weavingphysical-digitalnetworkspapers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/ecaadesigradi2019_103.pdf ·...

Weaving physical-digital networks:

Brazil-Germany integration experience

Tobias Wallisser1, Gonçalo Castro Henriques2, Amanda Ribeiro3,Ronaldo Lee Menna41State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart, LAVA, Germany 2,3,4Federal University ofRio de Janeiro, LAMO, PROURB, [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

The idea of a network weaved this project in a conceptual as well as in a physicalway. A network in the sense of an intangible connection between people, and anetwork in the sense of a materiality, woven to constitute the skin of a buildingaccording to different techniques associated with the ancient culture of coveringto provide shelter. We seek to integrate old cultural identities with new digitalmethods. In the time of the fourth industrial revolution, we might think about anetwork as something fully accomplished, as if the availability of an internetconnection was synonymous with effective communication. In our methodology,we face network challenges at the intersection of human communication and thephysical and material domains. The challenge is to discover what to exchangeand how to do so. Through the Brazilian-German program `Connect', we testedour research in two practical workshops in two continents. The result suggeststhat is possible to weave a network incorporating local building traditions andanalogue and digital processes of form-finding. The report describes our findingsand shares critical reflections opening future research possibilities.

Keywords: Network, Brazilian-German, Traditional construction, Gridshell,OCA, analogue-digital

RESEARCH CONTEXTThe fourth industrial revolution is about to bring pro-found changes in building technology, challenginga re-thinking of local building traditions and associ-ated cultural identities. Schwab (2018) highlights therelevance of collaborative networks to find meaningand purpose in technology. Our Research addressesa local/global gap bridging local building technolo-

gieswith algorithmic design anddigital evaluation. Itrelies on collaboration to integrate technical and cul-tural knowledge to find innovative design solutions.

The Research started at a bilateral scientificConference, where different fields of research, I.e.Sustainable water management, sensor automationtechnology and digital fabrication for building con-struction were brought into contact. The confer-

Design - COLLABORATION AND PARTICIPATION - Volume 1 - eCAADe 37 / SIGraDi 23 | 315

ence was part of a meeting organized by GabrielaCelani and Olfa Kanoun at the UNICAMP in Camp-inas in 2016 (Celani, and Kanoun 2017). The authorspresented their research to an audience from differ-ent scientific fields during the conference (Henriques,2017). The first two authors of the paper saw anopportunity to establish a collaboration to combinetheir research connecting traditional structures anddigital building techniques. In South America, thereare previous references of the combination of localtradition with new technology as Sperling (2015),and Herrera (2016). Additionally, the collaborationintended to weave a network in two ways:

Firstly, to establish a network to connect peo-ple with different cultural backgrounds and practicesto incorporate different traditions with current toolsin architecture. How to establish a network, whataspects are valuable, how to benefit from the ex-change? In the information network it is decisive toreflect about what information can feed the networkand how. The scientific exchange triggered the ideato establish apartnershipbetween the twocountries;the dialoguewould complement our individual ideasand could result in a joint vision.

The second aspect of the network is the physicalweaving of material. Based on initial research we de-cided to re-interpret the construction of a gridshell,a construction principle that has a tradition in Ger-many - and the OCA, a Brazilian indigenous tradition.We proposed to combine aspects of local traditionsbetween the partner’s countries, testing the imple-mentation in a different context. What can Germanslearn from Brazil and Brazilians from Germany? Howcan we cross-fertilise traditional construction princi-ples? How do we join material / physical practicesand form-finding with new tools?

Supported by the Alexander-von-HumboldtFoundation - whom we thank for their generoussupport - the authors established a collaborationbetween Universities, industries and professionalpractice. Our proposal suggested that each partnerwould visit the other, bringing a traditional tech-nique to test in the foreign context using new tech-

nologies. The paper describes this experience in fivesteps:

1. The exchange programandpreparation of ac-tivities;

2. The first workshop - “Tropical Gridshell expe-rience” and its results

3. The preparation for the second workshop;4. The secondworkshop “OCA Traditional Brazil-

ian Construction reinvented” and its results;5. Synthesis of the results of both workshops

and future research potential.

RESEARCH AND PREPARATION FOR THEFIRSTWORKSHOPAt the scientific meeting, choosing a partner wassomewhat like a speed dating. The partners did notknow each other before. They get familiar with eachother´s research at the presentations and the socialmeetings at the conference. In a scientific universe,issues of affinity and compatibility also inform thede-cision regarding collaborations. Nonverbal and intu-itive criteria also influenced the formationof thepart-nership, which we started with communicating fromthe distance.

After the conference, thepartners discussedhowto collaborate and analysed different possibilities oftraditional German techniques to develop during aworkshop in Brazil. They found potential in the ana-logue construction technique of gridshells, whichwecould explore, with the help of digital technologies.Gridshell structures, first used by Shukhov in 1896(Chilton, 2016), are lightweight constructions thatuse a low-ratio of material/weight and bare the po-tential for re-use in a circular economy. We exam-ined in detail the gridshell applied by Frei Otto forthe Mannheim Multihalle pavilion. During conversa-tions, we decided to combine the German techniquewith bamboo as an abundantmaterial in Brazil. Bam-boo is a fast-growing material that is light and veryresistant but despite its properties rarely used in con-struction in Brasil. The use of Bamboo is not partof the University program and students do not re-

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Figure 1Tropical GridshellExperience,workshop at Rio deJaneiro FederalUniversity, March2018. TrefoilPavilion, a parabolichyperboloidgridshell,constructed inbamboo.

ceive a formal education. Therefore, we had to startour own research regarding bamboo properties, pro-cesses and suppliers. We looked for a local archi-tect experienced in traditional building using bam-boo and an advanced engineer that could use struc-tural programming.

WORKSHOP TROPICAL-GRIDSHELLThe Workshop generated interest from students,teachers and professionals from different states inBrazil and Argentina. We select 14 participants bal-ancing their interests, origin, knowledge and digitalexperience. The Workshop started with lectures in-troducinggridshells, explaining the design challengeand methodology. We had lectures from Celina Ller-ena (Ebiobambu), the bamboo specialist and Felipe


Tavares (UFBA) a structural engineer, so both alsoguided project development.

The introduction focused on gridshell construc-tion and form-finding techniques. The referencewas the Mannheim Multihalle (Frei Otto, 1975) with85m span, 7400m2 roof area, half-meter thicknessand a ratio of span to shell thickness thinner thaneggshell. Gridshells are three-dimensional self-supporting structures based on their geometry. Thegrid patterns replace a homogeneous distribution ofmaterial in shell constructions resulting in a “grid-shell”. We examined the construction process, start-ing with a flat layout of grids, the design of joins andother details and launched a design challenge. Theparticipants formedfive groups of three people each.Each group developed a proposal. All together, wedeveloped and constructed the most suitable one.

The challenge was to design a shelter in bam-boo, 1:1 on the University grounds, inspired by thegridshell technique, with special attention to the ar-ticulation of geometry/technique/material. We sug-gested possible sites outside or inside the FAU-UFRJUniversity Building. The site for the project couldtake up different shapes according to the project de-sign, a polygon, circles or irregular shapes but hadto have a maximum diameter of 10m. Each projectshould define a shelter, referring to a grid or tessella-tion, defining the geometry of cells and their connec-tions type. Based on previous studies and budget ex-periences we selected bendable bamboo slats to en-able free-curved forms, acquiring 200 slats, 4m x 4cmwith 4mm thickness (average). The consulting archi-tect trained in traditional bamboo techniqueswas as-tonishedwedid not know the exactmaterial numberand form at the beginning - we told her about algo-rithmic design and form-finding techniques to applyin the process.

The act of weaving proceeds human construc-tions in the nest-like constructions of birds or otheranimals. Associated with the idea of using a gridis the idea of surface tessellation. Both conceptsare associated with the act of binding materials us-ing a material pattern. Binding is also present in

the ancient crafts as stonemasons, carpentry, weav-ing or metalsmiths constituting what Semper claimsas archetypes of the innate human building cul-ture (Semper, 2004). The repetition of cells createsdifferent patterns - regular, semi-regular, periodic,aperiodic or non-periodic. The tessellation patternchanges according to the cell´s material and geome-try, i.e. squares, triangles, hexagons, or others. Grid-shells employ flexible rectangular grids that are asso-ciatedwith a specific behaviour of the grid, that startsflat in the ground and can acquires freeform surfaces.

In respect to gridshells, we identified three rele-vant factors to define the final design: the global ge-ometry of the proposal, which is defined by the ex-ternal shape of the proposal, the local geometry thatis the type of local divisions or cells. Finally, the typeof local articulation or nodes relating global and lo-cal geometry. The configuration of the nodes, thematerial and the cell´s disposition affects the globalgeometry. The material bamboo was an unknownmaterial for most of the participants. Thus duringtheworkshopwestimulatedhands-onempirical test-ing to predict behaviour besides the use of digitalmodels usingvisual programming (Grasshopper) andload simulations (Karamba).

TROPICAL-GRIDSHELL RESULTSOver the course of five days, five groups with mixedabilities developed a proposal through physical anddigital models experiencing form-finding in a mixedcycle, digital-analogue. Participants presented un-usual gridshell proposals coordinating geometry-structure-material - the entire group developed andbuilt the selected gridshell solution.

We built a ‘Trefoil Pavilion´ in the entrance lobbyof the FAU-UFRJ University, a paraboloid-hyperbolicgridshell 5 x 5 x 5m exploring form through tensionand compression. The folding and unfolding pro-cess stimulated participants’ geometric and mate-rial thinking and the ideas of structural assemblageand erection. The material bamboo proved to bea real challenge even after the try-out of a dozenphysical models in different scales and their digital


evaluation. We assembled the gridshell flat on theground and then lifted it with the help of tempo-rary support structures. However, the bamboo struc-ture challenged our predictions and the digital sim-ulation. We had to keep part of the support struc-ture to avoid the gridshell to collapse. Based on thisfailure, we started a partnership with the civil engi-neeringdepartment todeepenour knowledgeaboutthe material and its behaviour. This led to the devel-opment a new solution to remake the trefoil instal-lation. We understood that bamboo is as a complexmaterial that evenwith empirical testing through im-plicit knowledge and digital evaluationmight not beas appropriate for gridshells as materials with morepredictable behaviour.

Results discussion. In the development of theirdesign proposals, it proved to be difficult for the par-ticipants to resort to form-finding. Although theyhad an intuition on how to handle and to bind bam-boo elements, and despite some experience in mod-elling, they generally had difficulties to tesselate ordivide surfaces and establishing a part-whole rela-tionship, both in digital and in material models. Itturned out that the majority of the proposals startedfrom a priori forms. The attempts to adopt thesefor a gridshell resulted in some cases in polygonalmeshes of planar surfaces that were too rigid, diffi-cult to assemble and structurally not gridshells. Fi-nally, three groups adapted flexible grids with differ-ent degrees of success. The grids tested were peri-odic or semi-regular, quadrangular (diagrid), triangu-lar, and hexagonal. The grid cell was primarily ob-tained from a surface, and the geometry of the cellsaffected the typeof structures proposed. Many struc-tures had rigid connections, few presented flexibleconnections, which are necessary to employ the ideaof assembly used in gridshells. The material appliedfor themodels used for testingwas initially paper andcardboard, then strips of wood, wire and rope. It wasonly when the final construction was selected thatthe bamboo connections were more actively tested,as the connections in the previous phase were moredependent of the grid type and of cells geometry.

Reflecting on the methodology, we can ap-proach design based on the idea of form-making orform-finding, in the first process, form or global ge-ometry is defined first, in the second local geometricbehaviour defines the final form; during the projectthese two processes can be combined. Participantsexplored an abstract definition of grid and of testeddifferent combinations to develop their structures.We introduced the participants to the idea of form-finding by physical and geometric behaviour of thematerial and through computational simulationwiththe softwareKaramba. For theparticipants of thefirstworkshop in Brasil the idea of a gridshell was some-thing new. At first, they choose different geometriesthinking about the global form and only then lookedinto options for cell division. Thus, they imposed astructure to a form, which represents the inverse rea-soning. Something similar occurred with the struc-tural simulation, due to their limited experience andthe urge to define the global form, the participantsused digital simulation only in a later stage of theirdesign.

Reflecting about the difficulties of using form-finding, we can interpret this as cultural difference,which would suggest the application of a more di-dactic methodology, starting with a deeper under-standing of an existing model and the introductionof several ways to model and build a grid. Especiallythe reference to the legacy of Frei Otto (Nerdinger,2005) ismore known in Germany andwewould needto address in detail to overcome the different culturalbackgrounds.

Our conclusion is that the explanation for bothcross-connected groups, should explicitly includethe participants cultural background.

PREPARATION SECONDWORKSHOPAfter the conclusion of the workshop in Rio, our in-terest in the use of bamboo increased, but we alsorealised that due to the complex nature of the mate-rial the techniqueof how touse it structurally neededa more solid preparation. Therefore, we formed astudy group at UFRJ, which conducted regular meet-


ings. We thought of this as a research and a prepa-ration for the upcoming workshop in Germany. Astopic for the second workshop, we selected the OCA,indigenous traditional constructions that were pop-ular in Brasil, althoughmost of the participants of thegroup had never visited one or had any idea aboutthe construction. Thematerial we collected includeddrawings, but was not sufficient to construct an OCA(among other books by Lengen 2013, Weimer 2012,Montezuma, 2002).

The material about the OCA is vast but disperse,which led us to organize our search in respect to un-derstanding what the more important aspects. TheOCA traditional indigenous constructions are foreigneven to Brazilians, so we decided to address the fol-lowing topics working in groups:

The OCA house typology and its urban organi-zation: we identified and systematized a geometricvocabulary with visual programming as found in ver-nacular indigenous constructions. We defined plans,sections and structure as focal points. Defining prim-itive and attribute values generated a range or spa-tial solutions. Plans were circular, elliptical, semi-elliptical, rectangular and polygonal; Vertical sec-tions triangular, ogival and semi-circular. The sup-port structures applied were central pillars withoutperimeter columns, with singular perimeter columnsand two or more rows of perimeter columns. Struc-tures with more than one central pillar had rect-angular, polygonal or semi-elliptic plants. To erectthese shapes structure included a table made ofpillar-beam supporting the shell cover. House unitychanged according to tribe and region in Brazil. Wefound three urban organizations: the horseshoe, cir-cular or single houses.

Building Technologies: we studied foundations(above ground, buried, semi-buried), materials, con-nections (longitudinal, transversal, others) andenclo-sures (metal, wood, grout, straw, canvas) and syn-thesized the examples in an overview table. A visualstudy using sketches to document the connectionsand the construction assembly applied in differentcultures (Horning, 2009).

Structural Systems can be classified in 7 types ac-cording to Engel (2015). We found that the OCA usesfour of them: Form Active, Vector Active, Section Ac-tive and Surface Active Structures. We tried to adaptan OCA to other structural types seeking to definenew possibilities. We collected examples of around40 bamboo pavilions and analysed them accordingto the previous subjects. This intend was to com-bined traditional-contemporary solutions, to under-stand differences, challenges and opportunities.

We found that OCAs often had an internal ta-ble structure, which supports the outer covering, andthat the table supports the outer curved shell. One ofthe challenges was how to eliminate the table, cre-ating self-supporting surfaces - that could act like areal shell in the structural sense - such as gridshells -or how to hybridize them, to obtain a more integralconstruction system.

After completing these studies, we tested theconstruction of OCAswith physicalmodels, but therewas a short time before the workshop to developthese models. Looking at this aspect now, an in-depth study of grid models would have been veryuseful to support the development of an OCA basedstructure and would have increased the concep-tual clarity of the three-dimensional elements of thestructure.

Another result from the preparatory researchwas thematerial to use for theworkshop in Germany.Originally, we envisioned to use bamboo as studiedin relationship with the OCAs. While only some ofthe original constructions employ bamboo we wereinterested to continue with the material bamboo af-ter the first workshop. In the process of preparation,we found that to work with bamboo in Germany, wewould need to import thematerial fromanother con-tinent, whichprovednot tobe feasible. Therefore, weconsidered using wooden slats. Economic and easilyavailable elements are 4x4 cm slats with a length of6m. They are frequently used in roof constructions inGermany, but with the experience we had exploringthe design of the OCAs we realised that this wouldlimit the geometry to stiff wood, or pitch-roof like


Figure 2OCA preparatoryresearch: urbansettlementtypologies ofindigenous camps;structural typesused in OCA;Bambooconstructive tidingstudies,cross-section oftraditional example.Parametric modeldevelopedcombining the typeof horizontal andvertical sectionsthat define an OCAgrammar. Thegrammardocuments existingsolutions so we canidentifycomplementarysolutions and futureimprovements.Drawing byAmanda Ribeiroand Christian Jesus. structures. We considered sliding the slabs in halves,

but thenodes of thepinewoodaffect thehomogene-ity resistance and might break if we apply too muchbending in the slat. Finally, we found a suitable sub-stitute, which we would latter call the German bam-boo in the application of PVC pipes used for electric-ity installations. They are light, resistant, equippedwith connectors, are cheap and easily bend. There-fore, facing a difficulty we had jointly discovered acreative solution to come closer to our goal.

WORKSHOPOCAThe challenge of the workshop was to connect thenew students form the academy in Stuttgart to a

group of Brazilian students that participated in thepreparatory research and had come to the workshopwith DAAD support. We had to introduce the newparticipants to the conceptof anOCA. Following longdiscussion about what to present from the research,we introduced operative concepts of the OCA as ty-pologies, building systems, materials and structure.However, some of the Brazilian students argued thatit was far more than that this, as it forms part of a no-madic and ecologic way of living and a cultural ex-pression and art. We solved this difficulty presentingtheOCA in amore open concept as a shelter and con-struction, so participants from diverse cultural back-grounds could appropriate it.

During the introduction, we presented the


preparatory research. An OCA possesses an inner na-ture of protection and establishes a social and spa-tial relation with the space it organizes. We pre-sented diverse types of group organization of theOCA buildings. As in the previous workshop, we in-troduced some constraints and remembered partici-pants to articulate geometry / technique / material.We organised complementary lectures about digi-tal fabrication, simulation and calculation, by TobiasSchwinn (ICD), Arnold Walz (Design to Production)andThomazVieira (Detmold)who later on supportedthe workshop with the application of digital formfinding in Karamba.

OCA RESULTSWe conducted the workshop with participants fromBrazil and Germany from diverse study programmesand experiences. During five days, four groups de-veloped proposals with the help of several physicaland digital models. This continued the first work-shop form-finding process. Several proposals articu-lated the combination of geometry/structure/mate-rial successfully.

The participants incorporated the idea of shel-ter relating an inner and outer space. The construc-tive process of the OCA structure was not as definedas the Gridshell. This difference has two reasons:an OCA constitutes a different system and we mightneed extensive research to understand the OCA con-struction techniques in depth. Especially becausethe proposal set out to avoid a table system to sup-port the OCA. The participants developed revolutionstructures that followed rail curves with free forms;some proposals incorporated the idea of bendingtubes to attain curved surfaces, and others thoughtto use the tubes in combination with wooden slabs.Defined by the overall form there was a challenge tothink how to connect the portal frames that in themajority of cases would require the development ofthree-dimensional complex joints. The selected formto construct is based on a set of petals that are ar-ranged in an array, creating a space of relationshipsbetween the exterior and the interior where a pro-

tected patio is created, which would be the placewhere the Indian tribe would gather, to light the fire.

The built pavilion yields a new typology combin-ing process, techniques and cultural experiences.

The pavilion is a group of five rotational “petals”,organizing a central void for the fireplace surroundedby benches. The rotation and intersection of thepetals creates niches in-between. The petals size de-creases to the center, inviting to enter and sit. Eachpetal is a separated grid with PVC bended pipes con-nected with a standard male-female plumbing. Wecrossed the main bended arches with complemen-tary smaller elements of bended tubes in the otherdirection to create concave-convex double-curvedfittings that we fixed with cable-ties, resulting in aruled double-curved grid. We carved wooden pegsand stacked them in the ground. We slot the pipesarches in the wood stacks. We made use of a tradi-tional German carpenter measure tool to crave thedifferent angles. We tested covering the petals withplastic film to increase the OCA protection effect.

COMPLEMENTARYWORKTo foster collaboration, and get in touch with stateof the art, technologies we visited different univer-sities and research centers, with meetings and lec-tures. We visit UDK Berlin University Arts, Prof.Norbert Palz/Sven Pfeiffer; ICD Universität Stuttgart,Prof. Achim Menges, Tobias Schwinn; ABK Stuttgart.We visited Franken Architekten GmbH, Frankfurt;LAVA Offices Stuttgart, Berlin; NOWlab/BigRep JörgPetri, Berlin; in Stuttgart: Design to Production, ILEKLightweight Institute Frei Otto, and Mercedes-BenzMuseum. Professors visit places in Frankfurt andBerlin, and then the all the group visit places inStuttgart.

DISCUSSIONThe purpose of the collaboration was to exchangeknowledge in the fields of technical, cultural and hu-man aspects. Learning by doing with others in acombined empirical-technological process. On onehand, the context of the Brazilian Lab ‘LAMO´´ with


Figure 3Workshop OCAtraditional BrazilianConstructionreinvented, October2018 atABK-Stuttgart-Solutionsdeveloped duringthe workshop,constructionprocess and thefinal pavilion thatinterlacesbended-pipes toform a ruled-gridsstructure with acentral gatheringvoid.

its highly motivated group used to an informal work-ing process stimulating creativity. Students impro-vising to overcome obstacles, making intuitive andempiric use of material and techniques. On the otherhand, the German Lab very well equipped with a for-mal structure, run by experienced professionals, butwith limitations to use of the facilities for foreign stu-dents and time constraints for the local students dur-ing the workshop period. German students used tosolve problems interacting with seniors, somethingnew for the Brazilian students.

The structureof theOCA is a vernacular construc-tion that makes the best use of the most abundantmaterial that exists in the place in an expedite con-

struction. It uses a table to support the outer shell.In this sense, it has a different nature from the grid-shell that is engineered, in an erudite development,which has no additional support elements as struc-ture. One construction is optimized by the availablematerials, while the other is optimized in the searchfor the best structural solution, based on the study ofminimal surfaces as found in nature. This does notmean that we cannot combine these two types de-spite their different natures. We believe that a com-plete fusion of these two constructions needs furtherresearch.

In the first workshop, we built a new type of grid-shell with a novel material. We then studied tradi-


tional OCA structures with the aim to eliminate thetable as a structural support system inspired by thegridshell. During the second Workshop, we devel-oped a new type of structure combining OCA shelterwith a gridshell introducing a different material. Wedo not develop the technical aspect of the construc-tion in depth, as this was not the research focus.

Students remember the workshop for learningmultiple factors that affect architecture, how to de-velop multiple aspects of a design and how to testvarious design options in a quickwaywith the help ofanalogue and digitalmodelling techniques. Throughthe research of traditional techniques and materialsand their combination with construction elementsfrom a different continent, the project created newways of connecting people. During the short timeof five days each workshop provided a special ex-perience containing discussions, digital simulations,hands-on making and in the end the celebration ofthe erection of a 1:1 prototype. The high-speed jointdevelopment of a piece of architecture by strangers.At the end their eyes blinked, wehad fulfilled thepur-pose of creating multiple networks.

CREDITSWorkshop Tropical Gridshell experience / FAU-UFRJRio de Janeiro, March 2018. Coordination: To-bias Wallisser and Gonçalo Castro Henriques; work-shop support by Daniel Lenz, Felipe Tavares. Lec-tures: Tobias Wallisser (ABK/LAVA), Celina Llerena(Ebiobambu), Felipe Tavares (UFBA). Participants:Amanda Ribeiro, Christian Jesus, Cristian Fagundes,Erick Maiworm, Francesco Milano, Isadora Tebaldi,Karen Antorveza, Leonardo Pate, Mariana Chalhub,Nicolle Prado, Pedro Teixeira, Pedro Engel, Rafaela En-gler, Sol Ztt, Thatilane Loureiro, Thomas Anjos.

Workshop OCA Traditional Brazilian Construc-tion Reinvented / ABK Stuttgart, October 2018. Co-ordination: Goncalo Castro Henriques and TobiasWallisser; support by Daniel Lenz, Sebastian Schottand Arnold Walz (Design to Production). Lectures:Gonçalo Castro Henriques (UFRJ, LAMO), TobiasSchwinn (ICD), Thomaz Vieira (Detmold). Brazilian

Participants: AdrianeOssaille, Amanda Ribeiro, Chris-tian Jesus, Erick Maiworm, Isadora Tebaldi, LeonardoPate, Rafaela Engler and Ronaldo Lee. CollaboratorsOCA research: Lais Kaori, Pedro Teixeira andThatilaneLoureiro. German participants ABK Stuttgart: An-dreas Klatzka, Felix Joachim, Frida Ruppe, HariWolfer,Lu Chéng, Isabella Altemani, Tobias Haas.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSBRAGFOST Connect programme, Alexander-Von-Humboldt Foundation, DAAD, FAU-UFRJ/LAMO-PROURB, ABK-Stuttgart/LAVA

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