Unit 7: Civil War and Reconstruction

Assignment Packet

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Strengths and Weaknesses: North vs. South

Within days of the fall of Fort Sumter, four more states joined the Confederacy: Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas. The battle lines were now drawn.

On paper, the Union outweighed the Confederacy in almost every way. Nearly 21 million people lived in 23 Northern states. The South claimed just 9 million people — including 3.5 million slaves — in 11 CONFEDERATE STATES. Despite the North's greater population, however, the South had an army almost equal in size during the first year of the war.The North had an enormous industrial advantage as well. At the beginning of the war, the Confederacy had only one-ninth the industrial capacity of the Union. But that statistic was misleading. In 1860, the North manufactured 97 percent of the country's firearms, 96 percent of its railroad locomotives, 94 percent of its cloth, 93 percent of its pig iron, and over 90 percent of its boots and shoes. The North had twice the density of railroads per square mile giving them a large advantage in transportation of men and resources. There was not even one rifleworks in the entire South.

The South was at a severe disadvantage when it came to manufacturing, but the Confederacy managed to keep its guns firing by creating ammunition from melted-down bells from churches and town squares. All of the principal ingredients of GUNPOWDER were imported. Since the North controlled the navy, the seas were in the hands of the Union. A blockade could suffocate the South. Still, the Confederacy was not without resources and willpower.

The South could produce all the food it needed, though transporting it to soldiers and civilians was a major problem. The South also had a great nucleus of TRAINED OFFICERS. Seven of the eight military colleges in the country were in the South. One of these men who proved to be incredibly beneficial to the South was a man named Robert E. Lee. His ability as a leader and commander for the Confederate Army during the Civil war was unmatched by any military leader of the Union.

The South's greatest strength lay in the fact that it was fighting on the defensive in its own territory. Familiar with the landscape, Southerners could harass Northern invaders.The military and political objectives of the Union were much more difficult to accomplish. The Union had to invade, conquer, and occupy the South. It had to destroy the South's capacity and will to resist — a formidable challenge in any war.

"We had the poorest commissary arrangements, and all I could get for my men was salt and hard crackers. I made the convalescents shoot squirrels, ground hogs, pheasants, and turkeys with which to make soup for the men." -from the memoirs of Archibald Atkinson Jr., a Confederate surgeon

Southerners enjoyed the initial advantage of morale: The South was fighting to maintain its way of life, whereas the North was fighting to maintain a union. Slavery did not become a

moral cause of the Union effort until Lincoln announced the EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION IN 1863.

When the war began, many key questions were still unanswered. What if the slave states of Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri, and Delaware had joined the Confederacy? What if Britain or France had come to the aid of the South? What if a few decisive early Confederate victories had turned Northern public opinion against the war? Indeed, the North looked much better on paper. But many factors undetermined at the outbreak of war could have tilted the balance sheet toward a different outcome.

North SouthPopulationTransportationIndustryMorale and Will to fightHome field AdvantageQuality of Leadership (Robert E. Lee)

1. Who do you think has the advantage, the North or the South? Why?

2. What made the war a more moral conflict perhaps giving aiding the morale of the North?

3. According to the last paragraph, what are some factors that could have helped the South win the American Civil War?

Strengths and Weaknesses of the Civil War Paragraph

Name: __________________________________________ Date: ___________________

At the start of the Civil War, both the North and the South had distinct advantages and disadvantages at the beginning of the war. From the very beginning of America’s establishment, the North and South’s development have taken different paths which have brought the US to a crossroads where war was inevitable. Sectional differences brought upon due to political, social, economic differences played a large role in setting the stage for the American Civil War. After reading about the advantages both the North and South had going into the war, write a paragraph responding to the following question:

Which side had the best chance of winning the American Civil War?

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The American Civil War Readings

Name: __________________________________________________ Date: ___________

Abraham Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of November 1860 made South Carolina's secession from the Union December 20 a foregone conclusion. The state had long been waiting for an event that would unite the South against the antislavery forces. By February 1, 1861, five more Southern states had seceded. On February 8, the six states signed a provisional constitution for the Confederate States of America. The remaining Southern states as yet remained in the Union, although Texas had begun to move on its secession.

1. What state seceded from the Union on December 20, 1860? a. Alabama b. North Carolina c. South Carolina d. Virginia

2. On February 8, 1861, six secessionist states together formed what new nation?

Less than a month later, March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as president of the United States. In his inaugural address, he declared the Confederacy "legally void." His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union, but the South turned a deaf ear. On April 12, Confederate guns opened fire on the federal garrison at Fort Sumter in the Charleston, South Carolina, harbor. A war had begun in which more Americans would die than in any other conflict before or since.

3. Who became president of the United States in 1861? a. Abraham Lincoln b. Jefferson Davis c. John Wilkes Booth d. Ulysses S. Grant

4. The U.S. Civil War began on April 12, 1861, when the Confederates fired on what fort, located in Charleston harbor? a. Fort Detroit b. Fort Duquesne c. Fort Meigs d. Fort Sumter

In the seven states that had seceded, the people responded positively to the Confederate action and the leadership of Confederate President Jefferson Davis. Both sides now tensely awaited the action of the slave states that thus far had remained loyal. Virginia seceded on April 17; Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followed quickly.

5. Who served as president of the Confederacy?

6. Which of the following states did not join the Confederacy? a. Arkansas b. Ohio c. Tennessee d. South Carolina

No state left the Union with greater reluctance than Virginia. Its statesmen had a leading part in the winning of the Revolution and the framing of the Constitution, and it had provided the nation with five presidents. With Virginia went Colonel Robert E. Lee, who declined the command of the Union Army out of loyalty to his native state.

Between the enlarged Confederacy and the free-soil North lay the border slave states of Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri, which, despite some sympathy with the South, would remain loyal to the Union.

7. Name the four border slaveholding states that remained loyal to the Union.

Each side entered the war with high hopes for an early victory. In material resources the North enjoyed a decided advantage. Twenty-three states with a population of 22 million were arrayed against 11 states inhabited by nine million, including slaves. The industrial superiority of the North exceeded even its preponderance in population, providing it with abundant facilities for manufacturing arms and ammunition, clothing, and other supplies. It had a greatly superior railway network.

8. List three advantages of the North.

The South nonetheless had certain advantages. The most important was geography; the South was fighting a defensive war on its own territory. It could establish its independence simply by beating off the Northern armies. The South also had a stronger military tradition, and possessed the more experienced military leaders.

9. List three advantages of the South.

Lincoln Suspends Habeas Corpus Essay

Name: __________________________________________ Date: __________________

During the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln suspended Habeas Corpus in the Border States meaning he could put people in jail with little to no reason if he felt they were a threat to the Union. Do you feel the President should have the authority to arrest people who could be a threat to the United States without cause or without being charged a crime in times of war? Should the President have increased powers in times of war to do such things? Keep in mind, Lincoln wanted to preserve the Union and felt that these actions would protect the people.

Write a paragraph responding to the following prompt:

Should the President have increased power in times of war to ensure the protection of the American people even if it violate the US Constitution?

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First Battle of the American Civil War Worksheet

Name: ______________________________________________________ Date: __________________

“As an old lady, the mother of several dearly loved sons, but echoes the almost universal sentiment when she said… ‘War, I know is very dreadful, but if, by raising my finger, I could prevent my sons from doing their duty to their country now, though I love them as my life, I could not do it. I am no coward, nor have I brought up my boys to be cowards. They must go if their country needs them’”

-Sallie Brock Putnam, Richmond During the War

1. How does this southern mother justify sending her sons to war?

2. Who won the Battle of Bull Run? What did the Battle of Bull Run show about the future of the war?

3. What did the North and South learn from the Battle of Shiloh?

4. What is the significance of the Battle of Antietam? What was passed right after this battle?

“The first of January, 1863, was a memorable day in the progress of American liberty and civilization. It was the turning point in the conflict between freedom and slavery. A death blow was given to the slave holding rebellion. Until them the federal arm had been more than tolerant to that relic barbarism… We fought the rebellion, but its not its cause. And now on, on this day… the formal and solemn announcement was made that thereafter the government would be found on the side of emancipation. This proclamation changed everything.”

-Frederick Douglass, The Life and Times of Frederick Douglas

5. What document is this quote referring to?

6. Why would Frederick Douglass support it?

7. What does Douglass claim the law is the “death” of?

8. What did the Emancipation Proclamation specifically call for? Did it actually do it?

9. How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the North’s goals for the war?

10. What happened at the Battle of Vicksburg? How did the Battle of Vicksburg help the North?

11. What was the impact of the Battle of Gettysburg? How did President Lincoln respond to it?

12. Why did Lincoln deliver the Gettysburg Address?

13. What was the purpose of the Gettysburg Address?

14. These pictures above were taken shortly after these battles took place. How do you think these pictures impacted public opinions in the North about the war?

Battles and Strategies of the Civil War Readings

Name: __________________________________________________ Date: ___________________

The first large battle of the war, at Bull Run, Virginia (also known as First Manassas) near Washington, stripped away any illusions that victory would be quick or easy. It also established a pattern, at least in the Eastern United States, of bloody Southern victories that never translated into a decisive military advantage for the Confederacy. 1. The first large battle of the U.S. Civil War was fought at __________. a. Bull Run, Virginia b. Charleston, South Carolina c. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania d. Montgomery, Alabama 2. Who won the Battle of First Manassas? a. Confederacy b. Union

In contrast to its military failures in the East, the Union was able to secure battlefield victories in the West and slow strategic success at sea. Most of the Navy, at the war's beginning, was in Union hands, but it was scattered and weak. Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles took prompt measures to strengthen it. Lincoln then proclaimed a blockade of the Southern coasts. Although the effect of the blockade was negligible at first, by 1863 it almost completely prevented shipments of cotton to Europe and blocked the importation of sorely needed munitions, clothing, and medical supplies to the South. 3. Who served as U.S. Secretary of the Navy from 1861 to 1869? a. Gideon Welles b. Robert E. Lee c. Ulysses S. Grant d. William Tecumseh Sherman 4. What major product was the South prevented from shipping to Europe? a. Ammunition b. cotton c. machinery d. whiskey

A brilliant Union naval commander, David Farragut, conducted two remarkable operations. In April 1862, he took a fleet into the mouth of the Mississippi River and forced the surrender of the largest city in the South, New Orleans, Louisiana. In August 1864, with the cry, “Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead,” he led a force past the fortified entrance of Mobile Bay, Alabama, captured a Confederate ironclad vessel, and sealed off the port. 5. During the U.S. Civil War, what was the largest city in the American South? a. Biloxi, Mississippi b. Charleston, South Carolina c. Gatlinburg, Tennessee d. New Orleans, Louisiana 6. Who famously shouted, “Damn the torpedoes! Full speed ahead,” as he charged into Mobile Bay, Alabama?

In the Mississippi Valley, the Union forces won an almost uninterrupted series of victories. They began by breaking a long Confederate line in Tennessee, thus making it possible to occupy almost all the western part of the state. When the important Mississippi River port of Memphis was taken, Union troops advanced some 320 kilometers into the heart of the Confederacy. With the tenacious General Ulysses S. Grant in command, they withstood a sudden Confederate counterattack at Shiloh, on the bluffs overlooking the Tennessee River. Those killed and wounded at Shiloh numbered more than 10,000 on each side, a casualty rate that Americans had never before experienced. But it was only the beginning of the carnage.

7. Over ten thousand soldiers were killed at what Tennessee battle? a. First Manassas b. Gettysburg c. Shiloh d. Thermopylae

In Virginia, by contrast, Union troops continued to meet one defeat after another in a succession of bloody attempts to capture Richmond, the Confederate capital. The Confederates enjoyed strong defense positions afforded by numerous streams cutting the road between Washington and Richmond. Their two best generals, Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. ("Stonewall") Jackson, both far surpassed in ability their early Union counterparts. In 1862 Union commander George McClellan made a slow, excessively cautious attempt to seize Richmond. But in the Seven Days' Battles between June 25 and July 1, the Union troops were driven steadily backward, both sides suffering terrible losses. 8. What city served as the capital of the Confederate States of America? a. Atlanta, Georgia b. Charleston, South Carolina c. Richmond, Virginia d. Washington, D.C. 9. Who led U.S. troops in the Seven Days’ Battles? a. David Farragut b. George McClellan c. Gideon Welles d. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson After another Confederate victory at the Second Battle of Bull Run (or Second Manassas), Lee crossed the Potomac River and invaded Maryland. McClellan again responded tentatively, despite learning that Lee had split his army and was heavily outnumbered. The Union and Confederate Armies met at Antietam Creek, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, in the bloodiest single day of the war: More than 4,000 died on both sides and 18,000 were wounded. Despite his numerical advantage, however, McClellan failed to break Lee's lines or press the attack, and Lee was able to retreat across the Potomac with his army intact. As a result, Lincoln fired McClellan. 10. What was the bloodiest single day of the U.S. Civil War?

11. Why did Commander-in-Chief Abraham Lincoln fire General McClellan?

Although Antietam was inconclusive in military terms, its consequences were nonetheless momentous. Great Britain and France, both on the verge of recognizing the Confederacy, delayed their decision, and the South never received the diplomatic recognition and the economic aid from Europe that it desperately sought. 12. What two European countries decided against granting diplomatic recognition to the Confederacy following Antietam?

Antietam also gave Lincoln the opening he needed to issue the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that as of January 1, 1863, all slaves in states rebelling against the Union were free. In practical terms, the proclamation had little immediate impact; it freed slaves only in the Confederate states, while leaving slavery intact in the border states. Politically, however, it meant that in addition to preserving the Union, the abolition of slavery was now a declared objective of the Union war effort. 13. What presidential document granted freedom to slaves living within the Confederacy?

The final Emancipation Proclamation, issued January 1, 1863, also authorized the recruitment of African Americans into the Union Army, a move abolitionist leaders such as Frederick Douglass had been urging since the beginning of armed conflict. Union forces already had been sheltering escaped slaves as "contraband of war," but following the Emancipation Proclamation, the Union Army recruited and trained regiments of African-American soldiers that fought with distinction in battles from Virginia to the Mississippi. About 178,000 African Americans served in the U.S. Colored Troops, and 29,500 served in the Union Navy. 14. Frederick Douglass argued strongly against allowing African Americans to fight for the Union. a. True b. False 15. About 178,000 African Americans served in the U.S. Colored Troops, and 29,500 served in the Union Navy. How many served in total?

Despite the political gains represented by the Emancipation Proclamation, however, the North's military prospects in the East remained bleak as Lee's Army of Northern Virginia continued to maul the Union Army of the Potomac, first at Fredericksburg, Virginia, in December 1862 and then at Chancellorsville in May 1863. But Chancellorsville, although one of Lee's most brilliant military victories, was also one of his most costly. His most valued lieutenant, General "Stonewall" Jackson, was mistakenly shot and killed by his own men. 16. General “Stonewall” Jackson was killed by friendly fire at what battle, in 1863? a. Chancellorsville b. Fredericksburg c. Gettysburg d. Second Manassas 17. The Emancipation Proclamation was adopted as part of Lincoln’s war strategy. How might declaring freedom for slaves living in the Confederacy help the Union war effort?

The Emancipation Proclamation

Name: _______________________________________________ Date: _______________

At the start of the Civil War, President Lincoln wanted to avoid the issue of slavery because he did not want any of the Border States where slavery was legal to leave the Union. It is because of this that his primary goal of the Civil War above all else was to preserve the union. Despite his initial goal, Lincoln knew he could not avoid the issue very long. After, the Union’s victory at Antietam, Lincoln knew that that moment was the best time to make ending slavery another goal of the Civil War. On September 22, 1862, he announces the Emancipation Proclamation.

“That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom”

1. When was the new law supposed to begin?

2. What was the Emancipation Proclamation saying about the status of slaves in this country?

3. Specifically, according to the Proclamation, slaves located where shall be free?

4. The Emancipation Proclamation did not free a single slave… Why do you think that is so?

Gettysburg Address

After the Battle of Gettysburg, both sides endured considerable losses after three days of fighting. Despite these incredible losses, the North emerged victorious and the battle proved to be a major turning point of the Civil War in favor the Union. On November 19, 1863, Lincoln delivers a brief, but famous speech which was written to remember the soldiers who lost their lives on the battlefield of Gettysburg.

“Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain- that this nation under God, shall have a new birth of freedom- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth”

5. Why do you think Lincoln gave the Gettysburg Address?

6. What document was the Gettysburg Address referring to?

The American Civil War Part 2 Worksheet

Name: _______________________________________________ Date: ________________

“You might as well appeal against the thunderstorm as against these horrible hardships of war. They are inevitable, and the only way the people of Atlanta can hope once more to live in peace and quiet at home is to stop the war… We don’t want your negroes or your horses or your lands… but we do want, and will have a just obedience to the laws of the United States. That we will have, and if it involves the destruction of your improvements, we cannot help it.”

-William T. Sherman, letter to James Calhoun, September 12, 1864

1. What tactic was used by William T. Sherman?

2. How does he justify his tactic?

3. What is total war?

4. How did Sherman’s March to the Sea impact the Election of 1864?

5. What happened at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865?

“With malice toward none, and charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds… to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and a lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations.”

-Abraham Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, March 1865

6. According to this quote, what is Lincoln’s primary goal AFTER the war has ended?

7. Do you think Lincoln wants to punish the South for secession or forgive them?

8. How does this political cartoon depict the move by the South to secede?

“It seems to have become inevitable once two dangers had passed. One of these was the threat of interference from abroad. The other was the possibility of the military disaster resulting from the enemy’s superior skill or luck on the battle field… Both dangers appear to have been over my midsummer, 1863… Thereafter, month by month, the resources of the North began increasingly to tell, in what became more and more a war of attrition.”

-Richard N. Current, Why the North Won the Civil War

9. According to Current, what two things could have led to the North’s defeat? Why did they win?

With Malice toward None

Name: _____________________________________________________ Date: _______________

For the North, the war produced a still greater hero in Abraham Lincoln – a man eager, above all else, to weld the Union together again, not by force and repression but by warmth and generosity. In 1864 he had been elected for a second term as president, defeating his Democratic opponent, George McClellan, the general he had dismissed after Antietam. Lincoln's second inaugural address closed with these words: 1. Abraham Lincoln defeated whom in the presidential election of 1864?

With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's wounds; to care for him who shall have borne the battle, and for his widow, and his orphan – to do all which may achieve and cherish a just, and a lasting peace, among ourselves, and with all nations. 2. malice: a. benevolence b. bitterness c. kindness d. sympathy Three weeks later, two days after Lee's surrender, Lincoln delivered his last public address, in which he unfolded a generous reconstruction policy. On April 14, 1865, the president held what was to be his last Cabinet meeting. That evening – with his wife and a young couple who were his guests – he attended a performance at Ford's Theater. There, as he sat in the presidential box, he was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth, a Virginia actor embittered by the South's defeat. Booth was killed in a shootout some days later in a barn in the Virginia countryside. His accomplices were captured and later executed. 3. Where was Abraham Lincoln assassinated on April 14, 1865? 4. Who assassinated Abraham Lincoln? a. James Earl Ray b. John Wilkes Booth c. Lee Harvey Oswald d. Mark David Chapman Lincoln died in a downstairs bedroom of a house across the street from Ford's Theater on the morning of April 15. Poet James Russell Lowell wrote: Never before that startled April morning did such multitudes of men shed tears for the death of one they had never seen, as if with him a friendly presence had been taken from their lives, leaving them colder and darker. Never was funeral panegyric so eloquent as the silent look of sympathy which strangers exchanged when they met that day. Their common manhood had lost a kinsman.

5. When did Abraham Lincoln die? 6. panegyric: a. censure b. disapproval c. praising d. reprimand The first great task confronting the victorious North – now under the leadership of Lincoln's vice president, Andrew Johnson, a Southerner who remained loyal to the Union – was to determine the status of the states that had seceded. Lincoln had already set the stage. In his view, the people of the Southern states had never legally seceded; they had been misled by some disloyal citizens into a defiance of federal authority. And since the war was the act of individuals, the federal government would have to deal with these individuals and not with the states. Thus, in 1863 Lincoln proclaimed that if in any state 10 percent of the voters of record in 1860 would form a government loyal to the U.S. Constitution and would acknowledge obedience to the laws of the Congress and the proclamations of the president, he would recognize the government so created as the state's legal government. 7. Who became president of the U.S. following Lincoln’s assassination? a. Andrew Johnson b. Jefferson Davis c. Ulysses S. Grant d. William McKinley 8. According to a proclamation made by Lincoln in 1863, what was required for the federal government to recognize the government of a formerly Confederate state?

Congress rejected this plan. Many Republicans feared it would simply entrench former rebels in power; they challenged Lincoln's right to deal with the rebel states without consultation. Some members of Congress advocated severe punishment for all the seceded states; others simply felt the war would have been in vain if the old Southern establishment was restored to power. Yet even before the war was wholly over, new governments had been set up in Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana. 9. Why did members of Congress reject Lincoln’s plan for readmitting rebellious states?

To deal with one of its major concerns – the condition of former slaves – Congress established the Freedmen's Bureau in March 1865 to act as guardian over African Americans and guide them toward self-support. And in December of that year, Congress ratified the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which abolished slavery. 10. What organization was created to help former slaves adjust to their new lives as free people?

11. What amendment to the U.S. Constitution abolished slavery?

Throughout the summer of 1865 Johnson proceeded to carry out Lincoln's reconstruction program, with minor modifications. By presidential proclamation he appointed a governor for each of the former Confederate states and freely restored political rights to many Southerners through use of presidential pardons.

In due time conventions were held in each of the former Confederate states to repeal the ordinances of secession, repudiate the war debt, and draft new state constitutions. Eventually a native Unionist became governor in each state with authority to convoke a convention of loyal voters. Johnson called upon each convention to invalidate the secession, abolish slavery, repudiate all debts that went to aid the Confederacy, and ratify the 13th Amendment. By the end of 1865, this process was completed, with a few exceptions. 12. Do you believe that Andrew Johnson should have punished the rebel states? Why or why not?

How Should the Government Handle Reconstruction?

After the American Civil War, the Federal Government had to decide how to handle the South during the period known as Reconstruction. There were many hard feelings toward the South as a result of the brutal war that had taken so many Americans lives which was still fresh in everyone’s mind. But Lincoln felt it wouldn’t have been a wise decision to punish the South too harshly for its actions before and during the Civil War. Respond to the following question in an ACES Paragraph.

Should the Government have been lenient or harsh toward former confederate states and leaders? Why?

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Emancipated Slaves During Reconstruction

During Reconstruction, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments were passed ending slavery, protecting their right to vote, and establishing equality among all its citizens. Despite these breakthroughs, the American South still found ways to discriminate newly freed African-Americans. Respond to the following question in an ACES paragraph.

• Do you feel the Amendments as well as actions taken by the American government positively impacted newly freed slaves?

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Was Reconstruction Good?

The period after the Civil War was known as Reconstruction. The intention of this period was to try to rebuild the South that had been devastated after the war. Many debate on the effectiveness of this period, but many debate on its impact, good and bad, on the United States. The US would forever be affected by the events of the Civil War and Reconstruction which came after. Respond to the following questions in an ACES Paragraph.

Do you believe that the Reconstruction period was successful or unsuccessful? Why?

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