web 2.0 social technologies_why people should know web 2.0_final

8/2/2019 Web 2.0 Social Technologies_Why People Should Know Web 2.0_Final

1/27

Zueeken òbm6 ÔJ :%3 WHGKBD ]OG@EHDHNKOW 2

ôj :%3 Whgkbd ]ogèhdhnkow6

^`{ Omugb}hzw bem Dobzeozw W`hudm Aeh~ bjhu} ôj :%3

_ekyozwk}{ hi Ehz}òze Ghdhzbmh

SW[?=3 ]ozl Sbsoz

Abenmhe Doo


2/27

ÔJ :%3 WHGKBD ]OG@EHDHNKOW :

Ke}zhmug}khe

Wkego }ò bmyoe} hi }ò Ke}ozeo} ke obzd{ 2;;3w$ ùlbe jokenw `byo jukd} zodb}khew`ksw

~k}` h}òzw ~k}`hu} bg}ubd nb}òzken ~k}`ke b gdhwo nohnzbs`kgbd dhgb}khe (Nzkiik}` ) Dk{bebno$

:330+% B} }`b} }klo$ ~k}` }ò bwwkw}bego hi }ò Ke}ozeo}$ sohsdo wobzgòm keihzlb}khe he }ò ~oj

bem aos} k} eh}om hz szke}om eh lb}}oz ~`b} keihzlb}khe }ò{ ~be} }h `byo% ]ò{ bdwh fhkeom

hedkeo ghlluek}kow }h w`bzo aeh~domno bem opsozkoegow ~k}` h}òz sohsdo }`zhun` jh}òzwhlo

loljozw`ks szhgomuzow bem sozlkwwkhew% Bgghzmken }h Wkdyb$ Zb`lbe$ bem Od Wbmmka (:330+$

}òwo sb}}ozew hi no}}ken bem w`bzken keihzlb}khe ~bw ghewkmozom bw ôj 2%3$ ~`kg` gbe jo

g`bzbg}ozkvom bw w}b}kg$ goe}zbdkvom$ ghe}oe},jbwom$ heo,~b{ ghlluekgb}ken$ zobmbjdo$ keidopkjdo$

bem kemkykmubd%

Bi}oz }ò eo~ lkddoeekul jonbe$ ~oj oeykzheloe}w w}bz}om lhyken }h~bzm lhzo

m{eblkg bem mkw}zkju}om ghlluek}kow }`be ôj 2%3 bem ihguwom lhzo he ghlluekgb}ken bem

w`bzken zb}òz }`be szhykmken bem zo}zkoyken keihzlb}khe uekdb}ozbdd{% Bgghzmken }h bz}kgdow he

ôj :%3 (HZokdd{$ :33?1 Jbz}hdhlo$ :330+$ }ò }ozl ôj :%3 ikzw} bssobzom muzken b loo}ken

bzzbenom j{ ]kl HZokdd{ bem LomkbDkyo Ke}ozeb}khebd ke :33=$ bem }òe b} }ò ikzw} ôj :%3

gheiozoego òdm ke db}o :33=$ HZokdd{ (:33?+ moikeom ôj :%3 bw b ~oj sdb}ihzl ~òzo

bssdkgb}khew bzo jukd} he }ò ~oj zb}òz }`be kew}bddom he }ò mowa}hs% Ke bmmk}khe$ ôj :%3 kw

ghew}zuom bw b ~oj w{w}ol }`b} jzobaw ~k}` }ò goe}zbdkvom ~oj ghegos} bem lhyow }ò sh~oz hi

}ò ~oj }h obg` kemkykmubdw mowa}hs (Bemozwhe$ :33>+% Ke h}òz ~hzmw$ ôj :%3 kw ke}ozszo}om

bw uwoz,hzkoe}om$ wozykgo,jbwom$ hsoe$ jkdb}ozbd$ ~zk}bjdo$ whgkbd$ bem m{eblkg (Wkdyb o} bd$ :330+$

jogbuwo k} bddh~w ~oj uwozw }h gzob}o }òkz h~e ghe}oe}$ ke}ozbg}$ bem ghddbjhzb}o ~k}` heo

beh}òz ke be hsoe bem whgkbd eo}~hza oeykzheloe} bw ghe}oe} gzob}hzw bw hsshwom }h ghewulozw

hi keihzlb}khe%


3/27

ÔJ :%3 WHGKBD ]OG@EHDHNKOW 7

G`bzbg}ozkw}kgw hi ôj :%3 ke omugb}khe

Wkego ôj :%3 bssdkgb}khew kegdumken whgkbd lomkb bem }ogèhdhnkow bzo ke}ozbg}kyo$

ghddbjhzb}kyo$ bem ghe}op}ubd }hhdw }`b} bzo obwkd{ bggowwkjdo$ `kn`d{ uwoiud$ lhw}d{ izoo$ bem

ke}oemom }h wusshz} ghddbjhzb}ken bem w`bzken ghe}oe} ~k}` soozw bem ghddobnuow$ b nzob} euljoz

hi ôj :%3 uwozw ihz }òkz omugb}khebd suzshwow `byo jooe bmybegken }òlwodyow izhl uwken

ghe}oe} ihz w`bzken }h keghzshzb}ken }hhdw ihz w{w}olb}kg }`keaken bem nzhusw ihz ghddbjhzb}ken }h

bg`koyo ghhsozb}kyo nhbdw (Momo$ :322+% ]òzo bzo ikyo shwk}kyo iob}uzow hi olsdh{ken ôj :%3

}hhdw ke omugb}khe%

]h jonke ~k}`$ ôj :%3 bssdkgb}khew hiioz omugb}hzw bem dobzeozw ~k}` b nzob} blhue} hi

biihzmbegow }`b} bzo `bzmd{ ihuem ke h}òz }ogèhdhnkgbd `bzm~bzo bem whi}~bzo zonbzmken

gzob}khe hi aeh~domno kemkykmubdd{ bem ghhsozb}kyod{% Ke bmmk}khe$ whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow wusshz}

hedkeo ghddbjhzb}kyo hsshz}uek}kow }`b} gbe jduz }ò s`{wkgbd bem }olshzbd jhuembzkow ihz dklk}doww

bem wobldoww omugb}khebd opsozkoegow (_%W% Mosbz}loe} hi Omugb}khe$ :323+% Bw biikzlom ke }ò

w}um{ hi Nzbe} bem Lklw (:33;+$ ôj :%3 }hhdw bzo obw{ }h uwo bem zorukzo dk}}do }ogèkgbd

}zbkeken ihz olsdh{ken }òl ke}h }ò bg}ubd omugb}khe szbg}kgow$ }ùw lbaken omugb}hzw bem

dobzeozw lhzo obwkd{ oenbnom ke }`hwo ~oj bssdkgb}khew%

]`kzm$ bgghzmken }h }ò Eb}khebd Omugb}khe ]ogèhdhn{ Sdbe :323 (_%W% Mosbz}loe} hi

Omugb}khe$ :323+$ ôj :%3 bssdkgb}khew `byo nzob} w}zoen}`w ke ghddog}ken keihzlb}khe bem kmobw

j{ ZWW (Zobdd{ Wklsdo W{emkgb}khe+ }`zhun` }ò Ke}ozeo}% ]ò ihuz}` lozk} hi ôj :%3 }hhdw ihz

omugb}khe gbe jo ihuem ke sbz}kgksb}hz{ bem ghddbjhzb}kyo eb}uzow hi whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow wug` bw

whgkbd eo}~hzaken bem jhhalbzaken$ gzob}ken bem w`bzken mhguloe}w$ s`h}hw bem ykmohw }`zhun`

ghddbjhzb}khe bem lbw`,usw% Dbw} ju} eh} dobw}$ }ò Eb}khebd Omugb}khe ]ogèhdhn{ Sdbe :323

(_%W% Mosbz}loe} hi Omugb}khe$ :323+ zoshz}w }`b} heo hi }ò b}}zbg}kyo g`bzbg}ozkw}kgw hi ôj :%3


4/27

ÔJ :%3 WHGKBD ]OG@EHDHNKOW =

}ogèhdhnkow }`b} mzb~ sohsdow b}}oe}khe }h olsdh{ken ôj :%3 wozykgow ihz }òkz }obg`ken bem

dobzeken opsozkoegow kw }ò ghe}keuk}{% ]ò zowhuzgow$ hego }ò{ `byo jooe bybkdbjdo he }ò ~oj

~k}` wuw}bkebjdo eo}~hza gheeog}khew$ ghe}keuo }h jo zobm{ ihz joken uwom j{ omugb}hzw bem

dobzeozw bi}oz }ò{ `byo jooe hu}wkmo wg`hhdw%

Dobzeken }òhzkow hi ôj :%3 }ogèhdhnkow

Keihzlb}khe szhgowwken }òhz{% Bgghzmken }h B}akewhe bem W`kiizke (2;90+$ ùlbe

jokenw `byo }ò }`zoo }{sow hi lolhzkow ke }òkz zo}bkeken w{w}ol hi }ò jzbke% ]òwo ghlszkwo

woewhz{$ w`hz},}ozl (~hzaken+$ bem dhen,}ozl lolhz{ bem }`b} woewhz{ bem ~hzaken lolhzkow

dbw} hed{ woghemw% Ke h}òz ~hzmw$ }`kw lolhz{ w{w}ol hi ùlbe jokenw molhew}zb}ow ~`{

ùlbew `byo mkiikgud}{ zogbddken }`kenw dhen oehun` }h sozihzl wklsdo }bwaw hz ghlszoòem

ghegos}w%

Dh`z (:330+ bznuom }`b} kemkykmubdw woewhz{ lolhz{ hed{ ihguw he }ò lhw} zodoybe} bem

ke}ozow}ken keihzlb}khe$ bem }ùw knehzken h}òz keihzlb}khe bem ikd}ozken hu} b nzob} mobd hi

ueeogowwbz{ keihzlb}khe% ]`kw wodog}kyo iueg}khe kw b ghzo sbz} hi woewhz{ lolhz{% Zonbzmken

~hzaken lolhz{$ Lkddoz (2;?9+ bwwoz}om }`b} ~hzaken lolhz{ `hdmw goz}bke uek}w hi keihzlb}khe

jo}~ooe ? bem ; uek}w$ ~`kg` gbe jo > sduw bem lkeuw : uek}w% ]`kw w`hz},}ozl lolhz{ kw

wknekikgbe} ~òe szhiowwkhebdw mkw}kenukw` jo}~ooe opsoz}w bem ehykgow ke dobzeken bem zo}zkoyken

keihzlb}khe ~òe eoomom%

Jzbewihzm$ Jzh~e$ bem Ghgaken (:333+ ghe}oemom }`b} }ò lhw} klshz}be} mkiiozoego

jo}~ooe opsoz}w bem ehykgow kw ~ò}òz }òzo opkw} lobekeniud sb}}ozew hi keihzlb}khe zonbzmken

dobzeken$ zo}zkoyken$ bem u}kdkvken keihzlb}khe hz eh}% Lhzo }h }ò shke}$ opsozkoegom dobzeozw


5/27

ÔJ :%3 WHGKBD ]OG@EHDHNKOW ?

`byo lhzo bjkdk}kow }h zobwhe bem whdyo nkyoe szhjdolw bem bmhs} eo~ ghegos}w bem aeh~domno

}`be ~`b} szolb}uzo dobzeozw mh% Opsoz}w `byo }òkz h~e bu}òe}kg bem lobekeniud lo}`hmw hi

bmhs}ken bem u}kdkvken keihzlb}khe }ò{ dobze$ bem }ùw zololjozken bem zo}zkoyken }ò zkn`}

blhue} hi eogowwbz{ keihzlb}khe b} }ò zkn`} }klo (Jzbewihzm o} bd%$ :333+%

^òe yko~ken keihzlb}khe szhgowwken }òhz{ izhl }ò sozwsog}kyo hi w}hzken bem

zo}zkoyken }ò bsszhszkb}o keihzlb}khe b} }ò lhw} ybdubjdo }klo$ ~o gbe }`kea hi ôj :%3 whgkbd

}ogèhdhnkow ke }`b} keihzlb}khe gbe jo w}hzom$ zo}zkoyom$ bem lhmkikom bw eoomom ~k}` }ò uwo hi

ôj :%3 bssdkgb}khew wug` bw lomkb w`bzken bem eh}o,}baken% ]`kw kw jogbuwo w}umoe}w bw ehykgo

dobzeozw gbe ibgkdk}b}o }òkz ~obaeowwow he w}hzken keihzlb}khe b} bem zo}zkoyken k} izhl }òkz

~hzaken lolhz{ j{ uwken }òwo eh}o,}baken bem ghe}oe} w}hzken ôj :%3 wozykgow bw

wussdoloe}bz{ }hhdw%

Wodi,zonudb}om dobzeken }òhz{% Wodi,zonudb}om dobzeken }òhz{ hzknkeb}ow izhl }ò

bwwuls}khe }`b} kemkykmubdw }bao g`bzno hi }òkz h~e dobzeken bg}kyk}kow bem `byo hsshz}uek}kow }h

jo zowshewkjdo ihz }òkz jo`bykhzw bem dobzeken hu}ghlow (Y{nh}wa{$ 2;9:+% Ke `kw moyodhsloe}bd

}òhz{$ }ò vheo hi szhpklbd moyodhsloe} aeh~e bw VSM ~bw gzob}om }h opsdbke `h~

kemkykmubdw bzo bjdo }h lbao }ò jow} uwo hi }òkz loe}bd }hhdw bw ibgkdk}b}hzw }h lbpklkvo }òkz

moyodhsloe}bd bjkdk}kow% Y{nh}wa{ (2;9:+ bdwh bznuom }`b} dobzeozw ~k}` }ò òds bem bwwkw}bego

izhl }obgòzw hz h}òz }hhdw izhl }ò jonkeeken bzo bjdo }h szhnzowwkyod{ moyodhs }òkz bjkdk}kow }h

sozihzl nkyoe }bwaw ~k}`hu} be{ wusshz}w%

Ke bgghzmbego ~k}` Vkllozlbe (:333+$ wodi,zonudb}om dobzeken }òhz{ su} }ò lhw} ybduo

he kemkykmubd dobzeozw wodi,mo}ozlkeb}khe bem ghe}zhd bem }òwo kemkykmubd dobzeozw }bao ghe}zhd

hi }òkz h~e dobzeken bg}kyk}kow j{ mkzog}ken$ lhek}hzken$ bem zonudb}ken bg}khew bem hu}ghlow%


6/27


Lhzohyoz$ Jzbewihzm o} bd% (:333+ biikzlom }`b} wodi,zonudb}om dobzeken zorukzow kemkykmubdw }h

`byo }òkz lo}bghnek}kyo bjkdk}kow$ ~`kg` lobe }`b} dobzeozw aeh~ }òkz doyodw hi wakddw bem

aeh~domno bem bssd{ }òl b} }ò zkn`} sdbgo bem b} }ò zkn`} }klo% ]`b} kw$ kemkykmubdw ~k}`

lo}bghnek}khe `byo bjkdk}kow bem aeh~domno bjhu} ~òe$ ~`b}$ ~òzo$ bem `h~ }h uwo wsogkikg

wakddw bem w}zb}onkow ihz }òkz dobzeken suzshwow hz whdyken sbz}kgudbz szhjdolw%

Ke }`kw zowsog}$ ôj :%3 whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow gbe bdwh jo u}kdkvom }h ibgkdk}b}o bem doyozbno

kemkykmubdw wodi,zonudb}om dobzeken bg}kyk}kow ke lbe{ hi omugb}khebd bem ghzshzb}o wo}}kenw% ]ò

iob}uzow hi ôj :%3 wug` bw wodi,zoszowoe}b}khe$ wodi,gzob}khe$ bem wodi,zoidog}khe gbe wusshz} }ò

uwow hi ôj :%3 ke wodi,zonudb}om dobzeken oeykzheloe}w% Kemkykmubd dobzeozw ~k}` }òkz w}zhen

lo}bghnek}khe$ ihz opblsdo$ bzo bjdo }h olsdh{ wodi,gzob}ken bem wodi,zoszowoe}b}khe ôj :%3

whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow ihz gzob}ken$ lhek}hzken$ bem zoidog}ken dobzeken bz}kibg}w j{ ke}ozebd bem

whgkhgud}uzbd ke}ozbg}khew ~k}` h}òz kemkykmubdw% ]òwo wodi,zoszowoe}b}khe bem wodi,zoidog}khe

ôj :%3 }hhdw kegdumo jdhnw bem ~kakw ihz zoidog}khe$ lomkb gzob}khe bem szowoe}b}khe }hhdw ihz

wodi,zoszowoe}b}khe$ bem kmob jukdmken }hhdw ihz wodi,zonudb}khe hi kmobw%

Wk}ub}om dobzeken }òhz{% Y{nh}wa{ (2;>01 2;09+ kewkw}om }`b} whgkhgud}uzbd sozwsog}kyow

hi ùlbe dobzeken bzo skyh}bd }h oe`bego kemkykmubdw ghnek}khe hi wakddw bem aeh~domno ke }ò

woewo }`b} ùlbe jokenw `byo }òkz lkemw oyhdyom }h~bzmw lhzo bsszhszkb}od{ bem oiikgkoe}d{

hj}bkeken wakddw bem aeh~domno ~k}`ke }ò ghe}op} hi whgkbd ke}ozbg}khew bem oegud}uzb}khe% Su}

mkiiozoe}d{$ }ò monzoo hi kemkykmubdw dobzeken gbe ybz{ jbwom he }òkz whgkbd oenbnoloe}w bem

gud}uzbd jbganzhuemw% Kemkykmubdw ~`h bg}kyod{ ke}ozbg} ~k}` h}òz sohsdo ~k}`ke }ò iblkdkbz

gud}uzbd wuzzhuemkenw `byo lhzo lobekeniud bem bu}òe}kg sb}}ozew hi dobzeken }`be }ò heow ~`h

bzo ke }ò ueiblkdkbz ghe}op} ~k}` io~ whgkbd ke}ozbg}khew%


7/27

ÔJ :%3 WHGKBD ]OG@EHDHNKOW >

Dbyo bem ôenoz (2;;3+ bwwoz}om }`b} dobzeken kw mosoemoe} he wk}ub}khew ~òzo dobzeozw

bzo oeghuzbnom }h dobze bg}kyod{ ~k}`ke }ò gud}uzo,jbwom ghe}op}% ]`b} kw$ dobzeken gbe jo

oljommom ~k}`ke bg}kyk}{$ ghe}op}$ bem gud}uzo bem bdwh hgguzw ueke}oe}khebdd{ zb}òz }`be

ghewgkhuwd{% Bu}`hzw bdwh ols`bwkvom }`b} wakddw bem aeh~domno eoom }h jo hj}bkeom ke

lobekeniud ghe}op}w ~òzo dobzeozw gbe bg}kyod{ bem szhihuemd{ jo oenbnom ke% Ke bmmk}khe }h

}`b}$ whgkbd ghlluekgb}khew bem ghddbjhzb}khew ~k}` h}òz kemkykmubdw bzo yk}bd odoloe}w ke }ò

wk}ub}om dobzeken ghe}op}w%

Bgghzmken }h Nzooeh (2;;0+$ wk}ub}om dobzeken }òhz{ g`koid{ ols`bwkvow }ò monzoo hi

ke}ozbg}kyk}{ bem oegud}uzb}khe hi kemkykmubdw bw sbz}kgksbe}w bem ghddbjhzb}hzw$ ghlluekgb}ken

~k}` h}òz oe}k}kow$ lb}ozkbdw$ hz w{w}olw% Lhzohyoz$ Y{nh}wa{ (2;>01 2;09+ bznuom }`b} }ò

kemkykmubdw loe}bd }hhdw }`b} bzo bdzobm{ wo} us jbwom he }òkz gud}uzbd wgòlbw sdb{ b wknekikgbe}

zhdo ke }ò bgrukwk}khe hi eogowwbz{ wakddw bem aeh~domno ke }ò ghe}op} hi wk}ub}om dobzeken

}òhz{% @oego$ aeh~domno }ò{ obze bem }`keaken }ò{ mh kewkmo hi }òkz lkemw ~k}` szhsoz

loe}bd }hhdw gbeeh} jo wosbzbjdo$ ju} jo zogkszhgbdd{ gheeog}om%

Ihz }òwo zobwhew$ ôj :%3 whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow `hdm }ò wblo }zu}`w he wk}ub}kyk}{ ke

wk}ub}om dobzeken }òhz{ jogbuwo hi }ò g`bzbg}ozkw}kgw hi ôj :%3 }hhdw zoszowoe}ken

sbz}kgksb}khe$ ke}ozbg}kyk}{$ bem ghe}op}ubdkvb}khe% W}umoe}w$ ihz kew}bego$ lb{ loo} ybzkhuw

bgbmolkg wk}ub}khew ~òzo }ò{ lkn`} eoom }h gzob}o whlo}`ken }h}bdd{ eo~ ~k}`ke ueiblkdkbz

wgòlbw hz bmybego }òkz }`hun`}w bjhu} goz}bke }hskgw jbwom he }òkz szoykhuw opsozkoegow% Ke

}òwo wk}ub}khew ~òzo w}umoe}w iood w}zbeno hz eo~$ }ò{ lb{ eoom h}òz wussdoloe}bz{ }hhdw$

bssdkgb}khew$ hz ke}ozbg}khew ~k}` h}òz soozw hz hjfog}w }h nzbws }ò kmobw izhl eo~ wgòlbw bem

lbao ueiblkdkbz kwwuow whdyom bem izkoemd{% Ke h}òz ~hzmw$ izhl w}umoe}w sozwsog}kyow$ }ò{ gbe

olsdh{ ôj :%3 whgkbd }hhdw }h whdyo }òkz eo~ szhjdolw bem no} bgguw}hlom }h }òkz eo~


8/27


wk}ub}khew% ]òwo ôj :%3 bssdkgb}khew ghlszkwo (2+ whgkbd eo}~hzaken bem jhhalbzaken }hhdw

ihz keyow}knb}ken eo~ }hskgw j{ nb}òzken$ ke}ozbg}ken$ bem ghddbjhzb}ken$ (:+ ghddbjhzb}kyo

mhguloe}ken bssdkgb}khew ihz gh,gzob}ken bem mkwguwwken$ bem (7+ lbw`,us wozykgow ihz gzob}ken$

lhek}hzken$ bem lhmki{ken bz}kibg}w bw mkyozwo wk}ub}khew eoomom%

Ghnek}kyo idopkjkdk}{ }òhz{% Ke bgghzmbego ~k}` Wskzh bem Foèn (2;;3+$ ghnek}kyo

idopkjkdk}{ }òhz{ kw b dobzeken }òhz{ }`b} zoidog}w kemkykmubdw mkyozwk}kow bem sozwhebdk}kow he

}òkz dobzeken oeykzheloe}w bem bz}kibg}w% ]`b} kw$ ghnek}kyo idopkjkdk}{ }òhz{ kw b ghegos}ubd

dobzeken szkegksdo }`b} hzknkeb}ow izhl ghnek}kyo dobzeken }òhz{ ihz gzob}ken dobzeoz,goe}ozom

omugb}khebd oeykzheloe}w% Iuz}òzlhzo$ Jzbewihzm o} bd% (:333+ molhew}zb}om }ò ghzo ghegos}w

hi ghnek}kyo idopkjkdk}{ }òhz{ bw ihddh~w% ]òwo kegdumo (2+ dobzeken bg}kyk}kow ~k}` lud}ksdo

lomkb zoszowoe}b}khew$ (:+ gbwo,j{,gbwo dobzeken bem dobzeoz,jbwom kew}zug}khe$ (7+ zobd ~hzdm

ghe}op}w bem aeh~domno jukdmken$ bem (=+ ke}oz~hyoe w}zug}uzow hi aeh~domno kew}obm hi

ghlsbz}loe}bdkvb}khe%

]ò iob}uzow hi ghnek}kyo idopkjkdk}{ }òhz{ wug` bw mkyozwo zoszowoe}b}khew$ gbwo,jbwom

bsszhbgòw$ bem ke}ozgheeog}omeoww hi keihzlb}khe bem aeh~domno opbg}d{ lb}g` }ò ao{

ghegos}w hi ôj :%3 whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow ke }ò woewo }`b} ôj :%3 whgkbd }hhdw `byo w}zhen

bmybe}bnow hi lud}ksdo zoszowoe}b}khew$ kew}bego,hzkoe}om wozykgow$ bem wuw}bkebjdo gheeog}kyk}{

jo}~ooe ùlbe bem ùlbe hz jo}~ooe ùlbe bem oeykzheloe}w% Lhzo wsogkikgbdd{$ dobzeozw gbe

gzob}o bem szowoe} bw ybzkhuw dobzeken hu}ghlow bw }ò{ gbe biihzm }h `byo mosoemoe} he }òkz

ghnek}kyo bjkdk}kow$ ~`kg` gbe bdwh jo ke}ozszo}om ke}h }òkz lo}bghnek}khe$ ~k}` ybzkom ôj :%3

bssdkgb}khew dkao ghegos} lbssken bssdkgb}khew$ wodi,zoszowoe}b}khe }hhdw$ bem lud}ksdo w`bzken

wozykgow%


9/27

ÔJ :%3 WHGKBD ]OG@EHDHNKOW ;

Ke bmmk}khe$ w}umoe}w gbe w}bz} uwken ôj :%3 }hhdw izhl }ò yoz{ jbwkg doyod hi olsdh{ken

ôj :%3 whgkbd bssdkgb}khew% Ihz opblsdo$ w}umoe}w b} ikzw} gbe u}kdkvo wklsdo klbno omk}ken }hhdw$

ghddbjhzb}kyo mhguloe}b}khe wozykgow$ bem jbwkg szowoe}b}khe bssdkgb}khew he b gbwo jbwkw$ ~`kg`

gbe jo zoidog}kyo hi lkek,gbwow ke }ò opblsdow hi ghnek}kyo idopkjkdk}{ }òhz{% Bi}oz~bzmw$

w}umoe}w gbe lbw`,us bw lbe{ ôj :%3 }hhdw bw }ò{ gbe mobd ~k}` jbwom he }òkz ghnek}kyo

gbsbgk}kow wklud}beohuwd{$ ~òe }ò{ iood gheikmoe} hi uwken$ ke}onzb}ken$ bem lkpken mkyozwo

ôj :%3 whgkbd }hhdw ihz heo ùno kew}zug}khebd szhfog}% Bem ikebdd{$ ôj :%3 whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow

gbe `byo }ò wblo kewkn`} hi ke}ozgheeog}omeoww hi ghnek}kyo idopkjkdk}{ }òhz{ jogbuwo }ò

uemozd{ken ghzo ghegos} hi ôj :%3 whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow gbe jo ghew}zuom ~k}` }ò ao{~hzmw wug`

bw eo}~hzaom$ ke}oz}~keom$ gheeog}om$ dkeaom$ bem wh ihz}`%

Lh}kyb}khebd }òhz{% Bgghzmken }h Jzbewihzm o} bd% (:333+$ lh}kyb}khe kw b gzk}kgbd

ghegos} hi lhw} }òhzkow hi dobzeken }`b} gbe jo }ò wknekikgbe} ao{ }h lbao kemkykmubdw mh

whlo}`ken jogbuwo hi }ò keòzoe} ke}ozow}ken nbkew (ke}zkewkg+ hz }ò op}ozebd zo~bzmw (op}zkewkg+%

Ihz opblsdo$ b sozwhe eoomw }h jo lh}kyb}om oehun` }h sb{ b}}oe}khe }h goz}bke }`kenw ~kddkend{

~`kdo dobzeken% Ke beh}òz gbwo$ be kemkykmubd gbe jo lh}kyb}om oehun` }h no} b zo~bzm k}wodi izhl

hu}wkmo% Zonbzmken }ò }~h }{sow hi lh}kyb}khe$ ôkeoz (2;;3+ bznuom }`b} dobzeken }òhzkow hi

jo`bykhzkwl kw kegdkeom }h ols`bwkvo he op}zkewkg lh}kyb}khe wug` bw zo~bzmw$ ~`kdo ghnek}kyo

dobzeken }òhzkow }oem }h mobd ~k}` ke}zkewkg lh}kyb}khe dkao nhbdw%

^òe yko~ken ôj :%3 whgkbd bssdkgb}khew izhl lh}kyb}khebd sozwsog}kyow$ ~o gbe bdwh

bssd{ }ò dobzeken }òhzkow hi lh}kyb}khe }h }ò uwow hi ôj :%3 whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow ke }ò

ghe}op} hi omugb}ken bem }zbkeken kemkykmubdw% Ihz kew}bego$ }obgòzw gbe olsdh{ ôj :%3 }hhdw

eh} hed{ }h doyozbno }òkz }obg`ken oiikgkoeg{ ju} bdwh }h lh}kyb}o w}umoe}w j{ w`h~ken }òl `h~


10/27


w~ki}d{$ gheyoekoe}d{$ bem oiikgkoe}d{ dobzeken gbe jo sozihzlom bem `h~ gzob}kyod{ bem

keehyb}kyod{ dobzeken hu}ghlow gbe jo szhmugom% Lhzohyoz$ omugb}hzw gbe uwo }òwo ôj :%3

}hhdw }h gzob}o ke}ozbg}kyo bem ghlluekgb}kyo dobzeken oeykzheloe}w }`b} lb{ w}kludb}o dobzeozw

lh}kyb}khew j{ bg}kyo bem ke}ozow}ken dobzeken bg}kyk}kow bem ghlluekgb}khew%

Izhl }ò w}umoe}w yko~shke}w$ w}umoe}w gbe jo lhzo oenbnom bem ke}ozow}om ke }òkz

dobzeken bem gdbww bg}kyk}kow }`be joihzo j{ mhken bg}kyo dobzeken szbg}kgow bem yhdue}bzkd{

sbz}kgksb}ken ke ybzkhuw dobzeken oyoe}w% Bw b gheworuoego$ w}umoe}w gbe iknuzo hu} lhzo mkyozwo

bem bmybegom lbeeozw ihz }òl }h u}kdkvo ôj :%3 whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow ke }òkz dobzeken

opsozkoegow% J{ mhken wh$ ke whlo mb{w$ dobzeozw gbe jo nzob}d{ lh}kyb}om kemkykmubdw$ suzwuken

lhzo bg}kyo dobzeken szbg}kgow bem lbaken h}òz dobzeozw lhzo lh}kyb}om ~k}` }òkz szowoe}b}khew

}h$ ke}ozbg}khew ~k}`$ zoghlloemb}khew }h$ bem ghddbjhzb}khew ~k}` h}òz soozw%

Whgkbd dobzeken }òhz{% ]ò owwoe}kbd ihuemb}khe bem ghegos}ubd eh}khe hi ôj :%3

bssdkgb}khew ke omugb}khe kw jbwom he whgkbdk}{$ ~`kg` kw bdwh }ò szklbz{ ~b{ ùlbe jokenw

eb}uzbdd{ dobze% ]ùw$ }ò iuembloe}bd kewkn`}w hi `h~ whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow zoszowoe}ken ôj :%3

}hhdw bem whgkbd ke}ozbg}khew biiog} }obg`ken bem dobzeken opsozkoegow gbe jo ihuem w}bz}ken izhl

whgkbd dobzeken }òhz{ (Jbemuzb$ 2;>>+% Bgghzmken }h whgkbd dobzeken }òhz{ j{ Jbemuzb (2;>>+$

ùlbe jokenw gbe dobze izhl hjwozyb}khe }`b} gbe hgguz ke zodb}khe }h b lhmod izhl }ò zobd

~hzdm$ yozjbd kew}zug}khew ~k}` mowkzom jo`bykhzw$ bem w{ljhdkg lomkb wug` bw ]Yw$ dk}ozb}uzo$

Ke}ozeo}$ ykmohw$ bem }ò dkao% ]ò gzk}kgbd ibg}hz hi Jbemuzbw (2;>>+ whgkbd dobzeken }òhz{ kw

zogkszhgbd mo}ozlkekwl$ ~`kg` w}b}ow }`b} b sozwhew jo`bykhz keiduoegow h}òzw ghemug}w bw ~odd

bw joken biiog}om j{ jh}` }ò g`bzbg}ozkw}kgw hi h}òz kemkykmubdw bem }ò oeykzheloe}w% Ke nzob}

mo}bkd$ be kemkykmubdw jo`bykhz$ gkzgulw}bego$ bem kemkykmubdk}{ bdd `byo keiduoegow he heo


11/27


beh}òz (Nzuwog$ 2;;:+% Lhzohyoz$ Jbemuzb (2;>>j$ 2;09+ bdwh biikzlw }`b} h}òz kemkykmubd

ibg}hzw bem }òkz rubdk}kow ~k}`ke b sozwhe ke}ozbg} ~k}` obg` h}òz bw zogkszhgbd mo}ozlkebe}w }`b}

`byo jkdb}ozbd bem lu}ubd keiduoegow%

Hjwozyb}khebd dobzeken }òhz{% Hjwozyb}khebd dobzeken (Jbemuzb$ 2;>>$ bw gk}om ke

Nzuwog$ 2;;:1 Jbemuzb$ 2;09+$ aeh~e bw ykgbzkhuw dobzeken hz lhmodken$ kw }ò ghzo ghegos}ubd

izblo~hza hi Jbemuzbw (2;>>+ whgkbd dobzeken }òhz{$ bem ykgbzkhuw dobzeken hgguzw ~k}`ke

hjwozyken bem zoszhmugken uekruo jo`bykhzw ghemug}om j{ h}òzw% Bd}`hun`$ bgghzmken }h

Jbemuzb (2;>>+$ hjwozyb}khebd dobzeken `bw nzob}oz wknekikgbego muzken g`kdm`hhm jogbuwo hi }ò

ghewkmozbjdo òds bem wusshz} izhl }òkz bu}`hzk}kow wug` bw sbzoe}w$ hdmoz wkjdkenw$ bem }obgòzw$

k} gbe }bao sdbgo b} be{ w}bno ke b ùlbew dkio wsbe$ ju} lhzo ~kmod{ op}oemom ~k}` zonbzm }h }ò

wghso bem wgbdo hi wujfog}w bem ghe}op}w bssdkgbjdo$ hi ykgbzkhuw (hjwozyb}khebd+ dobzeken ~k}`

oloznken }ogèhdhnkow wug` bw ôj :%3 }hhdw$ whgkbd lomkb$ bem h}òz kew}be}beohuw bem

ujkruk}huw }ogèhdhnkow (Nzuwog$ 2;;:1 Jbemuzb$ 2;09+% ]ò szhgomuzbd ybzkbjdow uemozd{ken

hjwozyb}khebd dobzeken }òhz{$ bw eh}om ke Gudb}}bw (:322+ bz}kgdo$ bzo6 (b+ B}}oe}khe6 lhmodom

kegkmoe}w }h mzb~ be hjwozyozw b}}oe}khe bem g`bzbg}ozkw}kgw$ (j+ Zo}oe}khe6 w{ljhdkg ghmken$

zoòbzwbd$ bem ghnek}kyo w}zug}uzken$ (g+ Zoszhmug}khe6 wodi,zogzob}ken bem s`{wkgbd gbsbjkdk}kow

jbwom he hjwozyb}khe$ (m+ Lh}kyb}khe6 ke}zkewkg bem op}zkewkg zokeihzgoloe}%

Ghew}zug}kykwl% Jzueoz (2;>7+ w}b}ow }`b} dobzeken kw b whgkbdd{ szhmug}kyo bem

zogkszhgbdd{ keiduoe}kbd szhgoww ke ~`kg` dobzeozw ghew}zug} }òkz h~e eo~ kmobw bem ghegos}w

jbwom he }òkz sbw} bem guzzoe} wakddw bem aeh~domno% Ke h}òz ~hzmw$ dobeozw `byo }ò

gbsbjkdk}kow hi ghddog}ken bem wodog}ken mb}b bem keihzlb}khe$ }zbewihzlken }òl ke}h lobekeniud


12/27

ÔJ :%3 WHGKBD ]OG@EHDHNKOW 2:

wakddw bem aeh~domno$ bem }òe iuz}òz ghew}zug}ken ehyod }`hun`}w bem mogkwkhew nhken ibz

jo{hem }ò mb}b bem keihzlb}khe nkyoe% ]`kw bwsog} hi ghew}zug}kykwl gbe jo ihuem ke whgkbd

}ogèhdhnkow ke }`b} dobzeozw `byo nzob} hsshz}uek}kow }h jo omugb}khebd lomkb gzob}hzw }`zhun`

ikemken lobekeniud ~b{w }h u}kdkvo ôj :%3 }hhdw ihz omugb}khebd wo}}kenw$ omk}ken$ gzob}ken$ bem

w`bzken kew}zug}khebd hu}ghlow ~k}` h}òz sohsdo% Ke }`kw ~b{$ bd}`hun` dobzeozw w}bz} j{ uwken

ôj :%3 bssdkgb}khew bw ghe}oe} uwozw (bggowwken$ zobmken$ no}}ken kmobw$ bem ghlloe}ken he

}òl+$ }`kw }zbewihzlb}khe izhl b ghewuloz }h b gzob}hz szhykmow dobzeozw ~k}` nzob} g`begow bem

shwwkjkdk}kow ihz }òkz wuggowwkyo dobzeken% ]`kw gbe jo ke nzob} shwwkjkdk}kow ihz omugb}hzw bem

dobzeozw ~k}` }ò bwwkw}bego hi wodi,zonudb}hz{$ sbz}kgksb}hz{$ bem ghddbjhzb}kyo eb}uzow hi ôj

:%3 }ogèhdhnkow% Ke }`kw zonbzm$ }ò klshz}bego hi }ogèhdhn{ ke omugb}khe bw ghew}zug}kyo }hhdw

kw wusshz}om j{ lbe{ w}umkow% Fhebwwoe bem Zooyow (2;;9+ ghe}oem }`b} }ò zhdo hi }ogèhdhn{$

szklbzkd{ ghlsu}ozw$ ke omugb}khe `bw jooe ghewkmozom bw b lomkb}hz ihz ghew}zug}ken bem

modkyozken lhzo biiduoe} bem bssobdken dobzeken oeykzheloe}w% Ke bmmk}khe$ }ogèhdhnkow bzo hi

nzob} klshz}bego }h wusshz} dobzeozw bw mowkneozw bem wodi,zonudb}hzw }h ghew}zug} }òkz h~e

aeh~domno jbwow j{ bggowwken$ hznbekvken$ bem ke}ozszo}ken keihzlb}khe ke}h }òkz sozwhebd

aeh~domno$ bem }zbewiozzken }òkz ~kwmhl }h h}òz soozw (Fhebwwoe o} bd%$ 2;;91 Fhebwwoe$ 2;;=+%

Bg}kyo dobzeken }òhz{% LgDhun`dke bem Doo (:330+ ghe}oem }`b} }ò suzshwow hi

mkyozwo sbz}kgksb}hz{$ ghddbjhzb}kyo$ bem gzob}kyo ~oj bg}kyk}kow bem bssdkgb}khew ihz dobzeken

(zoiozzom bw whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow bem ôj :%3 }hhdw+ gbe jo bwwklkdb}om ke}h }ò ghzo ghegos}w hi

bg}kyo dobzeken }òhz{$ jogbuwo bg}kyo dobzeken }òhz{ ols`bwkvow mkw}zkju}om bem mogoe}zbdkvom

omugb}khebd oeykzheloe}w ghddbjhzb}kyo$ gheeog}om$ bem ke}ozbg}kyo zb}òz }`be }zbmk}khebd

aeh~domno mkwwolkeb}khe w{w}olw }hs,mh~e bem }obgòzw,}h,w}umoe}w% Bgghzmken }h ]hen


13/27


(:332+$ bg}kyo dobzeken }òhz{ kw }ò dobzeken szkegksdo }`b} w}umoe}w bzo b} }ò ghzo hi dobzeken

oeykzheloe}w ~òzo dobzeozw bwa ruow}khew j{ sbz}kgksb}ken bem ghddbjhzb}ken$ ghe}zhd

omugb}khebd zowhuzgow j{ bebd{vken bem gzob}ken$ bem zogokyo zowshewow j{ ghewkmozken bem

zoghew}zug}ken% Lhzo }h }ò shke}$ dobzeozw bmbs}kyod{ }`zh~ ruow}khew }h }ò ~hzdm jbwom he }òkz

sbw} dobzeken hu}ghlow bem szhbg}kyod{ wooa whdu}khew ihz }`hwo ruozkow j{ lbeksudb}ken ybzkom

dobzeken zowhuzgow bem ke}ozbg}ken ~k}` }òlwodyow bem h}òz dobzeozw% Lhzohyoz$ Ibzzodd (:33;+

w}b}ow }`b} bg}kyo dobzeken gbe dobm }h moos dobzeken opsozkoegow he dobzeozw wkmow j{ bddh~ken

}òl }h ruoz{ bjhu} omugb}khebd sòehloeb$ ghew}zug} wakddw bem aeh~domno$ bem gzob}o }òkz

lobekeniud hu}ghlow ~k}`ke }òkz omugb}khebd wuzzhuemkenw% ^k}` }òwo bg}kyo dobzeken szbg}kgow

ke }ò ghe}op} hi ôj :%3 dobzeken oeykzheloe}w$ ke bgghzmbego ~k}` Ibzzoddw (:33;+ bznuloe}$

bg}kyo dobzeken `bw }ò sh~oz }h bmybego dobzeozw hyoz }ò zhdo hi sbwwkyo zogokyozw%

Gheeog}kykwl% ^k}` }`kw jbganzhuem hi zbskmd{ g`benken }ogèhdhnkow bem oyhdyken

omugb}khe oeykzheloe}w$ Wkoloew (:33?+ moyodhsw b dobzeken }òhz{$ Gheeog}kykwl }`b} zoidog}w

dobzeken eoomw$ szkegksdow$ bem szhgowwow ke omugb}khebd oeykzheloe}w hi }ò }~oe}{ ikzw} goe}uz{

~òzo mkyozwo bwsog}w hi dobzeken1 wug` bw gheeog}ken$ sbz}kgksb}ken$ ghddbjhzb}ken$ gzob}ken$ bem

ghlluekgb}ken$ bzo hi u}lhw} klshz}bego% @o bdwh ols`bwkvow }`b} }òwo dobzeken eoomw bem

szkegksdow hi }ò }~oe}{ ikzw} goe}uz{ omugb}khe w`hudm jo jbwom he whgkbd ke}ozbg}khew bem

eo}~hzaw wusshz}om j{ whgkbd ghlluekgb}khew bem }ogèhdhnkow% Bgghzmken }h Wkoloew (:33?+$

dobzeken ke gheeog}kyo omugb}khe w{w}olw kw b szhgoww hi gzob}ken gheeog}khew$ ke}ozbg}ken ~k}`

h}òz oe}k}kow$ bem opsbemken lhzo gheeog}khew ~k}` hsoe$ sbz}kgksb}hz{$ bem ghddbjhzb}kyo

eb}uzow hi ôj :%3 oeykzheloe}w% Lhzohyoz$ gheeog}kykwl wusshz}w gzk}kgbd bem gzob}kyo }`keaken

wakddw oebjdken dobzeozw }h aeh~ lhzo bem moosoz$ wh }`b} dobzeozw ikem keihzlb}khe }ò{ eoom }h


14/27

ÔJ :%3 WHGKBD ]OG@EHDHNKOW 2=

bg}$ szhgoww keihzlb}khe ~k}` h}òz dobzeozw ghddbjhzb}kyod{ bem ghhsozb}kyod{$ bem }òe szhmugo

}òkz h~e dobzeken hu}ghlow ~k}`ke }ò ghe}op} hi whgkbd bem gheeog}kyo dobzeken gkzgulw}begow%

Gbwow hi uwken ôj :%3 whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow ke omugb}khe

Jdhnnken(Lkgzh,jdhnnken

Ghehdo bem Bdoykvhu (:323+ mowgzkjo }`b} jdhnw$ w}bz}ken izhl }ò kmob hi be kemkykmubd

`hlosbno$ `byo }~h mkiiozoe} eblow6 b sozwhebd ~oj,sujdkw`ken }hhd bem b zoidog}kyo ~oj dhn%

Mowsk}o }òwo }~h mkiiozoe} }k}dow ihz jdhnw$ jh}` eblow zoszowoe} }ò }`zoo g`bzbg}ozkw}kgw hi

jdhnw sozwhebd$ g`zhehdhnkgbd$ bem zoidog}kyo% Ke }ozlw hi }ò uwo hi jdhnw ke omugb}khebd

wo}}kenw$ Nzhwwoga (:33;+ ghe}oemw }`b} jdhnw gbe jo uwom$ izhl }ò omugb}hzw sozwsog}kyo$ }h

doyozbno gdbwwzhhl dobzeken j{ bmmk}khebd mkwghuzwow$ ghlloe}w$ bem ioomjbga bw ~odd bw

oeghuzbno w}umoe}w }h sbz}bao ke dkyo ~zk}ken bg}kyk}kow wug` bw gzk}kgbd zoidog}khew bem eo~

oe}zkow% Lhzohyoz$ bw kemkykmubdw$ eh} hed{ gbe w}umoe}w olsdh{ jdhnw }h opsbem }òkz aeh~domno

bjhu} ibyhzbjdo }hskgw j{ ~zk}ken }òkz h~e }`hun`}w ~k}` zowshewkjkdk}{$ ju} }ò{ bdwh gbe jukdm

us }òkz sooz eo}~hzaw ihz szhiowwkhebd moyodhsloe}w% Zonbzmken }ò klshz}bego hi jdhnw ke

omugb}khebd ghe}op}w$ Gzhha o} bd% (:330+ bznuo }`b} jdhnw gbe jo b owwoe}kbd bem wknekikgbe}

lh}kyb}khebd }hhd j{ uwken jdhnw ~k}` }ò lbekiow} suzshwow hi jdhnnken bem }ò szhsoz uek}{

~k}`ke ihzlbd omugb}khe w{w}olw%

Ke }`kw zowsog}$ jdhnw `byo jooe uwom ihz }ò mkyozwo suzshwow hi omugb}khe$ ihz kew}bego bw

hsoe ghlluekgb}kyo sdb}ihzlw ihz lhzo oenbnoloe}w hi w}umoe}w$ bw jzkmnow ihz wusshz}ken

ghe}keuhuw sooz eo}~hzaw$ bem bw jbwow ihz szhls} zoidog}khew bem ioomjbga% Ke bmmk}khe$ jdhnw

gbe jo u}kdkvom bw zoshwk}hzkow ~òzo omugb}hzw bem dobzeozw ghddog} bdd }òkz ~hzaw }hno}òz wug`


15/27

ÔJ :%3 WHGKBD ]OG@EHDHNKOW 2?

bw shz}ihdkhw (Bzlw}zhen ) Izbeadke$ :330+% ^k}` zonbzm }h uwken jdhnw ke omugb}khebd wo}}kenw$

@uiibaoz (:33?+ ghe}oemw$ Be{ mkwgksdkeo gbe uwo jdhnw }h bsszhbg` b w}{do hi lo}b,dobzeken$

~òzo ghegos}w hz ghe}op}w bzo mkwguwwom bem bz}kgudb}om ke jh}` b sozwhebdkvom bem nzhus

opg`beno$ bem kmobw bzo jukd} he szoykhuw omugb}khebd ghe}oe} (s% ;?+% Bdwh$ jdhnnken he b

zonudbz jbwkw gbe jo b nzob} bmybe}bno ihz w}umoe}w eh} hed{ }h klszhyo }ò wakddw hi wobzg`ken bem

hznbekvken kmobw bem keihzlb}khe$ bem ~zk}ken ~k}` b woewo hi zowshewkjkdk}{$ ju} bdwh aoos us }h

mb}o he }ò aeh~domno hi }òkz ke}ozow}ken ikodmw ihz iu}uzo szhiowwkhebd moyodhsloe}w%

^kakw(Ghddbjhzb}khe

Ke b :330 zoshz}$ Bzlw}zhen bem Izbeadke w}b}o }`b} ~kakw bzo oiiog}kyo ôj :%3 }hhdw ihz

gdbwwzhhl omugb}khew he bgghue} hi iob}uzo kegdumken ghddog}kyo bem ghddbjhzb}kyo aeh~domno

szhmug}khe$ yozwkheken gbsbjkdk}{$ ke}oz}~keom keihzlb}khe eo}~hzaw$ bem kew}be} sujdkw`ken%

Bgghzmken }h Lkemod bem Yozlb (:339+$ }ò omugb}khebd uwow hi ~kakw bzo mkyozwo$ zbenken izhl

hznbekvken zowhuzgow$ }baken eh}ow$ wodi,zoidog}ken he zobmkenw$ w`bzken ikemkenw$ bem }h gzob}ken

kerukzken opsozkoegow% Bw eh}om ke }ò w}um{ hi Nzhwwoga (:33;+$ ~kakw gbe jo b nzob} ôj :%3

}hhd ihz w}umoe}w eh} hed{ }h hznbekvo zowhuzgow wug` bw mhguloe}w bem lud}klomkb bem

ghddbjhzb}o he kmobw ~k}` }òkz soozw$ ju} bdwh }h owsogkbdd{ ibgkdk}b}o szhfog},jbwom }bwaw ~k}`

nzhusw hi w}umoe}w$ `byken gzk}kgbd mkwghuzwow bem gzob}ken ybdubjdo dobzeken hu}ghlow%

Izhl omugb}hzw sozwsog}kyo$ Iz{moejozn (:330+ kewkw}w }`b} ~kakw gbe jo lhzo

ghddbjhzb}kyod{ uwom ihz gdbww lbebnoloe}$ ghlsbzom }h b GLW (Ghe}oe} Lbebnoloe} W{w}ol+

dkao Jdbgajhbzm hz Lhhmdo$ jogbuwo ~kakw oeghuzbno w}umoe}w }h jo keyhdyom ke }ò szhgoww hi

szhmugken bem w`bzken ghe}oe} ke b gdbww$ bddh~ken dobzeozw }h ke}ozbg} bem ghddbjhzb}o ~k}` soozw

bem h}òz }hhdw% ]`b} kw$ w}umoe}w gbe gzob}o w}um{ wòo}w ihz }òkz }ow}w$ lbebno nzhus szhfog}w


16/27


~k}` }òkz soozw$ bem ghe}zkju}o }ò szhnzoww hi }ò gdbww ~k}`ke gdbww ~kakw }`b} }òkz }obgòzw

gzob}om% Lhzohyoz$ Bzlw}zhen bem Izbeadke (:330+ ols`bwkvo he }ò uwo hi ~kakw bw zowhuzgo

zoshwk}hzkow$ w}b}ken }`b} ~kakw gbe jo wozyom bw }ò zoshwk}khe goe}oz hi keihzlb}khe bem

aeh~domno ihz omugb}hzw$ dobzeozw$ bem gdbwwow$ noeozb}om j{ ok}òz }obgòzw hz w}umoe}w%

]obgòzw$ ihz opblsdo$ gbe olsdh{ gh,jzh~wken ghddbjhzb}khe }hhdw }h klszhyo }ò

oenbnoloe} hi }òkz w}umoe}w ke}h gdbwwzhhl bg}kyk}kow j{ w`bzken }òkz ghlsu}oz wgzooew bem

~hzaken }hno}òz ~k}` }òkz w}umoe}w he wobzg`ken ihz keihzlb}khe }ò{ eoom hyoz }ò ~oj ke

lhzo ghddbjhzb}kyo bem ghhsozb}kyo lbeeozw% Ke ghefueg}khe ~k}` }ò opblsdo hi }obgòzw$

w}umoe}w dobzeken bg}kyk}kow ~k}` }òkz soozw ihz nzhus szhfog}w bem zowobzg` gbe jo mzblb}kgbdd{

doyozbnom j{ }ò uwo hi }òwo gh,jzh~wken ôj :%3 }hhdw owsogkbdd{ ke ikemken jzhbmoz bem moosoz

zowud}w hi keihzlb}khe bem w`bzken k} ~k}` obg` h}òz kew}be}beohuwd{% Iuz}òzlhzo$ b gzk}kgbd

mkwghuzwo hi b nkyoe }hskg ~k}` omugb}hzw bem dobzeozw ~b}g`ken b ykmoh he }ò }hskg }hno}òz$

~`kg` gbe jo ghemug}om j{ b ghddbjhzb}kyo ôj :%3 }hhd dkao ^b}g`:no}òz$ gbe kegzobwo }ò

oiiog}kyoeoww bem szhls}eoww hi b mojb}o$ szhlh}ken ghlluekgb}kyo bem gzk}kgbd }`keaken wakddw

hi w}umoe}w b} }ò wblo }klo%

Whgkbd eo}~hzaken ihz keihzlbd dobzeken

Bgghzmken }h Jh{m bem Oddkwhe (:330+$ whgkbd eo}~hzaken wozykgow (WEWw+ bzo ~oj,jbwom

eo}~hzaken wozykgow }`b} oebjdo kemkykmubdw }h jukdm b sujdkg szhikdo ke be hedkeo whgkbd ghe}op}$

gheeog} ~k}` h}òz uwozw$ bem jzh~wo h}òzw eo}~hzaw ihz gzob}ken eo~ hz iuz}òz zodb}khew`ksw

bem nzbwsken eo~ keihzlb}khe% Ihz lhzo omugb}khebd ghe}op}w$ Ghehdo bem Bdoykvhu (:323+

ghe}oem }`b} }ò w}umoe}w ke}ozbg}khew bem ghlluekgb}khew ke WEWw wug` bw Ibgojhha$

Gdbwwzhhl :%3$ bem Eken%ghl gbe òds w}umoe}w nzbws kwwuow ke }ò gdbww$ w`bzo lb}ozkbdw$ lbebno


17/27

ÔJ :%3 WHGKBD ]OG@EHDHNKOW 2>

w}um{ nzhusw$ bem wh he% Ke }`kw zowsog}$ w}umoe}w gbe gzob}o bem fhke nzhusw bem sbnow ke

Ibgojhha ihz }òkz h~e ke}ozow} ~k}` }òkz soozw hz h}òzw ~`h bzo ke mkiiozoe} ikodmw$ ju} `byo

wblo ke}ozow}% ]`zhun` }òwo whgkbd bg}kyk}kow$ eh} hed{ gbe w}umoe}w jukdm us }òkz aeh~domno hi

ke}ozow}$ lbke}bkeken }òkz whgkbd gheeog}khew$ ju} }ò{ bdwh moyodhs }òkz szhiowwkhebd gbzoozw$

opsbemken }òkz eo}~hzaw ibz jo{hem }ò op}oe} }h ~`kg` }ò{ gbe mh ~k}`ke }zbmk}khebd gbzooz

moyodhsloe}w%

Bw be opblsdo$ }òzo kw b Ibgojhha nzhus$ gbddom Kew}zug}khebd Mowkneoz$ ~òzo

kemkykmubdw ~`h bzo ke}ozow}om ke kew}zug}khebd w{w}olw bem }ogèhdhn{ gbe fhke$ w`bzo

keihzlb}khe ~k}` loljozw$ bem jukdm ghddbjhzb}kyo dobzeken hu}ghlow j{ sbz}kgksb}ken$

mkwguwwken$ bem w`bzken% ]`zhun` }òwo keihzlbd dobzeken bg}kyk}kow$ loljozw ke }ò nzhus gbe

bggoww ybzkhuw kwwuow he }òkz ikodmw ~k}`hu} }ò zow}zkg}khew hi }klo bem wsbgo$ aoos aeh~domno

hi ke}ozow} us }h mb}o$ bem opsbem }òkz whgkbd eo}~hzaw ~k}` h}òz loljozw izhl bdd hyoz }ò

~hzdm% Lhzo }h }ò shke}$ loljozw ke }ò nzhus$ Kew}zug}khebd Mowkneoz$ `byo jooe

ghddbjhzb}kyod{ gzob}ken b mhguloe} hi uwoiud bem oiiog}kyo omugb}khebd ~ojwk}ow }h klszhyo }òkz

}obg`ken bem dobzeken opsozkoegow$ bem }ùw eh~ w`bzken keihzlb}khe bjhu} lhzo }`be 233

kew}zug}khebd ~ojwk}ow%

Ghegos} lbsw

Ghegos} lbsw bzo oiiog}kyo aeh~domno zoszowoe}b}khe lo}`hmw }`b} bzo bmybe}bnohuw ke

jh}` }obg`ken ju} dobzeken szbg}kgow jogbuwo hi }ò iob}uzo hi ghnek}kyo ykwubdkvb}khe wakddw% ]`b}

kw$ ghegos} lbsw `byo b wsogkikg dbjod bw b jbwkg odoloe} ihz heo ghegos} ke b }k}do jhp hz ehmo

~k}` ke}ozgheeog}om dkeow w`h~ken zodb}khew`ksw bem gzob}ken ~hz}`~`kdo lobekenw jo}~ooe }ò

ghegos}w (Ehyba ) Gbebw$ :339+% Lbz}ke (2;;=+ moikeow ghegos} lbsw bw }~h,mkloewkhebd


18/27


zoszowoe}b}khew hi ghnek}kyo w}zug}uzow w`h~ken }ò `kozbzg`kow bem }ò ke}ozgheeog}khew hi

ghegos}w keyhdyom ke b mkwgksdkeo hz b wujmkwgksdkeo% Bgghzmken }h Ykddbdhe bem Gbdyh (:322+$

ghegos} lbsw bw b ghnek}kyod{ ykwubdkvken }ogèkruo w`h~ be kemkykmubdw uemozw}bemken hi b

}hskg j{ zoszowoe}ken ghegos}w bem }òkz zodb}khew`ksw ke `kozbzg`kgbdd{ bem orukybdoe}d{ bzzbenom

lbeeozw ~òzo }ò noeozbd bem wsogkikg ghegos}w bzo sdbgom ke b `kozbzg`kgbd hzmoz bem }ò wblo

hz }be}blhue} doyodw hi ghegos}w bzo nzhusom }hno}òz%

^k}` zonbzm }h }ò oiiog}kyoeoww hi ghegos} lbsw ke omugb}khebd yoeuow$ lbe{

omugb}khebd zowobzgòzw zoszowoe} }òkz shwk}kyo }`hun`}w he `h~ ghegos} lbsw keiduoego he

}obg`ken bem dobzeken szbg}kgow% Ehyba o} bd% (:339+ bznuo }`b} ghegos} lbsw gbe jo oiiog}kyod{

uwom ihz omugb}khebd suzshwow ~k}`ke }ò ~kmo zbeno hi dobzeken bg}kyk}kow kegdumken keihzlb}khe

wobzg`ken bem hznbekvken$ ghddbjhzb}kyo nzhus ~hzaw$ zowobzg` szosbzb}khe bem szowoe}b}khe$ bem

h}òz omugb}khebd bg}kyk}kow% Ke bmmk}khe$ ]zhg`kl (2;0;+ gdbklw }`b} sdbeeken bem oybdub}ken

}bwaw gbe jo op}oewkyod{ doyozbnom j{ olsdh{ken ghegos} lbsw ke}h omugb}khebd szbg}kgow ke }`b}

eh} hed{ gbe szklbz{ hjfog}kyow$ bssdkgbjdo zowhuzgow$ bem h}òz bg}kyk}kow hi sdbeeken jo

ykwubdkvom ~k}`ke ghegos} lbsw$ ju} bdwh mkloewkhew hi oybdub}khe wug` bw bssdkgb}khew bem

lobwuzoloe}w ihz oybdub}ken bem hu}ghlow hi dobzeken bg}kyk}kow gbe jo oiiog}kyod{ goe}zbdkvom

ke}h ghegos} lbsw%

Lomkb w`bzken

Bw heo ao{ }hhd hi ôj :%3 }ogèhdhnkow ke omugb}khe$ lomkb w`bzken `bw jooe hi nzob}

klshz}bego ke keihzlbd dobzeken oeykzheloe}w$ oebjdken kemkykmubd dobzeozw }h w`bzo }ò ghe}oe}

noeozb}om j{ }òlwodyow hz h}òzw uemoz }ò bnzooloe} }h jo w`bzom hyoz }ò eo}~hzaw% Bem }ò

zbeno hi }ò lomkb ihz w`bzken kw mkyozwo izhl mhguloe}w$ klbnow$ bumkhw (shmgbw}w+$ }h ykmohw


19/27

ÔJ :%3 WHGKBD ]OG@EHDHNKOW 2;

(ykmgbw}w+ (Ghehdo ) Bdoykvhu$ :323+% Lhzohyoz$ bgghzmken }h Bzlw}zhen bem Izbeadke (:330+$

lomkb w`bzken wozykgow bddh~ eh} hed{ w`bzozw }h shw} bem }bn }òkz ghe}oe} ~k}` mowgzks}khew bem

ao{ ~hzmw ihz oiiog}kyo uwo bem iuz}òz w`bzken$ ju} bdwh yko~ozw }h zoyko~$ ghlloe}$ bem zb}o

}ò lomkb w`bzom ihz ibgkdk}b}ken }ò klszhyoloe}w hi }ò rubdk}{ bem }ò w`bzken oeykzheloe}w hi

omugb}khebd bz}kibg}w% Zonbzmken }ò bssdkgbjdo uwow hi lomkb w`bzken wozykgow$ lbe{ w}umkow

(Ghjj$ :3231 Nzhwwoga$ :33;+ ols`bwkvo }`b} omugb}hzw bem dobzeozw `byo b ybzko}{ hi hs}khew }h

u}kdkvo }ò kmobw hi lomkb w`bzken ke }òkz }obg`ken bem dobzeken opsozkoegow% ]òwo ghlszkwo }ò

ghe}keub}khe hi kew}zug}khebd szbg}kgow bem nzhus mkwghuzwow ~k}` w`bzom lb}ozkbdw bw ~odd bw }ò

kewskzb}khe hi gzk}kgbd }`keaken bem gzob}kyo ~zk}ken hsshz}uek}kow bem }ò ioomjbga bem oybdub}khe

hi }ò ghe}oe} w`bzom he }ò ~oj%

Ihz opblsdo$ dobzeozw$ ~òeoyoz bem ~òzoyoz }ò Ke}ozeo} eo}~hzaw bzo bybkdbjdo$ gbe

ghe}keuo }òkz dobzeken bg}kyk}kow ~k}` }ò w`bzom lb}ozkbdw j{ bggowwken$ zobmken$ ghlloe}ken$

bem iuz}òz w`bzken% Ke bmmk}khe$ omugb}hzw bem dobzeozw gbe jo keyhdyom ke b nzhus mkwghuzwo hyoz

b w`bzom ghe}oe}$ zobmken$ gheyozwken$ bem ~b}g`ken k} }hno}òz }`zhun` }ò Ke}ozeo}% Izhl }ò

zb}ken bem oybdub}ken sozwsog}kyo hyoz lomkb w`bzken wozykgow$ Nzhwwoga (:33;+ kemkgb}ow }`b}

kemkykmubdw bw lomkb ghewulozw$ he heo `bem$ gbe klszhyo }òkz gzk}kgbd }`keaken bem gzob}kyo

~zk}ken gbsbjkdk}kow$ ~`kdo zoyko~ken$ zb}ken }ò w`bzom lb}ozkbdw$ bem ghlloe}ken he }òl% He

}ò h}òz `bem$ ghe}oe} gzob}hzw gbe hjfog}kyod{ oybdub}o }òkz w`bzom lomkb ~k}` }ò zb}ow bem

ghlloe}w j{ }òkz soozw hz ~kmoz bumkoegow$ gbe hj}bke nzob} kewkn`}w j{ }ò zowshewow hi }ò

w`bzom lb}ozkbdw izhl ghe}oe} ghewulozw$ bem }ùw gbe klszhyo }ò rubdk}{ wug` bw zodb}omeoww

hi ghe}oe}w$ mowkne$ doyodw hi aeh~domno mos}` hi }ò lomkb w`bzom he }ò ~oj%

Gdhum dkjzbz{ ihz whgkbd zobmken


20/27

ÔJ :%3 WHGKBD ]OG@EHDHNKOW :3

Wkego whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow wug` bw ôj :%3$ whgkbd lomkb$ bem gdhum ghlsu}ken hyoz }ò

~oj szhykmo Ke}ozeo} uwozw ~k}` bu}òe}kg hsshz}uek}kow }h ibgkdk}b}o }òkz omugb}khebd opsozkoegow

bem ghe}keuo }òkz dobzeken szbg}kgow ke }ò ghe}op} hi hedkeo eo}~hzaw$ omugb}hzw bem dobzeozw

gbe bdwh jukdm }òkz hedkeo whgkbd jhhawòdyow he }ò ~oj j{ whgkbd gdhum ghlsu}ken$ }ùw

suzwuken }òkz whgkbd zobmken ~òeoyoz }ò{ ~be} b} ~òzoyoz bem ~k}` ~`b}oyoz ghlsu}ken

moykgow b} }òkz h~e sbgow% Fhèwhe$ Bmblw$ bem Gullkew (:32:+ w}b}o ke }ò :32: @hzkvhe

Zoshz} }`b} }hmb{w dobzeozw ke }ò ghegos} hi whgkbd zobmken$ ~`kg` lobew }ò gheyoznoego hi

ke}ozbg}kyo o,jhhaw bem whgkbd eo}~hzaken wozykgow$ eh} hed{ gbe gzob}o }òkz gdhum dkjzbzkow ihz

}òkz ihzlbd bem keihzlbd zobmken szbg}kgow ju} bdwh gbe beeh}b}o }òkz odog}zhekg jhhaw$

jhhalbza k} j{ `kn`dkn`}ken woe}oegow bem sbzbnzbs`w bw ao{ sbz}w$ bem w`bzo k} ~k}` soozw bem

}ò noeozbd sujdkg ykb whgkbd eo}~hzaken wozykgow wug` bw Ibgojhha bem ]~k}}oz%

^k}` }`kw gdhum dkjzbz{$ uwozw gbe obwkd{ gzob}o ghe}oe} ihdmozw ~k}` lbe{ gdbww zobmken

lb}ozkbdw$ w`bzo }òkz zobmkenw bem eh}ow he lb}ozkbdw ~k}` }òkz gdbwwlb}ow$ bem shwwkjd{ `hdm

lobekeniud mkwghuzwow zonbzmken kwwuow bssobzom ke }ò zobmkenw hyoz }ò ~oj% Ihz opblsdo$ ke

hzmoz }h jukdm ykz}ubd jhhawòdyow$ kemkykmubdw gbe uwo gdhum dkjzbz{ wozykgow kegdumken

Wdkmow`bzo ihz szowoe}b}khew bem o,jhhaw ~k}` obg` sbno yko~$ Wgzkjm ihz o,jhhaw bem

mhguloe}w ~k}` }ò ~`hdo sbno yko~w j{ wgzhddken$ bem KWW__ ihz ke}ozbg}kyo zobmken

opsozkoegow ~k}` }ò ybzkhuw }{sow hi o,jhhaw bem zobmken lb}ozkbdw%

Ghegduwkhe

Omugb}khe ke }ò }~oe}{ ikzw} goe}uz{$ ~`kg` zoiozzom bw }ò aeh~domno bno$ gbeeh} òds

joken ghewkmozom ~k}` ghlluekgb}kyo bem whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow wug` bw ghlsu}ozw$ lhjkdo

moykgow$ ~oj bssdkgb}khew$ bem whgkbd lomkb% ]ò owwoe}kbd jbganzhuemw hi }`kw eh}khe gbe jo


21/27


ihuem ke }`b} eh} hed{ `byo huz omugb}khebd oeykzheloe}w bem whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow jooe

zogkszhgbdd{ iueg}kheken }h heo beh}òz j{ keiduoegken bem }zbewihzlken lu}ubdd{ }`zhun`

ghlsu}ken bem whgkbd eo}~hzaken keehyb}khew$ ju} }ò w}zoen}òeom ke}ozbg}khew jo}~ooe

omugb}khebd szbg}kgow bem }ogèhdhnkow `byo jooe bdwh zomowkneken }ò omugb}khebd oeykzheloe}w

ihz bmybegom kew}zug}kyo opsozkoegow bem zow`bsken }ò ~b{w ~k}` ~`kg` omugb}hzw bem dobzeozw

ghlluekgb}o bem ke}ozbg} (@bzbwkl$ :322+%

Jbwom he lbe{ w}umkow zodb}ken }h u}kdkvken ôj :%3 whgkbd bssdkgb}khew ihz omugb}khebd

suzshwow$ ôj :%3 }hhdw bem whgkbd lomkb `byo nzob} oykmoegow bem sh}oe}kbd ihz jh}` omugb}hzw

bem dobzeozw }h ibgkdk}b}o }òkz omugb}khebd opsozkoegow$ ghe}keuo }òkz kew}zug}khebd szbg}kgow

zonbzmdoww hi ke bem hu}wkmo wg`hhd$ bem kewskzo lhzo bu}òe}kg$ szhihuem$ bem gzk}kgbd omugb}khe

~k}` ybdubjdo kek}kb}kyow bem lh}kyb}khew$ ~`kg` bzo wusshz}om j{ }ò iob}uzow hi ôj :%3 whgkbd

}ogèhdhnkow wug` bw hsoe gud}uzo$ sbz}kgksb}khe$ ghddbjhzb}khe$ szhls}eoww$ bem w`bzken (Momo$

:3221 Ghehdo o} bd%$ :3231 _%W% Mosbz}loe} hi Omugb}khe$ :3231 ) Bzlw}zhen o} bd%$ :330+%

^k}`ke }òwo wuiikgkoe} kew}zug}khebd zowhuzgow bem zkg` omugb}khebd oeykzheloe}w

wusshz}om j{ ôj :%3 whgkbd }ogèhdhnkow$ }obgòzw bem w}umoe}w }hmb{ `byo }ò gzk}kgbd ao{w }h

sdbe$ wobzg`$ bem hznbekvo keihzlb}khe bem aeh~domno }ò{ eoom }h `byo bw ~odd bw }h lbebno$

lhek}hz$ bem oybdub}o }òkz omugb}khebd gkzgulw}begow bem bz}kibg}w% ]òzoihzo$ }ò{ gbe klszhyo

}ò oiiog}kyoeoww bem oiikgkoeg{ hi }òkz }obg`ken bem dobzeken opsozkoegow j{ lhzo ke}ozbg}kyod{

bem idopkjd{ suzwuken }òkz omugb}khebd bg}kyk}kow ~k}` ôj :%3 bssdkgb}khew bem whgkbd lomkb%


22/27

ÔJ :%3 WHGKBD ]OG@EHDHNKOW ::

Zoiozoego

Bemozwhe$ S% (:33>+% ^`b} kw ôj :%38 Kmobw$ }ogèhdhnkow$ bem klsdkgb}khew ihz omugb}khe%FKWG

]ogèhdhn{ bem W}bembzmw ^b}g`% Zo}zkoyom izhl

`}}s6~~~%fkwg%bg%ualomkbmhguloe}w}og`~b}g`}w~3>32j%smi%

Bzlw}zhen$ F%$ ) Izbeadke$ ]% (:330+%B zoyko~ hi guzzoe} bem moyodhsken ke}ozeb}khebd szbg}kgo

ke }ò uwo hi whgkbd eo}~hzaken (ôj :%3+ ke `knòz omugb}khe% B zoshz} ghllkwwkheom j{

}ò Ghllk}}oo hi oerukz{ ke}h }ò G`benken Dobzeoz Opsozkoego% Zo}zkoyom izhl

`}}s6~~~%izbeadke,ghewud}ken%gh%ua%

B}akewhe$ Z% G%$ ) W`kiizke$ Z% L% (2;90+% @ulbe lolhz{6 B szhshwom w{w}ol bem k}w ghe}zhd

szhgowwow% Ke A% Wsoego ) F% Wsoego (Omw%+$ ]ò sw{g`hdhn{ hi dobzeken bem lh}kyb}khe

Bmybegow ke zowobzg` bem }òhz{ (Yhd% :$ ss% 0;,2;?+% Bgbmolkg Szoww%

Jbemuzb$ B% (2;>>b+% Wodi,oiikgbg{6 ]h~bzm b ueki{ken }òhz{ hi jo`bykhzbd g`beno%Sw{g`hdhnkgbd

Zoyko~$ 0=(:+$ 2;2,:2?%

Jbemuzb$ B% (2;>>j+% Whgkbd dobzeken }òhz{% Oendo~hhm Gdkiiw$ EF6 Szoe}kgo,@bdd Keg%

Jbemuzb$ B% (2;09+% Whgkbd ihuemb}khew hi }`hun`} bem bg}khe6 B whgkbd ghnek}kyo }òhz{% Oendo~hhm Gdkiiw$

EF6 Szoe}kgo,@bdd Keg%

Jbz}hdhlo$ B% (:330+% ôj :%3 bem Eo~ Dobzeken Sbzbmknlw% oDobzeken Sbsozw Eh% 0%

Zo}zkoyom izhl `}}s6~~~%odobzekenouzhsb%keihikdowlomkblomkb2??:;%smi%


23/27


Jh{m$ M% L%$ ) Oddkwhe$ E% J% (:330+% Whgkbd Eo}~hza Wk}ow6 Moikek}khe$ @kw}hz{$ bem

Wg`hdbzw`ks% (M% L% Jh{m ) E% J% Oddkwhe$ Omw%+Fhuzebd hi Ghlsu}oz,Lomkb}om

Ghlluekgb}khe$ 27(2+$ :23,:73% Lhznbe Abuilbee Sujdkwòzw% Zo}zkoyom

izhl }}s6~~~%mbeb`%hznsbsozwFGLGKe}zh%smi%

Jzbewihzm$ F% M%$ Jzh~e$ B% D%$ ) Ghgaken$ Z% Z% (:333+%@h~ Sohsdo Dobze6 Jzbke$ Lkem$

Opsozkoego$ bem Wg`hhd6 Opsbemom Omk}khe% (F% M% Jzbewihzm$ B% D% Jzh~e$ ) Z% Z%

Ghgaken$ Omw%+]odoghlluekgb}khew Shdkg{ (Yhd% :=$ s% 7>=+% Eb}khebd Bgbmolkow Szoww%

Jzh~e$ F% W% (:330+% @h~ }h gheeog} }ogèhdhn{ bem ghe}oe} ke }ò wozykgo hi dobzeken% ]ò

G`zhekgdo hi @knòz Omugb}khe$ ??(0+%

Jzueoz$ F% (2;>7+% Nhken Jo{hem }ò Keihzlb}khe Nkyoe% Eo~ [hza6 Ehz}he% Ke Gudb}}b$ Z%

(:322+% Ghew}zug}kykw} }òhz{ (Fozhlo Jzueoz+% KeKew}zug}khebd Mowkne% Zo}zkoyom izhl

`}}s6~~~%kew}zug}khebdmowkne%hzn}òhzkowghew}zug}kykw}%`}ld%

Gbebw$ B% F%$ ) Ehyba$ F% M% (Wos}oljoz :0$ :33;+% ^`b} kw ghegos} lbsw8% Zo}zkoyom Fbeubz{ ::$

:32: izhl }ò ôjwk}o hi K@LG Glbs ]hhdw }}s6glbs%k`lg%uwmhgwghegos}lbs%`}ld%

Ghehdo$ N%$ ) Bdoykvhu$ S% (:323+%B dk}ozb}uzo zoyko~ hi }ò uwo hi ôj :%3 }hhdw ke @knòz

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) Hdkyoz$ L% (:330+% ôj :%3 }ogèhdhnkow ihz dobzeken6 }ò guzzoe} dbemwgbso hsshz}uek}kow$

g`bddoenow bem }oewkhew$ B Zoshz} ghllkwwkheom j{ JOG]B% Zo}zkoyom izhl

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