehIyminEmn

eKalneya)ayTaMgGs;Edlkat;bnßyvismPaBGacbegáInsmFm’)anenaHeT.

7

17> k¾b:uEnþ tamkarbgðajdUcKña GñkEdlcab;Garm�N_elIsmFm’eRcIn minRtUvRBegIykenþIynwgkarpøas;bþÚrry³

eBlxøIeT. RbsinebIkarelIkTwkcitþsMrab;buKÁlmñak;² RtUv)ankat;bnßytamry³karbegáItKMeragEbgEckR)ak;

cMNUlsaCaf� I EdlkMNt;Bn§elIkarvinieyaKnigplitkm�eRcInhYsehtueBk enaHlT§plnwgmankarEklMGtic

tYc mankarvinieyaKtictYc nigkMeNInkan;Ettic. RbvtþisaRsþkñúgstvtSr_TI 20 )anbgðaj]TahrN_CaeRcInGMBI

eKalneya)ayEdl)anbegáIteLIgminl¥sMrab;smFm’ Edl)anb:HBal;y:agF¶n;F¶r ¬eRkABI)anCMruj¦ dMeNIrkar

kMeNIntamry³karminykcitþTukdak;elIkarelIkTwkcitþsMrab;buKÁl. eKRtUvEtrkeGayeXIjnUvtulüPaBmYy

edayeFVIkarBicarNaeTAelITaMgcMNaybnÞan;elIkarelIkTwkcitþsMrab;buKÁl nigTaMgplRbeyaCn_ry³eBlEvg

rbs;sgÁmEdlrwgmaM RBmTaMgsßab½nTUeTA nig»kasd¾TUlMTUlay.

18> enAeBlEdlkarvaytMéledayykcitþTukdak;elIkarbegáIteKalneya)ayenAkñúgbribTmUldæanvaman

sar³sMxan; karBicarNaeTAelIsmFm’ caM)ac;RtUv)aneKeFVIeLIgedaypÞal;eTAelIkarviPaKnigeKalneya)ay.

enHminEmnmann½yfa CaRkbx½NÐf� ImYyenaHeT. vamann½yfaCakareFVIsmahrNkm� nigkarBRgIkRkbx½NÐEdl

manRsab; ³ smFm’mansar³sMxan;cMeBaHbriyakasvinieyaK nigrebobvar³énkarpþl;GMNac kareFVIkartamry³

plb:HBal;elIsßab½nnana nigkarbegáIteKalneya)ayCak;lak;. mnusSmYycMnYnGaceGaytMélsmFm’sMrab;

RbeyaCn_pÞal;xøÜn GñkxøHeToteGaytMélCabzmsMrab;tYnaTIsMxan;kñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkBitR)akd ebskm�rbs;FnaKarBiPBelak.

19> r)aykarN_enHTTYlsÁal;tMélmUldæanénsmFm’ k¾b:uEnþmanTisedACabzmedIm,Ikt;RtaTukfaetIkarepþat

karykcitþTukdak;elIsmFm’vamanbBaðadl;karGPivDÆry³eBlEvgy:agdUcemþc. vamanbIEpñk.

� EpñkTI I BicarNaeTAelIPsþútagsþIGMBIvismPaBén»kas enAkñúgnigTUTaMgRbeTs. karsakl,gmYy

cMnYnkñúgkarKNnavismPaBén»kasRtUv)aneKBinitüemIleLIgvij k¾b:uEnþCaTUeTA eyIgBwgEp¥keTAelI

PsþútagénlT§plmines � IKñarvagRkum Edl)ankMNt;tamry³»kasEdl)ankMNt;Tukmun ¬dUcCa

eynD½r BUCsasn_ savtarbs;RKYsar b¤RbeTskMeNIt¦ CasBaØaNsMrab;»kasmines� IPaB.

� EpñkTI II sYrfaetIehtuGVI)anCasmFm’manbBaða. vaBiPakSaGMBIbNþajénplb:HBal;TaMgBIr ¬\T§iBl

én»kasmines� IPaBenAeBlEdlTIpSarminRKb;RKan; nigplvi)akénvismPaBcMeBaHKuNPaBsßab½n

EdlsgÁmRtUvGPivDÆ¦ RBmTaMgbuBVehtusMxan;²CaeRcIneTot.

� EpñkTI III sYrfaetIskm�PaBsaFarN³GackMrit»kasesdækic©nigneya)ay)any:agdUcemþc. enAkñúg

Rsuk vabegáInkrNIsMrab;vinieyaKelImnusS BRgIksiT§ib¤»kasTTYl)anyutþiFm’ dIFøI nigehdæarcna

8

sm<½n§ nigbegáInPaBRtwmRtUvenAkñúgTIpSar. enAeRkARsuk vaBicarNaeTAelIkarkMrit»kaskñúgkarkMNt;

muxgarrbs;TIpSarsklelak nigc,ab;EdlRKb;RKgbBaðaTaMgenH nigkarpþl;bEnßmnUvCMnYysMrab;CYy

RbeTsRkIRk nigRbCaCnRkIRkeGayksagnUvTayC¢TaneGaykan;EteRcInEfmeTot.

EpñkEdlenAesssl;kñúgTidæPaBTUeTAenH KWCaesckþIsegçb niglT§plCaeKalkarN_.

vismFm’enAkñúg nigTUTaMgRbeTs

20> TajecjBITsSnvis½yénsmFm’ karEbgEck»kasmanbBaðaeRcInCagkarEbgEcklT§pl. k¾b:uEnþ »kas

EdlmanskþanuBleRcInCagPaBBitR)akd vaBi)akkñúgkarGegát nigvas;EvgCaglT§pl.

vismFm’enAkñúgRbeTsmanTidæPaBCaeRcIn

21> karKNnaedaypÞal;elIvismPaBén»kasvamankarlM)ak k¾b:uEnþ karviPaKmYyrbs;RbeTseRbsIul pþl;nUv

karbkRsaymYy ¬CMBUk 2¦. vismPaBénR)ak;cMNUlenAkñúgqñaM1996 RtUv)anEbgEckCamYyEpñk Edlman

»kaskMNt;TukmuncMnYn 4 EdlsßitenAeRkAkarRtYtBinitürbs;buKÁl ¬BUCsasn_ TIkEnøgkMeNIt karGb;rMrbs;

«Bukmþay nigkargarrbs;«BukmþayBIkMeNIt¦ nigmYyEpñkEdlenAss;. »kasTaMgbYnenH tMNageGay

RbEhlmYyPaKbYnénPaBxusKñasrubelIR)ak;cMNUlrvagkm�kr. RbEhlCa karkMNt;»kasepSg²eTot RtUv

)aneKkMNt;TukCamuny:ages� IPaBtaMgBIkMeNIt k¾b:uEnþ minRtUv)aneKdak;bBa©ÚlenAkñúgsMNMuenHeT ]TahrN_

eynD½r RTBüsm,tþirbs;RKYsar b¤k¾KuNPaBénsalabzmsikSa. BIeRBaHGefrTaMgenH minRtUv)aneKdak;

bBa©ÚleTAkñúg {viPaK} vismPaBeT lT§plenATIenHGacRtUv)aneKcat;Tukfa kar)a:n;s�ankMritTabelIvismPaBén

»kasenAkñúgRbeTseRbsIul.

22> CaGkusl »kasEdl)ankMNt;Tukmun ¬nigminTak;TgRkmsIlFm’¦ kMNt;eRcInCagR)ak;cMNUlkñúgeBl

GnaKt. vis½yGb;rM nigsuxaPi)almantMélCamUldæan nigman\T§iBlelIsmtßPaBrbs;buKÁlkñúgkarcUlrYmkñúg

esdækic© sgÁm nigneya)ay. k¾b:uEnþ kumarCYbRbTH »kasxusKñay:ageRcInkñúgkareronsURt nigmansuxPaBl¥

esÞIrTaMgGs;Kña karBwgEp¥kelIPaBCam©as;énRTBüsm,tþi TItaMgPUmisaRsþ b¤k¾karGb;rMrbs;«Bukmþay kñúgcMeNam

kumardéTeTot. BicarNaGMBIfaetIsiT§iTTYl)annUvesvacak;fñaMbgáarvaxusKñasMrab;Gñkman nigGñkRkenATUTaMg

RbeTsy:agdUcemþc ¬rUbTI 1¦.

teTATMB½rbnÞab;

http://www.worldbank.org.kh/pdf/wdr200602.pdf

9

rUb 1 suxPaBmanbBaðacMeBaHkarcak;fñaMbgáadl;kumar

RbPB ³ karKNnapÞal;rbs;GñkniBn§ ecjBITinñn½ysÞabsÞg;suxPaBRbCaraRsþ (DHS) ExSbnÞat;exµAtCab;Kña tMNageGayPaKryénkumarEdlmin)anTTYlkarcak;va:k;saMgbgáarCamUldæanenAkñúgRbeTsnImYy² cMENkÉ cMNuccugTaMgsgxag bgðajPaKryéncMnYnTabbMputnigx<s;bMput kñuúgmYyPaKR)aMénkarEbgEckRTBüsm,tþi. sMKal; ³ bgðajfaCnRkIRkkñúgmYyPaKR)aM TTYl)anesvacak;va:k;saMgbgáasMrab;kumar x<s;CagRbCaCn Gñkman kñUúgmYyPaKR)aM . 23> ]TahrN_ manvismPaBd¾eRcInelIsiT§iesÞIrRKb;KñaenAkñúgRbeTseGhSIuúb ¬enAxageqVg¦ nig Chad Edl kumar40PaKry RtUv)aneKdak;[enAeRkAsgÁm ¬enAxagsþaM¦ . PaBxusKñaTaMgenHGacmaneRcInenAkñúg RbeTsmYycMnYndUcenAkñúg):an;KMrU . ]TahrN_enAkñúg Eritrea mYyPaKR)aMénRbCaCnGñkmanbMput TTYl)anGVI² esÞIrsBVy:ag k¾b:uEnþesÞIEtBak;kNþalénkumarTaMgGs; enAkñúgmYyPaKR)aMénCnRkIRkbMput RtUv)aneKdak;[ enAeRkAsgÁm . 24> PaBxusKñaéneynD½rCak;lak; k¾enAEtbnþmanenAkñúgtMbn;CaeRcInelIBiPBelak . enAkñúgtMbn;GasuI nig GasuIxagt,Úg CaBiessenAkñúgtMbn;CnbTénRbeTscinnig\NÐaPaKBayBü »kasénCIvitGacBwgEp¥keTAelI lkçN³Edl)ankMNt;TukmunEtmYyKt;KWePT. tMbn;TaMgenHmanTarkeRcInCagTarika BIeRBaHmankarBnøÚtkUn eRCIserIsePT nigkarEfTaMxusKña bnÞab;BIekItmk. ehIyenAkñúgtMbn;CaeRcIn ¬eTaHbIminEmnTaMgGs;k¾eday¦

10

enAelIBiPBelak ek�gRbuseTAeroneRcInCagek�gRsI. kumarBikarrab;rylannak; enATUTaMgBiPBelakkMBug

GPivDÆ k¾CYbRbTH »kasxusKñaeRcInCagkumarEdlminBikarpgEdr.

25> vismPaBTaMgenHCaFm�tamanTMnak;TMngCamYynwgPaBxusKñaenAkñúg {TIPñak;gar} rbs;buKÁlmñak; KWlT§PaB

kñúgkarkMNt;esdækic©sgÁm vb,Fm’ nigneya)ay edIm,IsMritsMraMgBiPBelak. PaBxusKñaenHbegáIteGayman

PaBlMeGogenAkñúgsßab½n nigc,ab;KaMRTRkumÉksiT§inigmanGMNaceRcInCag. bBaðaenHRtUv)aneKemIleXIjc,as;

favapÞúyKñadUc»kastictYcsMrab;karpøas;bÚþÚrvNÑ³tamEpnkarenAkñúgPUmikñúgtMbn;CnbTénRbeTs\NÐa nigkar

eRCIserIsCajwkjab;RbqaMgnwgRkum Quichua kñúgRbeTseGkVaD½r. PaBxusKñabnþbnÞab;énGMNacnigzan³rvag

RkumnigRkumGacekItecjBIGakb,kiriya mhicäta nigcMNg;cMNUlcitþEdlman\T§iBlelIvismPaBpgEdr.

26> vismPaBén»kask¾RtUv)anrIkraldalBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan;pgEdr. kumarRkIRkCageK nig«Bukmþay

Edlmanzan³Tab man»kasticCageKkñúgkarTTYl)ankarGb;rM suxPaB R)ak;cMNUl nigzan³. bBaðaenHcab;

epþImqab;rh½s. enAkñúgRbeTseGkVaD½r kumarGayu 3qñaM mkBIRkumesdækic©sgÁmTaMgGs; manBinÞúRblgEpñkvakü

s½BÞRbhak;RbEhlKña ehIyCites� IkMritsþg;daGnþþrCati. k¾b:uEnþ dl;BYkeKmanGayu 5 qñaM BYkeKcuHexSay ebI

eRbobeFobeTAnwgRkumGnþrCati elIkElgEtkumarenAkñúgRkumGñkmanCageKbMput nigkarGb;rMrbs;«Bukmþayman

kMritx<s;bMput ¬rUb 2¦. PaBxusKñaEdl)anelIkeLIgénkarsÁal;BakürvagkumarEdl«Bukmþayrbs;BYkeKTTYl

)ankarGb;rMcenøaHBI 0-5qñaM nigkumarEdl«Bukmþayrbs;BYkeKTTYl)ankarGb;rMry³eBl 12qñaM b¤eRcInCagenH

TMngCaGacCYyBYkeK)anenAeBlEdlBYkeKcUleronsalabzmsikSa ehIynwgTMngCaGacbnþ)anbnÞab;mk.

Gcl½tPaBBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; k¾RtUv)aneKeFVIkarGegátpgEdrenAkñúgRbeTsGñkman ³ Psþútagf �ITTYl)an

BIshrdæGaemrik ¬EdlerOgdMNalminBitén»kases� IPaBRtUv)aneKeCOxøaMg¦ )anrkeXIjnirnþrPaBkMritx<s;én

sßanPaBesdækic©sgÁmBImYyCMnan;eTAmYyCMnan; ³ kar)a:n;s�anf� I²enHbgðajfa vanwgRtUvkarR)aMCMnan;sMrab;RKYsar

mYyEdlGacrkR)ak;cMNUl)anCamFümBak;kNþalénR)ak;cMNUlmFümrbs;Cati5. CaBiess Gcl½tPaBRtUv

)aneKniyaysMrab;CnCatiGaRhVikGaemrikkaMgEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlTab.

5Mazumder (2005)

11

rUbTI 2 »kasRtUv)ankMNt;qab;rh½s karGPivDÆénKMnitrbs;kumarEdlmanGayuBI 3 eTA 5qñaM enAkñúgRbeTseGkVaD½rmanlkçN³xusEbøkKYr eGaykt;sMKal;RKb;savtarRKYsarepSg ²Kña

RbPB ³ Paxson nig Schady (2005a)

sMKal; ³ tMélemdüanénBinÞúeFVIetsþelIkarsÁal;Bakü (TVIP) ¬karvas;EvgkarsÁal;BaküenAkñúgRbeTseGs,aj kareFVIbTdæaneTAelIbTdæanGnþrCati¦ RtUv)aneFVIeLIgsMrab;GayukumarKitCaEx . emdüanGayuKitCaExBitR)akd RtUv)ankMrittamry³kar):an;sµan regression énBinÞúemdüanelIGayu ¬KitCaEx¦ edayeRbI)as; bandwidth bI . vismFm’sklelakmanTMhMFM 27> RbsinebI»kasminesµIPaB manTMhMFMenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn vaR)akdCaeFVIeGayb:HBal;dl; BiPBelak . CMBUk 3 bgðajfa PaBxusKñaenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn cab;epþImeLIgCamYy»kassMrab;Civit xøÜnÉg ³ Tark Malian 126nak; kñúgcMeNam 1>000nak; søab;enAkñúgqñaMdMbUgeBlEdlekItmk cMENk ÉTarkGaemrikvij manEt7nak;eT kñúgcMeNam 1>000nak; Edlsøab;kñuúgqñaMdMbUg . TarkEdlrs;ran manCIvit ¬minEmnenAEtkñuúgRbeTsMalieT KwenAkñúgRbeTsGaRhVik nig enAkñúgRbeTsRkIRkCaeRcIn kñúgGasuI nig GaemrikLaTIn¦ manhaniP½yxagGaharUbtßmÖeRcInCagkumarenAkñúgRbeTsGñkmannana . ehIyRbsinebIBYkeKeTAsalaeron ¬mnusSeBjv½yeRcInCag400nak; enAkñúgbNþaRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_ minEdl)ancUlsala¦ salarbs;BYkeKmanKuNPaBGn;Cagsala EdlkumarenAGWru:b Cbu:n b¤ shrdæ GaemrikcUleron . edaysarEtKuNPaBGb;rMGn;CageK xVHGaharUbtßmÖ nig R)ak;cMNUl kumar Gacrkluytamry³kareFVIkarCMnYseGaykareronsURt . kumarCaeRcInQb;

12

eronmuneK. cMnYnmnusS ekItCamFümkñúgcenøaHBIqñaM 1975 dl; 1979 enAkñúgGaRhViksahara:rg TTYl)an

karGb;rMEt 5/4qñaMb:ueNÑaH. enAGasIuxagt,ÚgtYelxekIndl; 6/3qñaM enAkñúgRbeTs OECD mancMnYn 13/4qñaM.

28> CamYynwgPaBxusKñakñúgvis½yGb;rMnigsuxaPi)al bUkrYmTaMgPaBxusKñad¾eRcInelIsiT§ib¤»kasTTYl)an

ehdæarcnasm<½n§nigesvasaFarN³déTeTot vaK �anGVIKYreGayPJak;ep¥IleTEdlfa »kaseRbIR)as;TMnijÉkCn

manPaBxusKñay:agFMeFgrvagRbeTsGñkmannigRbeTsGñkRk. cMNayelIkareRbIR)as;RbcaMqñaMKitCamFüm

sßitenAcenøaHBI 279duløar KittamsmPaBénGMNacTij (PPP) kñúgRbeTsnIehSrIy:a dl; 17>232duløarKit

tam PPP enAkñúgRbeTsluchSaMbYr. enHmann½yfa cMnYnBlrdæKitCamFümenAkñúgRbeTsluchSaMbYr TTYl)an

FnFanrUbiyvtßú 62dg x<s;CagBlrdænIehSrIy:a. enAeBlEdlcMnYnBlrdænIehSrIy:aKitCamFümGacmankar

lM)akkñúgkarTijGaharEdlmanCIvCatieGay)anRKb;RKan;erogral;éf¶ BlrdæluchSaMbYrKitCamFümmincaM)ac;

RBYy)armÖeRcIneBk GMBIkarTijTUrs½BÞédTMenIbbMputenAelITIpSareT. edaysarEtmankarrwtbnþwgeRcInelIkar

pøas;bþÚrTIlMenArbs;RbCaCnrvagRbeTsnigRbeTsCagenAkñúgRbeTs vismPaBenAkñúglT§plkñúgcMeNam

RbeTsTaMgenHTMngCamanTMnak;TMngCitsñiT§ieRcInCamYynwgvismPaBén»kasCagenAkñúgRbeTs.

29> ninñakarénvismPaBsklelakmanlkçN³epSgKña. kñúgcenøaHBIqñaM 1960 dl;qñaM1980 vismPaBénGayu

kalmFümenAkñúgRbeTsnImYy²)anfycuH edaysarEtmankarekIneLIgy:ageRcInenAkñúgRbeTsRkIRkCageK

bMputenAelIBiPBelak ¬rUb 3¦. karGPivDÆd¾KYreGayekatsresIrenH KWedaysarEtmankic©RbwgERbgelIsux

PaBsaFarN³CacMbg enAkñúgtMbn;mYycMnYnEdlmanGRtamrN³x<s;CageKbMputenAelIBiPBelak. k¾b:uEnþ cab;

taMgBIqñaM 1990 mk hIuv¼eGds_ ¬EdlekItmaneRcInenAkúñúgRbeTsGaRhVikCaeRcIn¦ nigkarekIneLIgénGRta

mrN³enAkñúgesdækic©sm½yGnþrkal ¬CaBiessenAGwr:ubxagekIt nigGasIukNþal¦ )aneFVIeGayraMgsÞHdl;pl

RbeyaCn_knøgmk. edaysarEtvibtþiénCMgWeGds_ GayukalmFüm)anfycuHKYreGaykt;sMKal;enAkñúgbNþa

RbeTsRkIRkCageKbMputmYycMnYnenAelIBiPBelak bNþaleGaymankarekIneLIgy:agqab;rh½snUvPaBxusKña

rvagsgÁmGñkmannigGñkRk.

13

rUbTI3³ GayukalmFümmankarekIneLIg nigmansmasPaBeRcIn-rhUtdl;cab;epþImmanvibtþiCm¶WeGds_ bMENgEckGayukalmFümrbs;RbCaCnCalkçN³GnþrCati qñaM 1960 - 2000

RbPB ³ Schady (2005)

30> vismPaBkñúgkarTTYlkarGb;rMk¾kMBugmankarFøak;cuHpgEdr enACMuvijBiPBelakenAkñúgRbeTsPaK eRcIn enAeBlEdlkIriténkarGb;rMCamFüm)anekIneLIgenAkñúgRbeTsmYycMnYnFM . enHk¾CakarGPivDÆ mYy KYreGayekatsresIrpgEdr eTaHbICamankarRBYy)armÖelIKuNPaBGb;rMk¾eday . 31> enAeBlEdleyIgmankarRBYy)armÖCacMbgelIvismPaBén»kas PaBxusKñad¾FMeFgénR)ak;cMNUl b¤k¾kareRbIR)as;enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn manplb:HBal;y:agBitR)akdeTAelI»kasrs;ranCIvit Edlkumar )anekItéf¶enH CYbRbTHenAkñúgRbeTsepSg²KñaTaMgenaH . TinñakarenAkñúgGayukalmFümeBlekItmk nigcMnYnqñaMGb;rMkMBugEtgakeTArkTisedAEtmYy y:agehacNas;rhUtdl;qñaM 1990 k¾b:uEnþrUbPaBepSg KñaekItmancMeBaHR)ak;cMNUl nigkareRbIR)as;. enAeBlEdlninñakarfµI²enH BwgEp¥ky:agxøaMgeTAelIeKal KMnitCak;lak;Edl)aneRCIserIs ¬RtUv)anBiPakSaya:glMGitenAkñúgCMBUk3¦ vismPaBénR)ak;cMNUlenA kñúgsklelak)anekIneLIgbnþicmþg² kñúgry³eBlyUr rhUtdl;eBlcab;epþImmankMeNInesdækic©y:ag elOnenAkñúgRbeTscin nig \NÐa enAkñúgTsvtSr_ qñaM1980 ¬rUb 4¦ .

14

rUbb 44 ³³ ninñakarxusKñary³eBlyUrr cab;epþImedIrfyeRkayedaysarEtmankMeNInenAkñúgRbeTscinn nig\NÐaa

--�-- vismPaBenAkñúgRbeTs --�-- vismPaBrvagRbeTsnigRbeTs --�-- vismPaBCaskl

RbPB ³ GñkniBn§eRbIR)as;Tinñn½ydkRsg;ecjBI Bourguignon nig Morisson ¬2002¦

32> eKGacbMEbkvismPaBTaMgGs;rbs;buKÁlmñak;²enAkñúgBiPBelakeGayeTACaPaBxusKñakñúgcMeNamRbeTs

CaeRcIn nigPaBxusKñaenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn. PaBxusKñarvagRbeTsnigRbeTsmanTMhMtUcenAedImstvtSr_TI

19 k¾b:uEnþ va)anrIkkan;EtFMrhUtdl;cugstvtSr_TI 20. RbsinebI eKminrab;bBa©ÚlRbeTscin nig\NÐaeTenaH

vismPaBenAelIsklelakenAEtbnþekIneLIg edaysarEtPaBxusKña ecHEtbnþekItmanrvagRbeTsEdlman

R)ak;cMNUlTabPaKeRcIndéTeTot nigRbeTsGñkman.

ehtuGVI)anCasmFm’manbBaðacMeBaHkarGPivDÆ?

33> ehtuGVI)anCavismPaBEdlekItmanbnþbnÞab;TaMgenH ¬TaMgenAkñúgnigBIRbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYy¦ man

bBaða? ehtuplTImYyKWfaGnþrTMnak;TMngnigPaBbt;EbnénvismPaBTaMgenHmann½yfa RkummYycMnYnman»kas

ticCag ¬esdækic© sgÁm nigneya)ay¦ BlrdædUcKñaenAkñúgRbeTsrbs;xøÜnCad¾rab. mnusSPaKeRcInman

Garm�N_Kitfa PaBxusKñaCak;EsþgTaMgenH rMelaPelIPaBRtwmRtUv CaBiess enAeBlEdlbuKÁlmñak;²Edl)an

TTYlrgplb:HBal; GaceFVI)antictYcGMBIbBaðaenH ¬CMBUk 4¦. bBaðaenH vaTak;TgeTAnwgkarbeRgonTsSn³viC¢a

xagneya)ayeRcIn nigRbB½n§siT§imnusSGnþrCati. karbeRgonsasnanaMmuxeKrbs;BiPBelakEdlRbkbeday

sIlFm’ nigRkmsIlFm’ rYmmankarRBYy)armÖcMeBaHsmFm’ eTaHbICaRbeTsCaeRcInCaRbPBénvismPaB nig

manTMnak;TMngCaRbvtþisaRsþeTAnwgrcnasm<½n§GMNacmines � IPaBk¾eday k¾manPsþútagbBa¢ak;pgEdrfa RbCaCn

15

CaeRcIn ¬EtminEmnTaMgGs;KñaeT¦ mankarRBYy)armÖcMeBaHPaBRtwmRtUv eRkAGMBIRBYy)armÖGMBIfaetI BYkeK

RKb;RKgedayxøÜnÉgy:agdUcemþc.

34> vamansar³sMxan; enAeBlEdlmUlehtuCamUldæanTaMgenHEdlRBYy)armÖcMeBaHvismPaBén»kas nig

dMeNIrkarminRtwmRtUv karepþatkarykcitþTukdak;Cabzmrbs;r)aykarN_enH KWepþateTAelITMnak;TMngEdlman

\Ti§BlrvagsmFm’ nigkarGPivDÆ edayepþatkarykcitþTukdak;CaBiesselIbNþajBIr ³ plb:HBal;én»kas

mines� IPaBenAeBlEdlTIpSarminRKb;RKan; nigplvi)akénvismFm’cMeBaHKuNPaBsßab½n EdlsgÁmmYy

GPivDÆ6.

35> CamYynwgTIpSarminRKb;RKan; vismPaBénGMNac nigRTBüsm,tþi ERbkøayeTACa»kasmines� IPaB QaneTA

rkskþanuBlplit\tRbeyaCn_ nigQaneTArkkarEbgEckFnFanK�anRbsiTi§PaB. CaerOy² TIpSardMeNIrkar

minl¥eTenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn edaysarEtPaBbraC½yCamUldæan ¬dUcCabBaðaEdlTak;TgCamYynwgBt’man

EdlxVHPaBsIuemRTI¦ b¤edaysarEtkarEkERbeKalneya)ay. krNIsikSaelImIRkUesdækic©bgðajfakarEbgEck

FnFanEdlK�anRbsiT§iPaBenAkñúgCMerIssMxan;² Cajwkjab;manTMnak;TMngCamYyPaBxusKñakñúgRTBüsm,tþi

nigzan³ ¬CMBUk 5¦.

36> RbsinebITIpSarmUlFndMeNIrkarl¥\tex©aH enaHnwgK�anTMnak;TMngrvagkarvinieyaK nigkarEbgEckRTBü

sm,tþieT ³ nrNamñak;Edlman»kasvinieyaKl¥nwgGacmanlT§PaBsMux©IluyedIm,IrksIu b¤Gaclk;RTBüsm,tþi

pÞal;xøÜnenAkñúgRkumh‘unedIm,Icab;epþImEpnkarvinieyaK. k¾b:uEnþ TIpSarmUlFnnanaenAesÞIrRKb;RbeTs ¬RbeTs

GPivDÆn_ nigkMBugGPivDÆ¦ minTan;l¥\tex©aHenAeLIyeT ³ \NTanRtUv)ankMNt;cMnYnsMrab;GtifiCnskþanuBl

ehIyGRtakarR)ak;xusKñaeTAtamGñkx©I nigrvagm©as;bMNul nigkUnbMNul tamviFIEdlminGacmanhaniP½y b¤k¾

ktþaesdækic©déTepSgeTot EdlCH\T§iBldl;karsgbMNuldl;m©as;bMNultamkarrMBwgTuk. ]TahrN_ GRta

karR)ak;fycuHeTAtamTMhMénR)ak;km©IenAkñúgtMbn; Kerla nig Tamil Nadu kñúgRbeTs\NÐa nigsMrab;Rkum

6 TMnak;TMngepSgeTotrvag»kasmines � IPaBniglkçxNÐsgÁm k¾CabBaðakgVl;rbs;sgÁmpgEdr rYmTaMgTMnak;TMngrvagvismPaB nig]Rkidæ

km� nigrvagvismPaB nigsuxaPi)al. eyIgBinitüemIlbBaðaTaMgenHeLIgedaysegçbenAkñúgr)aykarN_enH k¾b:uEnþepþatkarykcitþTukdak;

elIbNþajénsar³sMxan;pÞal;cMeBaHsmFm’.

16

BaNiC¢kr enAkñúgRbeTs Kenya nig Zimbabwe Edlmin)anBnül;GMBIPaBxusKñaénhaniP½y7. enAkñúgRbeTs

Mexico cMNUleFobnwgedImTunsMrab;Rkumh‘uneRkApøÚvkarEdltUcCageKbMputmancMnYneRcInCagRkumh‘unFM.

37> TIpSardIFøIk¾manPaBex©aHpgEdr Tak;TgeTAnwgkgVHxatb½NÑsMKal;km�siT§idIFøIc,as;las; savtarénPaBCa

m©as;elIdIFøIEdlmanlkçN³mCÄkar nigkgVHxatTIpSarCYl. enARbeTs Ghana snþisuxkan;kab;dImankMritTab

kñúgcMeNamRsþI naMeGaymaneRhVkg;énkarerobcMdIFøImankMritTabK �anRbsiT§iPaB nignaMeGaymankarFøak;cuHy:ag

eRcInénplitPaBdIFøI.

38> TIpSarsMrab;FnFanmnusSk¾minRKb;RKan;Edr BIeRBaH«BukmþayeFVIkarsMerccitþþCMnYskUnrbs;xøÜn ehIyeday

sarEtcMNUlBIkarvinieyaKEdlrMBwgTukTTYlrg\T§iBltamTIkEnøg karTMnak;TMng nigkarerIseGIg ¬dUcCa bBaða

eynD½r vNÑ³ sasna b¤k¾BUCsasn_CaedIm¦. karerIseGIg nigkarEbgEck ¬ynþkarsMrab;begáIteLIgvijnUv

vismPaBrvagRkum¦ RtUv)aneKrkeXIjedIm,Ikat;bnßyPaBeCOTukcitþ kic©RbwgERbg nigkarGnuvtþrbs;buKÁl

nimYy²enAkñúgRkumEdlmankarerIseGIg. bBaðaenHkat;bnßynUvskþanuBlcMeBaHkMeNInCalkçN³buKÁl niglT§

PaBcUlrYmcMENkkñúgesdækic©.

39> PsþútagsMxan;énplb:HBal;cMeBaHkarEbgEckelIkarRbtibtþþi )anmkBIbTBiesaFn_f �I²enAkñúgRbeTs

\NÐa. kumarmkBIvNÑ³epSg²KñaRtUv)aneKesñIsMueGaybMeBjlMhat;gay² dUcCakaredaHRsaylMhat;ExVg RBm

TaMgpþl;R)ak;elITwkcitþþeTAtamkarGnuvtþrbs;BYkeK. lT§plsMxan;énkarBiesaFn_sakl,genHbgðajfa kumar

EdlmanvNÑ³Tab GnuvtþRsedogKñanwgkumarEdlmanvNÑ³x<g;x<s; enAeBlEdlvNÑ³rbs;BYkeK minRtUv)anGñk

BiesaFRbkaseGayeKdwgCasaFarN³ k¾b:uEnþebIRbkaseGayeKdwgCasaFarN³ lT§plnwgGn;CagenH ¬rUb

5¦. RbsinebI mankarhamR)amRsedogKña mineGaybeBa©jeTBekaslü ekItmanenAkñúgBiPBelakBitR)akd

bBaðaenHmann½yfaCakar)at;bg;nUvFatuecjEdlRbkbedayskþanuBl edaysarEtmankarEbgEckenAkñúg

sgÁm.

7 manmUlehtuesdækic©RtwmRtUvCaeRcIn sMrab;GRtakarR)ak;Edl)anEksMrYlhaniP½y rYmTaMgcMNayefrelIrdæ)alkñúgkarsMux©IR)ak; xVHPaB

sIuemRTIénBt’maneRcIn nigcMNUlcitþ. bBaðasßitenARtg;fa vaCH\T§iBleRcIndl;RkumCnRkIRkCageK EdlminTak;TgCamYy»kasvinieyaK

rbs;BYkeK dUecñHvanaMeGayK �anRbsiT§iPaB nigkarekItmanbnþbnÞab;énvismPaB.

17

rUb5 ³ karGnuvtþrbs;kumarmanlkçN³xusKña enAeBlEdleKcat;TukvNÑ³rbs;BYkeKsMxan;bMput

RbPB ³ Hoff nig Pomdey (2004)

sMKal;³ tYelxbgðajBIcMnYnlMhat;ExVg Edl)anbMeBjRtwmRtUvedaykumarEdlmanvNÑ³Tab nigvNÑ³x<s; mkBIPUmi mYycMnYn enAkñúgRbeTs\NÐaEdlmankarBiesaFxus²Kña. PaBxusKñarvagBIrxÞg;dMbUg nigbIxÞg;cugeRkay manCab; Tak;TgeTAnwgkarcMNay ³ kumarRtUv)aneKbg;R)ak;eGaykñúgkareFVIlMhat;ExVgmYy )anRtwmRtUvcb;sBVRKb; ¬GRta ray¦ b¤RbsinebIBYkeKbMeBjbBa©b;lMhat;ExVgeRcInCageKbMput ¬karRblgRbECg¦ . 40> vismPaBesdækic© nigneya)ay manTMnak;TMngCamYynigkarGPivDÆsßab½nEdlmanlkçN³Tn;exSay. bNþajTIBIr EdlvismFm’CH\T§iBlelIdMeNIrkaGPivDÆry³eBlEvg KWCakarsMritsMraMgsßab½nesdækic© nig neya)ay ¬CMBYk 6¦ . sßab½nnanakMNt;karelIkTwkcitþ nig]bsKÁEdlmnusSCYbRbTH nigpþ;l;nUvbriyakas EdlTIpSarmandMeNIrkar . sßab½nmYycMnYnEdlxusKñaKW CalT§pléndMeNIrkar RbvtþisaRsþmanlkçN³sµúRK sµaj EdlqøúHbBa©aMgGMBIplRbeyaCn_ nig rcnasm<n½§ én\T§iBlneya)ayrbs;Rkum nigbuKÁlepSg²Kña enAkñúgsgÁm . ecjBITsSn³enH kgVHxatTIpSarGacekItmaneLIg minEmnedayécdnüeT KwedaysarBYkeK EbgEckR)ak;cMNUl b¤GMNackñúgpøÚvBiess . enAkñúgTsSn³enH nwgmanTMnas;énsgÁmelIbBaðasßab½nsgÁm nig karelIkTwkcitþsMrab;mnusSEdlRKb;RKgGMNac edIm,IsMritsMraMgsßab½nnanatamviFI pþl;plRbeyaCn_ dl;BYkeK .

teTATMB½rbnÞab;


18

41> CMelaHsMxan;enATIenH KWfaGMNacmines� IPaBKñanaMeTAdl;karbegáItsßab½nEdlTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHvismPaB

kñúgGMNac zan³ nigRTBüsm,tþi nigEdlmanplGaRkk;cMeBaHkarvinieyaK karEklMG nigkarTTYlykhaniP½y

EdlKaMRTdl;kMeNInry³eBlEvg. sßab½nesdækic©Edll¥²mansmFm’CamUldæan ³ edIm,I)anfáúMefáIg sgÁmmYy

RtUvEtbegáIteGaymankarelIkTwkcitþsMrab;RbCaCnPaKeRcIn edIm,IeGayeFVIkarvinieyaK nigEklMG. k¾b:uEnþ

sßab½nesdækic©EdlmansmFm’mYycMnYnenH GacekItmaneLIgEtenAeBlEdlkarEbgEckGMNacK�anvismPaB

x<s; nigsßitkñúgsßanPaBEdlman]bsKÁkñúgkareRbIR)as;GMNacedayGñkneya)ay. TMnak;TMngCamUldæanenA

kñúgTinñn½yTUTaMgRbeTs nigerOgRbvtiþsaRsþ KaMRTTsSn³EdlfaRbeTsCaeRcInEdlkMBugedIrenAelIKnøgsßab½n

EdlCMrujeGaymanPaBfáúMefáIgRbkbedaycirPaB k¾eFVIdUecñHEdr BIeRBaHtulüPaBén\T§iBlneya)ay nigGMNac

kan;EtmansmFm’.

42> ]TahrN_mYyEdlTTYl)anBIkareRbobeFobénsßab½nmun nigKnøgGPivDÆn_ry³eBlEvgénGaNaniKm

GWr:ubenAkñúgRbeTsGaemrikxageCIg nigxagt,Úg . cMnYnd¾eRcInsn§wkénkMlaMgBlkm �EdlK�anCMnajenAkñúgGaNa

niKmrbs;Gaemrikxagt,Úg ¬EdlTaMgCnCatiGaemrikBIkMeNIt b¤TaskrCnCatiGaRhVikEdlRtUv)aneKbBa©Únmk

mancMnYneRcIn¦ rYmpSMCamYynwgbec©kviC¢arukrkEr: nigkardaMdMNaMksikm �d¾eRcInedIm,Ipþl;nUvmUldæanesdækic©sMrab;

sgÁmEdlmanzananuRkm nigEdlGacdkRsg;)an EdlPaBCam©as;elIdIFøI nigGMNacneya)ayRtUv)aneKepþat

karykcitþTukdak;y:agxøaMg. pÞúyeTAvij enAGaemrikxagt,Úg karsakl,gRsedogKñakñúgkarENnaMeGaysÁal;

rcnasm<½n§zananuRkmRtUv)anCab;KaMgedaysarEtkgVHxatkMlaMgBlkm� elIkElgkEnøgEdlmanlkçxNÐ

GakasFatul¥sMrab;ksikm�sMrab;BYkTaskr dUcCaenAkñúgtMbn;PaKxagt,ÚgénshrdæGaemrik. karRbkYtRbECg

ykkMlaMgBlkm�minbg;éføenAkñúgtMbn;PaKxageCIgénRbeTsGaemrikxageCIg)anbNþaleGaymanTMnak;TMng

énPaBCam©as;elIdIFIømanlkçN³kan;Etmines� IPaB mankarekIneLIgy:agqab;énsiT§ipþac;mux nigkarekIneLIg

y:agqab;EpñkGkSrsaRsþ nigkarGb;rMCamUldæan. sßab½nesdækic© nigneya)ay)anbnþekItmanmYyry³eBl

CamYynwglT§plCaviC¢mansMrab;karGPivDÆesdækic©ry³eBlEvg.

kMrit»kasesdækic© nigneya)ay43> dUecñH mYyEpñkénvismPaBnigneya)ayEdleyIgeFVIkarGegátenACMuvijBiPBelakvabNþalmkBI»kasmin

es� IPaBKña. vismPaBenHekItmaneLIgedaysarEtmankarminÉkPaBKñaelITsSn³Bak;B½n§ nigTsSn³mUldæan.

vaeFVIeGaymanPaBTn;exSayenAkñúgsßab½n. etIpllM)aksMrab;eKalneya)ayKWGVI nigetIvabegáItrebobvar³mYy

19

EdlxusKñaBIrebobvar³kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkEdlKaMRTedayFnaKarBiPBelakrYcehIy sßab½nBhuPaKIdéTeTot

nigrdæaPi)alCaeRcInb¤eT?

44> eyIgCMTas;fakBa©k;énsmFm’elIkkMBs;rebobvar³énkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk. CaTUeTA CnRkIRkmansMelg

ticCag manR)ak;cMNUlticCageK nigman»kasTTYlesvakm�ticCagRbCaCnPaKeRcIndéTeTot. enAeBl

EdlsgÁmkan;EtmansmFm’ EdlnaMeTAdl;»kasTUlMTUlaysMrab;TaMgGs;Kña CnRkIRknwgTTYl)an {PaKlaP

eTVdg}. TImYy »kasEdl)anBRgIknwgpþl;plRbeyaCn_edaypÞal;dl;CnRkIRk tamry³karcUlrYmd¾eRcInenA

kñúgdMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_. TIBIr dMeNIrkarGPivDÆn_enH Gackan;EtTTYleCaKC½y nigmanlkçN³bt;Ebn eRBaHsm

Fm’mankan;EteRcInvanwgnaMeGaymansßab½nl¥RbesIr karRKb;RKgCMelaHkan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaB nigkareRbIR)as;

FnFanskþanuBlenAkñúgsgÁmkan;EtRbesIr rYmTaMgCnRkIRkpgEdr. karekIneLIgy:ageRcInénGRtakMeNIn

esdækic©enAkñúgRbeTsRkIRknwg ¬tamlMdab;¦ rYmcMENkkñúgkarkat;bnßyvismPaBsklelak.

45> sBaØaNmYyénkarcUlrYmd¾xøaMgkøarbs;CnRkIRkenAkñúgkMeNInesdækic© KWGIuLasÞIkkMeNInénkarkat;bnßy

PaBRkIRk Føak;cuHCamYynwgvismPaBénR)ak;cMNUl. m:üageTotplb:HBal;én ¬cMnYndUcKñaén¦ kMeNInelIkar

kat;bnßyPaBRkIRkmancMnYneRcInKYreGaykt;sMKal; enAeBlEdlvismPaBénR)ak;cMNUlkMritTab kMeNIn

1PaKryénR)ak;cMNUlCamFümeFVIeGayGRtaénPaBRkIRkEdlEp¥kelIR)ak;cMNUl 1duløarkñúg 1éf¶ fycuH

RbEhl 4PaKry. \T§iBlenaHFøak;cuHCitdl;cMnucsUnüenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcInEdlmanvismPaBR)ak;cMNUl

x<s;8. eKalneya)ayEdlQaneTArksmFm’TUlMTUlayvanwgQaneTArkkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkedaypÞal;

tamry³karBRgIk»kasrbs;CnRkIRk nigedayRbeyaltamry³kMriténkarGPivDÆEdlmancirPaBx<s;.

46> kBa©k;smFm’bEnßmTsSn³f � IcMnYnbI ¬b¤y:agehacNas;Cajwkjab;RtUv)aneKTat;ecal¦ eTAelIkarbegáIt

eKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_ ³

� TI 1 ³ eKalneya)ayl¥bMputsMrab;karkat;bnßyPaBRkIRkGacrYmmankarEbgEcksaCaf� InUv\T§iBl

GtßRbeyaCn_ b¤R)ak;]btßmÖeRkABIRkumdwknaM. RTBüsm,tþiEdlRtUv)anEbgEckmines� IPaBEdlTak;

TgeTAnwgGMNacneya)aymCÄkarhYsehtuGacraraMgsßab½nnanamineGayGnuvtþc,ab;sþþIBIsiT§ikan;kab;

RTBüsm,tþinigsiT§ipÞal;xøÜnEdlmanlkçN³TUlMTUlay nigQaneTAdl;karpÁt;pÁg;esvamin)anRtwmRtUv

8 mFümPaKTaMgenHEp¥kelIbTBiesaFn_Cak;Esþg nigeyageTAelIGIuLasÞikkMeNInsrubénkarkat;bnßyPaBRkIRk rYmbBa©ÚlTaMgbMErbMrYlén

vismPaB. vismPaB {x<s;} nig {Tab} eyageTAelIemKuN Gini 0/3 nig 0/6. GIuLasÞikmYyEpñkénPaBRkIRkcMeBaHkMeNIn ¬sn�tfa

K �ankarpøas;bÚþrenAkñúgExSekag Lorenz¦ bgðajGMBIkarFøak;cuHRsedogKña k¾b:uEnþminFøak;cuHdl;sUnüeT ¬sUmGanCMBUk 4¦.

20

nigmanPaBlMeGogkñúgkarkMNt;muxgarénTIpSar. bBaðaenH TMngCaminGacpøas;bþÚr)aneT RbsinebI

sMelgnig\T§iBl nigFnFansaFarN³mincakecjBIRkumEdlman\T§iBleTAkan;RkumEdlman»kas

tictYceTenaH9.

� TIBIr ³ enAeBlEdlkarEbgEckeLIgvijénkarelIkkMBs;smFm’ ¬énGMNac b¤siT§iTTYl)annUvTIpSar

nigcMNayrbs;rdæaPi)al¦ Cajwkjab;GacCakarbegáInRbsiT§iPaB karedaHdUrEdlGaceFVIeTA)ancaM)ac;

RtUv)anvaytMélenAkñúgkarbegáIteKalneya)ay. enARtg;cMnucmYycMnYn GRtaBn§x<s;cMeBaHkarRTRTg;

cMNayeTAelIsalaeronbEnßmsMrab;CnRkIRkCageKbMput nwgeFVIeGaymankar)ak;Twkcitþy:ageRcInkñúg

karRbwgERbg b¤vinieyaK ¬GaRs½yeTAelIfaetIBn§RtUv)andMeLIgy:agdUcemþc¦ EdleKKYrEtbBaÄb;

dMeLIgBn§. enAeBlEdlbegáItCMerIseKalneya)ayRsbCamYynwgkaredaHdUrTaMgenH tMéleBjelj

énGtßRbeyaCn_EdlTTYl)anBIkarelIkkMBs;smFm’KYrEtRtUv)anBicarNa. RbsinebI cMNayelIsa

laeronkan;EteRcInsMrab;kumarEdlmanvNÑ³Tab mann½yfa kñúgry³eBlyUrGEgVg karEbgEckvNÑ³

enHnwgfycuHenAkñúgsgÁm CamYynwgkarekIneLIgénGñkcUlrYmenAkñúgkarGnuvtþ EdlbEnßmeTAelIGtß

RbeyaCn_Cak;lak;TTYl)anBIkarGb;rMbc©úb,nñ GtßRbeyaCn_TaMgenHminKYrRtUv)aneKTat;ecaleT.

� TIbI ³ karEckecjCaBIrRbePTrvageKalneya)aysMrab;kMeNIn nigeKalneya)ayEdlmanTisedA

eTArksmFm’KWminBit. karEbgEck»kas nigdMeNIrkarkMeNInRtUv)aneKkMNt;rYmKña. eKal

neya)ayEdlCH\T§iBlelIGVImYy vanwgCH\T§iBlelIGVIdéTeTot. bBaðaenH minEmnmann½yfa eKal

neya)aynimYy²caM)ac;RtUvBicarNaeTAelIsmFm’EtmYyb:ueNÑaHeT ³ ]TahrN_ viFId¾RbesIrbMputkñúg

karedaHRsayplb:HBal;mines� IPaBénkMENTMrg;BaNiC¢km�sMxan;mYy Canic©Cakal minEmn tamry³

eKalney)ayBaNiC¢km�EdlmankarEklMG ¬EdlGacgaynwgCMnYs¦ enaHeT b:uEnþ tamry³

eKalneya)aybMeBjbEnßmsMrab;bNþajkarBarsuvtßiPaBcl½tPaBBlkm� nigkarGb;rM. kBa©b;rYm

nigPaBRtwmRtUvéndMeNIrkarsMxan;eTIbCabBaða.

9 enAeBlEdlkarEbgEckeLIgvijénkarelIkkMBs;smFm’ CaFm �tanwgekItecjBIRkumGñkmaneTAkan;RkumGñkRk vaGacekIteLIgfa kar

EbgEckeLIgvijd¾ {l¥} nwgRtUvpþl;eTAeGayRkumEdlminEmnRkIRk CaBiessRkumkNþal. bBaðaenH nwgBwgEp¥keTAelIlkçN³énPaB

braC½yénTIpSar. ]ThrN_ GñkTTYlpldMbUgBIRbB½n§hirBaØvtßúEdlmankarFanatic GacCashRKinFntUc nigmFüm. plRbeyaCn_

cMeBaHCnRkIRknwgekItmanenAeBl»kasTTYl)anesvahirBaØvtßúEdl)anEklMG kñúgcMeNamshRKinfñak;kNalERbkøayeTACakMeNIn nig

karbegáItkargard¾qab;rh½s.

21

47> karviPaKelIbTBiesaFn_bgðajeGayeXIjc,as;GMBImCÄkarénlkçxNÐeKalneya)ayrYm EdlKaMRTdl;

karykcitþTukdak;elIGPi)alkic© nigkarpþl;GMNacenAkñúgb:un�anqñaMf � I²enH. k¾b:uEnþ vaminEmnCaGaNtþþi ehIyk¾

minEmnCaGtßRbeyaCn_eRbobeFobrbs;FnaKarBiPBelak edIm,IcUlrYmkñúgkarpþl;eyabl;elIbBaðabegáIteKal

neya)ayeT. gakeTAemIlTMnak;TMngeKalneya)ayvij eyIgepþatkarykcitþþTukdak;CMnYs elIEpñksMxan;²én

eKalneya)ayGPivDÆn_ enAeBlEdlTTYlsÁal;fakarbegáIteKalneya)aycaM)ac;RtUvBicarNaeTAelIbribT

neya)ay nigsgÁmeGaykan;EtTUlMTUlay nigTTYlsÁal;fa ynþkarTTYlxusRtUvman\T§iBlelIRbsiT§iPaB

énkarGPivDÆ.

48> edaysareKalneya)ayesdækic©RtUv)aneKkMNt;enAkñúgPaBR)akdniyménneya)aysgÁm eTIbmansMnYr

sYrfa etIeKalneya)ayRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIg ENnaMeGaysÁal; b¤k¾RtUv)anEkTMrg;eRcIndUceKalneya)ayEdl

)anesñIsMuy:agdUcemþc. kMENTMrg;eKalneya)ayEdlnaMeGayxatbg;cMeBaHRkumsMxan;mYynwgRtUv)anRkumenaH

RbqaMg. RbsinebI RkumenaHmanGMNac RkumenaHnwgKMramkMEhgdl;kareFVIkMENTMrg;enH. dUecñH nirnþrPaBén

kMENTMrg;GacGaRs½yelIkarpSBVpSayCasaFarN³nUvBt’manGMBIlT§plénkarEbgEck nigRbEhlCaGaRs½y

eTAelIkarbegáItsm<½n§PaBrvagRkumfñak;kNþal nigRkIRkCageKEdlQrcaMykcMeNjBIBYkeK kñúgkarpþl;GMNac

edaypÞal; b¤edayRbeyaldl;smaCikEdl)at;bg;»kasenAkñúgsgÁm.

49> viFIGnuvtþeKalneya)ayk¾manTidæPaBbec©keTsEdr. eyIgRKan;Etcg;bBa¢ak;fa GtßRbeyaCn_ry³eBlEvg

eBjeljénkarEbgEckeLIgvij caM)ac;RtUveFVIkarBicarNaenAeBlbegáItCMerIseKalneya)ay cMENkÉ

cMNayTaMgGs;rbs;BYkeKRtUveFVIdUecñaHEdr. karepþatkarykcitþþTukdak;elIsmFm’minEmnpøas;bþÚrkarBitEdlfa

kardkhUtRTBüsm,tþitampøÚvc,ab; ¬sUm,IEtenAkñúgkrNIénGMeBIGyutþiFm’kñúgGtItkal¦ GacmanplGviC¢man

elIkarvinieyaKbnþbnÞab; EdlGRtaBn§bEnßmx<s;bgáeGaymankarFøak;TwkcitþkñúgkareFVIkargar b¤Edlkarpþl;

R)ak;GtiprNaelI»nPaBfvika manTinñakargakeTArkkarkMNt;Bn§rYm karEbk)ak;énesdækic© nigvinieyaKnig

kMeNInfycuH. CarYm karepþatkarykcitþþTukdak;elIsmFm’minEmnCakaredaHsarcMeBaHeKalneya)ay

esdækic© sMrab;CnRkIRkeT.

50> r)aykarenHBiPakSaGMBItYnaTIrbs;skm�PaBsaFarN³kñúgkarkMrit»kasesdækic©nigneya)ayeRkamcMNg

eCIgFM²bYn. cMNgeCIgFM 3 kñúgcMeNamcMNgeCIgFMTaMg 4 niyayTak;TgeTAnwgeKalneya)aykñúgRsuk ³ kar

vinieyaKelIsmtßPaBmnusS BRgIksiT§iTTYl)anyutiFm’ dIFøI nigehdæarcnasm<½n§ nigCMrujPaBRtwmRtUvelI

22

TIpSar. cMNgeCIgFMTI 4 niyayGMBIeKalneya)aysMrab;smFm’skl Tak;Tgnwg»kasQancUlTIpSar lMhUr

énFnFan nigGPi)alkic©.

51> kñúgGMLúgeBlBiPakSa r)aykarN_enHføwgEføgGMBItMrUvkarCak;lak;EdlpÞúyBIRbkarEdlfa l,ayéneKal

neya)ayCak;lak;l¥bMputKWCamuxgarmYyénRkbx½NÐrbs;RbeTs. bBaðaRbQmEpñkGb;rMEdlRbeTs Sudan

kMBugCYbRbTH vamanlkçN³xusKñaBIbBaðaRbQmEdlRbeTseGhSIúbkMBugCYbRbTH. lMdab;lMedayénkMENTMrg;

Edll¥bMputkñúgvis½ysaFarN³rbs;RbeTs Latvia nigRbeTs Bolivia TMngCaminGacdUcKñaeT. smtßPaB

GnuvtþkMENTMrg;hirBaØvtßúsMrab;vis½ysuxaPi)alenAkñúgRbeTscin nig Lesotho KWmanlkçN³xusKñaEdr. dUecñH

karpþl;eyabl;elIeKalneya)ayCak;lak;lMGit Canic©Cakal caM)ac;RtUvGPivDÆenAfñak;RbeTs ¬b¤enAfñak;

GnþrCati¦ edaysMrbsMrYlCamYyrdæaPi)alGtifiCn. dUecñH GVIEdl)anelIkeLIgenAxageRkamenH rkSanUvkMrit

énPaBTUeTAmYycMnYn nigKYrEtRtUv)anbkRsayeGay)ansmrmü nigedayRby½tñRbEy:g.

smtßPaBmnusS

52> karGPivDÆmunkumarPaB. enAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆn_CaeRcIn skm�PaBrbs;rdækñúgkarpþl;esva)aneFVI

eGayvismPaBenAeBlekItekIneLIg eRkABIbnßy. eKalkarN_ENnaMmYyKWRtUvsMritsMraMgskm�PaBsaFarN³

edIm,IeGaykarTTYlnUvsmtßPaBmnusSminRtUv)anCMrujtamry³»kasEdlBYkeK)anekIteT eTaHbICa vaGacqøúH

bBa©aMgeGayeXIjGMBIesckþIRslaj; cMNUlcitþþ nigeTBekaslük¾eday.

53> edaysarEtPaBxusKñaenAkñúgkarGPivDÆéncitþKMnitcab;epþþImrIklUtlas;BIGayuek�gx©I ¬sUmemIlrUb 2¦

KMnitpþÜcepþImGPivDÆn_munkumarPaBGacmansar³sMxan;cMeBaH»kases� IPaB. manPsþútagKaMRTTsSn³Edlfa

karvinieyaKelImunkumarPaBmanplb:HBal;eRcInelIsuxPaBrbs;kumar nigkareRtomxøÜncUleron ehIyGacnaM

mknUvplcMeNjEpñkesdækic©CaeRkayenAkñúgCIvitrs;enArbs;BYkeKeRcInCagkarvinieyaKeTAelIkarbNþúH

bNþþal nigkarGb;rMpøÚvkar.

54> bTBiesaFmYyenAkñúgRbeTs Jamaica )anepþatkarykcitþþTukdak;elIkumarEdlmanmaDtUcl¥uit ¬Gayu 9

Exdl; 24Ex¦ ehIy)anrkeXIjfa BYkeK)anTTYlrgnUvkarGPivDÆcitþKMnitkMritTabCagkumarEdlmankMBs;

Fm�ta. karbEnßmGaharUbtßmÖ nigkm �viFIbgðajeTogTat;cMeBaHkarelIkTwkcitþxagbBaØas �artI)anCYyeFVIeGay

mantulüPaBcMeBaHKuNvibtþienH. bnÞab;BIGayu 24Ex kumarEdlTTYl)anGaharUbtßmÖl¥RbesIr nigkarelIkTwk

23

citþeRcIn esÞIrEtmanKMnitGPivDÆn_esµIkumarEdlcab;epþImCIvitenAkMBs;Fmµta ¬rUb 6¦. bBaðaenH bgðajfaetI skmµPaBsaFarN³EdlmankarsMerccitþnigEdlbegáIteLIgy:agl¥ Gackat;bnßyKMlatén»kasrvagGñkEdl manÉksiT§iticbMput nigbTdæansgÁm)aneRcInedayviFINa. karvinieyaKeTAelImnusSRkIRkbMputkñúgmunkumarPaB rbs;BYkeK GacCYykMrit»kas)an . rUbTI6 ³ karxitxMtamry³GnþraKmn_dMbUg

RbPB ³ Grantham - McGregor nig déTeTot ¬1991¦ 55> karbe®gon . dMeNIrkarenHbnþTUTaMgRbB½n§sala . skmµPaBedIm,IsmPaB»kasenAkñuúgkarGb;rMpøÚvkar caM )ac;RtUvFanafa kumarTaMgGs;TTYl)any:agehacNas;kMritCMnajmUldæanEdlmansar³sMxan; sMrab;cUlrYmenA kñúgsgÁm nigenAkñúgesdækic©sklelaknaeBlbc©úb,nñ . sUm,IEtenAkñúgRbeTsEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlmFüm dUc RbeTskULúmb‘Í m:Ur:UkU nighVIlIBIn kumarPaKeRcInEdl)anbBa©b;karGb;rMmUldæanmankMriténkaryl;dwgminRKb; RKan;eT tamkarvas;Evgtamry³BinÞúRblgeRbobeFobCalkçN³GnþrCati ¬CMBUk 2 nig 7¦ .

24

56> siT§iTTYlkarGb;rMmanbBaða ¬CaBiessenAkñúgRbeTsRkIRkxøaMg¦ k¾b:uEnþ enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn vaRKan;Et

CabBaðatUctacmYyb:ueNÑaH. »kasCaeRcIncaM)ac;RtUv)anbMeBjedayeKalneya)ayEpñkpÁt;pÁg; ¬edIm,IbegáIn

KuNPaB¦ nigeKalneya)ayEpñktMrUvkar ¬edIm,IEktMrUvlT§PaBEdl«BukmþayminGacvinieyaKelIEpñkGb;rM

sMrab;kUnecArbs;BYkKat;edaysarmUlehtuepSg²¦. K�ancMnucBiesscMeBaHbBðaaenHeT k¾b:uEnþ karbegáInkar

elIkTwkcitþrbs;RKUbeRgon karelIkkMBs;KuNPaBmUldæanénehdæarcnasm<½n§rUbv½nþrbs;sala nigkarRsavRCav

nigkarGnuvtþviFIsaRsþbeRgonedIm,IbegáInskm �PaBeronsURtrbs;sisSEdleFVImin)anl¥enAeBlEdl)ancak

ecjeTAkan;pøÚverog²xøÜnrbs;BYkeK KwCakarpþl;eyabl;mYycMnYnelIEpñkpÁt;pÁg;.

57> elIEpñktMrUvkar bc©úb,nñmanPsþútagKYreGaykt;sMKal;mYycMnYnFMbgðajfaGaharUbkrN_EdlP¢ab;lkçxNÐ

edayvtþmanman\T§iBlsMxan;. karpøas;bþþÚrenHmanRbsiT§iPaBenAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcInBI bg;køaeds dl;eRb‘sIul

RBmTMagman\T§iBlxøaMgelIkumarI. k¾manviFIsaRsþl¥²pgEdr edIm,IbBa¢ÚlRkumEdleKdak;eGayenAeRkAsgÁm

¬dUcCaenAkñúgKMrU Vidin rbs; Roma enAkñúgRbeTsb‘ulhÁarI¦ nigemIlEfTaMRkumkumar EdlRtUveKe)aHbg;ecal

tamry³karGb;rMbEnßm dUcenAkñúgkm�viFI Balsakhi EdleRbIRsþIek�g²CaRKUbEnßm enAkñúgTIRkugcMnYn 20 kñúg

RbeTs\NÐa. dUcEdl)anCECkEvkEjkenAkñúgr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_BiPBelakqñaM 2004 karGPivDÆkar

TTYlxusRtUvrbs;sala nigRKUbeRgoncMeBaHsisS «Bukmþay nigshKmn_GacCYyFanacMeBaHGakb,kiriya

rbs;GñkpÁt;pÁg;esvaEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB.

58> suxaPi)al. BIrEpñkbgðajGMBIkarkat;bnßyvismFm’ nigkaredaHRsaykarpøas;bþÚresdækic© kñúgkar

pÁt;pÁg;esvasuxPaB. TImYy mankrNICaeRcInenAeBlGtßRbeyaCn_min)aneTAdl;GñkTTYlpledaypÞal;

kñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;esvaelIEpñkmYycMnYn dUcCa karcak;va:k;saMgbgáar Twk nigGnam½y nigBt’manGMBIGnam½y

nigkarEfTaMkumar. karFanaCasaFarN³cMeBaHkardak;lkçxNÐmanGtßn½yRKb;RKan;enAkñúgEpñkTaMgenH. R)ak;

]btßmÖsMrab;EpñktMrUvkar edIm,Ipþl;karelIkTwkcitþ sMrab;suxPaBrbs;mþay nigkUnmankarekIneLIgRtUvKñaeTAnwg

bBaðaBt’mandUcenAkñúgkm �viFI Oportunidades rbs;RbeTsmiuksiuk.

59> TIBIr TIpSarFanara:b;rgcMeBaHbBaðasuxPaBminl¥TTYlbraC½y. enATIenHBaküfa {Catastrophic ¬minl¥¦}

manTMnak;TMngCamYynwgsmtßPaBrbs;RkumRKYsarkñúgkaredaHRsayEføcMNaypÞal; nigkarxatbg;R)ak;

cMNUl¦. KMrUEpñkpÁt;pÁg;EbbburaNEdlBwgEp¥keTAelImnÞIreBTüsaFarN³K �anRbsiT§iPaBeT CaBiesssMrab;

RkumCnRkIRk nigRkumEdlRtUveKdak;enAeRkAsgÁm. GVIEdlGacdMeNIrkareTA)anl¥RbesIrenaHKwkardak;

25

lkçxNÐ b¤bTbBaØatisaFarN³Edlpþl;nUvkarFanara:b;rgmYycMnYnsMrab;TaMgGs;Kña cab;epþImecjBIkMNt;

haniP½yenAkñúgRbeTskULúmb‘Í dl;karpþl;b½NÑsuxPaBenAkñúgRbeTs\NÐÚeNsIu nigevotNam nigdl;KMerag

bg;R)ak; 30 )at sMrab;karEfTaMsuxPaBenATUTaMgRbeTséf. CamYynwgEpñkGb;rM GnþraKmn_TaMgenH caM)ac;RtUv

rUmbBa©ÚlKñaCamUykarelIkTwkcitþsMrab;GñkpÁt;pÁg;EdlRtUvTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHRkumTaMgGs;.

60> karRKb;RKghaniP½y. RbBn½§karBarsgÁm)ansMritsMraMg»kastamry³karpþl;nUvbNþajkarBarsuvtißPaB

dl;RbCaCn. eRkAGMBIsuxPaBminl¥ vibtiþma:RkUesdkic© karerobcMrcnasm<½n§]sSahkm�eLIgvij GakasFatu

nigeRKaHmhnþrayFm�CatiGacCa]bsKÁdl;karvinieyaK nigkarEklMG. CnRkIRk EdlmansmtßPaBtictYc

bMputkñúgkarRKb;RKgplb:HBal; CaTUeTA mancMnYnticCageKenAkñúgrcnasm<½n§RKb;RKghaniP½y eTaHbICa enAkñúg

RbeTsPaKeRcInkñúgcMeNamhaniP½yrbs;RbeTsminEmnRkIRkkMBugFøak;cUlkñúgPaBRkIRkk¾eday. RbBn§½karBar

sgÁmEdlmanlkçNTUlMTUlayGacCYyTb;sáat;vismPaBnaeBlbc©úb,nñ ¬CYnkal ekIteLIgedaysMNag

GaRkk;¦ kMueGaycak;b£skan;EteRCA nigQaneTAdl;vismFm’enAéf¶GnaKt. edaysarbNþajkarBarsuvtißPaB

GacCMrujeGayRKYsarcUlrYmkñúgskm�PaBEdlmanhaniP½yeRcIn EdlGacpl;GtßRbeyaCn_x<s;CagBYkeKk¾

GacCYybMeBjkMENTMrg;pgEdr EdlbegáIteGaymanGñkcaj;.

61> CaFm�tabNþajkarBarsuvtißPaBkMNt;eKaledAelIRkumcMnYnbI KWRkumCnRkIRkEdleFVIkar RkummnusSEdl

eKcat;TukfaK�ansmtßPaBeFVIkarb¤mincg;eFVIkar nigRkumBiessEdlgayTTYlrgeRKaH. RbsinebI bNþajkar

BarsuvtßiPaBRtUv)aneKbegáIteLIgy:agsmrmücMeBaHPaBR)akdniymCak;EsþgkñúgmUldæankñúgRbeTsnimYy²

GnþraKmn_eKaledAnimYy²enAkñúgEpñkTaMgbIenH GacRtUv)anrYmbBa©ÚlKñaedIm,Ipþl;nUvRbBn§½Fanara:b;rgsaFarN³

CalkçN³sklelakEdlmanRbsiT§iPaBmYy. enAkñúgRbB½n§mYyenH RKYsarnimYy² EdlTTYlrgnUvplb:HBal;

GviC¢man nigenAeRkamkMritGtibrmaénbTdæanrs;enAEdl)ankMNt;TukmunnwgmanlkçN³sm,tiþRKb;RKan;Edl

RtUvTTYlkarKMaRTBIrdæ.

62> Bn§elIedImTun. GnþraKmn_EdleCaKC½ykñúgkarkMNt;»kasTamTarnUvFnFanRKb;RKan;. eKalbMNg

sMxan;rbs;eKalneya)ayBn§daEdll¥ KwRtUvekogKrmUlniFieGay)anRKb;RKan; enAeBlpøas;bþÚrkarelIk

Twkcitþ nigkarsMrbsMrYlkMeNIneGay)antictYctamEdlGaceFVIeTA)an. edaysarEtBn§daeFVIeGaykarcMNay

manRbsiT§iPaB tamry³karEkERbCMerIsrbs;buKÁlrvagkagar nigkarkMsanþ nigrvagkareRbIR)as; nigkarsnSM

26

RbeTskMBugGPivDÆPaKeRcIn TMngCaGacRtUv)anbMerIya:gl¥bMputedaykarminykBn§bEnßmx<s;elIR)ak;cMNUl

nigBwgEp¥kelImUldæansMxan;mYy CaBiess cMeBaHBn§elIkareRbIR)as;. cMNaysaFarN³KYrEtedIrtYnaTIsMxan;

kñúgkarelIkkMBs;smFm’ya:gskm�. k¾b:uEnþ manlT§PaBmYycMnYnkñúgkareFVIeGayRbBn§½Bn§darYmmankarrIkcMerIn

edaymincaM)ac;cMNayelIRbsiT§iPaBeRcIneT. sgÁmEdlR)afacg;)anlT§plEbbenHGacBicarNaeTAelIkar

elIkElgEdlmanlkçN³samBaØcMeBaHeRKOgmðÚbGaharmUldæan nigBRgIktYnaTIsMrab;GnuvtþkarkMNt;Bn§elI

RTBüsm,tiþ Ca]TahrN_.

63> enAeBlEdlsmtßPaBrbs;rdæ)alBn§da nigrcnasm<½nesdækic© man\T§iBlelIlT§PaBkñúgkarbegIán

R)ak;cMNUl KuNPaBrbs;sßab½n niglkçN³énkarerobcMrbs;sgÁm k¾mansar³sMxan;pgEdr. enAeBlEdl

Blrdænana GacBwgEp¥keTAelIesvakm�EdlkMBugRtUv)anpþl;eGayy:agBitR)akdBYkeK dUcCamanbMNgcg;bg;

Bn§eRcInCag. pÞúyeTAvij rdæEdlBukrlYy b¤ Kleptocratic eFVIeGayBlrdæmanTMnukcitþtictYcelIGaC£aFr

nigmankarelIkTwkcitþtictYckñúgkareFVIshRbtibtiþkar. tamc,ab;TUeTA rdætMNag b¤rdæRsbc,ab;mYy GacCa

lkçxNÐmunmYycMeBaHRbB½n§Bn§daEdlRKb;lkçN³enAeBlEdlTsSn³énkareBjcitþ xusKñaBIRbeTsmYyeTA

RbeTsmYy.

yutiþFm’ dIFøI nigehdæarcnasm<½n§

64> karGPivDÆsmtßPaBmnusSnwgmineFVIeGay»kasekIneLIgeT RbsinebIRbCaCnmYycMnYnCYbRbTHkartbsñg

minRtwmRtUvelIsmtßPaBTaMgenaH nigkarBarminesI�PaBcMeBaHsiTi§rbs;BYkeK nigmansiTi§minesI �PaBenAkñúg

pliitkm�.

65> ksagRbB½n§yutiþFm’EdlmansmFm’. RbB½n§yutiþFm’GaceFVIkar)aneRcInkñúgkarkMNt;»kasenAkñúgEpñk

neya)ay esdækic© nigvb,Fm’sgÁm k¾b:uEnþ vak¾GacBRgwgvismPaBEdlmanRsab;pgEdr. r)aykarN_enH

epþatkarykcitþTukdak;eTAelIc,ab;EtmYy nigviFIeRbIR)as; nigGnuvtþc,ab;Cak;Esþg. sßab½nc,ab;nana GacKaMRT

siTi§neya)ayrbs;Blrdænana nigRtYtBinitüemIlkan;kab;rdærbs;BYkemdwknaM. BYkeK eFVIsmPaB»kasesdækic©

tamry³karkarBarsiT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþisMrab;TaMgGs;Kña nigFanamineGaymankarerIseGIgenAkñúgTIpSar.

BYkeKBRgwg nigbgðajc,ab;El,genAkñúgsgÁm ehIydUecñHvamansar³sMxan;cMeBaHdMeNIrkarRtwmRtUv nigcMeBaHkar

Fanadl;siT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþiEdlmanlkçN³TUlMTUlay nigminlMeGogcMeBaHynþkaredaHRsayCMelaHEdl

mansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkarvinieyaK .

teTATMB½rbnÞab;


27

66> c,ab;enHk¾GacbegáInkarpøas;bþÚrbTdæanpgEdr ehIyRbB½n§yutþiFm’GaceFVICakMlaMgDINamiksMrab;pøas;bþÚr

sgÁm tamry³karCMTas;eTAnwgkarGnuvtþEdlK �ansmPaB. ]TahrN_ c,ab;sþIBIsiT§iCnsIuvilrbs;Gaemrik qñaM

1964 nigkm�viFIsuxaPi)alCati ¬Medicare¦ kñúgqñaM 1965 )anGnuvtþc,ab;sþIBIkarlb;bM)at;ecalkarEbgEck

BUCsasn_rbs;mnÞIreBTü nig)anQaneTAdl;karkat;bnßyGRtasøab;rbs;Tarky:ageRcInsMrab;CnCatiGaRhVik

GaemrikkaMg. km�viFIskm�PaBviC¢manCaeRcIn k¾RtUv)anbgðajpgEdrkñúgkarkat;bnßyPaBxusKñaénR)ak;cMNUl

nigkarGb;rMEp¥kelIRkum. k¾b:uEnþ vaGacmanTMnak;TMngxagneya)aykan;EteRCA nigkMNt;cMnYnkñúgkarCYyGñk

man kñúgcMeNamRkumEdl)at;bg;»kas.

67> smFm’enAkñúgc,ab; nigPaBRtwmRtUvenAkñúgkarGnuvtþrbs;BYkeK Bak;B½n§eTAnwgkareFVIeGaymantulüPaB

rvagkarBRgwgÉkraCüPaBénRbB½n§yutþiFm’ nigkarbegáInkarTTYlxusRtUv CaBiessedIm,ITb;Tl;eTAnwghaniP½y

EdlCnmanGMNacnigCnmanRTBüsm,tþiGacRbRBwtþiGMeBIBukrlYy man\T§iBl b¤k¾RBegIykenþIynwgc,ab;.

viFankaredIm,IeFVIeGayRbB½n§c,ab;kan;EtgayRsYl ¬tulakarcl½tCMnYyEpñkc,ab; nigkarbMeBjkargarCamYy

sßab½nTUeTA¦ TaMgGs;enHCYykat;bnßy]bsKÁEdlRkumenAeRkAsgÁmnanaCYbRbTH. sßab½nTUeTA elIkeLIg

bBaðas� úRKs�ajCaeRcIn nigGacbBa©ÚlvismFm’)an ¬]TahrN_ Tak;TgeTAnwgeynD½r¦ k¾b:uEnþ vasMxan;hYsnwgeFVI

mindwgminB¤. GaRhVikxagt,ÚgKWCa]TahrN_mYyénRbeTsmYyEdlkMBugbnþeKalneya)aymYy EdleFVIeGay

mantulüPaBcMeBaHkarTTYlsÁal;karGnuvtþtamTMlab; CamYynwgsiT§i nigkarTTYlxusRtUvkñúgc,ab;rbs;rdæ.

68> eq<aHeTArksmFm’kan;EteRcIneLIgkñúgsiT§iTTYl)andIFøI. siT§iTUlMTUlaykñúgkarTTYl)andIFøI mincaM)ac;man

PaBCam©as;eT ¬CMBUk 8¦. CakarCMnYs karelIkkMBs;muxgarTIpSardIFøI nigkarpþl;nUvsnþisuxkñúgkarkan;kab;

sMrab;RkumCnRkIRkCageK GacCaskm�PaBmYyEdlmanEpøpáasMrab;eKalneya)ay dUcCaenAkñúgtMbn;CnbT

rbs;RbeTséf nigkñúgTIRkugRbeTseBr:U. kMENTMrg;elIkarEbgEckdIFøIeLIgvijGaceFVIeTA)ankñúgkal³eTs³

mYycMnYn EdlvismPaBdIFøImankMritF¶n;F¶r nigRkbx½NÐrbs;sßab½nRtUvKitKUrGMBIrcnabTnanaEdleFVIkarEbgEck

dIFøIeLIgvijy:agmanRbsiT§iPaBeTAeGayksikrtUctac nigKaMRTskm�PaBenH tamry³karpþl;esvabEnßm

edaymincaM)ac;cMNayelIGnþrkarIeRcIn. k¾b:uEnþ bBaðaenHvaGacmankarlM)ak nigkaredaHdUrGacmanTMhMFM enA

eBlEdlsiT§ikan;kab;RTBüsm,tþi manlkçN³Rsbc,ab;x<s;.

69> karrwbGUsykdIFøI ¬CamYynwgkarsgCMgWcitþ¦ KWCaynþkarEbgEckeLIgvijEdlmanbBaðaF¶n;F¶rbMput. kar

ykdIrbs;rdæ nigkartaMgTIlMenAxusc,ab;eLIgvij edIm,Ipøas;bþÚrkarpþl;b½NÑkm�siT§ielIkartaMgTIlMenA GacCa

28

CMerIsénRbsiT§iPaBesdækic©BIr. viFIsaRsþTIpSar b¤viFIsaRsþEp¥kelIshKmn_ EdlGnuBaØatieGaysmaCik

shKmn_TTYl)annUv\NTan]btßmÖsMrab;karTij b¤CYldI eTAtameKalkarN_cg;Tij-cg;lk; dUcCaenAkñúg

RbeTseRbsIul nigGaRhVikxagt,Úg TMngCamansar³sMxan;. Bn§elIdIFøIGacCakarbMeBjbEnßmmYyEdlman

sar³RbeyaCn_ EdlbegáItR)ak;cMNUlsMrab;TijdI edIm,IEbgEckeLIgvij b¤CMrujkarEbgEckeLIgvij tamry³

karkMNt;ykBn§elIdI EdlmanTMhMFMhYs b¤dIEdlmineRbIR)as;.

70> pþl;ehdæarcnasm<½n§EdlRbkbedaysmFm’. siT§ib¤»kasTTYl)annUvehdæarcnasm<½n§ dUcCa pøÚvfñl;

GKÁIsnI Twk Gnam½y TUrKmnaKmn_ CaFm �tamanlkçN³mines� IPaBy:agxøaMgBIRkummYyeTARkummYy. cMeBaH

RbCaCnCaeRcInenAkñúgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ kgVHxatsiT§iTTYl)annUvesvaehdæarcnasm<½n§EdlGacTTYlyk)an

mann½yfa rs;enAkñúgPaBÉkekaBITIpSarnigesvakm� nigmankarpÁt;pÁg;famBlb¤TwkmineTogTat; b¤K�ankar

pÁt;pÁg;famBlb¤TwksMrab;skm�PaBplit nigkarrs;enARbcaMéf¶. bBaðaenHCajwkjab;bNþalmkBI»kasesdæ

kic©mankMrit.

71> enAeBlEdlvis½ysaFarN³enAkñúgkrNICaeRcIn nwgenAEtCaRbPBmUlniFisMxan;sMrab;karvinieyaKelI

ehdæarcnasm<½n§sMedABRgIk»kassMrab;CnEdlman»kastictYcCageKbMput enaHRbsiT§iPaBénvis½yÉkCnk¾

GacRtUv)anpSaP¢ab;CamYyKñaEdr. eTaHbI CaÉkCnPavUbnIykm�elIkareRbIR)as; CaerOy² RtUvTTYlkarvay

RbharcMeBaHRbsiT§iPaBmines�IPaBk¾eday k¾manPsþútagbgðajGMBIPaBR)akdniymCaeRcInpgEdr. CaTUeTA

ÉkCnPavUbnIykm�enAkñúgRbeTsGaemrikLaTin)anQaneTAdl;karBRgIk»kas b¤siT§iTTYl)anesvakm �CaBiessEpñkGKÁIsnI nigTUrKmnaKmn_. k¾b:uEnþenAkñúgkrNIepSgeTot eRkaykareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykm� tMél

ekIneLIgeRcInCag plcMeNjd¾eRcInTTYl)anBIKuNPaB nigkarcMNayEdleFVIeGaymankarmineBjcitþy:ag

eRcIn.

72> dUecñHÉkCnPavUbnIykm� KWCakrNIFm �tamYyrbs;eKalneya)ayEdlGac b¤minGacpSaP¢ab;Kña)an

GaRs½yelIRkbx½NÐmUldæan. RbsinebIRbB½n§saFarN³manPaBBukrlYyxøaMg b¤K �anRbsiT§iPaB ehIyeKrMBwgfa

smtßPaBbTbBaØtieRkayÉkCnPavUbnIykm�nwgmanRKb;RKan; vaGacCa]bkrN_mYyEdlmansar³sMxan;. enA

kñúgkrNIepSgeTot kareFVIÉkCnPavUbnIykm �EdlerobcMminl¥GacnwgTTYlbraC½yEdlnaMeGaykarepÞrRTBü

sm,tþisaFarN³kñúgtMélTabhYsehtueBk Føak;cUleTAkñúgkNþab;édrbs;ÉkCn.

29

73> bTBiesaFn_bgðajfa eTaHbICa esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§RtUv)anpþl;eGayedayRbtibtþikarÉkCn b¤kareRbI

R)as;saFarN³hak;dUcCamansar³sMxan;cMeBaHsmFm’tictYcCagrcnasm<½n§elIkTiwkcitþEdlRbQmCamYyGñk

pÁt;pÁg; ehIyfaetIGñkpÁt;pÁg;TaMgenHTTYlxusRtUvcMeBaHsaFarN³CnTUeTAy:agdUcemþc. eyIgCMTas;fa Gñk

begáIteKalneya)ayGaceFVIkarEklMGkarpÁt;pÁg;esvaehdæarcnasm<½n§EdlmanlkçN³smFm’tamry³kar

epþatkarykcitþTukdak;elIkarBRgIk»kasEdlmansMrab;CnRkIRk nigtMbn;RkIRk ¬EdlCajwkjab;mann½yfa

eFVIkarCamYyGñkpÁt;pÁg;eRkApøÚvkar nigR)ak;]btßmÖeKaledA¦ nigtamry³karBRgwgGPi)alkic©elIvis½ytamry³

karTTYlxusRtUvx<s;rbs;GñkpÁt;pÁg; nigsMelgd¾xøaMgkøarbs;GñkTTYlpl.

TIpSar nigma:RkUesdækic©

74> TIpSarmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkarsMritsMraMgskþanuBlPaBrbs;mnusS edIm,IeGayERbkøayRTBüsm,tþirbs;

xøÜneGayeTACalT§pl. enAeBlRbtibtþikarTIpSar TTYlrg\T§iBledayBYkGñkman b¤zan³rbs;GñkcUlrYm

vanwgK�ansmFm’ nigK�anRbsiT§iPaB ehIyk¾Gacman\T§iBlelIkarelIkTwkcitþcMeBaHRkumepSg²KñakñúgkarbegáIn

RTBüsm,tþirbs;BYkeK ¬CMBUk 9¦.

75> TIpSarhirBaØvtßú . RbB½n§FnaKarEdlmansuvtßiPaBTTYl)ankarKaMRT ³ GMNacTIpSarkarBarFnaKarFM²mYy

cMnYntUc Edl)aneGayR)ak;eTAshRKasEdl)aneRCIsmYycMnYnx©I KWminEmnpþl;eTAeGayshRKasNaEdleK

rMBwgfanwgmanhaniP½yx<s;enaHeT. bBaðaenH GacsßitenAeRkamsmaKmRbeTseRcIn rvagTMhMénhirBaØvtßúd¾eRcIn

nigvismPaBR)ak;cMNUlTab. karTTYl)annUv»kases � IPaBkan;EteRcIneLIgkñúgkarTTYl)annUvhirBaØvtßú tam

ry³karBRgIkRbB½n§hirBaØvtßú GacCYyRkumh‘unplitnanaEdlkalBImunmin)anTTYlhirBaØvtßúCapøÚvkar.

76> k¾b:uEnþ TMnak;TMngenHRKan;EtCakarpþl;eyabl; edIm,IeGayr)aykarN_enH eRbIkrNIsikSananaelIRbeTs

EdlmancMNUlmFüm dUcCa RbeTssaFarN³rdækUer: m:aeLsIu miuksiukU nigshB½n§rusSIú nigRbeTsRkIRkCageK

rYmTaMgRbeTs\NÐÚeNsIu nig)a:KIsßan edIm,Ipþl;nUvPsþútagrwgmaM. karsikSaTaMgenHbgðajGMBIPaBpÞúyKña. sgÁm

EdlK �ansmPaBénGMNac nigRTBüsm,tþi sßab½nTn;exSayehIyRbB½n§hirBaØvtßúEdleKRtYtBinitü TTYl\T§iBl

BIEpñkhirBaØvtßúEdlmanlkçN³tUcceg¥ótEdlsMedAbMerIEtGñkman\T§iBl niglak;bM)aMgnUvKuNPaBminl¥én

RTBüsm,tþi. karebIkcMhRbB½n§hirBaØvtßú hak;bIdUcCadMeNaHRsaymYyy:agCak;Esþg. k¾b:uEnþ esrIPavUbnIykm�

30

Cajwkjab; k¾RtUv)ankan;kab;edayGñkman\T§iBl nigGñkmanRTBüsm,tþipgEdr enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcInrab;taMg

BIRbeTsmiucsiukU ¬enAkñúgedImTsvtSr_qñaM1990¦ dl;RbeTsGnþrkaldUcsaFarN³rdæEqk nigrusSIú.

77> dUecñH karBRgwgnigkarBRgIkbnþicmþg² caM)ac;RtUvrYmbBa©ÚlKñaCamYynwgkarTTYlxusRtUvtamry³ExS

beNþay ¬kñúgrcnasm<½n§niy½tkm�¦ karebIkcMhkan;EteRcIneLIgcMeBaHkarTTYlxusRtUvrbs;sgÁm nigkarebþCJa

citþxageRkA ¬dUcCakarcUlCasmaCikrbs;GWr:ubkNþal nigrdæ Baltic cUleTAkñúgshPaBGWr:ub¦. km�viFICaeRcIn

EdlkMNt;eKaledAykCnRkIRk ¬dUcCaKMerag\NTanxñattUc¦ GacCYy)an k¾b:uEnþ K�anCMerIssMrab;karBRgIk

»kasCarYmeT.

78> TIpSarBlkm� . karkMNt;»kasenAkñúgTIpSarBlkm�rYmmankarEsVgrktulüPaBénsiT§i ¬RbeTsCak;lak;¦

rvagPaBbt;Ebn nigkarkarBar edIm,Ipþl;nUv»kaskan;Etes� IPaBkñúgkarTTYl)annUvlkçxNÐkargares�IPaBdl;

km�krCaeRcIntamlT§PaBEdlGaceFVI)an. RbeTsCaeRcInmanbTbBaØtþiRtwmRtUv nigc,ab;sMrab;km�krpøÚvkar nig

mantictYcsMrab; {GñkxageRkA} enAkñúgEpñkeRkApøÚvkarEdlK�anbTbBaØtþi ¬nigBMusUvmansuvtßiPaB¦. tamFm�ta

mankMriténclnas� ½RKcitþrvagEpñknana nigmancMnYneRcInenAkñúgEpñkeRkApøÚvkarpÞal; manBIshRKinxñattUc nig

shRKinbeNþaHGasnñmYycMnYnEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlelIkm�krpøÚvkar dl;shRKasCaeRcInEdlmanlkçxNÐkar

garminl¥. karrYmbBa©ÚlKñaenH naMeGaymankarkarBarminRKb;RKan;cMeBaHkm �krRkIRkCageK enAeBlEdlbT

bBaØtþinanasMrab;km�krpøÚvkar Gackat;bnßyPaBbt;Ebnénkargar nigCakic©snüaminl¥sMrab;km�krxøÜnÉg dUcCa

enAeBlEdlRbB½n§snþisuxkargarsgÁmEdlTak;TgnwgkargarminRKb;RKan;.

79> viFIsaRsþTIpSarBlkm�FMBIrmanTMnak;TMngCamYysmFm’. TImYy GnþraKmn_enAkñúgTIpSarBlkm � KYrEtFana

nUvkarGnuvtþbTdæankargarsMxan;eGaymanRbsiT§iPaBenAkñúgTIpSarTaMgmUl mann½yfaK�anTaskr b¤kargarCab;

kic©snüa K�ankarKMramkMEhgdl;Blkm�kumar nigK�ankarerIseGIg. km�krTaMgGs;KYrEtmanesrIPaBkñúgkar

begáItsmaKm nigshCIBrbs;BYkeK KYrEtmanesrIPaBkñúgkaredIrtYnaTId¾skm�mYykñúgkartva:. TIBIr enARKb;

EpñkTaMgGs; karrYmbBa©ÚlKñaéneKalneya)aycaM)ac;RtUv)aneKvaytMéltamrebobkarBares�IPaBKña ¬cMeBaH

km�krTaMgGs;¦ edaypþl;nUvR)ak;]btßmÖsMrab;erobcMrcnasm<½n§eLIgvijEdlmansar³sMxan;cMeBaHkMeNInDINa

miuk nigkarbegáItkargar.

31

80> snþisuxrbs;km�kr CaerOy² RtUv)anpþl;eGaytamry³c,ab;karBarkargarEdlmanlkçN³twgrwgCaeRcIn

EdlCaTUeTAmanRbeyaCn_kñúgkarCYl nigkñúgkrNIxøHkan;EtmanRbeyaCn_kñúgkarCYlkm�krnarIek�gEdlK�an

CMnaj KWc,ab;CaGñkkarBar. cMeBaHRbeTsCaeRcIn manCMerIseKalneya)ayEdlmanlkçN³TUlMTUlayeRcIn

nigmanlkçN³minl¥tic EdlGacbegáIt»kas)aneRcInenAkñúgTIpSarBlkm �. CMerIsTaMgenHrYmman KMeragFana

ra:b;rgkarK�ankargareFVI ¬PaKeRcInenAkñúgRbeTsEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlmFüm¦ nigKMeragkargarEdlmanR)ak;Ex

Tab ¬CamYynwgkarFanakargar ebIGaceFVI)an¦ EdlGacRtUv)aneKGnuvtþedayeCaKC½y sUm,IEtenAkñúgRbeTs

b¤rdæRkIRkCaeRcIn.

81> TIpSarplitpl. manvismPaBd¾FMkñúgkarebIkcMhTIpSarplitplrbs;RbeTssMrab;eFVIBaNiC¢km� y:ag

ehacNas;kñúgry³eBlxIø nigmFüm. bBaðaenH GacedaysarEtTItaMgPUmisaRsþ dUcEdl)anbgðajtamry³pl

b:HBal;epSgKñaénesrIPavUbnIykm�BaNiC¢km�enAkñúgRbeTsmiuksiukU ¬rUbTI 7¦. bBaðaenHbgðajBIsar³sMxan;én

TMnak;TMngrvagTIpSarplitplkñúgRsuk nigKMrUénkarpþl;ehdæarcnasm<½n§. k¾manTMnak;TMngd¾rwgmaMpgEdrCamYy

nwgCMnajenAkñúgTIpSarBlkm�. enAkñúgRbeTsCaeRcIn karebIkcMhBaNiC¢km� ¬CaerOy²RsbKñaeTAnwgkarebIk

cMheGaymankarvinieyaKpÞal;BIbreTs¦ manTMnak;TMngCamYykarekIneLIgénvismPaBelIR)ak;cMNUlenAkñúg

ry³eBlBIrstvtSr_knøgeTA. vamanlkçN³BiesscMeBaHRbeTsEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlmFüm CaBiess enAkñúg

RbeTsGaemrikLaTin. CaerOy² karebIkcMhBaNiC¢km�vabegáInnUvCMnajl¥² eRBaHRkumh‘uneFVITMenIbkm�dMeNIr

karplitkm�rbs;xøÜn ¬karpøas;bþÚrbec©keTsEdllMeGogeTAelICMnaj kareRbIR)as;PasaminRtwmRtUvrbs;esdæ

kic©viTU¦ . bBaðaenH vaminl¥cMeBaHsmFm’eT RbsinebI Rkbx½NÐsßab½nkMhitsmtßPaBrbs;km �kredaypøas;bþÚr

eGaykan;kargarf� I b¤k¾kMhit»kasTTYl)ankarGb;rMrbs;RkumnaeBlGnaKt.

rUbb 77 ³³ begáIn»kasesdækic©©

32

karpøas;bþÚrénsuxumalPaBRKYsarenAkñúgRbeTsmiuksiukU bnÞab;BIesrIPavUbnIykm �BaNiC¢km �enAkñúgTsvtSr_qñaM 1990.

RbPB ³ Nicata (2004) .

82> esßrPaBm:aRkUesdækic© . r)aykarN_enHGHGagfa manTMnak;TMngBIrpøÚvrvagsßab½nEdlK �ansmFm’ nig

vibtþim:aRkUesdækic© Edlman\T§iBlminl¥cMeBaHsmFm’ nigkMeNInry³eBlEvg. sßab½nTn;exSaymanTMnak;TMng

CamYynwgninñakarcMeBaHRbeTsCaeRcInkñúgkarRbQmeTAnwgvibtþim:aRkUesdækic©. enAeBlEdlmanvibtþiekIteLIg

vaGacmanplb:HBal;minl¥cMeBaHCnRkIRk EdlmanmeFüa)ayTn;exSaykñúgkarRKb;RKgplb:HBal;TaMgenH.

eRkABIenH karedaHRsayvibtþi CaerOy² eTAmuxminrYc tamry³ynþkarmYycMnYn ¬PaKeRcInmanenAkñúgynþkar

sÞabsÞg;RKYsartamEbbburaN¦ ³ cMnYnBlkm�fycuH y:agehaccMeBaHkm�krRsbc,ab; plcMeNjBIkar

vinieyaKsMrab;GñkEdlykluyrbs;xøÜnecj nigkarsakl,gesdækic©EdlCYydl;Gñkman\T§iBly:ageRcIn.

CMnYyenH RtUvEt)ancMNaytamry³karrYmbBa©ÚlKñaénBn§x<s; nigcMNayTab. edaysarEtBn§manlkçN³

smmaRt ehIykarcMNaymankarekIneLIgbEnßm ¬CaBiess enAkñúgRbeTsGaemrikLaTin¦ éføénkarbg;R)ak;

CYyRtUv)anKaMRTy:agxøaMgedayRkumCnRkIRkCageK. GtiprNax<s; k¾RtUv)aneKemIleXIjfa vaminl¥cMeBaH

kMeNIn nigRtLb;eTArkplb:HBal;rbs;vavij.

83> karRBYy)armÖcMeBaHsmFm’ CaTUeTA nwgnaMeGaymaneKalCMhrRbugRby½tñx<s;cMeBaHkarRKb;RKgma:RkUesdæ

kic© nigbTbBaØtþihirBaØvtßú. eKalneya)ayma:RkUesdækic©rbs;KNbkS Populist minyUrminqab; nwgminl¥cMeBaH

smFm’nigminl¥cMeBaHkMeNIn. karbegáIteKalneya)ay GacbegáInsmFm’ tamry³plRbeyaCn_rbs;eKal

neya)aysareBIBn§EdlmanlkçN³eCOnelOneTAmux karbegáItbNþajsuvtßiPaBmunekItmanvibtþi karkat;

bnßyhaniP½ykñúgkarpþl;km©I nigkarKaMRTEtcMeBaHGñkepJIR)ak;tUctacenAkñúgkarbg;R)ak;CYy. k¾b:uEnþ dUcenAkñúg

EpñkepSgeTotrbs;eKalneya)ay kareqøIytbTaMgenH caM)ac;RtUv)anBRgwgtamry³rcnabTsßab½nEdlrYm

bBa©ÚlsiT§isßab½nBI\T§iBlneya)ay ¬FnaKarkNþal nigTIPñak;garniy½tkm�hirBaØvtßúsVy½t¦ CamYynwgBt’man

nigkarBiPakSaenAkñúgsgÁm.

qaksklelak

33

84> »kasEdl)ankMNt;TukmunmYy EdlkMNt;»kasrbs;mnusSmñak;y:agmanGMNacbMput edIm,ITTYl)annUv

CIvitEdlmansuxPaBl¥ nigmanRbeyaCn_ KWCaRbeTskMeNItrbs;GñkenaH . vismPaBsklelak manTMhMFM

eFg. karkat;bnßyva nwgBwgEp¥kCabzmelIeKalneya)aykñúgRsukenAkñúgRbeTsRkIRk tamry³plb:HBal;

rbs;vaelIkMeNIn nigkarGPivDÆ. k¾b:uEnþ skm�PaBsklelakGacpøas;bþÚrlkçxNÐxageRkA nigGacCH\T§iBl

elIplb:HBal;éneKalneya)aykñúgRsuk. enAkñúgn½yenH skm�PaBelIsklelak nigkñúgRsukGacbMeBjKña

)an.

85> eyIgrs;enAkñúgBiPBelakmYyEdleFVIsmahrNkm� EdlRbCaCn TMnij KMnit nigmUlFn eFVIcracrBI

RbeTsmYyeTARbeTsmYy. tamBit karpþl;eyabl;elIeKalneya)ayPaKeRcIncMeBaHRbeTsRkIRknanakñúg

ry³eBlCaeRcInTsvtSr_knøgeTA ¬rYmTaMgkarpþl;eyabl;rbs;FnaKarBiPBelakpg¦ )anKUsbBa¢ak;GMBIGtß

RbeyaCn_énkarcUlrYmenAkñúgesdækic©sklelak. k¾b:uEnþ TIpSarsklelak sßitenAq¶ayBIsmFm’ ehIyc,ab;

RKb;RKgmuxgarrbs;BYkeKmanplb:HBal;GviC¢many:agxøaMgkøaelIRbeTskMBugGPivDÆTaMgLay ¬CMBUk 10¦.

c,ab;TaMgenHKWCalT§pléndMeNIrkarcrcaCaeRcIn EdlRbeTskMBugGPivDÆnanamansMelgtictYc. elIsBIenH

eTAeTot RbsinebI TIpSardMeNIrkareTAedaymansmFm’ enaHCMnYymines � IPaBnwgkMhitlT§PaBrbs;RbeTs

RkIRkTaMgLaykñúgkarTTYlGtßRbeyaCn_BI»kassklelak TamTarnUvc,ab;EdlmansmFm’CaeRcInsMrab;

dMeNIrkarTIpSarsklelak karcUlrYmkan;EtmanRbsiT§iPaBrbs;bNþaRbeTsRkIRkenAkñúgdMeNIrkarkMNt;c,ab;

sklelak nigskm�PaBbEnßmeTotedIm,ICYyksag nigrkSaCMnYyrbs;RbeTsRkIRk nigRbCaCnRkIRk.

86> r)aykarN_enH kt;RtaGMBIvismFm’mYycMnYnkñúgcMeNamvismFm’CaeRcInenAkñúgkardMeNIrkarTIpSarskl

elaksMrab;Blkm� TMnij KMnit nigmUlFn. km�krEdlK�anCMnajmkBIRbeTsRkIRknana EdlGacrkR)ak;

cMNUl)anx<s;CagenAkñúgRbeTsGñkman RbQmeTAnwgbBaðad¾FMénkareFVIcMNakRsuk. plitkrenAkñúgRbeTs

kMBugGPivDÆCYbRbTH]bsKÁCaeRcInkñúgkarlk;plitplksikm� TMnijplit nigesvakm�enAkñúgRbeTsGPivDÆ.

karkarBar)a:tg; kMhit»kaskñúgkarEklMG ¬CaBiess fñaMsgáÚv¦ sMrab;RbeTsRkIRkTaMgLay enAeBlEdl kar

RsavRCavf� Iepþaty:agxøaMgeTAelICMgWepSg²rbs;sgÁmGñkman. CaerOy² vinieyaKinrbs;RbeTsGñkman man

karRBmeRBogl¥RbesIrenAkñúgvibtþibMNul. enAkñúgkrNIPaKeRcIn c,ab;Edlkan;EtmansmFm’ nwgnaMmknUv

GtßRbeyaCn_CaeRcIndl;BlrdæenAkñúgRbeTsGPivDÆn_nigkMBugGPivDÆ. GtßRbeyaCn_TaMgenHxusKña rvagTIpSar

nigTIpSar nigrvagRbeTsnigRbeTs EdlGtßRbeyaCn_Edl)anmkBIkareFVIcMNakRsukRsbc,ab;TMngCaman

34

TMhMFMCageKbg¥s; ¬nigekIneLIgedaypÞal;cMeBaHCncMNakRsuk¦ nigGtßRbeyaCn_Edl)anmkBIBaNiC¢km�TMngCaekIneLIgCaBiesscMeBaHRbeTsEdlmanR)ak;cMNUlmFümCagRbeTsEdlmankarGPivDÆtictYc.

87> r)aykarN_enH BiPakSaGMBICMerIsnanaedIm,Ikat;bnßyvismFm’enAkñúgkardMeNIrkarTIpSarsklelak Edl

rYmmandUcxageRkam ³ GnuBaØatieGaymankareFVIcMNakRsukCabeNþaHGasnñy:ageRcIncUleTAkñúgRbeTs

OECD karsMerc)annUvesrIPavUbnIykm�BaNiC¢km�d¾FMeFgeRkam Doha Round GnuBaØatieGaybNþaRbeTsRkI

Rk eRbIfñaMeRcInRbePT nigGPivDÆbTdæanhirBaØvtßúeGaykan;EtmanlkçN³smRsbeTAnwgRbeTskMBugGPivDÆ.

88> c,ab;GnþrCatiEdlRKb;RKgTIpSarsklelakKWCalT§plénkarcrcad¾eRcIn. enAkñúgkrNImYycMnYn dUcCa

cMeBaHkic©RBmeRBogsiT§imnusS dMeNIrbegáItc,ab;RtUv)aneKKitfaRtwmRtUv. enAkñúgkrNIdéTeTot dMeNIrkar

niglT§plRtUv)aneKKitfamanPaBminRtwmRtUv eTaHbICa bTbBaØtþipøÚvkarmansmFm’k¾eday. ]TahrN_enAkñúg

GgÁkarBaNiC¢km �BiPBelak ¬WTO¦ RbeTsnimYy² mansMelgeqñat ehIyRbeTsnimYy²GaceFVIeGaydMeNIr

karraMgsÞH)an. dUecñH dMeNIrkarrbs; WTO CYnkalRtUv)aneKKitfa manPaBminRtwmRtUv edaysarEtGtulü

PaBénGMNacmUldæanrvagGtßRbeyaCn_BaNiC¢km�xøaMg nigGtßRbeyaCn_saFarN³ enAkñúgRbeTsGPivDÆn_ nig

kMBugGPivDÆTaMgGs;. GtulüPaBTaMgenH EsþgecjeLIgedayxøÜnÉg ]TahrN_enAkñúgcMnYnbuKÁlikEdleFVIkar

enAkñúgTIRkugsWENvCYledaysmaCik WTO epSg²Kña. tMNagrbs;RbeTsRkIRkenAkñúgsßab½nsklelaknwg

CYyEklMGdMeNIrkar nigGacQaneTArkc,ab;Edlkan;EtmansmFm’.

89> plb:HBal;énkarkat;bnßyPaBex©aHenAkñúgTIpSarsklelakxusKñaeTAtamRbeTs. RbeTskMBugGPivDÆ

FM²CageK nigEdlmankarrIklUtlas;qab;rh½s TTYlGtßRbeyaCn_y:agsMxan;BIBaNiC¢km �sklelakEdlman

lkçN³esrICag kareFVIcMNakRsuk niglMhUrmUlFn EdlCYyRbeTsTaMgenHeGayRTRTg;)annUvkMeNIny:ag

elOn ¬enAeBlEdleKalneya)aykñúgRsukEdlmansmFm’CYyBRgwgkMeNInry³eBlEvg nigkarEbgEck

kMeNInTaMgenHenAkñúgRbeTs¦. RbeTsnanaEdlsßitenAeRkayesdækic©sklelak enAEtbnþTTYlpltictYc

BITIpSarsklelak enAkñúgry³eBlxøIehIynwgbnþBwgEp¥kelICMnYy. sMrab;RbeTsTaMgenH skm �PaBskl

elakEdlCYyeFVIeGaymantulüPaBcMeBaHCMnYyEdlmines� IPaB BitCamansar³sMxan;. skm�PaBbegáItCMnYy

KWmanlkçN³Caskm�PaBkñúgRsukCabzm tamry³vinieyaKTunsaFarN³elIkarGPivDÆFnFanmnusS ehdæa

rcnasm<½n§ nigrcnasm<½n§GPi)alkic©. k¾b:uEnþ skm�PaBsklelakGacKaMRTeKalneya)aykñúgRsuk tamry³

35

karepÞrFnFankñúgTMrg;CaCMnYy EdlminRtUv)anTUTat;tamry³karsgbMNul nigkarvinieyaKelITMnijsaFarN³

elIsklelak CaBiesssiT§irbs;mnusSEdlGaceRbIR)as;dI b¤TwkenAelIsklelak.

90> kMritCMnYy caM)ac;RtUvbegáInRsbKñaCamYynwgkarebþCJacitþEdlRbeTsGñkman)ansnüaenAkñúgsnñisITenATI

Rkug Monterrey qñaM 2002 nigEpnkard¾rwgmaMnana KYrEtRtUv)anbegáIteLIgedIm,IQaneGaydl;eKaledA 0/7

PaKryéncMNUlCatisrubeFobnwgCMnYy. k¾b:uEnþ brimaNCMnYyd¾eRcInnwgCYy)an RbsinebICMnYymanRbsiT§iPaB

kñúgkarkat;bnßy]bsKÁ nigCMrujkarGPivDÆenAkñúgRbeTsTTYlCMnYyTaMgLay. RbsiT§iPaBkan;EtxøaMg GacRtUv

sMerc)antamry³lT§plKUsbBa¢ak; Xøatq¶ayBIlkçxNÐvinieyaKmun nigkarpøas;bþÚrrcnabTbnþicmþþg² nigkar

RKb;RKgBIm©as;CMnYyeTAGñkTTYlCMnYy. CMnYyminKYrRtUv)ankat;bnßyedaysarbMNulenaHeT cMeBaHkarkat;

bnßybMNulEdlminRtUv)anKaMRTedayFnFanbEnßm Gackat;bnßykm�viFICMnYyEdlmanRbsiT§iPaB)any:agBit

R)akd. ynþkarf� I²kñúgkarBRgIkCMnYyGPivDÆn_ KYrEtRtUv)aneKrkeXIj rYmTaMgBn§daCalkçN³skl nigkarrYm

cMENkrbs;ÉkCn.

91> karbBa©ÚlsmFm’eTAkñúgmUldæanénkarGPivDÆ eRbIR)as;nigrYmbBa©ÚlKñanUvkarepþatkarykcitþþTukdak;

sMxan;²elIKMnitGPivDÆn_kalBI 10 eTA 20 qñaMknøgeTA dUcCa GMBITIpSar GMBIkarGPivDÆFnFanmnusS GPi)al

kic© nigGMBIkarpþl;GMNac. KYrkt;sMKal;fa smFm’qñaMenH KWCakarepþatkarykcitþþTukdak;elIr)aykarN_GPivDÆ

BiPBelak nigr)aykarN_GPivDÆn_FnFanmnusSrbs;km�viFIGPivDÆn_shRbCaCati. karesñIsMueGayman»kas

kan;EteRcInenAkñúgesdækic© nigneya)ayrbs;RbeTskMBugGPivDÆTaMgLay CYyrYmbBa©ÚlkarKaMRTBIrrbs;

FnaKarBiPBelakkñúgkarksagbriyakassßab½nmYyEdlbgálkçN³gayRsYldl;karvinieyaK nigkarpþl;

GMNacdl;CnRkIRk. tamry³karFanafa sßab½nnanaGnuvtþsiT§ipÞal;xøÜn siT§ineya)ay nigsiT§ikan;kab;RTBü

sm,tþisMrab;TaMgGs;Kña rYmTaMgRkumEdlRtUv)aneKdak;eGayenAeRkAsgÁmnabc©úb,nñ RbeTsCaeRcInnwgGacTak;

TajRkumvinieyaKin nigRkumbgðajKMnitf � I nigGacmanRbsiT§iPaBkan;EteRcIneLIgenAkñúgkarpÁt;pÁg;esvadl;

BlrdæTaMgGs;. smFm’kan;EteRcInGac kñúgry³eBlyUrGEgVg BRgwg)annUvkMeNInd¾qab;rh½s. bBaðaenHGac

CYy)antamry³PaBRtwmRtUvenAkñúgqaksklelak tamry³karebþCJacitþrbs;kic©RbCMurbs;RkumshKmn_Gnþr

CatienATIRkug Monterrey . kMeNInd¾qab;rh½snigkarGPivDÆFnFanmnusSenAkñúgRbeTsRkIRkCageK mansar³

sMxan;cMeBaHkarkat;bnßyvismFm’sklelak nigcMeBaHkarsMerceGaydl;eKaledAGPivDÆn_shsvtSr_.I

wdr 2006 khmer2 - world bank

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