web science dtc industry forum: opportunities and challenges 2013

7/30/2019 Web Science DTC Industry Forum: Opportunities and Challenges 2013

1/18

Web$Science$Industry$Forum$

Opportunities$&$Challenges:$2013$


2/18

Opportunities+and+Challenges+of+the+Web+

$Web$Science$is$the$study$of$the$World$Wide$Web$$the$technologies,$people,$organizations,$

applications$and$policies$that$have$come$to$shape$our$everyday$lives$and$global$futures.$Web$Science$offers$insight$into$the$

$

analysis$of$massive$international$flows$of$data,$ opportunities$and$challenges$of$our$online$identities,$ emerging$practices$of$our$digitally$connected$citizens,$and$$ new$services$that$enable$them$and$new$business$models$that$support$them.$

$

The$understanding$offered$by$Web$Science$to$partners$in$industry$and$government$is$a$

powerful$resource$to$inform$innovation$and$Web$growth$and$to$maximize$economic$and$

social$value$from$the$UKs$emerging$digital$economy.$

$

The$Web$Science$Doctoral$Training$Centre$(DTC)$provides$a$fourVyear$course$of$

postgraduate$training$designed$to$produce$leaders$in$the$digital$economy$$a$cohort$of$80$

students$with$expertise$in$the$economic$opportunities,$the$legal$underpinnings,$the$social$

organisation,$the$technical$infrastructure$and$the$business$environment$of$the$Web$and$the$

Internet.$$

$

The$Industry$Forum$is$the$DTCs$partnership$with$local$and$national$businesses$and$

government$organisations,$to$promote$deeper$understanding$of$the$Web$and$more$effective$

exploitation$of$the$opportunities$that$it$offers$through$training,$consultancy,$discussion,$joint$

projects,$horizon$scanning.$$

$

The$main$effect$of$the$Web$(and$the$Internet$on$which$it$is$built)$is$to$lower$the$barriers$to$

communication$ between$ people$ and$ organisations.$ $ In$ changing$ communication,$ the$ Web$

alters$the$relationships$between$businesses$and$their$clients,$governments$and$their$citizens$

and$between$health$services$and$their$patients.$The$abundance$and$availability$of$personal,$commercial$ and$ government$ information$ both$ facilitates$ and$ threatens$ businesses.$ The$

technology$of$the$Web$facilitates$criminal$social$networks$as$easily$as$Facebook$and$Twitter$

enable$our$personal$networks.$

$

This$booklet$consists$of$brief$reports$from$five$Industry$Forum$research$discussions$(or$

research$sandpits).$These$topics$in$turn$emerged$from$a$series$of$talks$on$the$challenges$of$

the$Web$to$industry$and$government$given$by$DTC$Industry$Forum$members$at$the$

University$in$December$2012.$$

$


3/18

$ ii$

In$these$brief$reports$we$explore$the$effects$of$this$change$in$communication$in$five$different$

areas,$exploring$current$knowns$and$looking$to$unknowns$to$set$the$stage$for$future$joint$

projects.$

$

$

Social$Businesses$.............................................................................................$1$

Open$Data$Business$models$........................................................................$4$

Big$Data$...............................................................................................................$7$

Attitudes$to$EVHealth$..................................................................................$10$

Cybercrime$......................................................................................................$13$

!

!

If$you$are$interested$in$participating$in$our$next$round$of$discussions,$and$in$discovering$

solutions$to$the$challenges$that$the$Web$provides$your$business,$please$contact$the$DTC$Office$

to$find$out$how$to$join$the$Industry$Forum.$

!

Web!Science!DTC!Directors!

$ Dr Leslie Carr Dr Leif Isaksen Professor Dame

Wendy Hall

Professor Nigel

Shadbolt$

$

$

DTC!Office!

Web$Science$Doctoral$Training$Centre$

Level$3,$Room$3053,$Building$32$

University$of$Southampton$

SO17$1BJ$

Tel:$023$80592738$

Email:[email protected]$

$

$


4/18

$ 1$

Social+Businesses+

Social$media$are$being$adopted$by$business$around$the$World$as$they$look$to$harness$their$

potential$for$fast,$lowVcost$and$easily$targeted$communication,$both$within$the$organisation$

and$ to$ customers$ and$ supporters$ who$ have$ an$ interest$ in$ the$ brand$ [1].$ The$ various$opportunities$for$using$social$media$range$from$information$dissemination$to$eliciting$new$

ideas$through$crowdVsourcing$content,$to$realVtime$monitoring$in$order$to$respond$to$a$live$

event.$Depending$on$the$use$of$these$services,$it$is$clear$that$some$form$of$value$is$produced$$$

however$it$is$currently$a$challenge$for$any$organisation$to$determine$exactly$what$this$value$

actually$ is$ $ especially$ when$ there$ is$ as$ much$ content$ being$ produced$ online$ about$ the$

organisation$ from$ users$ other$ than$ the$ company$ which$ may$ not$ all$ be$ positive$ [2].$ This$

research$whitepaper$elicits$ several$ research$ issues$ in$ this$ area$ that$were$ discussed$ at$ the$

Web$Science$DTC$Industry$Forum$(February$2013),$detailing$why$it$is$difficult$to$study$them$

and$what$ their$ implications$ are$ for$social$ businesses.$ Potential$ research$methodologies$ for$designing$studies$to$establish$initial$insights$into$these$issues$are$also$discussed,$giving$rise$to$

the$opportunity$for$several$Web$Science$research$projects$in$this$theme.$

Determining!the!value!of!social!

technologies!to!a!business!

It$ is$widely$ appreciated$ that$ social$ media$

does$ provide$ some$ sort$ of$ value$ to$ any$

business$ that$ adopts$ it;$ however$ there$

appears$to$be$ little$ clarity$with$regards$to$

what$this$value$actually$is,$what$form(s)$it$

manifests$ itself$ as,$ and$ how$ it$ should$ be$

appropriately$ measured$ (see$ for$ example$

[3,$4]).$This$raises$problems$for$businesses$

when$ trying$ to$ justify$ the$ expense$ of$

implementing$ a$ social$ media$ strategy,$

causing$restrictions$on$the$time$and$effort$

that$ is$ put$ into$ it.$ Additionally,$ without$

knowing$ what$ the$ value$ equates$ to,$ it$ is$

difficult$ to$ identify$ areas$ whereby$ their$

strategy$ could$ be$ improved$ to$ create$

further$ value,$ or$ to$ avoid$ a$ persistent$

negative$ value.$ One$ traditional$

measurement$ for$ value$ would$ be$ the$

additional$revenue$a$business$generates$by$

using$ social$ media$ (arguably$ the$ most$

useful$ measure$ from$ a$ strictly$ business$

viewpoint).$ Possibly$ more$ illuminating$

measures$ could$be$ the$ level$of$ "customer$

loyalty",$the$relative$size$of$their$customer$

base,$ or$ how$ often$ customers$ use$ or$ buy$

their$particular$services$as$a$result$of$social$

media.$ However,$ with$ these$ options,$

working$out$how$much$additional$revenue$

is$ generated$ from$ social$ media$ or$ some$other$variable$can$be$difficult$to$discern.$

Establishing!the!importance!of!rapid!

response!to!a!social!business!

Social$ media$ provides$ businesses$ with$

direct$contact$with$their$customers$around$

the$globe,$helping$to$make$marketing$more$

effective$ and$ easing$ communication$ with$

customers.$ In$ particular,$ social$ media$ use$

can$produce$value$in$two$situations:$when$

a$ crisis$ occurs,$ and$ to$ benefit$ from$ an$


5/18

$ 2$

unplanned$ and$ developing$ situation.$ In$

both$ cases,$ businesses$ confront$ many$

challenges$in$choosing$the$best$response$in$

a$timely$manner.$An$interdisciplinary$team$

with$a$thorough$crisis$plan$can$ensure$that$

such$ an$ event$ is$ handled$ properly$ and$different$ perspectives$ are$ considered.$

Marketing$specialists$are$no$longer$enough$

for$ this$ task,$ and$ to$ manage$ the$ brand$

reputation,$ the$ crisis$ management$ team$

should$include$specialists$in$sociology,$who$

understand$ the$ dynamics$ of$ social$

interactions;$ and$ psychologists,$ who$

understand$ hidden$ purposes$ and$ can$

provide$guidance$about$how$the$response$

is$ shaped.$When$a$ crisis$occurs,$ the$ crisis$

management$ team$ should$ assess$ the$

source$of$the$crisis$and$the$purpose$of$it.$Is$

it$from$an$unsatisfied$customer,$or$from$a$

group$of$activists?$Is$any$person$with$great$

social$powers$(influential)$involved$in$it?$Is$

it$a$ real$ crisis$ or$ just$ a$ rumour?$Knowing$

who$ is$ behind$ it$ and$ the$ motivation$ is$

essential$for$the$business$to$decide$what$to$

do$ next.$ The$ main$ question$ stands$ how$

could$the$business$plan$for$rapid$response$

to$ protect$ their$ brand?$ Moreover,$ how$

does$ social$ media$ fit$ into$ the$ overall$

response$ of$ the$ business$ V$ both$ for$

gathering$ information$ about$ what$ is$

happening,$ and$ for$ channelling$ the$

reaction?$

Discovering!the!extent!to!which!a!social!business!is!sustainable!

In$able$to$determine$the$true$sustainability$

of$a$ social$ business$ it$must$be$questioned$

whether$ any$ social$ media$ site$ can$ be$

sustainable$ itself.$ With$ the$ Web$ still$

relatively$young,$there$is$a$lack$of$examples$

regarding$ social$ sites$ that$ have$ persisted$

for$ long$periods$of$ time$ V$ sites$have$risen$

and$fallen$such$as$MySpace,$Friendster$etc.$V$and$it$is$unknown$whether$the$sites$that$

are$currently$dominating,$such$as$Facebook$

and$ Twitter,$ will$ last$ the$ test$ of$ time.$ In$

order$ to$ ascertain$ this,$ there$ is$ the$

potential$ to$audit$ the$services$on$the$Web$

and$ determine$ the$ average$ longevity$ of$

their$ success,$ and$ indicate$ whether$ it$ is$

possible$ for$ a$ business$ to$rely$ completely$on$ a$ service$ over$ time.$ From$ looking$ at$

previous$ sites$ that$ may$ have$ now$ fallen$

away,$it$would$be$interesting$to$determine$

whether$ a$ threshold$ exists$ relating$ to$ the$

level$ of$ user$ generated$ content$ on$ a$ site$

which$ can$ determine$ when$ a$ site's$

sustainability$ begins$ to$ waver.$

Subsequently,$if$it$can$be$established$that$a$

social$ platform$ may$ be$ sustainable,$ then$

the$ potential$ for$ a$ business$ to$ sustain$ its$

presence$ on$ that$ site$ can$ be$ examined.$

Again,$ due$ to$ the$ relative$ shortVterm$

nature$of$many$Web$platforms$so$far,$it$is$

difficult$ to$ determine$ with$ any$ certainty$

whether$ a$ business$ can$ V$ for$ a$ prolonged$

period$ V$ maintain$ a$ productive$ and$

valuable$ presence$ on$ them.$ Establishing$

the$ requirements$ for$ a$ business's$ social$

presence$that$can$work$over$the$long$term$

could$ prove$ invaluable$ for$ taking$

advantage$of$these$sites.$$

Opportunities!!

The$broad$nature$of$this$topic$means$that$

in$ the$ majority$of$ instances,$ the$ value$ of$

social$ media$ will$ be$ specific$ to$ each$

individual$ organisation$ that$ adopts$ them.$

As$such$it$is$proposed$that$using$a$unique$combination$ of$ the$ varied$ and$

interdisciplinary$ expertise$ of$ research$

students$in$the$Web$Science$DTC,$with$the$

realVworld$ accounts,$ scenarios$ and$

businessVknowledge$ of$ organisations,$ a$

worldVleading$ design$ of$ case$ study$

research$ could$ be$ developed$ to$ establish$

social$media$ strategies$ for$companies$that$

can$ go$ on$ to$ produce$ tangible$ returns.$Collaboratively$ producing$ this$

methodology$could$not$only$vastly$benefit$


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$ 3$

the$ organisations$ involved$ in$ developing$

the$approach,$but$could$also$create$skilled$

researchers$who$would$be$able$to$develop$

and$analyse$social$media$strategies$for$any$

organisation.$$

$Future$sessions$should$seek$to$combine$the$

talents$ of$ research$ students,$ social$ brand$

agencies,$ and$ social$ mediaVusing$

organisations$to$develop$robust$methods$of$

establishing$ the$ value$ of$ social$ media$ to$

business.$ This$ could,$ for$ example,$ be$

achieved$by$developing$a$thorough$survey$

which$ can$audit$ the$organisations$ targets$

and$social$aims,$and$compare$them$to$what$

they$ are$ doing$ on$ social$ media$ and$ how$

this$appears$to$be$producing$value$relevant$

to$ their$ stated$ aims.$ The$ design$ of$ this$

survey$ will$ need$ to$ integrate$ and$

synthesise$ the$ use$ cases$ of$ organisations,$

the$ expertise$ of$ brand$ and$ marketing$

agencies,$ and$ the$ research$ ability$ of$Web$

Science$ students$ so$ that$ a$ comprehensive$

understanding$ of$ how$ and$ why$ the$

organisation$ in$ question$ is$ using$ social$

media$ can$ be$ gained,$ and$ to$ determine$

what$forms$of$value$they$should$be$seeking$

to$ gain$ from$ doing$ so.$ Building$ on$ this,$

methods$ of$ tracking$ and$ quantifying$ this$

value$ can$ be$ sought$ V$ although$ this$ will$

only$be$suitable$for$each$case$study$when$

the$type$of$value$desired$is$known.$There$is$

potential$ at$ this$ point$ for$ this$ project$ to$

work$ as$ part$ the$ Web$ Observatory$ [5]$ V$

tracking$ and$ analysing$ the$ realVtime$

fluctuations$ in$ value$ that$ a$ business$ is$

receiving$ from$ their$ social$ presence.$ Only$

when$ research$ such$ as$ this$ has$ been$

completed$ will$ businesses$ be$ able$ to$

reliably$ improve$ the$ value$ they$ are$

receiving$from$their$social$media$work$V$as$

the$ saying$ goes:$ you! cant! improve! what!

you!cant!measure.$$

Readings!

[1]$Altimeter$Group$Network$on$SlideShare,$

The$ Evolution$ of$ Social$ Business:$ Six$

Stages$ of$ Social$ Media$ Transformation,$

05VMarV2013.$

[2]$A.$M.$Kaplan$and$M.$Haenlein,$Users$of$the$ world,$ unite!$ The$ challenges$ and$

opportunities$ of$ Social$ Media,$ Business!

Horizons,$ vol.$ 53,$ no.$ 1,$ pp.$ 5968,$ Jan.$

2010.$

[3]$R.$Ferguson,$Word$of$mouth$and$viral$

marketing:$ taking$ the$ temperature$ of$ the$

hottest$ trends$ in$ marketing,$ Journal! of!

Consumer! Marketing,$ vol.$ 25,$ no.$ 3,$ pp.$

179182,$2008.$

[4]$B.$D.$Weinberg$and$E.$Pehlivan,$Social$

spending:$Managing$the$social$media$mix,$

Business!Horizons,$ vol.$ 54,$ no.$ 3,$ pp.$ 275

282,$2011.$

[5]$ The$ Web$ Science$ Trust,$ Web!

Observatory!@!Web!Science!Trust.$ Available$

at$webscience.org/web-observatory/$

Authors!Chris$ Phethean,$ Javier$ Pereda,$ Rob$ Blair,$

Nora$ Alrajebah,$ James$ Baker,$ Gareth$

Beeston$


7/18

$ 4$

Open+data+business+models+

In$ the$ information$ economy,$ data$ is$ a$ valuable$ asset.$ Companies,$ governments$ and$

associations$create$and$gather$vast$quantities$of$data:$from$inventory$records$and$timetables,$

to$transaction$and$research$datasets.$Yet,$paradoxically,$the$greatest$value$in$many$of$these$datasets$is$realised$when$they$are$openly$shared.$$

Open$ data$ is$ data$ that$ anyone$ is$ free$ to$ reVuse.$ The$ open$ data$ movement$ first$ rose$ to$

prominence$ with$ free$ our$ data$ campaigns$ calling$ on$ governments$ to$ release,$ for$ free,$

datasets$which$had$been$collected$using$taxpayers$money,$such$as$national$maps,$or$statistics$

on$health$ and$ education$ services.$ Sharing$ government$ datasets$ as$ open$ data,$ it$ is$ argued,$

generates$both$social$and$economic$value,$allowing$innovators$to$build$on$top$of$datasets$that$

are$otherwise$underVused$inside$government.$Businesses,$however,$need$not$only$be$users$of$

open$data.$There$are$ also$business$opportunities$ in$being$open$data$providers.$This$white$

paper$explores$business$models$for$both$consuming,$and$producing,$open$data.$$

Open!data!business!models!

Data$has$been$described$as$the$new$oil$V$a$

raw$material$for$the$information$economy.$

The$ analogy$ points$ to$ the$ importance$ of$

data$ as$ a$ fuel$ for$ growth$ V$ but$misses$ an$

important$ property$ of$ data.$ Unlike$ the$

excludable$and$finite$product$of$oil,$digital$

data$ can$ be$ replicated$ at$ near$ zeroVcost.$

We$get$the$most$value$from$data$by$using$it,$

rather$than$by$restricting$supply.$$

Business$models$for$open$data$involve$four$

parts:$ open! data! supply! +! added! value! +!

value!realization!=!net!benefit$.$

$

Open$data$supply$$firms$may$draw$upon$open$ data$ from$ government,$ or$ other$

providers,$or$may$ choose$ to$provide$ their$

own$ open$ data.$ Standards$ play$ an$

important$role$in$making$open$data$usable,$

as$ do$ delivery$ platforms$ for$ open$ data,$


8/18

$ 5$

such$ as$APIs$ to$allow$thirdVparty$ systems$

to$ interact$ with$ a$ data$ service$ directly,$

rather$than$downloading$the$whole$dataset$

first.$

Added$value$$firms$need$to$combine$open$

data$ with$ something$ only$ they$ can$ offer.$For$ example,$ the$ domain$ expertise$ to$

provide$ business$ intelligence$ using$ open$

data,$or$the$technical$expertise$to$integrate$

different$datasets.$Open$data$might$also$be$

combined$ with$ existing$ IP$ in$ consumer$

products$ or$ services,$ or$with$ investments$

in$ technical$ infrastructure$ to$ provide$ a$

platform$on$top$of$which$others$innovate$.$$

Value$ realisation$ $ there$ are$ a$ range$ of$

models$for$realising$value$from$open$data,$

from$ freemium$ pricing$ (where$ a$ free$

product$ is$ offered$ to$promote$ a$ premium$

charged$for$offering)$and$charging$for$data$

analysis$services,$through$to$using$data$to$

better$ target$ marketing$ or$ to$ streamline$

existing$ business$ operations.$ Being$ the$

firstVmover$into$a$new$market,$or$being$the$

first$ to$ take$ a$ service$ to$ scale,$ can$ also$

allow$firms$to$benefit$from$networkVeffects.$$

Net$benefits$$using$open$data$can$lead$to$

new$revenue$streams,$brand$ development$

and$ growing$ market$ share.$ It$ can$ also$

support$firms$to$address$the$triple$bottom$

line$of$economic,$social$and$environmental$

impact,$ and$ to$ proactively$meet$ changing$

market$ conditions.$ One$ of$ the$ most$

important$ benefits$ may$ be$ in$ helping$

sector$ growth.$ Just$ as$ the$ standardised$

shipping$container$facilitated$the$explosion$

of$ 20th$ Century$ trading$ relationships,$

standardised$ open$ datasets$ could$

dramatically$ transform$ certain$ sectors$ of$

the$economy.$

Examples!of!open!data!business!models!

Mastadon$ C$ is$ a$ startVup$ hosted$ at$ the$

Open$ Data$ Institute$ providing$ big$ data$analytics.$ By$ charging$ for$ their$ data$

analysis$ infrastructure,$ and$ for$ their$

expertise$ making$ sense$ of$ datasets,$ they$

help$ business$ make$ better$ strategic$

decisions.$ Their$ analysis$ of$ government$

prescribing$open$ data$ has$ highlighted$ the$

potential$for$millions$of$pounds$of$savings.$

Their$ cloudVcomputing$ platform$intelligently$uses$lowVcarbon$data$ centres,$

adding$ an$ environmental$ angle$ to$ their$

sales$pitch.$$

The$Ordnance$Survey$have$responded$to$

the$changing$mapping$market$by$providing$

a$ free$mapping$ service,$whilst$ still$ selling$

more$ detailed$ maps.$ This$ free$ service$

provides$ a$ platform$ that$ other$ firms$ can$

innovate$on,$creating$value$added$products$

and$services.$

The!shift!

The$ way$ in$which$ open$ data$affects$ firms$

will$ depend$ upon$ the$ structure$ of$ the$

market$ they$ operate$ within.$ The$ promise$

of$ open$ data$ for$ society,$ commerce$ and$

government$may$ only$ be$ realised$when$ a$

market$successfully$transitions$from$one$in$

which$ core$ datasets$ are$ closed,$ to$ one$ in$which$open$data$has$become$the$norm.$

Consider$the$transport$market.$If$providers$

of$ both$ public$ and$ private$ transport$

published$ standard$ open$ data$ on$ their$

services$and$prices,$then$platforms$helping$

consumers$pick$the$best$travel$options$can$

be$provided,$with$the$potential$to$decrease$

private$car$use,$and$promote$use$of$public$

transport,$ taxis$ and$ other$ services.$However,$ incumbent$ transport$ providers$

may$not$want$to$provide$open$data,$and$it$

may$take$disruptive$innovation$from$a$new$

market$ entrant,$ or$ a$ number$ of$ smaller$

providers$ to$ start$ publishing$ and$ using$

using$ open$ before$ the$ market$ reaches$ a$

tipping$point$where$open$data$makes$sense$

for$ everyone.$ Game$ theory,$ and$ agent$

based$ models$ can$ be$ used$ to$ understand$potential$ outcomes$ as$ a$ market$ shifts$

towards$open$data.$$


9/18

$ 6$

The$ standards$ chosen,$ and$ technical$

implementations,$ in$ a$ shift$ towards$ open$

data$ have$ significant$consequences.$In$ the$

transport$ case,$ for$ example,$ if$ data$

standards$ include$ a$ way$ of$ recording$ the$

carbon$ costs$ of$ certain$ transport$ options,$then$ services$ can$ give$ consumers$ the$

option$ of$ choosing$ the$ least$ polluting,$ as$

well$as$the$cheapest,$modes$of$transport.$If$

the$ standards$ dont$ include$ this,$ that$

particular$ dimension$ of$ competition$ may$

be$downplayed.$If$the$chosen$means$of$data$

sharing$ involves$ central$ databases,$ or$

restrictive$(i.e.$nonVopen)$licenses,$then$the$

market$ risks$being$ tied$ into$ one$ platform$

provider,$ where$ innovation$ may$ stall.$

Whereas$open$and$distributed$approaches$

to$ data$ sharing$ provide$ potential$ for$

ongoing$innovation.$$

Directions!for!web!science!!

We$ are$ right$ at$ the$ start$ of$ an$ open$ data$

revolution.$The$UK$Government$ is$ putting$

millions$ of$ pounds$ into$ promoting$ the$

Open$ Data$ economy$ through$ the$ Data$Strategy$Board,$and$the$Open$Data$Institute$

(ODI).$Web$Science$has$a$key$role$to$play$in$

understanding$ the$ opportunities$ and$

challenges$ of$ open$ data$ for$ different$

business$sectors.$$

Through$ agent$ based$ modelling$ we$ can$

look$ at$ the$ potential$ for$ society,$

government$ and$ industry$ to$ see$ the$

benefits$ of$ a$ shift$ towards$ open$ data$ in$particular$markets.$

Through$ qualitative$ research$ we$ can$

explore$ the$ technical$ and$ organisational$

architectures$needed$ to$make$ the$most$ of$

open$data.$

And$ by$ drawing$ on$ the$ interdisciplinary$

foundations$ of$ web$ science$ we$ can$ bring$

together$ economic,$ social$ and$ technical$

perspectives$ to$ develop$ practical$

understandings$ of$ how$ different$ firms$

should$operate$in$networked$economies.$

Authors!

Tim$ Davies,$ Richard$ Fyson,$ Terhi$

Nurmikko,$ Manuel$ Leon$ Urrutia,$ Jack$

Townsend,$ Mark$ Frank,$ Reuben$ Binns,$

Eamonn$Walls,$Christopher$Hughes$

Richard$ Stirling$ Open! Data! Institute$

Jacqui$ Taylor$ Flying! Binary $Mark$Stileman$Ordnance!Survey$


10/18

$ 7$

Big+Data+

Big$ data$ may$ refer$ to$ a$ range$ of$ issues$ from$ the$ capture$ and$ storage,$ to$ the$ analysis$ of$

datasets$too$large$to$be$effectively$tackled$using$traditional$computer$science$and$statistical$

methodologies.$ In$ this$ case$ we$ refer$ mainly$ to$ the$ problem$ of$ combining$ and$ analysing$arbitrarily$large$datasets.$

The$ underlying$motivation$ for$ this$project$ is$ that,$after$discussions$with$ industry$partners$

including$the$British$National$Archive,$Nominet,$Ordinance$Survey,$and$others,$a$key$theme$

we$have$been$asked$to$help$address$is$how$to$identify$what$aspects$of$their$data$are$of$real$

interest$or$value.$Central$to$this$is$the$ability$to$link$different$forms$of$data$together,$perform$

crossVcomparison$and$analysis$of$data$in$order$to$identify$anomalous$behaviour$automatically.$

In$the$simplest$terms$if$every$line$in$a$dataset$holds$exactly$the$same$information$them$there$

is$no$value$in$keeping$all$of$it.$alue,$or$information$content$is$of$cause$subjective,$however$it$

is$ intrinsically$ a$ function$ of$ how$ surprising$ a$ piece$ of$ data$ in$ relation$ to$ its$ immediate$environment$(Shannon$1948).$Through$the$process$of$linking$different$sources$of$information$

together$ we$ begin$ to$ create$ Big$ Data,$ and$ this$new$ form$ of$ information$will$ provide$ new$

analytical$capabilities$for$both$research$and$industry.$

Developing$a$Big$Data$solution$also$requires$the$consideration$of$how$information$can$be$best$

expressed$ in$ order$ to$ illustrate$ its$ value,$ both$ analytically$ and$ visually.$ For$ our$ industry$

partners,$data$presents$a$challenge$to$traditional$business$processes$and$planning;$typically$a$

company$will$want$to$maximize$some$metric$of$success$when$undertaking$an$action.$In$terms$

of$data$this$is$problematic$since$the$value$of$a$dataset$is$difficult$to$interpret.$$

The$challenge$is$then,$how$can$we$best$develop$a$solution$that$enables$the$linkage$of$different$forms$of$information,$from$different$sources,$and$use$them$efficiently$to$identify$normal$and$

abnormal$ behaviour$ in$ large$ datasets,$ and$ as$ an$ outcome$ of$ this,$ deliver$ a$ return$ on$ the$

investment$to$industry$and$the$research$community?$$

Axes!of!Integration! !!

Any$ data$ analysis$ we$ wish$ to$ undertake$

depends$ on$ being$ able$ to$ find$ axes$ along$

which$different$datasets$can$be$linked$and$

compared$ together.$ $ As$ an$ example,$ the$

British$ National$ Archives$ store$ thousands$

of$Web$pages$from$domains$owned$by$the$

UK$ government.$ For$ this$ data$ to$ be$

analysed$ in$ any$ meaningful$ way$ requires$

some$ common$ attributes$ that$ can$ be$

extracted$ and$ then$ used$ as$ a$ vector$ for$

comparison$ with$ other$ datasets.$ As$ these$

kinds$of$datasets$are$longitudinal$in$nature,$

it$ would$ make$ sense$ to$ extract$ and$ use$

timestamps$ (i.e.$the$ data$and$ time$related$

to$a$record$within$a$dataset)$as$a$common$

vector$ of$ comparison.$ If$ we$ have$ data$

about$ the$ time$ and$ date$ that$ every$ page$

was$ published$ we$ can$ then$ compare$ and$

triangulate$ the$ content$ of$ these$ pages$ to$

with$many$different$source$of$information,$

including$ news$ articles$ and$ other$ social$platforms$ (Twitter,$ Facebook,$ etc.)$ to$

identify$ specific$ trends,$ events$ or$ even$

anomalies$ within$ the$ data.$ Using$ a$

timestamp$ is$ only$ one$ example$ of$ a$

common$attribute$that$can$be$used$to$link$

different$datasets$together;$using$Semantic$

Web$ and$ Linked$ Data$ technologies$ also$

offer$a$way$to$link$and$express$the$data$in$a$

common$format,$rich$for$comparison.$Understanding$ the$ needs$ of$ our$ Industry$

Partners$ is$ an$ important$ factor$ in$


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$ 8$

developing$ standards$ to$ link$ different$

datasets$ together.$ By$ creating$ a$ platform$

that$can$manipulate$and$link$multiple$sets$

of$data$together$using$different$vectors$is$a$

critical$step$ in$providing$ a$ solution$which$

can$ perform$ complex$ and$ useful$ analysis,$both$for$Industry$and$Research.$

Issues!with!MultiBDimensional!Spaces!

Large$ datasets$ are$ potentially$ highly$

dimensional$ $ that$ is,$ they$ could$ have$ a$

very$large$amount$of$axes$describing$them.$

This$ is$ problematic$ to$ both$ traditional$

visualisation$ and$ statistical$ approaches$ to$

data$ analysis.$ Typically,$ graphical$

visualisations$ may$ display$ two$ or$ three$

different$ dimensions$ of$ a$ dataset,$ this$ is$

clearly$limiting$when$considering$sets$with$

many$more$ dimensions.$ Typical$ statistical$

models$ are$ also$ difficult$ to$apply$because$

high$ dimensionality$ increases$ the$

probability$ of$ finding$ spurious$

relationships.$ These$ issues$ of$

interpretation$ and$ visualisation$ are$ also$

present$ when$ linking$ different$ datasets$together$ in$ order$ to$ reveal$ analytical$

insights$not$previously$discovered;$as$part$

of$this$process,$we$need$to$offer$the$choice$

of$ different$ visual$ solutions$ in$ order$ to$

extract$ the$ most$ value$ from$ the$

information.$

The$challenge$is$then$how$can$we$develop$a$

collection$ of$ visualisation$ methodologies$

that$ can$ cope$ with$ increased$dimensionality$ and$ linked$ datasets,$ and$

how$ can$ we$ also$ derive$ statistical$

methodologies$ for$ describing$ highly$

dimensional$ spaces?$ Driven$ by$ the$

discovery$ of$ new$ datasets$ and$ analytical$

requirements,$ the$ development$ of$ a$

visualisation$ toolkit$ offers$ a$way$ to$begin$

tackling$these$challenges.$

Value!and!Positive!Feedback!

A$ third$ point$ is$ how$ can$ we$ create$ an$

efficient$ and$ streamlined$ process$ for$

storing,$analysing$or$augmenting$a$dataset?$

Big$ Data,$ as$ the$ name$ suggests,$ typically$

requires$a$solution$that$offers$large$storage$

volumes,$ and$ smart$ archiving$ methods.$However,$ one$ of$ the$ challenges$ that$ we$

wish$ to$ overcome$ is$ reducing$ these$

overheads$whilst$retaining$the$value$of$the$

data.$$

The$challenge$of$this$comes$from$knowing$

where$ the$ value$ in$ the$ data$ is.$ From$ our$

discussions$with$our$industry$partners,$it$is$

apparent$ that$ they$ are$ unaware$ of$ the$

value$ in$ the$ data$ they$ store,$ and$ thus$ the$

tendency$has$been$ archive$all$ the$ data.$In$

terms$of$data$completeness,$this$is$the$best$

solution,$ however,$ this$ raises$ overheads,$

and$ potentially$ decrease$ return$ on$

investment.$ In$ order$ to$ streamline$ data$

storage$ requires$ the$ability$ to$understand$

the$potential$value$the$might$be$contained$

within$a$dataset.$

Further$ to$ this$ point$ is$how$ research$and$

development$ departments$ can$ motivate$

their$ colleagues$ to$ invest$ additional$


12/18

$ 9$

funding$ on$ data$ analysis$ projects.$ The$

challenge$lies$in$providing$a$solution$were$

we$ can$ quickly$ provide$ addedVvalue$ to$

their$ datasets,$ and$ thus$ their$ business$

processes.$$By$demonstrating$the$ability$to$

create$ a$ return$ on$ investment$ from$ Big$Data$analysis$is$a$critical$step$that$needs$to$

be$achieved.$

Further!Work!

We$are$currently$engaged$in$collaboration$

with$ the$ National$ Archives$ to$ look$ for$

better$ solutions$ to$ format$ their$ currently$

unstructured$web$page$archives.$The$Web$

Observatory$ project$ is$ also$ underway,$ a$

key$theme$of$which$is$collaborating$with$a$

range$of$ stakeholders$ to$define$ standards$

of$ data$ reporting.$ As$ more$ partners$ join$

and$ datasets$ become$ available,$ the$

agreement$ of$ basic$ standards$ for$ data$

formatting$ will$ improve,$ and$ so$ will$ the$

processes$ and$ standards$ for$ facilitating$

data$exchange,$analysis$and$augmentation.$$

Research$ into$ analytic$ methods$ is$ also$

underway.$ In$ terms$ of$ visualisation$ tools,$there$ are$ exciting$ opportunities$ for$

collaboration$ with$ partners$ providing$

feedback$ of$ their$ experiences$ with$ Web$

Observatory$ tools.$ In$ terms$ of$ statistical$

methodologies,$a$range$of$new$procedures$

have$ been$ developed$ for$ clustering$ large$

datasets$and$dimension$reduction$that$can$

potentially$be$translated$ into$work$ in$this$area.$Also,$ projects$working$with$industry$

partners$ such$ as$ Switch$ Concepts,$ have$

been$ attempting$ to$ find$ appropriate$

metrics$of$system$performance$that$can$be$

used$as$a$baseline$for$anomaly$detection.$

There$ is$ also$ onVgoing$ research$ into$ the$

theoretical$understanding$of$value$ in$data$

exchange$ and$ augmentation$ at$ the$

university.$ Work$ in$ this$ area$ is$ currently$

focused$ on$ finding$ common$ units$ of$

currency$or$index$values$that$can$be$used$

to$describe$and$understand$data$exchange.$

Collaboration$ with$ partners$ on$ this$ front$

could$provide$helpful$insight$into$how$such$

metrics$ can$ be$ practically$ integrated$ into$

success$criteria$for$big$data$projects.$$

References!

Shannon,$C.$(1948).$A$Mathematical$Theory$of$ Communication.$ The$ Bell$ System$

Technical$Journal,$27,$379423.$


13/18

$ 10$

Attitudes+to+E


14/18

$ 11$

healthVrelated$ experiences$ and$knowledge$

about$illness,$without$any$of$the$associated$

embarrassment$ possible$ when$ seeking$

help$ offline.$ It$ is$ important$ to$ further$

explore$ how$ Web$ features$ influence$

interaction$ within$ online$ support$ groups.$What$new$support$structures$does$the$Web$

facilitate?$Can$traditional$expertise$become$

embedded$ in$ emergent$ peer$ support$

networks?$

$

It$ has$ been$ argued$ that$ anecdotes$ from$

similar$ patients$ hold$ significant$ power$ as$

these$ are$ strongly$ considered$ by$

individuals$when$making$health$decisions.$

This$ 'expertise$ through$ experience'$ raises$

important$ questions$ about$ the$ Web's$

impact$on$health$information.$Furthermore,$

it$ questions$ the$ extent$ to$ which$ medical$

expertise$ is$ becoming$ embedded$ in$ these$

peer$ support$ networks,$ as$ opposed$ to$

being$ supplanted$ by$ anecdotal$ evidence$

that$may$go$against$the$medically$accepted$

advice.$

Expertise!

The paternalistic healthcare view, where

patients$are$passive$ and$doctors$diagnose$

and$ treat$ them,$ is$ based$ upon$ the$

understanding$ that$ doctors$ have$ the$

expertise$ and$ patients$ do$ not.$ The$

increased$ availability$ to$ this$ specialist$

knowledge$ via$ the$ Web$ is$ challenging$ the$

authority$in$the$doctorVpatient$relationship.$This$increases$the$power$that$patients$have,$

such$ as$ the$ power$ to$ retrieve$ a$ second$

opinion,$obtain$a$referral$to$a$specialist$or$

negotiate$ treatment.$ However,$ the$ doctor$

still$functions$as$a$gatekeeper$to$treatment.$

Do$ these$ changes$ impact$ the$ relationship

between doctor and patient? How does the

fact that the Web provides this information

empower patients?

Dissemination!of!Information!

The Web provides many platforms for the

dissemination$ of$ health$ information$ in$

several$formats$and$from$countless$sources.$

Though$ this$ opportunity$ promises$ to$

satisfy$ the$ informational$ needs$of$citizens$for$ healthcare,$ it$ also$ presents$ challenges$

when$ attempting$ to$ unlock$ its$ potential.$

Citizens$ must$ overcome$ several barriers

including finding the requisite information

from the Web's enormous collection,

evaluating its quality and also deciphering the

technical language sometimes used. What

skills do individuals need to navigate this

Web environment? How can these skills be

delivered or developed?

Delivery!

eVMonitoring$ devices$ are$ giving$ patients$

more$control$over$how$ they$manage$ their$

conditions$ without$ having$ to$ regularly$

attend$ a$ medical$ facility$ for$ testing$ or$

remain$ there$ for$ close$ monitoring.$

Understanding$ how$ the$ Web$ supports$ or$

disrupts$ the$ facilitation$ of$ healthcare$delivery$is$ important.$For$example,$though$

more$ convenient$ and$ efficient,$ patient$

satisfaction$with$these$tools$and$the$social$

implications$ of$ using$ them$ may$ not$ be$

positive.$ These$ tools$ may$ reduce$ the$

amount$ of$ physical$ contact$ between$

patients$ and$ practitioners,$ as$ there$ is$ no$

need$ to$ see$ the$ patient$ unless$ the$ eV

Monitoring$device$reveals$negative$results.$Not$all$patients$might$be$satisfied$with$this$

arrangement.$Given$the$potential$for$these$

types$ of$ technologies,$ it$ is$ imperative$ to$

consider$whether$delivery$of$these$services$

will$support$or$disrupt$health$services.$

Responsibility!

The$ ideological$ shift$ to$ an$ individualised$

approach$ to$ healthcare$ is$ not$ a$ new$

phenomenon$ and$ has$ been$ prevalent$ in$neoVliberal$ politics$ for$ decades.$ The$ Web$

provides$a$major$ step$ towards$individuals$


15/18

$ 12$

taking$ more$ responsibility$ for$ their$

healthcare$ (e.g.$ reflexively$ navigating$

various$ spaces$ to$ consider$ health$

pathways).$However,$there$arise$questions$

of$responsibility.$If$there$is$a$shift$towards$

individualisation$ of$ health,$ is$ it$ still$ the$responsibility$of$health$professionals$if$ the$

patient$encounters$a$problem?$Where$does$

the$ liability$ lie?$ Does$ a$ system$ of$

distribution$ need$ to$ be$ developed$

regarding$responsibility?$If$there$is$a$move$

to$this$model,$how$do$we$support$people$to$

take$ responsibility$ for$ their$ own$

healthcare?$

What!Can!Web!Science!Contribute?!

Given$ its$ focus$ on$ interdisciplinarity,$Web$

science$is$dedicated$to$delivering$impactful$

research$ resulting$ in$ a$ significant$

contribution$ being$ made$ to$ the$ future$ of$

health.$ Perhaps$ we$ find$ that$ patients$

obtaining$ misinformation$ online$ or$ selfV

medicating$ and$ being$ at$ risk$ is$ less$ of$ a$

problem$ than$ the$ authorities$ envisage.$

There$is$a$pressing$need$to$identify$what$is$and$ is$ not$ working,$ and$ to$ proceed$ with$

finding$ways$to$develop$a$more$proVhuman$

Web$ that$ supports$ the$ former$ and$

effectively$ addresses$ the$ latter.$ Similar$ to$

what$ it$ has$ done$ and$ continues$ to$ do$ in$

other$ industries$ (e.g.$ cyber$ security),$Web$

science$can$develop$effective$ways$to$study$

and$ deliver$ actionable$ insight$ into$

complicated$issues$related$to$health$on$the$

Web.$Perhaps$observing$and$obtaining$the$

perspective$ of$ the$ patient$ (usually$

underrepresented$ in$ healthcare$ research)$via$ joint$ projects$ with$ the$ Web$

Observatory.$In$addition,$as$information$is$

being$ readily$ sought$ without$ professional$

input,$ new$ methodological$ approaches$

must$be$considered$in$trying$to$determine$

the$ availability$ of$ credible$ information$

online.$$

$

Authors!

Lisa$Sugiura$

Mark$Weal$$

Susan$Halford$

Renaldo$Bernhard$$

Becki$Nash$

Craig$Allison$

Richard$Gomer$

Gemma$Fitzimmons$

Huw$Davies$Laura$German$

Katie$Spires$

Will$Lawrence$

$$

$ +


16/18

$ 13$

Cyber+Citizenship+and+Cyber+Policing+

With$the$latest$statistics$showing$little$indications$of$a$decline$in$cybercrime,$the$study$of$this$

phenomenon$is$both$critical$and$timely.$Hence,$a$research$sandpit$was$recently$held$between$

scholars$from$the$University$of$Southampton$and$representatives$from$the$security$industry$with$the$aim$of$aligning$research$interests$with$industry$needs.$

Cybercrime!and!the!Underground!

Economy!

Defined$by$the$Home$Office$[2],$cybercrime$

refers$ to$ crimes$ that$ involve$ the$ use$ of$

technologies.$ Recent$ studies$ indicate$ that$

cybercriminals$ engage$ in$ competitive$

trading$with$one$another$on$underground$

forums$(a.k.a.$carding!forums)$and$Internet$

Relay$ Chat$ (IRC)$ channels.$ In$ essence,$ a$

global$ digital$ underground$ economy$ (see$

below)$ has$ emerged$ with$ a$ continued$

influx$ of$ skilled$ individuals$ from$ around$

the$ world$ looking$ to$ make$ a$ profit$ by$

satisfying$the$demand$in$this$economy$[4].$

The$ following$ section$ presents$ two$

significant$ challenges$ to$ the$ disruption$ of$

this$underground$economy.$

Current!Challenges!

Jurisdictional$constraints$

Law$ enforcement$ systems,$ in$ particular$

within$ the$ UK,$ have$ traditionally$ been$

reactive$ and$ centralised.$ With$ the$ growth$

of$criminal$activity$online$it$is$increasingly$

evident$ that$ the$ traditional$ model$ of$

policing$does$ not$ always$ translate$ well$ to$

the$cyber$domain.$$

One$ of$ the$ predominant$ challenges$ to$ the$

traditional$ policing$ model$ relates$ to$ the$

issue$ of$ jurisdiction.$ Online$ crime$ with$ a$

crossVborder$ element$ generates$ problems$

for$ both$ police$ investigation$ and$

prosecution.$ Law$ enforcement$ agencies$

have$jurisdiction$only$over$crimes$that$take$

place$in$the$geographic$location$where$they$


17/18

$ 14$

have$ authority.$ Yet,$ the$ criminal$may$ not$

be$ in$ the$ same$ country$ as$ the$ victim$ and$

evidence$ of$ wrongVdoing$ may$ be$ widely$

distributed$in$multiple$countries.$$$

Indeed,$one$might$question$what$exactly$is$

meant$ when$ referring$ to$ the$ concept$ of$jurisdiction$ in$ cyberspace.$ Brenner$ and$

Koops$[1]$ask:$$

[I]s$it$the$place$of$the$act,$the$country$

of$ residence$ of$ the$ perpetrator,$ the$

location$of$the$effect,$or$the$nationality$

of$ the$ owner$ of$ the$ computer$ that$ is$

under$attack?$Or$all$of$these$at$once?$

These$ facts$ are$ potential$ hurdles$ to$

following$ the$ digital$ trails.$ The$ growing$

reliance$ on$ cloud$ computing$ adds$ further$

complexity.$ For$ example,$ the$ physical$

infrastructure$ of$ multiVterritorial$ data$

processing$ centres$ moves$ data$ at$ high$

speeds.$ In$effect,$crossVborder$transfers$of$

data$become$instantaneous$and$ubiquitous,$

which$cannot$easily$be$traced.$

$

Such$ problems$ open$ the$ door$ to$jurisdictional$ conflicts$ in$ terms$ of$

determining$which$state$has$precedence$to$

prosecute$as$having$the$closest$connection$

with$a$crime,$an$issue$of$some$importance$

when$one$ considers$ that$ laws$ differ$ from$

country$ to$ country$ (or,$ perversely,$ to$ the$

situation$ that$ no$ state$ claims$ jurisdiction$

over$ a$ cybercrime).$ It$ also$ highlights$ the$

importance$ of$ law$ enforcement$cooperation$required$between$states.$$

The$ foregoing$ issues$ highlight$ the$ added$

expense,$ time$ and$ sometimes$ futility$ in$

attempting$ to$ enforce$ the$ law$ against$

cybercrime.$ While$ there$ have$ been$

attempts$at$harmonising$laws$and$process$

transVborder,$ most$ notably$ in$ the$ Council$

of$ Europe$ Convention$ on$ Cybercrime$ and$

other$attempts$to$ form$ interVjurisdictional$taskforces,$some$jurisdictions$may$deny$or$

ignore$ extradition$ requests.$ $ Queries$

therefore$ hang$ over$ the$ ability$ of$ the$

traditional$law$enforcement$system$to$keep$

up$ with$ the$ speed,$ scale$ and$ reach$of$ the$

online$domain$[3].$$

A!balance!between!security!and!privacy!

Ironically,$ the$ same$ networking$

technologies$which$empower$the$criminals$

also$ empower$ the$ police$ with$

unprecedented$ opportunities$ for$

surveillance.$ The$ increasing$ amount$ of$

digital$trails$being$left$behind$by$citizens$is$

enabling$policing$ to$ transcend$ time,$place$

and$ space$ [6].$ In$ essence,$ the$ Internet$

could$ become$ one$ of$ the$ most$ effective$

tools$ for$ monitoring$ ever$ created.$

However,$as$Wall$ notes,$ the$ downside$ of$

using$ technological$ solutions$ to$ achieve$

crime$ prevention$ goals$ is$ that$ an$

acceptable$ balance$ has$ to$ be$ reached$

between$ security$ and$ privacy.$ Is! such! a!

balance!achievable?!!

To$ address$

this,$ it$ is$

useful$ to$realise$ that$

surveillance$

is$ not$ just$

used$ for$

policing.$

Employers,$

parents,$

commercial$ companies$ and$ governments$

all$use$surveillance$ techniques$ to$monitor$the$behaviour$of$those$they$wish$to$control.$

In$ addition,$ since$ the$ boom$ of$ Web$ 2.0,$

citizens$ have$ been$ surrendering$ their$

privacy$to$online$social$networking$sites$in$

exchange$ for$ a$ free$ service.$ Therefore,$ it$

appears$ that$ citizens$ are$ willing$ to$ trade$

privacy$ if$ incentives$ are$ deemed$

appropriate$ and$ thus$ a$ balance$ between$

security$ and$ privacy$ is$ indeed$ achievable.$The$question$then$is,$how?!


18/18

15

An$ important$ aspect$ to$ this$ subject$ refers$

to$ peoples$ actual$ perceptions$ of$

surveillance$mechanisms$used$for$security$

purposes.$ Several$studies$have$ focused$on$

how$ people$ view$ the$ tradeVoff$ between$

security$ and$ privacy$ and$ found$ that$ the$fundamental$ factors$ to$ striking$ a$ balance$

between$ security$ and$ privacy$ include$

transparency,$ accountability$ and$ trust.$ In$

the$ U.K.,$data.gov.uk$ is$ one$ such$ initiative$

[5].$

Conclusion!

The$ fight$ against$ cybercrime$ has$ drawn$

attention$ to$ the$ need$ for$ new$ policing$

models.$ However,$ emerging$ trends$ to$

complement$ or$ replace$ the$ traditional$

policing$model$run$the$danger$of$rendering$

individuals$ increasingly$ invisible.$ These$

unbalance$ the$ framework$ of$ investigatory$

powers$and$respect$for$individuals$rights.$$

Debates$ around$ the$ struggle$ to$ carry$ out$

effective$ policing$ in$ the$ cyber$ age$ should$

include,$ therefore,$ not$ just$ international$

cooperation$ and$ assistance,$ but$ also$engage$ the$ perspective$ of$ citizen$

protection,$ including$ the$ right$ to$ private$

and$ family$ life,$ together$ with$ data$

protection$and$accountability.$

$

ibliography!

[1] Brenner,$ B.S.W.,$ Koops,$ B.,$ and$ Tech,$J.H.$ Approaches$ to$ Cybercrime$

Jurisdiction.$Journal!of!High!Technology!

Law!IV,$1$(2004),$146.$

[2] Home$ Office.$ Cyber! Crime! Strategy.$Surrey,$ 2010.Kozlovski,$ N.,$ 2005.$ A$

Paradigm$ Shift$ in$ Online$ Policing$ $

Designing$ Accountable$ Policing.$ Yale$

University.$

[3] Kozlovski,$ N.$ A$ Paradigm$ Shift$ in$Online$ Policing$ $ Designing$Accountable$ Policing.$ 2005.$

http://crypto.stanford.edu/portia/pap

ers/Kozlovski.pdf.$

[4] Moore,$T.,$Clayton,$R.,$and$Anderson,$R.$The$ Economics$ of$ Online$ Crime.$

Journal! of! Economic!Perspectives!23,$ 3$

(2009),$320.$

[5] OHara,$ K.$ Transparency,$ Open$ Data$and$Trust$in$Government:$Shaping$the$

Infosphere.$ ACM! Web! Science! 2012,$

(2012),$10.$

[6] Wall,$ D.S.$ Policing$ Cybercrimes:$Situating$the$Public$Police$in$Networks$

of$ Security$ within$ Cyberspace.$ Police!

Practice!and!Research!8,$2$(2007),$183205.$

Authors!

Michael$ Yip,$ Aristea$ Maria$ Zafeiropoulou,$

Alison$ Knight,$ Huw$ Fryer,$ Jaymie$ Caplen,$

Phil$ Waddell,$ Dominic$ Hobson,$ Russell$

Newman,$Kieran$Rones,$Abigail$Whitmarsh,$

Elsabi$Rimington,$allia$Calda$

$

web science dtc industry forum: opportunities and challenges 2013

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