weathering and erosion soil formation. standards s6e5, s6cs2, s6cs3, s6cs4, s6cs5, s6cs6 s6e3, s6e5,...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Weathering and Erosion
Soil formation
![Page 2: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Standards
• S6E5, S6CS2,
• S6CS3, S6CS4,
• S6CS5, S6CS6
• S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2,
• S6CS3, S6CS4,
• S6CS6, S6CS10
![Page 3: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Weathering
• 2 types
–Mechanical
–Chemical
![Page 4: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Effects of rock type
• Hardness of rock determines weathering rate
• Chemicals in air – air pollution
• Amount of water in air
• Temperature of area
![Page 5: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Mechanical Weathering
• When rocks are broken apart by physical processes
• Chemical makeup of rock stays the same
![Page 6: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• Pressure release
–Under Earth’s surface
–Rock layers break apart
–Exfoliation
•Layers slowly break off
![Page 7: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Plants and animals
• Water and nutrients collect in cracks and soil
• Plants grow in cracks
• Animals burrow and leave tunnels and holes in ground
![Page 8: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Ice wedging
• Water enters cracks in rock and freeze.
• Expanding water causes rock to break apart
• Ice melts and processes repeat.
![Page 9: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
• Abrasion
–Wearing down by friction
–Moving water (river)
–Rocks hitting each other
–Ocean waves
![Page 10: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Chemical weathering
• Chemical reactions dissolve the minerals in rocks or change them into different minerals
• Weakens rock
![Page 11: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
• Dissolving
–Water + carbon dioxide
–Dissolves rock into new substance
![Page 12: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Rusting–Iron in soil
–Oxygen rusts iron
–Soil is red in color
![Page 13: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Natural Acids
• Water mixes with carbon dioxide gas and form carbonic acid
• Roots and decaying plants give off acids
• Dissolve minerals in rock
![Page 14: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Effects of Climate
• Pattern of weather that occur in a particular area over a period of time
• Cold areas – mechanical weathering – ice wedging
• Warm areas – chemical weathering – rain
![Page 15: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Surface area
• Small pieces of rock have more surface area exposed than large rock
• Allows more rock to be exposed and weathering to occur
![Page 16: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
4.2 Weathering and organic soil formation
1. Climate
2. Slope of land
3. Type of rock
4. Type of vegetation
5. Amount of time rock has been weathering
![Page 17: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Composition of Soil
• Rock sediment
• Minerals
• Organic plant matter
• Decayed animals
• Microorganisms – bacteria
• Humus – decayed organisms
• water
![Page 18: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Soil horizons
• Horizon A – top layer of soil – litter of leaves twigs and other organic material – litter prevents erosion – topsoil – dark and fertile
• Horizon B – below A – lighter in color – no litter – less fertile – leaching – removal of dissolved minerals – move from A to B
• Horizon C - bottom layer – thickest layer- not much organic matter-not fertile – many rocks
![Page 19: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Soil types
• Type of soil determined – Climate– Region– Rainfall– Types of rock
![Page 20: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Observable properties of soil
• Texture
• Color
• Pore space
• Chemistry
![Page 21: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Human activities affect soil
![Page 22: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Land-use
• Farming– Overgrazing of animals=desertification– Adding nutrients (organic or artificial)– Top soil erosion– Clear trees– Wind
![Page 23: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Construction and development
• Roads
• Houses
• Malls
• Stores
• What are some problems with this?
![Page 24: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Mining
• How would this affect an area?
![Page 25: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Protection of soil
• Crop-rotation
• Conservation tillage
• Terraces
• Contour plowing
• Windbreaks
![Page 26: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Contour plowing
![Page 27: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Crop-rotation
![Page 28: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Windbreaks
![Page 29: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Preventing Soil Erosion
• Managing crops• Plant shelter belts – protect soil from wind• Proper grazing management – arid areas
farmers do not plow under vegetation – allow grazing of natural vegetation
• “No-till” farming –– stalks are left as ground cover during the winter. – Farmers seed area without plowing. – Leftover stalks stop erosion, keep moisture in ground
and control weeds.
![Page 30: Weathering and Erosion Soil formation. Standards S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS5, S6CS6 S6E3, S6E5, S6CS2, S6CS3, S6CS4, S6CS6, S6CS10](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44d86/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Reduce erosion at construction sites
• Cover cleared areas with mulch, mats, or plastic coverings
• Water sprayed onto cleared area • New topsoil is added to exposed areas• Area is seeded and reinforced with netting
or straws • Retaining walls are built for steeper areas
– made of stone, concrete or wood