Name: Date:

Biology 12: Tissues (Chapter 20)

Text: Chapter 20

Vocabulary:

Endocrine Gland, Homeostasis, Homeostatic Mechanism, Negative Feedback, Tissue

Goals:

1. Differentiate between tissues, organs, organ systems and organisms

2. Identify a variety of tissues types from prepared slides and/or photographs

3. Distingosh among connective, muscle, nervous and epithelial tissues in terms of function and general structure.

*This is a transition unit: Information on tissues, organs and organ systems will not appear on the final exam but it is considered essential to your understanding of human anatomy and physiology.

*Negative feedback and homeostasis are important learning outcomes and you will refer to these throughout the rest of the course.

Part A: Tissues

-Humans and Sponges are both animals (Gasp!). What makes us different?

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-Vertebrates have four different types of tissues. Any guesses as to what they are?

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1. Epithelial Tissue

-Have a look at the cute rat below. What is epithelial tissue?

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-What differences do you observe between the different types of epithelial tissue below?

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*Transitional: Transitional cells can change their shape to allow organs to expand (e.g. Bladder).

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2. Muscle Tissue

*View Activity: Muscle Tissue

-Examine the diagram right. What are the three types of muscle tissue and what functions do they perform?

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-Use the microscope images of the different muscle tissue types to answer the questions below:

a) What two types of muscle tissue would look striated under a microscope?

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b) Which muscle tissue is made up of short spindle shaped cells each containing one nucleus?

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c) Which muscle tissue is made up of very long, multi-nucleated cells?

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d) Which muscle tissue type is made up of branched cells that end in junctions?

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3. Nervous Tissue

*View Activity: Nervous Tissue

-Nervous tissue is made up of neurons that conduct nerve impulses and neurological cells (which support the neurons).

-Where would you expect to find nervous tissue?

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-Neurological Cells do not participate in the transmission of a nerve impulse, but support neurons in maintaining their signaling abilities (e.g. Creating the myelin sheath).

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4. Connective Tissue

*View Activity: Connective Tissue

-Examine the diagram below. How is connective tissue different from the other types of tissue we have looked at so far?

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-What do you think is the basic function of all connective tissue?

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-Some more specific functions include:

a) Loose Connective Tissue:

-Binds epithelium to underlying tissues and holds organs in place.

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-Loose weave of collagen (strong) and elastic (resilient) fibres.

b) Fibrous Connective Tissue

-Densely packed collagen fibres run parallel to each other to maximize strength.

-Forms tendons (bone to muscle) and ligaments (bone to bone at joints)

c) Adipose Tissue:

-Fat storage in large, closely packed adipose cells held together by a matrix of fibres.

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d) Cartilage:

-Collagen fibres embedded in a rubbery material allow it to be strong and flexible.

-Acts as a shock absorber in joints and supports the ears and nose.

-What came first, bones or cartilage?

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e) Bone:

-Collagen fibres in a mineral substance (calcium, magnesium and phosphate) makes bones strong without being brittle.

-Remember, bones contain living cells like all other connective tissue!

f) Blood:

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-How is blood different from the other connective tissues?

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-Complete the following table as a summary of tissue structure:

Name

Function

Structure

Part B: Organs and Organ Systems

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-How is your small intestine different from smooth muscle tissue?

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-If the Stomach, Small Intestine and Large Intestine work together for digestion, what would you call them?

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-Below are the organ systems we will look at for the rest of the year:

*Refer to section 20.10 in your text for a more detailed overview.

-Are organs just loosely held inside of your bodies?

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-How do body cavities help protect internal organs?

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Part C: Stem Cells

*Watch TED Talk: Growing Organs

-Take your own notes from text 20.9

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Part D: Homeostasis

-Examine the Snowy Owl right. Is it endo or ecto thermic? What are the advantages of this?

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-How would a lizard accomplish the same thing?

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-Temperature is not the only factor that animals try to moderate within their bodies in response to the external environment. We also try to keep salt, water, pH, etc in a steady state. This is called homeostasis.

-Examine the diagram below. What is the main issue that large, multicellular animals have in trying to maintain homeostasis?

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-Examine the diagram. Where do you see examples of organs with high surface area being used for homeostasis?

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-What is the main role of the circulatory system in mainting homeostasis?

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*Watch Activity: Hot and Cold

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-Organisms use a process called Negative Feedback to maintin homeostasis. Examine the general diagram right to see how this works:

-And here is how negative feedback works in the human body:

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-In both of the examples above:

a) A stimulus is detected by receptors.

b) A message is then sent from the receptors to the control centre.

c) The control centre which will in turn send out a response to the effectors.

d) The effectors will attempt to reverse the original stimulus.

-Here is another example of negative feedback using blood pressure:

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-And one more example relating car speed to temperature regulation:

Here is a cartoon to illustrate how the driver uses negative feedback to maintain the desired speed.

The desired value of a variable is called the set point. Here, the set point is a speed of 88km/h; in controlling body temperature, the set point would be 37°C.

The control center is what monitors the variable and compares it with the set point. Here, the control center is the driver; for body temperature, it would be the hypothalamus of the brain. If the variable differs from the set point, the control center uses effectors to reverse the change.

Here, the effector is the foot on the accelerator pedal; in controlling body temperature, it would include the glands that sweat and the muscles that shiver.

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