.. i" .OtR PUBLIC RELEAS; DISTUIBUTICK UNILIMITED A ID

60

WHITE 8ANDS MISIL3 l.ANuG

CLIMATR CALENDAR

BY

00GEORE M. V•OATI

W~D

JOMI4 A. CKWAMUS

WNIliE, wW N131L3 RANG! WE WE0IC

ECOMUNITIb STAT13 ARMY ILIUTIONIC5 COMMAND

NATIONAL TECHNICALINFORMATION SERVICE

l) S t~hi, ( •-'i o L,,,,.o

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DISPOSITIONf TNSThUZIONS

Destroy this report vhen it is no lcangrneeded. Do not retrn to the originator.

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DISCIA M~R

The findings in this report are net to he

construed as an official Department of theArmy position, un-less so designatM by cetherauthorized docume•-nts.

The citation of trade matms and nuas ofManufacture in-- this report is not to be con-

strued as official Govarumant indorsment orapproval, of c-•erciai products or servicesr:efer:enced herelu.

N 4-

Six

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UNCLASSIFIEDISeftlit Qest1fIcotioo

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA. R & 0.(S6TWIty cleeslIk*Ut-.. of title. body. of abstract aW ndctr fdannIfoftstiol must be ente,.C when tiu overall report I. classlfledj

I- ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Cedpoleeg auther) 1,20. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

U. S. Army Electronics Command UNCLASSIFIEDFt. Monmouth, New Jersey 7b RU

S RPO WHITE SA.NDS MISSILE RANGE CLIMATE CALENDAR

A- DESCRIPTIVE NOTIES(7ywatw "icuiedte

C. AUTHORES) flraT0 naMe. 01cds, tratiel, last naes)

George M. Fugate and John A. Chambers

a. REPO*RT DATE 7r. TOTAL. NO. OF NAE b O. OF RUFS

April_1972 28____NONE___

C.44 COOITr.ACT OR GRANT -40. S&. ORIGINATOR'S REPO)" NUt*BER(S)

- b. PROJECT No. DR-707DA Task 1T665702DI27-02 _____________________

C.eb, OT'&ZA REPORT NoMS (Any offma nuotere Nomt may be &&sljVIedW'Ie 0rep i)

10. OISTRIOUTION STATCUENT

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

It- SUJPPLEMEN-rARY NOTZS 12- SPONSORINGC MILITARY ACTIVITY

U. S. Army Electronics CoummndAtmospheric Sciences Laboratory

IS ABTRACT.. .White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico

Ti'is the fifth edition of the White Sands Missile Range ClimateCalendar, which was first published in May, 1963.

-Mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures, and extreme temperaturesfor the period of record (1950-1971) are tabulated in calendar form for 'A'Station, the forecast center located at Headquarters, White. Sands MissileRange, New Mexico. Averages of temperature, relative humidity, wind andcloudiness are included for each month, as well as maximuix 24-hour andmonthly rainfall.

Supplementary tables give monthly, seasonal and annual values ofmaximum winds, degree days, solar radiation, means and extremes of stationpressure, the greatest monthly and single-storm snowfall, and the averagesix-hourly relative humidities. Also included are the average number ofdays with the occurt'.- -)f precipitation, distant lightning, thunderstorms,and visibilit- restr: j.ons.

AWLCES 0@ 06 tO* TS. 1 JANI04 WHICH tCIT spe"V 01473 _____________________V11__9.OBOOLETNCLASSIFIEDU

I

WHITE SANDS MISSILE RANGE

CLIMATE CALENDAR

By

George M. Fugateand

"

IJohn A. Chambers

ii

DR-707 !

I

I.

DA Task 1T665702D127-02

ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES LABORATORYWHITE SANPS MISSILE RANGE, NEW MEXICO

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.

-* 7 - • - --~--

This report is a revision of Data Report 421,published ,under the same title in March 1969. The

revision updates the original data to cover the

period through December 1971.

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* - -----

ABSTRACT

This is the fifth edition of t e White Sands Missile

Range Climate Calendar, which was first published inMay, 1963.

Mean daily maximum and minimum temperatures, andextreme temperatures for the period of record (1950-1971) are tabulated in calendar form for "A" Station,the forecast center located at Headquarters, WhiteSands Missile Range, New Mexico. Averages of tem-perature, relative humidity, wind and cloudinessare included for each month, as well as maximum 24-hour and monthly rainfall.

Supplementary tables give monthly, seasonal andannual values of maximum winds, degree days, solarradiation, means and extremes of station pressure, thegreatest monthly and single-storm snowfall, and theaverage six-hourly relative humidities. Also includedare the average number of days with the occurrence ofprecipitation, distant lightning, thunderstorms, andvisibility restrictions.

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are indebted to Paul H. Taft who prepared thefirst four editions of this work. The format andbasic contents are largely his effort.

Preceding page blank

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~-~-"$

CONTENTS

PAGE

ABSTRACT - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- - - - - - - - - -- * ---- *--v

INTRODUCTION----------- -- ---- -- - -- 1

DI2JCUSSION -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -- 2

CLIMATE CALENDAR -- - - - - - - - - - ------- 8-19

'FIGURES z

1. Weather Statioxis, White Sands Missile Rangeand Vicinity - -- -- - - - - - - - - -- 6

2. Topographic Cross Sections, White SandsMissile Lange -- - - - -- --- - - - -- 7

TABLES t

1. Temperatures During Coldest Montha, "A" Station------ 4

II. Temperatures During Warmest Months, "A" Station ------ 4

III. Precipitation Extrem~es, White Sands Missile Range Aand Vicinity--------------- -- ----- 5

IV. Monthly and Ann;.ial Climatological Data, A"Station - --- 20

V. "A!' Station Climatography--Seasonal Values, 1950-1971 -- 21

PRceding page blank

vii

INTRODUCTION

The weather site designated as "A" Station is in the Headquartersarea of White Sands Missile Range (WSMR). Ita geographic~coordinatesare 320 22,7' North and 1060 28.S' West (Fig. 1). The elevation of theStation Barometer is 4,238.4 feet above sea level.. The climatologicaldata in this report are for a period of 22 years, 1950 throhgh. 1971,unless otherwise indicated. (Dail temperature means and extremesonly have been computed through December 1971.), The sration wasinitially operated by the Air Force, but since April 1961,it has beenmanued by U. S. Army personnel.

Temperature, wind, precipitation and ielative humidity are measrured with instruments mounted on the roof of the weather station build-ing, No. 1510. (The elevation of:the floor of the instrument shelteris 4,252 feet.) Howaver, since May 1955 wind measurements have beenmade by an Aerovane mounted on a 13-foot mast 0.5 miles west--279°---from the station, (elevation of Aerovane, 4,304.05 feet);with indicatorsand recorders for wind speed and direction installed in the weatherstation building.

Temperature extremes are the highest (maximum) and the iowest(minimum) temperatures which have occurred for each day of the yearfor the period of record. Temperatures are $iven in degrees Fahrenheit,wind speeds are in knots, and rainfall and snowfall are reported ininches.

The data in this report are considered to be representative ofthe Headquarters area. However, due to the great extent and extremevariations in elevation and topography: of WSMR (4,000 square miles,from dry lake beds--"playas"--at 3,900 feet to mountain peaks near9,000 feet, Fig. 1 and 2) conditions in other parts of the range mayvary widely. For example, the record low tempernture for this stationis 60 below zero, while at White Sands National Monument it is 250below zero, and both of these records occutred on the same date'-11 January 1962. Also, severe local thunderstorms may producetorrential rainfall in a comparatively small area with little or norainfall a few miles distant. On 4 July 1961, 1.80" of rain fellin 48 minutes at "A" Station and the 24-hour total was 2.31", whileat Orogrande, 24 miles east, the total ralnfalllfor that d~y was only0.02".

The greatest 24-hour rainfall of record on the Range occ'urred atWhite Sands National Monument on 21-22 September 1941, with a fall of5.30". Of this amount, 4.28" fell in five hours--1430-1930 MST, 21

September. This, however, was a general. storm,, with rainfall totalsat a few other stations on or near WSMR as follows: Alamogordo,2.60"; El PaGo Airport, 3.42"; Las Cruces, 4.61"; drogrande, 3.27",Tularosa, 4.75". The greatest 24-hour rainfall of record at "A" Stationis 4.25", which fell on 23-24 August 1959. (See Table III.)!

DISCUSSION

COLD SEASON (NOVEMBER-APRIL) WEATHER

December and January are the coldest months, with nearlyidentical mean temperatures. (Sed Table I.) February averagesnearly 4V warmer, but it has: the same low tetperature record asDecember. The record low temperature, (-60) occurred on 11

January 1962, when absolute record minima were estLblished atmost stations in southern New Mexico, during an extremely severecold spell.

The average number of days with miminum temperatures at orbelow freezing is 38, ahd with 200 or less is only three. Theearliest date of the last freezing temperature in spring occurredoh 14 February 1950 (gee Table V), while the earliest date of a900 temperature was 14 April 1963. The record high temperature

for the cold season, 94', as -recorded on 22 April 1965. Averagedate of the first ,fall freeze is 20 November.

Only 30% of. the annual rainfall occurs during the cold season,and April (phe second'driest month) and November (the third driest)altogether a,:count for only 7% of the annual total. This 6-monthperiod averages only three days with the occurrence of thunder-storms out of the annual total of 43 days. The three coldestmonths ieceive 77% of the annual snowfall total of 6.0 inches.

April, .the windiest month of the year, has an average hourlywind speed of 8.7 knots. C'Visibility is reduced to 6 miles or less(by fog, snow, blowing dust, etc.) on an average of 21 days a-ringthis season. Five of these days occur in March and four in April,while the total for the year is 36 days. (See Table IV).

J

2

WARM SEASONZ (MAY-OCTOBER) WEATHER

Although June and July are the warmest months, August isonly slightly cooler (see Table II). The average number of dayswith a temperature of 1000 or more is only 7, three each in Juneand July, and one in August. Only in occasional years do suchhigh temperatures occur in May, and none have been recorded inSeptember at this station. The greatest number of successivedays with 100' or more is 8, from 26 June to 3 July 1960.

However, 18 successive days with 99g or more occurred from 24June to 11 July 1951. It was during these two periods thatthe absolute record high temperature of 1060 occurred fourtimes.

Maximum temperatures at Desert Station (near Army BlockHouse) average about 1.2* higher than at "A" Station during the

summer months, so that 1000 temperatures can be expected in thatarea on an average of about 12 days each summer. At Orogrande,about 24 miles east of WSMR Headquarters, summer temperaturesaverage about four degrees higher than at this stati-n, and theabsolute record high temperature for Orogrande, 1160, equals therecord high temperature for the entire state of New Mexico.

The lowest maximum temperature of occurrence for any yearwas in 1959, when 990 was recorded only twice. The averagenumber of days with maximum temperature of 900 or more is 84,sixty-seven of which occur during the three warmest months.The earliest date of 950 reading was 11 May 1962, and theaverage date is 2 June. The latest occurrence of 95' in latesummer was on 27 September 1951, and the average date is 4September, while thre are thirty-six days per year when amaximum of 950 or more is recorded. October mean temperaturesare within one degree of the annual mean.

May (the driest month) and June are, on the average, quitedry. Collectively, they contribute only 11% of the total annualrainfall. July, August and September, the wettest months of theyear, account for 50% of the average annual rainfall of 10.30",and for 66% of the thunderstorms. Seventy percent of the annual

rainfall occurs during the warm season and all but three of the43 days with thunderstorms. The greatest monthly rainfall ofrecord at this station, 7.42", occurred in June, 1966. The-= driest year of record was 1956, with a rainfall total of only3.92", (see Table III.).

Augum.t, with an average hourly w'ind speed of 4.7 knots isthe least windy month of the year, while the annual average is6.1 knots. The prevaiiing wind direction for 11 of the 12 monthsis west, but for July it is southeast. Visibility of 6 miles orless occurs on 15 days during the warm season.

3

OEM

I

TEMPERATURES (*F)

COLDEST PERIODSMEAN MFAN HIGH- LOW-MAX MIN MEAN EST EST

MONTH OF DECEMBER 56.0 34.7 45.4 77 8MONTH OF JANUARY 56.3 34.6 45.5 73 -6MONTH OF FEBRUARY 60.0 37.6 48.8 81 8COLDEST 30 DAYS, 12/20 to 1/18 54.3 32.6 43.5 73 -6COLDEST 15 DAYS, 1/3 to 1/317 54.1 32.2 43.2 73 -6COLDEST 7 DAYS, 1/8 to 1/14 53.7 32.0 42.9 73 -6

TABLE I. TEMPERATURES DURING COLDEST MONTHS, "A" STATION

TEMPERATURES (-F)

WARMEST PERIODS MEAN MEAN HIGH- LOW-

MAX MIN MEAN EST EST

MONTH OF JUNE 92.8 69.0 80.9 106 50MONTH OF JULY 93.3 70.5 81.9 106 59MONTH OF AUGUST 91.1 68.8 80.0 103 35WARMEST 30 DAYS, 6/18 to 7/17 94.4 71.0 82.7 106 59WARMEST 15 DAYS, 6/19 to 7/3 95.2 71.5 83.4 106 59AEMEST 7 DAYS, 6/22 to 6/28 95.5 72.2 83.9 106 62

TABLE II. TEMPERATURES DURING WAPMEST MONTHS, "A" STATION

4

A4

The following tabulations show the precipitation extremes (greatestand least) of record for White Sands Mitssile Range and vicinity:

PRECIPITATION EXTMENES, "AA" STATION, WHITE SANDS ?IISSILE RANGS

0.38 inch 8 minutes 1520-14206ST, 27 July 19651.80 inch 48 minutes 1530-1618MST, 4 July J9612.92 inches 2& bours 0050-0320MST, 24 August, 19593.17 Inches 65 bodis 2245-0445IMST, 23-24 August, 19593.7I inches 12 hodit 1645-0445)ST, 23-24 August, 19594.25 inches 24 houts 1210-1925)1ST, 23-24 August, 1959

Greatest annual rainfall: 20.02 inches in 1958.Least annual rainfall: 3.92 inches in 1956.

k Longest dry spell(no measurable rainfall): 123 days, 2/10-6/11, 1956.

Second lorgest dry spell: 80 days, 10/8-12/26, 1954.Greatest seasonal snowfall: 24.5 inches, 1967-1968.Greatest annual snowfall: 18.5 inches, 1960.

HEAVIEST RAINFALL OF RECORD, WHITE SANDS NATIONAL MONUMENT [31

0.95 inch 30 minutes 4.28 inches 5 hours=1 1.5p inch 1 hour 4.40 Inches 6 hours2.50 inches 2 hours 5.17 i.ches 12 hours3.50 inches 3 hours 5.30 I.nches 24 hours, 9/21-22/41

PRECIFITATION EXTREMES, -NEW MEXICO STATE UNIVERSITY, LkS CRUCES [8]

Extremely heavy rainfall occurred at the University station from11:05pm 29 Aug. to 7:00am 30 Aug., 1935, measured as follows:0.64 inch 5 minutes 2.77 inches 60 minutes1.06 inch 10 minutes 4.15 inches 2 hours

1.50 inch 15 minutes 4.77 inches 3 hour-71.86 inch 20 minutes 5.91 inches 4 hoursj2.48 inches 30 minutes 6.46 inches 7 hours 55 minutesGreatest 24-hour rainfall: 6.49 inches, 29-30 August, 19351 Greatest monthly rainfall: 7.53 inches, September, 1941

WETTEST AND DRIEST YEARS, NER MEXICO STATE UNIVEPRS1T

15.05 inches in 1881, La Mesilla 13.26 inches in 1931, NMSU17.09 inches in 1905, NMSU 19.60 inches in 1941, N.SU14.35 inches in 1926, NMSU 14.01 inches in 1958, NMSU

•-3.61 inchea in 1860, Ft. Fillmore 4.02 inches in 1910, NMSU3.49 inches in 1873, Ft. Selden 3.81 inches in 1953, NMSU

1 4.47 inches in 1892, NMSU 3.62 inches in 1964. NMSU

I HEXAVIEST SNOWFALL OF RECORD, XQ~ MEXICO STATE UN4IVERSITYGreatest Monthly Greatest 24-hours

- January 4.7 inches in 1947 4.7 inches in 1947'F February 10.4 inches in 1956 90 inches In 1956March 2.7 inthes in 1944 2.7 inches in 1944November 5.0 inctes in 1957 5.0 inches in 1937December 10.3 inches in 1931 9.0 inches in 1931

TABLE 111. PRECIPITATION MrREIES, WSMR AND VICINITY

-- A

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Reproduced frombest available copy.

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ITEM WINTER SPRING SUMMER FALL [ EA

TEMPERATURES (-F)Mean Maximum 57.4 75.2 92.4 75.5 75.1Mean Minimum 35.6 52.1 69.4 52.6 52.4Mean 46.4 63.7 80.9 64.1 63.8Extremes of Record

Highest 81 103 106 98 106Date 2/11/57 5/28/51 * 9/16/51

Lowest -6 16 50 22 --6Date jI/11/62 3/4/65 6/11/65 11/11/50 1/11/62

DEGREE DAYS (Base 65*F) 1655 431 0 1142 2528

RELATIVE HUM1DITY (%) [ 43 27 38 401 37

-SURFACE WINDS (Knots)Average Speed W 5.9 W 8.2 W 5.5 W 5.0 W 6.1

Strongest Gusts SW 82 W, WSW 74 S 60 W 61 SW 82

Month and Year 12/51 f 3/51, 5/61 6/62 11/65 Dec. '51

RAINFALL (Inches) 0 1.74 1.01 4.84 2.71 10.30Percent of Annual 17% 10% 47% 26% 100%Greatest Monthly 2.43 3.00 7.42 5.76 7.42Month and Year I 12/65 3/58 6/66 9/58 6/66Greatest 24-Hour 1.02 1.46 4.25 2.96 4.25•-• Dates 12/14-15/,7 3/5-6/58 8/23-24/59 111-1216 1959

SNOWFALL (Inches) 4.7 0.5 0.0 0.8 T. GGreatest Monthly 14.9 3.5 0.0 6.2 14 9Month and Year 12/67 3/58 - - - iI/ri 1967

CLOUDINESS (%) 38 34 41 29 36

lNUMER OF DAYS WITH:Measurable Rainfall i0 9 19 10 48Thunderstorms 1 5 30 8 44Visibility < 6 Miles 10 11 i 9 6 36

0 0.01" or more

STATION PRESSUREAverage (inches of Hg) 25.756 I 25.670 25.731 24.763 24.730

WINTER = Months of December, January, February.* SPRING March, April, May. SUMMER = June, July, August.

Fall September, October, November..** With Prevailing Wind Directions. To convert knots to miles per hour,

Four Dates: June 28 & 29, 1951; July 8, 1951; July 2, 1960.

" "Rainfall" includes water content of snowfall.

TABLE V. "A" STATION CLIMATOGRAPHY-SEASONAL VALUES, 1950-1971

21