web technology and commerce unit 4

UNIT IV

PREPARED BY ARUN PRATAP SINGH

WEB TECHNOLOGY AND COMMERCE (MCSE 201)

PREPARED BY ARUN PRATAP SINGH 1

1

INTERNET PAYMENT SYSTEM

Internet payment systems refer to the various methods by which individuals and companies doing

business online collect money from their customers in exchange for the goods and services they

provide A number of different forms of payment exist for online purchases and more are being

developed all the time After all it is in the best interest of both consumers and merchants to make

electronic commerce as safe and easy as possible The low cost of entry has attracted hundreds

of companies large and small to the level playing field of cyberspace Paul J Dowling Jr noted

in his book Web Advertising and Marketing On the Internet a small one-man operation can look

as good or better than a large multinational corporation But whether its an individual working

out of a virtual office or a CEO sitting in an expensive downtown office building theyre going

online for one purposemdashto sell And theyre leaving no stone unturned in their efforts to make it

safe and easy for their customers to buy

Customers who physically visit retail establishments can choose among a variety of payment

methods including cash checks credit cards and debit cards Customers who shop on the

Internet are beginning to expect online merchants to offer the same variety and convenience in

payment terms Credit cards remain the most common form of payment for online purchases

although the options have expanded to include digital cash smart cards electronic checks and

other technologies In addition some customers continue to make online purchases using

traditional payment methods such as placing orders by telephone or fax or sending a check

via snail mail Dowling recommends that companies conducting sales online make as many

payment methods available as possible and advertise their acceptance of those methods on their

Web sites He claims that small businesses can add value to their product or service offerings by

making payment easy comfortable and secure for their customers Getting paid on the Web

ultimately testifies to your marketing plans effectiveness Dowling wrote And when everything

goes as it should customers will place the order

Perhaps the biggest issue affecting online payment systemsmdashfrom both the sellers and the

buyers perspectivesmdashis maintaining the security of financial information sent over the Internet A

survey conducted by Visa showed that 91 percent of consumers were concerned about privacy

and security on the Internet Another study conducted by the Boston Consulting Group and

quoted in Computerworld indicated that 28 percent of consumers online purchase efforts failedmdash

meaning that they intended to buy online but did not complete the transaction Concerns about

security and the perception that online credit card transactions are extremely unsafe seem to be

among the biggest issues keeping many retailers and consumers from closing sales

electronically Lorna Pappas wrote in Chain Store Age Executive

Internet payment system is also known as Electronic Payment system

What Electronic Payment system is

Electronic Payment is a financial exchange that takes place online between buyers and sellers

The content of this exchange is usually some form of digital financial instrument (such as

encrypted credit card numbers electronic cheques or digital cash) that is backed by a bank or an

intermediary or by a legal tender

Electronic payment system is a system which helps the customer or user to make online payment

for their shopping

UNIT IV


2

Requirements For E-payments

The various factors that have lead the financial institutions to make use of electronic payments

are

1 Decreasing technology cost The technology used in the networks is decreasing day by

day

2 Reduced operational and processing costDue to reduced technology cost the processing

cost of various commerce activities becomes very less A very simple reason to prove this

is the fact that in electronic transactions we save both paper and time

3 Increasing online commerce

Some Examples Of EPS-

Online Reservation

Online Bill Payment

Online Order Placing (Nirulas)

Online Ticket Booking ( Movie)

Major Internet Payment Methods

Secure Electronics Transaction (SET) Protocol for implementing credit card payment

An Electronic Check system for supporting check payment

An Electronic funds transfer and Electronic Cash system for emulating physical cash

payment

Other methods

bull Micropayment methods and Smart card methods

Two Storage Methods

On-line

Individual does not have possession personally of electronic cash

Trusted third party eg online bank holds customersrsquo cash accounts

Off-line

Customer holds cash on smart card or software wallet

Fraud and double spending require tamper-proof encryption


3

E-Cash

A system that allows a person to pay for goods or services by transmitting a number

from one computer to another

Like the serial numbers on real currency notes the E-cash numbers are unique

This is issued by a bank and represents a specified sum of real money

It is anonymous and reusable

Electronic Cash Security

Complex cryptographic algorithms prevent double spending

Anonymity is preserved unless double spending is attempted

Serial numbers can allow tracing to prevent money laundering

E-Cash Processing


4

E-Wallet

The E-wallet is another payment scheme that operates like a carrier of e-cash and other

information

The aim is to give shoppers a single simple and secure way of carrying currency

electronically

Trust is the basis of the e-wallet as a form of electronic payment

Procedure for using an e-wallet

1 Decide on an online site where you would like to shop

2 Download a wallet from the merchantrsquos website

3 Fill out personal information such as your credit card number name address and phone

number and where merchandise should be shipped

4 When you are ready to buy click on the wallet button the buying process is fully

executed


5

Smart Cards

A smart card is any pocket-sized card with embedded integrated circuits which can

process data

This implies that it can receive input which is processed and delivered as an output

Smart card Processing


6

Smart Card Applications ndash

Ticketless travel

Seoul bus system 4M cards 1B transactions since 1996

Planned the SF Bay Area system

Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash

Store loyalty programs

Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Credit cards

It is a Plastic Card having a Magnetic Number and code on it

It has Some fixed amount to spend

Customer has to repay the spend amount after sometime


7

Processing a Credit cards payment ndash

Risk in using Credit cards -

Operational Risk

Credit Risk

Legal Risk

Secure Electronic Transaction (SET) Protocol

Jointly designed by MasterCard and Visa with backing of Microsoft Netscape IBM

GTE SAIC and others

Designed to provide security for card payments as they travel on the Internet

Contrasted with Secure Socket Layers (SSL) protocol SET validates consumers

and merchants in addition to providing secure transmission

SET specification

Uses public key cryptography and digital certificates for validating both

consumers and merchants


8

Provides privacy data integrity user and merchant authentication and consumer

nonrepudiation

The SET Protocol

What Is Payment Gateways

A payment gateway is an e-commerce application service provider service that

authorizes payments for e-businesses online Shopping etc


9

Payment gateway protects credit cards details encrypting sensitive information such

as credit card numbers to ensure that information passes securely between the

customer and the merchant and also between merchant and payment processor

How It works

Payments In India

Going the e-way

e-PAYMENT SYSTEM IN INDIA

bull Ever-increasing technology changes

bull Growing Internet access and mobile subscriber base

bull Rising consumer confidence

bull Convenient deliverypayment models

bull India has been one of the fastest growing country for payment cards in the Asia-Pacific

region

bull India currently has approximately 130 million cards (both debit and credit) in circulation


10

GROWTH IN e-PAYMENT SYSTEM

REGULATION-

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has been supportive in the development of electronic

payments

In this direction the ldquoPayments and Settlement System Actrdquo was enacted

Apart from being supporting the RBI has also initiated various programs to encourage e-

payments

CHANNELS OF PAYMENT-

Indian banks have put in place various channels of electronic payments in place to

encourage customers to adopt the electronic mode

Channels like the Internet mobile ATMs and drop boxes are some of the most

frequently used channels apart from bank branches

MARKET MAPPING-

E-payments processing market has two major players namely

Tech Process and Bill Desk which is a pure play electronic transaction processing company

The Indian Payment System Is Transforming From Paper Mode To Electronic Mode

Two main reasons for such shift are-


11

1 The regulator has mandated routing all high-value transactions electronically to minimize

movement of money and risk

2 At the retail end customers are realizing the efficiency of electronic payments

SHIFTS IN THE PAYMENT SYSTEM

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENT IN e-PAYMENT

bull Electronic Clearing Service (Credit and Debit)

bull National Electronic Fund Transfer (NEFT)

THE RULING PLASTIC MONEY

Credit cards

Debit cards

ATM Cards

PayPal

PayPal is a global e-commerce business allowing payments and money transfers to be made

through the Internet Online money transfers serve as electronic alternatives to paying with

traditional paper methods such as checks and money orders It is subject to the US economic

sanction list and other rules and interventions required by US laws or government PayPal is an

acquirer performing payment processing for online vendors auction sites and other commercial


12

users for which it charges a fee It may also charge a fee for receiving money proportional to the

amount received The fees depend on the currency used the payment option used the country

of the sender the country of the recipient the amount sent and the recipients account type In

addition eBay purchases made by credit card through PayPal may incur extra fees if the buyer

and seller use different currencies On October 3 2002 PayPal became a wholly owned

subsidiary of eBay Its corporate headquarters are in San Jose California United States at eBays

North First Street satellite office campus The company also has significant operations in Omaha

Scottsdale Charlotte and Austin in the United States Chennai in India Dublin in Ireland

Kleinmachnow in Germany and Tel Aviv in Israel From July 2007 PayPal has operated across

the European Union as a Luxembourg-based bank

Google Wallet

Google Wallet was launched in 2011 serving a similar function as PayPal to facilitate payments

and transfer money online It also features highly robust security and additional features such as

the ability to send payments as attachments via email


13

CHARACTERISTICS OF PAYMENT SYSTEM

There is no paper involved so electronic payments can be effected directly from home or office

Fast efficient safe secure and generally less costly than paper-based alternatives eg cheques

Electronic payments are fully traceable

In Ireland the clearing time for standard electronic payments is next day value for interbank

transfers subject to the payment instruction being received ahead of lsquoshut-offrsquo times which can

vary from bank to bank Payment instructions received after the lsquoshut-offrsquo time will be processed

one working day later

Most banks offer same day value for payments made to other accounts held in that same bank

Many banks offer same day money transfer inter-bank services for large value payments

Unlike cheques electronic payments donrsquot lsquobouncersquo ndash as payments will not be effected unless the

funds are available in the first place


14

Features of Payment Methods

bull Anonymity whether the payment method is anonymous

bull Security whether the payment method is secure

bull Overhead cost the overhead cost of processing a payment

bull Transferability whether a payment can be carried out without the involvement of a

third party

bull Divisibility whether a payment can be divided into arbitrary small payments whose

sum is equal to the original payment

bull Acceptability whether the payment method is supported globally

4C PAYMENTS METHODS

To make the e-commerce system functional we also need to incorporate payment

functions into the system

In the physical world there are 4 types of payment methods

bull Cash

bull Credit card

bull Check

bull Creditdebit (Fund Transfer)

bull Payment method should be

ndash Very secure

ndash Having Low overhead cost

ndash Transferable

ndash Acceptable anywhere

ndash Divisible

ndash Anonymous

Comparison of the 4C payment methods


15

SET PROTOCOL FOR CREDIT CARD PAYMENT

bull The credit card is one of the most commonly used payment methods in e-commerce in particular B2C e-commerce

bull Before the introduction SET protocol secure credit card payment was usually carried out over an SSL connection

Advantage of SSL

bull It ensures the secure transmission of credit card information over the internet

Disadvantage of SSL

bull It is not a complete credit card payment method

bull For example it cannot support on-line credit card authorization

SET is specially developed to provide secure credit card payment over the internet

It is now widely supported by major credit card companies including Visa and

MasterCard


16

bull SET aims at satisfying the following security requirements in the context of credit card

payment

ndash Confidentiality - Sensitive messages are encrypted so that they are kept

confidential

ndash Integrity - Nearly all messages are digitally signed to ensure content integrity

ndash Authentication - Authentication is performed through a public key infrastructure

SET network architecture

Merchant a seller which is connected to an acquirer

Cardholder a registered holder of the credit card who is a buyer

Issuer the bank that issues the credit card to a cardholder

Acquirer the bank that serves as an ldquoagentrdquo to link a merchant to multiple issuers

bull A merchant can process various credit cards through a single acquirer

bull Payment Gateway This is typically connected to the acquirer

ndash The payment gateway is situated between the SET system and the financial

network of the current credit card system for processing the credit card payment

SET Digital Certificate System


17

Dual signature generation and verification ndash

bull In the physical credit card system

ndash the Payment Instructions (PI) including the cardholderrsquos credit card number and

signature are not kept confidential

ndash data integrity can basically be ensured by using printed receipts

ndash cardholderrsquos authentication relies on simple signature checking only

bull In an electronic credit card system

ndash the Order Information (OI) and PI can be digitally signed to ensure data integrity

ndash the sensitive credit card information may still be disclosed to other people

bull SET introduces a novel method called the dual signature (DS) to ensure data integrity

while protecting the sensitive information


18

How the merchant and the payment gateway can verify the DS

bull The merchant is provided with OI H[PI] and DS

bull The dual signature can be verified as follows

Step 1 The merchant first finds

H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]

Step 2 He then decrypts the digital signature with the cardholderrsquos public signature key as

follows

DRSA[ DS | keypublic_sign cardholder ]

Where

keypublic_sign cardholder public signature key of the cardholder


19

Step 3 Finally he compares the two terms H[H[PI] || H[OI]] and

DRSA[DS | keypublic_signcardholder ]

They should be the same if the transmitted DS has not been changed otherwise the order is

not valid

The payment gateway is provided with PI H[OI] and DS

By using the dual signature method each cardholder can link OI and PI while releasing

only the necessary information to the relevant party

If either the OI or PI is changed the dual signature will no longer be valid

DIGITAL ENVELOPE ndash


20

SET PROTOCOL ndash

SET protocol has four phases initiation purchase authorization and capture

First the cardholder sends a purchase initiation request to the merchant for initializing

the payment

Then the merchant returns a response message to the cardholder

In the second phase the cardholder sends the purchase order together with the

payment instruction to the merchant

In the third phase the merchant obtains the authorization from the issuer via the

payment gateway

Finally the merchant requests a money transfer to its account

E-CASH

Electronic money is paperless cash This money is either stored on a card itself or in an account

associated with the card

The most common examples are transit cards meal plans and PayPal E-Cash can also mean

any kind of electronic payment

Electronic payment systems come in many forms including virtual cheques ATM cards credit

cards and stored value cards The usual security features for such systems are privacy

authenticity and no repudiation

There are four major components in an electronic cash system

Issuers

Customers

Merchants or traders

Regulators

Issuers can be banks or non-bank institutions


21

customers are referred to users who spend E-Cash

Merchants and traders are vendors who receive E-Cash

regulators are defined as related authorities or state tax agencies

For an E-Cash transaction to occur we need to go through at least three stages

Account Setup Customers will need to obtain E-Cash accounts through certain issuers

Merchants who would like to accept E-Cash will also need to arrange accounts from

various E-Cash issuers Issuers typically handle accounting for customers and

merchants

Purchase Customers purchase certain goods or services and give the merchants

tokens which represent equivalent E-Cash Purchase information is usually encrypted

when transmitting in the networks

Authentication Merchants will need to contact E-Cash issuers about the purchase and

the amount of E-Cash involved E-Cash issuers will then authenticate the transaction

and approve the amount E-Cash involved

E-cash payment system ndash

For accessing the services online e-cash is a prime method for secure online payments

The following model shows how e cash payment system works


22

This is a simple model of E-cash payment system This gives us the idea of how e-cash

payment system works The model is explained properly in upcoming slides

The customer approaches his issuer(bankrsquos) site for accessing his account The issuer in return

issues the money in form of a token which is generally in form of tens and hundreds or as per

specified by the customer

In second phase the customer will endorse those tokens to the merchant for acquiring services

for which the customer will authenticate the payment for the trader


23

In third phase the trader will approach the token issuer(customerrsquos bank) and after

authenticating the tokens the issuing bank will convert the tokens into electronic fund and the

same will be transferred into traderrsquos account

Finally after getting the payment for the respective services the trader provides the requisite

service or product and also notifies the customer about the approval of payment made by

customer in traderrsquos account






24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security

Security is of extreme importance while handling the online transactions Faith in the security of

the medium of exchange whether paper or digital is essential for the economy to function

E-cash is much secure than other online payment modes because in this case no credential such

as card-passwords or anything such is involved Its like simply the online fund transfer from

customerrsquos account to traderrsquos account


25

However while accessing the customerrsquos account the customer must keep in mind the internet

security sweep or theft The online hacking and cracking can be avoided by using SSL and TSL

website security systems and keeping the website link with safe ldquoHttps ldquo protocols and proper

internet security softwares to keep aside the threats of malware evasdrooping and other security

threats

Advantages

We can transfer funds purchase stocks and offer a variety of other services without

having to handle physical cash or cheques

Electronic cash protects its user against theft With electronic cash the customer does

not need to provide financial information

E-cash supports small payments Other online payment system charge a fee for every

transaction no matter how much high or low it is but e-cash has a specific limit for

additional charges thatrsquos why very low payments are not charged a fee

Limitations

Maybe how much secure the e-cash payment system is but still no one is safe against

the online frauds In this case the trader is referred as fraudulent The trader may take

the amount but may not provide the services

While making the payment its very important that the internet connection and power

supply should be active If the payment is in process and internet supply fails in between

it can lead to loss of information ie amount will be charged but it wont reach to trader

and the refund takes very long time in general the refund time is at least 30-45 days

E-Cash is not for everyone Low income segments without computer and internet access

are unable to enjoy the usage of E-Cash

The rise of E-Cash is inevitable but further improvements are needed Tackling security

anonymity low income group readiness and technology reliability issues will make E-Cash more

perfect In countries such as India where people were hesitant to use such methods has shown

a tremendous use of online payments and E-cash payment system Slowly but steadily the growth

is seen and improving it technologically will make it more reliable and efficient for customers to

use it


26

E-CHECK

What is an electronic check

Itrsquos simply an electronic version of a paper check When you convert a traditional check into an electronic payment you can process it through the Automated Clearing House (ACH) Network to save time and moneymdashand because electronic checks have more security features than a paper check they better protect your business and customers Another way to think of an electronic check is when a customer pays by entering in their bank account information online and electronically sending the money Electronic checks are becoming increasingly popular because they are so fast efficient and secure Electronic checks are sometimes called eChecks electronic check conversions or Back Office Conversions (BOCs) Read more on what you need to know as you consider using eChecks in your business

eCheck a new payment instrument combining the security speed and processing efficiencies of

all-electronic transactions with the familiar and well-developed legal infrastructure and business

processes associated with paper checks is the first and only electronic payment mechanism

chosen by the United States Treasury to make high-value payments over the public Internet

How electronic checks work

The process is simple First you run a customerrsquos paper check through an electronic scanner system supplied by your merchant service provider This virtual terminal captures the customers banking information and the payment amount The information is then transferred electronically over the Federal Reserve Banks ACH Network which takes the funds from your customers account and deposits them into yours After payment approval the virtual terminal will print a receipt for the customer to sign and keep Your employee should then void the paper check and return it to the customer Yoursquoll be able to view and report on your merchant transactions online although features may vary depending on your merchant service provider or your payment processing solution provider

How does the ACH Network work with eChecks

The ACH Network is a funds distribution system that moves funds electronically from one entity to another Itrsquos a highly reliable and efficient nationwide electronic network governed by the rules of the National Automated Clearing House Association (NACHA) and the Federal Reserve (Fed) Given its ability to electronically transfer money directly to and from bank accounts ACH is a faster payment method than traditional paper checks The ACH payment process is close to the paper check process only faster Clients give their bank routing or checking account number and after verification the payment is transferred quite immediately electronically through the ACH system Besides checks the ACH Network also handles debit card transactions direct deposits of payroll Social Security and other government benefits direct debit payments and business-to-business payments


27

Reaping the benefits of eChecks

Converting your customersrsquo paper checks into electronic checks helps save time and reduces hassle for your staff because you can submit payments electronically instead of making trips to the bank However time saving and hassle reduction are not the only benefits Read on for more 1 Reduce processing costs by up to 60 eChecks require less manpower to process and donrsquot come with any deposit or transaction fees As a result processing an eCheck is generally much cheaper than processing a paper check or credit card transaction 2 Receive funds sooner Businesses that use electronic check conversion have their funds deposited almost twice as fast as those using traditional check processing Billing companies often receive payments within one day 3 Increase sales If your business doesnrsquot accept paper checks offering eChecks expands your customersrsquo options and can increase sales If yoursquore converting from paper checks to eChecks you can start accepting international and out-of-state checks while using account validation and customer authentication processes to protect your business from fraud 4 Work smarter and greener Electronic check conversion is easy to set up It relies on the trusted ACH Network And eChecks help reduce the more than 674 million gallons of fuel used and 36 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions created by transporting paper checks 5 Decrease errors and fraud eChecks reduce the potential for errors and fraud because fewer people handle them Merchant service providers also maintain monitor and check files against negative account databases that store information about individuals or companies that have records of fraud

Protecting your businessmdashand your customers

Electronic check conversion is one of the most secure payment methods in the electronic payment processing industry because it uses the latest information protection features 1 Authentication Merchants must verify that the person providing the checking account information has the authority to use that account Authentication services and products available to merchants include digital signatures and public key cryptography Also known as digital certificates digital signatures encrypt data in a way that gives the receiver a more reliable indication that the information was actually sent by the sender Theyrsquore used on the Internet to confirm the identity of a customer much as a handwritten signature would Because digital signatures are difficult to tamper with or imitate and are easily transportable theyrsquore a good way to verify identity Digital signatures are often used to implement electronic signatures which include any electronic data that carries the intent of a signature Public key cryptography is a security method that uses keys to encrypt and decrypt a sent message With electronic check conversion the private key is a secret mathematical calculation used to create the digital signature on the echeck and the public key is the key given to anyone


28

who needs to verify that the sender signed the echeck and that the electronic transfer has not been tampered with 2 Duplicate detection Financial institutions use software and operational controls to prevent and detect duplication of the scanned electronic representations of customer checks 3 Encryption The ACH Network automatically encrypts messages using 128-bit encryption and a secure sockets layer (SSL) How to get started with electronic checks

Herersquos how to implement electronic check conversion as quickly and easily as possible 1 Choose a well-established processing company Good pricing is important but working with a reliable processor is essential 2 Notify your customers that your business will begin using electronic check conversion Federal laws require you to post a notification about this change and give your customers a takeaway copy You must also provide customers with a phone number to request more information 3 Look for a processor that makes it easy to align your current business processes with your new electronic processing system export customer data and integrate your new system with your business management software 4 QuickBooks Payments offers a complete payment processing solution Businesses can take payments from their customers in many ways- from ACH bank payments electronic checks to credit cards including Visa MasterCard Discover and American Express In addition to offering many ways to get paid QuickBooks Payments also enables businesses to email invoices to their customers with a Pay Now button Our data shows us that businesses using QuickBooks Payments are getting paid twice as fast due to the e-invoicing feature

This diagram illustrates how real-time electronic check processing works using the CyberSource Payment Service

1 Payer (customerbill payer) is prompted to authorize electronic debit enter bank routing number (ABA) and account number


29

2 Merchants sales system securely transfers order information to CyberSource over the Internet

3 CyberSource forwards bank routing number and account number to processor 4 The routing number and account number are validated and the integrity of the accounts

checking history is verified Processor forwards approvedecline results to CyberSource 5 CyberSource returns approvaldecline message to merchant 6 If approved CyberSource routes check for settlement through a processer to the

Automated Clearinghouse System (ACH) Funds are deposited in approximately 1-3 business days

Four Different Scenarios of the FSTC E-check System ndash


30

MICROPAYMENT METHODS

Traditional payment methods are called macropayment methods A new type of payment method known as micropayment method is emerging to cater for

very low value transactions Example

Millicent (pre-paymentcredit based) Paywords (post-payment)


31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -

Very small payments made over the Web Transactions too small for credit cards Can be as little as a fraction of a cent Alternative to subscription and advertising Can go in either direction

A micropayment is an e-commerce transaction involving a very small sum of money in exchange

for something made available online such as an application download a service or Web-based

content

Micropayments are sometimes defined as anything less than 75 cents and can be as low as a

fraction of a cent A special type of system is required for such payments which are too small to

be feasible for processing through credit card companies

Heres one scheme for micropayment The user and seller each establish an account with a third-

party service provider who monitors collects and distributes micropayments The seller encodes

per-fee links inside a Web page When the user initiates a transaction payment goes through an

Internet wallet account managed by the service provider Micropayments accumulate until they

are collected as single larger payments Such a system is helpful when a user wants to make


32

one-time micropayments to multiple sellers Seller-based accounts are more common for repeat

business with an individual enterprise

Once a common micropayment standard has been established some experts predict that

streaming media sites music and application downloads content vendors sports access sites

and other specialized resources will make pay-per-use common online

Advantages and risks ndash

With a micropayment system many small transactions are summarised over a defined period of

time and charged in one bill For that reason micropayments are applicable for businesses where

even small costs for every single transaction would be inefficient 4) The main benefits from the

customer site in using micropayment are speed and flexibility From the merchantsrsquo site speed

and acceptable transaction fees are very important As the transactions involve small capital

security does not have the highest priority Much more important than trust is security User and

merchants are more likely to use an insecure payment system from a trusted company than a

secure payment system from an untrusted (unknown) company Therefore the market entry

barriers for new providers are high Any company that wishes to enter this area must have plenty

of capital and be willing to invest a lot before return on investment as it is extremely difficult for

new payment systems to achieve widespread acceptance

Payment options ndash

Micropayment providers offer various payment modules Merchants need to sign up for an account with a chosen provider and decide for a module that suits their needs The customer gets an option (or options) how to pay for desired content or goods

The most common micropayment options are listed below 6) Call2pay Payment by telephone The customer is requested to call a toll number The fee is set on a per-call basis for the desired payment amount

Handypay Payment via mobile phone bill The customer enters his or her cell phone number and receives an SMS with a TAN in order to confirm payment

Ebank2pay Payment using online banking The customer transfers the payment amount his or her online banking access and a TAN After making payment the customer receives access to the purchased product

Credit card Payment per credit card The customer enters his credit card data and confirms the transaction The transactions can be optionally carried out with the 3-D Securetrade method (verified by VISAtrade and Mastercard SecureCodetrade)

Direct debit


33

Payment by direct debit The customer enters his or her bank ID and account number and confirms the direct debit authorization

PayPal MicroPayments is a micropayment system that charges payments to

users PayPal account and allows transactions of less than US$12 to take place The service is

as of 2013 offered in select currencies only

Micropayment Uses ndash

Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD

A smart card chip card or integrated circuit card (ICC) is any pocket-sized card with

embedded integrated circuits Smart cards are made of plastic generally polyvinyl chloride but

sometimes polyethylene terephthalate based polyesters acrylonitrile butadiene

styrene orpolycarbonate Since April 2009 a Japanese company has manufactured reusable

financial smart cards made from paper

Smart cards can provide identification authentication data storage and application

processing[2] Smart cards may provide strong security authentication for single sign-on (SSO)

within large organizations


process data


What is Smart Card

Standard credit card-sized with microchip embedded on it

Two types

Memory-only chips

Microprocessor chips

Can hold up to 32000 bytes

Newer smart cards have math co-processors


34

Perform complex encryption routines quickly

In 1968 German inventors patent combination of plastic cards with micro chips

Construction of Smart Cards ndash


35


36

Why Smart Cards ndash

Improve the convenience and security of any transaction

Provide tamper-proof storage of user and account identity

Provide vital components of system security

Protect against a full range of security threats

Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability

Increasing data storage capacity

Reliability

Schematic overview of a smart card


37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX

Mondex is a smart card electronic cash system which was originally developed by National

Westminster Bank in the United Kingdom and subsequently sold to MasterCard International

Mondex launched in a number of markets during the 1990s expanding from an original trial in

Swindon UK to Hong Kong Guelph and New York It was also trialled on several British

university campuses from the late 1990s including the University of Edinburgh University of

Exeter (between 1997 and 2001) University of York University of Nottingham Aston

University and Sheffield Hallam University

Direct transfer of electronic money between two cards

Transfer of electronic money over the Internet or telephone networks etc

Keep transaction records

Password protection and ldquolock cardrdquo functions

Portable balance finder to check balance

Support multiple currencies


39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility

On chip record of recent transactions

Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash

Reliable-Off line payment

Higher security

Low transaction cost

Reduced cash handling

FINANCIAL INSTITUTION ndash

Strengthen customer relationships

New financial and commercial partnerships

Mondex is a concept for an electronic payment system that provides an alternate to cash particularly small currency and coins (micro-payment) The concept was invented in 1990 by Tim Jones and Graham Higgins at National Westminster Bank (NatWest) in the UK

In July 1996 initiated by NatWest and Midland Bank PLC Mondex International Ltd was officially established by 17 major banks from North America AsiaPacific and Europe and was granted an exclusive licensing agreement with NatWest for the intellectual property rights to develop the Mondex concept technology and brand In the same year MasterCard International acquired 51 ownership of Mondex International and fully endorsed the Mondex technology architecture

How does Mondex Protect Privacy ndash

Principles protected

o Limits for collecting personal information

o limits for using disclosing and keeping personal information

o keeping personal information accurate

o safeguarding personal information


40

Limits for collecting personal information

o loads from account

o deposits into account

o lost transactions

Limits for using disclosing and keeping personal information

o safeguard deposits

o to re-imburse for non-performance

Keeping personal information accurate

o load and unload are online

o rolling 10 transactions provides exact spend and retailer name

Safeguarding personal information

o firewalls in Multos - between applications - ITSEC 6 designation

o transaction data to retailer is deliberately limited

o individual transaction data is not collected by banks - Mondex is an unaudited

system


41

The design of a Mondex smart card allows end users to transfer funds electronically onto the card

and then utilize the Mondex smart card to make purchases up to the total cash value held on the

card Mondex smart cards provide an electronicpayment system using all the capabilities

associated with smart card technology The Mondex smart card can be a convenient alternative

to cash

Although the design was five years old at the time the Mondex smart card was actually launched

in 1995 ndash two years before MasterCard assumed control of the technology

The banks that currently support the Mondex smart card include National Bank of Canada

Scotiabank Canada Trust Bank of Montreal Le Mouvement des caisses Desjardins and Toronto

Dominion Bank With so many respected lending institutions banking on the idea the Mondex

smart card is worth a closer look

The Mondex smart card has the ability to make card-to-card transfers which is not possible with

standard credit or debit cards When you use a creditdebit card to make a purchase

communication is required between the bank and your card However Mondex cards contain an

embedded microprocessor with sophisticated encryption methods and tamper-proof hardware

designed to protect them from hackers The ability of the Mondex smart card to do offline

transactions means they are less dependent on expensive network infrastructure reducing

transaction costs Offline transactions may seem anonymous however they actually are recorded

in the digital memory of the cardrsquos microprocessor and remain retrievable the next time the card

is used at an ATM or as soon as the retailer uploads transaction data to the bank computer

A significant disadvantage with Mondex is that transactions arenrsquot truly anonymous Unlike pre-

paid phone cards which are also based on smart card technology you canrsquot purchase a Mondex

card without revealing your identity Each card has a unique identification number through which

owners can easily be identified Mondex smart cards have not been as successful as originally

predicted Customers have not been especially satisfied with the card and its services Unlike a

credit or debit card your money may be lost forever if you should lose a Mondex smart card

Losing a Mondex card is just like losing a wallet full of cash With a credit card yoursquore protected

against any loss exceeding $50 dollars This protection is not currently available with a Mondex

smart card

According to the Mondex smart card system it is fully auditable There is a log of the time date

amount and participants of each transaction which hampers the privacy of users Technically

however Mondex canrsquot claim to be a fully auditable system After a number of transactions

overflow can occur as a result of limited memory in the Mondex smart-cards This means that


42

significant data may be lost before Mondex is able to retrieve it Critics say this loss of data is a

critical design flaw making it difficult for Mondex to reliably detect fraud

While Mondex smart cards are not a hundred percent secure they do possess the ability to tolerate

minor fraud loss

Mondex believes their electronic payment system is secure They are convinced that critics who

have voice concern over security issues are mistaken and misinformed Perhaps the use of a

Mondex smart card depends on a personal level of trust

E-GOVERNANCE

Although the term lsquoe-Governancersquo has gained currency in recent years there is no standard

definition of this term Different governments and organizations define this term to suit their own

aims and objectives Sometimes the term lsquoe-governmentrsquo is also used instead of lsquoe-

Governancersquo

Several dimensions and factors influence the definition of e-governance or electronic

governance The word ldquoelectronicrdquo in the term e-governance implies technology driven

governance E-governance is the application of information and communication technology (ICT)

for delivering government services exchange of information communication transactions

integration of various stand-alone systems and services between government-to-customer (G2C)

government-to-business (G2B) government-to-government (G2G) as well as back office

processes and interactions within the entire government framework Through e-governance

government services will be made available to citizens in a convenient efficient and transparent

manner The three main target groups that can be distinguished in governance concepts are

government citizens and businessesinterest groups In e-governance there are no distinct

boundaries

Generally four basic models are available ndash government-to-citizen (customer) government-to-

employees government-to-government andgovernment-to-business

Difference between E-Government and E-Governance ndash

Both the terms are treated to be the same however there is some difference between the two

E-government is the use of the ICTs in public administration - combined with organizational

change and new skills - to improve public services and democratic processes and to strengthen

support to public The problem in this definition to be congruence definition of e-governance is

that there is no provision for governance of ICTs As a matter of fact the governance of ICTs

requires most probably a substantial increase in regulation and policy-making capabilities with

all the expertise and opinion-shaping processes among the various social stakeholders of these


43

concerns So the perspective of the e-governance is the use of the technologies that both help

governing and have to be governed The Public-Private Partnership (PPP) based e-governance

projects are hugely successful in India United Telecoms Limited known as UTL is a major player

in India on PPP based e-governance projects Each project had mammoth state wide area

networks in these states

E-governance is the future many countries are looking forward to for a corruption-free

government E-government is one-way communication protocol whereas e-governance is two-

way communication protocol The essence of e-governance is to reach the beneficiary and ensure

that the services intended to reach the desired individual has been met with There should be an

auto-response to support the essence of e-governance whereby the Government realizes the

efficacy of its governance E-governance is by the governed for the governed and of the

governed

Establishing the identity of the end beneficiary is a challenge in all citizen-centric services

Statistical information published by governments and world bodies does not always reveal the

facts The best form of e-governance cuts down on unwanted interference of too many layers

while delivering governmental services It depends on good infrastructural setup with the support

of local processes and parameters for governments to reach their citizens or end

beneficiaries Budget for planning development and growth can be derived from well laid out e-

governance systems

Why e-Governance

E-Government can transform citizen service provide access to information to empower citizens

enable their participation in government and enhance citizen economic and social opportunities

so that they can make better lives for themselves and for the next generation

BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44

A suggested architecture for e-Governance is shown in the diagram where it is illustrated that

Applications from various departments can be integrated together so as to be accessed by any

terminal or computer from any other department or anywhere through the network This is

because of the characteristics of CORBA - it is location transparent language independent

implementation independent architecture and Operating System independent The applications

connected through CORBAIIOP could be legacy applications wrapped around to suit CORBA

specifications or any new Web application or could be even a data base environment using

Oracle etc Seamless interconnection and thereby effective utility of the entire system of e-

Governance is possible if the middleware is designed to have the necessary services like

Transactions Data Base Management Messaging and Naming

Regarding security aspects CORBA Security standard is built around existing security

specifications such as Distributed Computing Environment (DCE) the Kerberos Protocol and

Generic Security Service (GSS) API While these technologies are heavily weighted Public Key

Security with Secured Socket Layer (SSL) is popular with Internet based transactions

Types of Interactions in e-Governance

e-Governance facilitates interaction between different stake holders in governance These interactions may be described as follows

G2G (Government to Government)

In this case Information and Communications Technology is used not only to restructure the governmental processes involved in the functioning of government entities but also to increase the flow of information and services within and between different entities This kind of interaction is only within the sphere of government and can be both horizontal ie between different government agencies as well as between different functional areas within an organization or vertical ie between national provincial and local government agencies as well as between different levels within an organization The primary objective is to increase efficiency performance and output


45

G2C (Government to Citizens)

In this case an interface is created between the government and citizens which enables the citizens to benefit from efficient delivery of a large range of public services This expands the availability and accessibility of public services on the one hand and improves the quality of services on the other It gives citizens the choice of when to interact with the government (eg 24 hours a day 7 days a week) from where to interact with the government (eg service centre unattended kiosk or from onersquos homeworkplace) and how to interact with the government (eg through internet fax telephone email face-to-face etc) The primary purpose is to make government citizen-friendly

G2B (Government to Business)

Here e-Governance tools are used to aid the business community ndash providers of goods and services ndash to seamlessly interact with the government The objective is to cut red tape save time reduce operational costs and to create a more transparent business environment when dealing with the government The G2Binitiatives can be transactional such as in licensing permits procurement and revenue collection They can also be promotional and facilitative such as in trade tourism and investment These measures help to provide a congenial environment to businesses to enable them to perform more efficiently

G2E (Government to Employees) Government is by far the biggest employer and like any organization it has to interact with

its employees on a regular basis This interaction is a two-way process between the

organization and the employee Use of ICT tools helps in making these interactions fast

and efficient on the one hand and increase satisfaction levels of employees on the other

Difference between G2B and B2G

Government to business (G2B)- Refers to the conducting of transactions between

government bodies and business via internet

Business to government (B2G)- Professional affairs conducted between companies and

regional municipal or federal governing bodies B2G typically encompasses the

determination and evaluation of proposal and completion of contract

PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS

bull Agreement between Government and the Private Sector for the Provision of a Public

Good or Service by the Latter

bull Generally but not always involving

ndash Long Term Contracts

ndash User Charges andor Payments flowing between the Parties

ndash Shared Investments but Mainly Private


46

ndash Risk Sharing by the Parties

bull Must be a Partnership

A public-private partnership exists when public sector agencies (federal state or local) join with

private sector entities (companies foundations academic institutions or citizens) and enter into a

business relationship to attain a commonly shared goal that also achieves objectives of the

individual partners

Why do them

bull Fiscal Head Room

bull As a Way of Financing the Project

bull Separate Policy amp Regulation from Operations


47

bull Make the Good or Service Available

bull Pay for Performance and Output

bull Introduce Competition ndash For and In the Market


48

The Need to Set the Right Priorities ndash

Four Basic Dimensions of P3

Although each is unique all P3rsquos include four basic characteristics

Shared goals

Shared resources (time money expertise people)

Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits

Expedited project completion

Project cost savings

Improved quality

Use of private resources

Access to new sources of private capital

Two Major Steps


49

Crafting the Partnership

Implementing the Partnership

Project Management -

Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need

Whatrsquos driving the need rationale

Facility non-compliance natural disaster budget deficit

Is there a need for a PublicPrivate Partnership


50

Preliminary Project Definition

Feasibility

Is a PublicPrivate Partnership feasible not only financially but practically Can it be

done

Market Research

EconomicFinancial Analysis

Program Budget and Schedule

Risk Analysis

Plan and Test

Final project definition

What is the best way to complete the project

Has the plan been thoroughly tested to assess market demand public and stakeholder

feedback and economics

Master ScheduleBudget

Political Climate

Any potential ldquofatal flawsrdquo that could derail the project

Procurement and Contracting

How do you choose and contract with the best-value private partner

Whatrsquos the best delivery method

Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build

Finance-Design-Build

What do current statutes allow

Procurement Approach

Sole Source RFP Low Bid

Risk Allocation between Public and private Partners

Structuring of ContractRisks and Rewards


51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction

Commissioning and Administration

Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement

Contract Modifications

Contract Renegotiations

READINESS IN E-GOVERNANCE

A high level of readiness to develop and implement e-government services is a prerequisite for a high--performing and innovative public sector that delivers integrated services making life easier for citizens and businesses E-government readiness is therefore a -significant indicator of whether a country is prepared to harvest efficiencies gained from ICT-enabled public administrations

The UNs e-government readiness index is a combined indicator of the supply of potential demand for and maturity of e-government services OECD member countries exhibit a high capacity to develop and implement e-government services This is generally characterized by an extensive broadband infrastructure a repository of electronic information on government laws and policies including links to archived information and downloadable forms and a high level of comfort with ICT by citizens and businesses Countries with the highest readiness index tend to also have a large amount of transactional and e-commerce features on their government websites As noted by the UN in its 2008 e-government survey the Scandinavian countries with the top three scores on the readiness index all generally share similar e-government environments (eg the accessibility and penetration of the electronic infrastructure) and strategies (eg the online provision of services) Each country has two main government websites one that is informative and another that is a gateway for e-government services In addition citizens and businesses are able to access many services and complete many transactions online However similar levels of e-government readiness can also result from different strategic approaches

Internet access is a prerequisite for citizens and businesses to use e-government services and thus a leading indicator of countries readiness to harness the potential efficiencies of ICT Broadband penetration has increased dramatically in most OECD member countries in the past


52

five years as countries have made significant investments in their telecommunications infrastructure

SECURITY ISSUES IN E-GOVERNANCE

1 INTRODUCTION The term e-Government is defined by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) as the use of new information and communication technologies (ICTs) by governments as applied to the full range of government functions In particular the networking potential offered by the Internet and related technologies have the potential to transform the structures and operation of government

The effective management of information security is a key factor as willingness of the different users (citizens and other parties) to use e-Government services will heavily depend on the trust they have on the data security of this service

2 INFORMATION SECURITY A central challenge of e-Government service is how the new technology can be used not only to increase efficiency for public administration but also to strengthen confidence in privacy measures by creating mutual transparency between public administration and citizens

The process approach for information security management system ISMS encourages its users to emphasize the importance of

understanding an organizationrsquos information security requirements and the need to establish policy and objectives for information security

implementing and operating controls to manage an organizations information security risks in the context of the organizationrsquos overall business risks

monitoring and reviewing the performance and effectiveness of the ISMS continual improvement based on objective measurement

Data security requires a set of security requirements Authentication capability to identify who is using the services (person or software program) Processes of verifying that you are who you say you are Authorization capability to give rights access to resources Process to verify someone have the rights to do what she is trying to do Confidentiality capability to prevent unauthorized access to information Integrity capability to prevent information from unauthorized modification and ensuring that information can be relied upon and is accurate and complete Traceability capability to chronologically interrelate any transaction to a person or system that performed the action in a way that is verifiable Non-repudiation capability to prevent the intervening person or system in an event or action to denying or challenging their participation on the event

Example of organizational and technical measures to prevent unauthorized access and processing are shown

Protecting premises equipment and systems software including input-output units


53

Protecting software applications used to process personal data Preventing unauthorized access to personal data during transmission thereof including

transmission via telecommunication means and networks Ensuring effective methods of blocking destruction erasure or anonymization of

personal data Enabling subsequent determination of when individual personal data were entered into a

filing system used or otherwise processed and the person responsible for the period covered by statutory protection of the rights of an individual with regard to unauthorized supply or processing of personal data

Despite trusted security and privacy measures constitutes a crucial success factor for e-Government that has not been yet addressed as UN 2012 Survey shows only 20 of national portals clearly indicate the presence of security features Europe is leading with 44 countries displaying secure links on their national websites but survey do not consider regional and local websites and neither the many decentralized public organization web portals

3 INFORMATION SECURITY THREATS Services provided by e-Government to citizens enterprise public officer government administration and agencies via Internet and mobile connections are vulnerable to a variety of threats Detailed examples of cyber attacks using techniques like packet sniffer probe malware internet infrastructure attack denial of services attack remote to local attack and user to root attack The successful adoption of an ISMS is important to protect information assets allowing an organization to

Achieve greater assurance that its information assets are adequately protected against information security risks on a continual basis

Maintain a structured and comprehensive framework for identifying and assessing information security risks selecting and applying applicable controls and measuring and improving their effectiveness

Continually improve its control environment Effectively achieve legal and regulatory compliance

There are simple and well-known web application vulnerabilities that could be avoided but e- Government webs are still vulnerable A research work found 816 e-Government web sites from 212 different countries were vulnerable to Cross Site Scripting (XSS) and Structured Query Language (SQL) injection SQL injection attack can compromise data integrity while XSS is a vulnerability which attackers may exploit to steal users information

Specific security measures like firewalls intrusion detection software encryption and secure networks must be defined designed and implemented for government agencies to provide the appropriate levels of security But information security must also take into consideration the people and processes that rely on the systems Employees with daily access to e-Government systems must be trained on cybersecurity and this aspect must become part of their job A study by the Department of Computer Science at Columbia University shows how the human factor influences cybersecurity policies and how that work could be used to train government employees to improve the security posture of government departments and agencies


54

CYBER CRIME AND LAWS

The expression lsquoCrimersquo is defined as an act which subjects the doer to legal punishment

or any offence against morality social order or any unjust or shameful act The ldquoOffence

is defined in the Code of Criminal Procedure to mean as an act or omission made

punishable by any law for the time being in force

Cyber Crime is emerging as a serious threat World wide governments police

departments and intelligence units have started to react

Cyber Crime is a term used to broadly describe criminal activity in which computers or

computer networks are a tool a target or a place of criminal activity and include everything

from electronic cracking to denial of service attacks It is also used to include traditional

crimes in which computers or networks are used to enable the illicit activity

Computer crime mainly consists of unauthorized access to computer systems data

alteration data destruction theft of intellectual property Cyber crime in the context of

national security may involve hacking traditional espionage or information warfare and

related activities

Pornography Threatening Email Assuming someones Identity Sexual Harassment

Defamation Spam and Phishing are some examples where computers are used to commit

crime whereas Viruses Worms and Industrial Espionage Software Piracy and Hacking

are examples where computers become target of crime

Cyber Crime Variants

Hacking

Hacking is a crime which entails cracking systems and gaining unauthorized access to the data

stored in them Hacking had witnessed a 37 per cent increase this year

Cyber Squatting

Cyber Squatting is the act of registering a famous Domain Name and then selling it for a fortune

This is an issue that has not been tackled in IT ACT 2000

Phishing is just one of the many frauds on the Internet trying to fool people into parting with their

money Phishing refers to the receipt of unsolicited emails by customers of Financial Institutions

requesting them to enter their Username Password or other personal information to access their

Account for some reason

The fraudster then has access to the customers online bank account and to the funds contained

in that account

Cyber Stalking is use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk someone This term is

used interchangeably with online harassment and online abuse Stalking generally involves

harassing or threatening behaviour that an individual engages in repeatedly such as following a

person appearing at a persons home or place of business making harassing phone calls leaving

written messages or objects or vandalizing a persons property


55

Vishing is the criminal practice of using social engineering and Voice over IP (VoIP) to gain access

to private personal and financial information from the public for the purpose of financial reward

The term is a combination of ldquoVoice and phishing Vishing exploits the publics trust in landline

telephone services

Vishing is typically used to steal credit card numbers or other information used in identity theft

schemes from individuals

A rapidly growing online user base

121 Million Internet Users

65 Million Active Internet Users up by 28 from 51 million in 2010

50 Million users shop online on Ecommerce and Online Shopping Sites

46+ Million Social Network Users

346 million mobile users had subscribed to Data Packages


56

CYBER LAW

(1) Whoever with the Intent to cause or knowing that he is likely to cause Wrongful Loss or

Damage to the public or any person Destroys or Deletes or Alters any Information

Residing in a Computer Resource or diminishes its value or utility or affects it injuriously

by any means commits hack

(2) Whoever commits hacking shall be punished with imprisonment up to three years or with

fine which may extend up to two lakh rupees or with both

Whoever without permission of the owner of the computer

Secures Access

Downloads Copies or extracts any data computer database or any

information

Introduce or causes to be introduce any Virus or Contaminant

Disrupts or causes disruption

Denies or causes denial of access to any person

Provides any assistance to any person to facilitate access

Charges the services availed of by a person to the account of

another person by Tampering with or Manipulating any Computer

Computer System or Computer Network

Shall be liable to pay damages by way of compensation not exceeding one crore rupees

to the person so affected

Section ndash 43

Destroys Deletes or Alters any Information residing in a computer resource or diminishes its

value or utility or affects it injuriously by any means

Steals conceals destroys or alters or causes any person to steal conceal destroy or alter any

computer source code used for a computer resource with an intention to cause damage

ldquoIf any person dishonestly or fraudulently does any act referred to in section 43 he shall be

punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two three years or with fine which

may extend to five lakh rupees or with bothrdquo [S66]

S66A - Punishment for sending offensive messages through communication service etc

Any person who sends by means of a computer resource or a communication device

Any information that is grossly offensive or has menacing character or


57

Any information which he knows to be false but for the purpose of causing annoyance

inconvenience danger obstruction insult injury criminal intimidation enmity hatred or

ill will persistently makes by making use of such computer resource or a communication

device

Any electronic mail or electronic mail message for the purpose of causing annoyance or

inconvenience or to deceive or to mislead the addressee or recipient about the origin of

such messages

Shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and with

fine

S 66C - Punishment for identity theft

ldquoWhoever fraudulently or dishonestly make use of the electronic signature password or

any other unique identification feature of any other person shall be punished with imprisonment

of either description for a term which may extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine

which may extend to rupees one lakhrdquo

S 66D - Punishment for cheating by personation by using computer resource

ldquoWhoever by means of any communication device or computer resource cheats by

personation shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may

extend to three years and shall also be liable to fine which may extend to one lakh rupees ldquo

S 66E - Punishment for violation of privacy

ldquoWhoever intentionally or knowingly captures publishes or transmits the image of a private

area of any person without his or her consent under circumstances violating the privacy of that

person shall be punished with imprisonment which may extend to three years or with fine not

exceeding two lakh rupees or with bothrdquo

S 67 A - Punishment for publishing or transmitting of material containing sexually

explicit act etc in electronic form

ldquoWhoever publishes or transmits or causes to be published or transmitted in the electronic form

any material which contains sexually explicit act or conduct shall be punished on first conviction

with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to five years and with fine

which may extend to ten lakh rupeesrdquo

S 67 C - Preservation and Retention of information by intermediaries

ldquo(1) Intermediary shall preserve and retain such information as may be specified for such

duration and in such manner and format as the Central Government may prescribe

(2) Any intermediary who intentionally or knowingly contravenes the provisions of sub section

(1) shall be punished with an imprisonment for a term which may extend to three years and shall

also be liable to finerdquo


58

IT ACT

The Information Technology Act 2000 (also known as ITA-2000 or the IT Act) is an Act of

the Indian Parliament (No 21 of 2000) notified on October 17 2000 This act is being opposed

by Save Your Voice campaign and other civil society organizations in India User-review and

consumer social networking site MouthShutcom has filed a writ petition in the Supreme Court of

India to repeal and nullify parts of IT Act 2000

The United Nations General Assembly by resolution ARES51162 dated the 30 January 1997

has adopted the Model Law on Electronic Commerce adopted by the United Nations Commission

on International Trade Law This is referred to as the UNCITRAL Model Law on E-Commerce

Following the UN Resolution India passed the Information Technology Act 2000 in May 2000

which came into force on October 17 2000 The Information Technology Act 2000 has been

substantially amended through the Information Technology (Amendment) Act 2008 which was

passed by the two houses of the Indian Parliament on December 23 and 24 2008 It got the

Presidential assent on February 5 2009 and came into force on October 27 2009 The amended

Act has provided additional focus on information security It has added several new sections on

offences including cyber terrorism and data protection A set of Rules related to sensitive personal

information and reasonable security practices (mentioned in section 43A of the ITAA 2008) was

notified in April 2011

Provisions ndash

Information technology Act 2000 consisted of 94 sections segregated into 13 chapters Four

schedules form part of the Act In the 2008 version of the Act there are 124 sections (excluding

5 sections that have been omitted from the earlier version) and 14 chapters Schedule I and II

have been replaced Schedules III and IV are deleted

Information Technology Act 2000 addressed the following issues

1 Legal recognition of electronic documents

2 Legal Recognition of digital signatures

3 Offenses and contraventions

4 Justice dispensation systems for cybercrimes

Offences ndash

Section Offence Punishment

65 Tampering with computer source documents - Intentional

concealment destruction or alteration of source code when the

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59

computer source code is required to be kept or maintained by

law for the time being in force

with fine up to 2 lakh

rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A

Sending offensive message through electronic means -

Sending any information through an electronic message that is

grossly offensive or has menacing character and might cause

insult injury criminal intimidation enmity hatred or ill will etc

or sending such mail intended to deceive or to mislead the

addressee or recipient about the origin of such messages

Imprisonment up to

three years and with

fine

Criticisms-

The 2008 Amendment Act was passed in an eventful Parliamentary session on 23 December

2008 with no discussion in the House Some of the cyber law observers have criticized the

amendments on the ground of lack of legal and procedural safeguards to prevent violation of civil

liberties of Indians There have also been appreciation about the amendments from many

observers because it addresses the issue of Cyber Security

Section 69 empowers the Central GovernmentState Government its authorized agency to

intercept monitor or decrypt any information generated transmitted received or stored in any

computer resource if it is necessary or expedient so to do in the interest of the sovereignty or

integrity of India defence of India security of the State friendly relations with foreign States or

public order or for preventing incitement to the commission of any cognizable offence or for

investigation of any offence They can also secure assistance from computer personnel in

decrypting data (see mandatory decryption) under penalty of imprisonment

Section 66A is widely criticized It has led to numerous abuses reported by the press Section 66A

has also been criticised and challenged in Lucknow and Madras High Courts for its constitutional

validity Based on Section 66A Bombay High Court has held that creating a website and storing

false information on it can entail cyber crime


1

INTERNET PAYMENT SYSTEM

Internet payment systems refer to the various methods by which individuals and companies doing

business online collect money from their customers in exchange for the goods and services they

provide A number of different forms of payment exist for online purchases and more are being

developed all the time After all it is in the best interest of both consumers and merchants to make

electronic commerce as safe and easy as possible The low cost of entry has attracted hundreds

of companies large and small to the level playing field of cyberspace Paul J Dowling Jr noted

in his book Web Advertising and Marketing On the Internet a small one-man operation can look

as good or better than a large multinational corporation But whether its an individual working

out of a virtual office or a CEO sitting in an expensive downtown office building theyre going

online for one purposemdashto sell And theyre leaving no stone unturned in their efforts to make it

safe and easy for their customers to buy

Customers who physically visit retail establishments can choose among a variety of payment

methods including cash checks credit cards and debit cards Customers who shop on the

Internet are beginning to expect online merchants to offer the same variety and convenience in

payment terms Credit cards remain the most common form of payment for online purchases

although the options have expanded to include digital cash smart cards electronic checks and

other technologies In addition some customers continue to make online purchases using

traditional payment methods such as placing orders by telephone or fax or sending a check

via snail mail Dowling recommends that companies conducting sales online make as many

payment methods available as possible and advertise their acceptance of those methods on their

Web sites He claims that small businesses can add value to their product or service offerings by

making payment easy comfortable and secure for their customers Getting paid on the Web

ultimately testifies to your marketing plans effectiveness Dowling wrote And when everything

goes as it should customers will place the order

Perhaps the biggest issue affecting online payment systemsmdashfrom both the sellers and the

buyers perspectivesmdashis maintaining the security of financial information sent over the Internet A

survey conducted by Visa showed that 91 percent of consumers were concerned about privacy

and security on the Internet Another study conducted by the Boston Consulting Group and

quoted in Computerworld indicated that 28 percent of consumers online purchase efforts failedmdash

meaning that they intended to buy online but did not complete the transaction Concerns about

security and the perception that online credit card transactions are extremely unsafe seem to be

among the biggest issues keeping many retailers and consumers from closing sales

electronically Lorna Pappas wrote in Chain Store Age Executive

Internet payment system is also known as Electronic Payment system

What Electronic Payment system is

Electronic Payment is a financial exchange that takes place online between buyers and sellers

The content of this exchange is usually some form of digital financial instrument (such as

encrypted credit card numbers electronic cheques or digital cash) that is backed by a bank or an

intermediary or by a legal tender

Electronic payment system is a system which helps the customer or user to make online payment

for their shopping

UNIT IV


2



are


day






Online Reservation

Online Bill Payment







payment

Other methods


Two Storage Methods

On-line



Off-line




3

E-Cash










E-Cash Processing


4

E-Wallet


information


electronically








executed


5

Smart Cards


process data




6


Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Credit cards





7



Operational Risk

Credit Risk

Legal Risk



GTE SAIC and others




SET specification




8


nonrepudiation

The SET Protocol





9




How It works

Payments In India

Going the e-way







region



10


REGULATION-


payments



payments






MARKET MAPPING-






11









Credit cards

Debit cards

ATM Cards

PayPal







12











Google Wallet





13














14






third party




4C PAYMENTS METHODS




bull Cash

bull Credit card

bull Check



ndash Very secure


ndash Transferable


ndash Divisible

ndash Anonymous



15




Advantage of SSL


Disadvantage of SSL





MasterCard


16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















2



are


day






Online Reservation

Online Bill Payment







payment

Other methods


Two Storage Methods

On-line



Off-line




3

E-Cash










E-Cash Processing


4

E-Wallet


information


electronically








executed


5

Smart Cards


process data




6


Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Credit cards





7



Operational Risk

Credit Risk

Legal Risk



GTE SAIC and others




SET specification




8


nonrepudiation

The SET Protocol





9




How It works

Payments In India

Going the e-way







region



10


REGULATION-


payments



payments






MARKET MAPPING-






11









Credit cards

Debit cards

ATM Cards

PayPal







12











Google Wallet





13














14






third party




4C PAYMENTS METHODS




bull Cash

bull Credit card

bull Check



ndash Very secure


ndash Transferable


ndash Divisible

ndash Anonymous



15




Advantage of SSL


Disadvantage of SSL





MasterCard


16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















3

E-Cash










E-Cash Processing


4

E-Wallet


information


electronically








executed


5

Smart Cards


process data




6


Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Credit cards





7



Operational Risk

Credit Risk

Legal Risk



GTE SAIC and others




SET specification




8


nonrepudiation

The SET Protocol





9




How It works

Payments In India

Going the e-way







region



10


REGULATION-


payments



payments






MARKET MAPPING-






11









Credit cards

Debit cards

ATM Cards

PayPal







12











Google Wallet





13














14






third party




4C PAYMENTS METHODS




bull Cash

bull Credit card

bull Check



ndash Very secure


ndash Transferable


ndash Divisible

ndash Anonymous



15




Advantage of SSL


Disadvantage of SSL





MasterCard


16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















4

E-Wallet


information


electronically








executed


5

Smart Cards


process data




6


Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Credit cards





7



Operational Risk

Credit Risk

Legal Risk



GTE SAIC and others




SET specification




8


nonrepudiation

The SET Protocol





9




How It works

Payments In India

Going the e-way







region



10


REGULATION-


payments



payments






MARKET MAPPING-






11









Credit cards

Debit cards

ATM Cards

PayPal







12











Google Wallet





13














14






third party




4C PAYMENTS METHODS




bull Cash

bull Credit card

bull Check



ndash Very secure


ndash Transferable


ndash Divisible

ndash Anonymous



15




Advantage of SSL


Disadvantage of SSL





MasterCard


16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















5

Smart Cards


process data




6


Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Credit cards





7



Operational Risk

Credit Risk

Legal Risk



GTE SAIC and others




SET specification




8


nonrepudiation

The SET Protocol





9




How It works

Payments In India

Going the e-way







region



10


REGULATION-


payments



payments






MARKET MAPPING-






11









Credit cards

Debit cards

ATM Cards

PayPal







12











Google Wallet





13














14






third party




4C PAYMENTS METHODS




bull Cash

bull Credit card

bull Check



ndash Very secure


ndash Transferable


ndash Divisible

ndash Anonymous



15




Advantage of SSL


Disadvantage of SSL





MasterCard


16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















6


Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Credit cards





7



Operational Risk

Credit Risk

Legal Risk



GTE SAIC and others




SET specification




8


nonrepudiation

The SET Protocol





9




How It works

Payments In India

Going the e-way







region



10


REGULATION-


payments



payments






MARKET MAPPING-






11









Credit cards

Debit cards

ATM Cards

PayPal







12











Google Wallet





13














14






third party




4C PAYMENTS METHODS




bull Cash

bull Credit card

bull Check



ndash Very secure


ndash Transferable


ndash Divisible

ndash Anonymous



15




Advantage of SSL


Disadvantage of SSL





MasterCard


16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















7



Operational Risk

Credit Risk

Legal Risk



GTE SAIC and others




SET specification




8


nonrepudiation

The SET Protocol





9




How It works

Payments In India

Going the e-way







region



10


REGULATION-


payments



payments






MARKET MAPPING-






11









Credit cards

Debit cards

ATM Cards

PayPal







12











Google Wallet





13














14






third party




4C PAYMENTS METHODS




bull Cash

bull Credit card

bull Check



ndash Very secure


ndash Transferable


ndash Divisible

ndash Anonymous



15




Advantage of SSL


Disadvantage of SSL





MasterCard


16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















8


nonrepudiation

The SET Protocol





9




How It works

Payments In India

Going the e-way







region



10


REGULATION-


payments



payments






MARKET MAPPING-






11









Credit cards

Debit cards

ATM Cards

PayPal







12











Google Wallet





13














14






third party




4C PAYMENTS METHODS




bull Cash

bull Credit card

bull Check



ndash Very secure


ndash Transferable


ndash Divisible

ndash Anonymous



15




Advantage of SSL


Disadvantage of SSL





MasterCard


16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















9




How It works

Payments In India

Going the e-way







region



10


REGULATION-


payments



payments






MARKET MAPPING-






11









Credit cards

Debit cards

ATM Cards

PayPal







12











Google Wallet





13














14






third party




4C PAYMENTS METHODS




bull Cash

bull Credit card

bull Check



ndash Very secure


ndash Transferable


ndash Divisible

ndash Anonymous



15




Advantage of SSL


Disadvantage of SSL





MasterCard


16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















10


REGULATION-


payments



payments






MARKET MAPPING-






11









Credit cards

Debit cards

ATM Cards

PayPal







12











Google Wallet





13














14






third party




4C PAYMENTS METHODS




bull Cash

bull Credit card

bull Check



ndash Very secure


ndash Transferable


ndash Divisible

ndash Anonymous



15




Advantage of SSL


Disadvantage of SSL





MasterCard


16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















11









Credit cards

Debit cards

ATM Cards

PayPal







12











Google Wallet





13














14






third party




4C PAYMENTS METHODS




bull Cash

bull Credit card

bull Check



ndash Very secure


ndash Transferable


ndash Divisible

ndash Anonymous



15




Advantage of SSL


Disadvantage of SSL





MasterCard


16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















12











Google Wallet





13














14






third party




4C PAYMENTS METHODS




bull Cash

bull Credit card

bull Check



ndash Very secure


ndash Transferable


ndash Divisible

ndash Anonymous



15




Advantage of SSL


Disadvantage of SSL





MasterCard


16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















13














14






third party




4C PAYMENTS METHODS




bull Cash

bull Credit card

bull Check



ndash Very secure


ndash Transferable


ndash Divisible

ndash Anonymous



15




Advantage of SSL


Disadvantage of SSL





MasterCard


16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















14






third party




4C PAYMENTS METHODS




bull Cash

bull Credit card

bull Check



ndash Very secure


ndash Transferable


ndash Divisible

ndash Anonymous



15




Advantage of SSL


Disadvantage of SSL





MasterCard


16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















15




Advantage of SSL


Disadvantage of SSL





MasterCard


16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















16


payment


confidential














17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















17













18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















18





H[ H[PI] || H[OI] ]


follows


Where



19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















19




not valid







20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















20

SET PROTOCOL ndash



the payment





payment gateway


E-CASH









Issuers

Customers


Regulators



21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















21








merchants











22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















22









23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















23












24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















24






E-Cash Processing

E-cash security







25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















25





threats

Advantages








Limitations















use it


26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















26

E-CHECK












27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















27






28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















28






29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















29







30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















30






31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















31

MICRO PAYMENT IS -




content










32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















32
























Direct debit


33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















33






Publishing

Marketing

Software

Entertainment

Web Services

SMART CARD










process data


What is Smart Card


Two types

Memory-only chips





34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















34





35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















35


36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















36






Advantages ndash

Flexibility

Security

Portability


Reliability



37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















37



Ticketless travel



Authentication ID

Medical records

Ecash


Personal profiles

Government

Licenses

Mall parking

Example Mondex


38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















38

OVERVIEW OF MONDEX















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















39

ADVANTAGES

CONSUMER ndash

Convenience

Accessibility


Home load

Internet purchases

MERCHANT ndash


Higher security















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















40




o lost transactions











system


41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















41





to cash
























smart card






42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















42




minor fraud loss




E-GOVERNANCE




Governancersquo











boundaries












43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















43












governed







governance systems

Why e-Governance




BASIC ARCHITECTURE


44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















44




















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















45























46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















46






individual partners

Why do them





47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















47





48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















48




Shared goals


Shared risks

Shared benefits

Benefits



Improved quality



Two Major Steps


49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















49




Six Distinct Phases

Genesis

Whatrsquos the need





50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















50


Feasibility


done

Market Research



Risk Analysis

Plan and Test






Political Climate





Design-Bid-Build

Design-Build








51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















51

Implement

Environmental

Design

Permitting

Construction


Operate

Startup

Monitoring

Assessment

Enhancement








52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















52














53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















53













54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















54















related activities






Hacking



Cyber Squatting








in that account







55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















55




telephone services










56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















56

CYBER LAW








Secures Access


information










Section ndash 43












57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















57




device



such messages


fine




























58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















58

IT ACT


















Provisions ndash










Offences ndash




Imprisonment up to

three years orand


59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-


















59




rupees

66 Hacking

Imprisonment up to

three years orand


rupees

66-A







Imprisonment up to


fine

Criticisms-

















web technology and commerce unit 4

Engineering