1

FINAL PROGRESS REPORT ON MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT

“IMPACT ON AGRICLUTURE FORM THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIES IN KOPPAL AND BELLARY DISTRICT THE CASE STUDY OF COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY(CADA)”

SUMBITTED TO ,

UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION THROUGH,

VIJAYNAGAR SHREE KRISHNADEVARAYA UNIVERSITY ,BALLARI

BY PROF.G.Devareddy,

Dept of Economics,

Veerashivacollege,

Bellary -583104,

KARNATAKA

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Contents

CHAPTER

NO

PERTICULARS PAGE NO

Declaration

Acknowledgements

I Introduction 1

II CADA and TBP 8

III Agriculture-agricultural production in Ballari and

Koppal

11

Iv Performance of TBP and CADA

26

V Impact of industries on agriculture

61

VI Remedies 71

VII Data analysis and interpretation

76

VIII Findings 84

Suggestions, objectives and data and methodology

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Prof G.Devareddy

Research Scholar in Economics,

V.V.Sangha’s Veerashavia College,

Ballari,

Karnataka state,

India.

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the project work Sponsored by UGC entitled IMPACT ON AGRICLUTURE FORM THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIES IN KOPPAL AND BELLARY DISTRICT THE CASE STUDY OF COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY(CADA) submitted to university grant commission New Delhi is my original work and no part of the dissertation has been submitted for award of any degree, Diploma, Fellowship.

Place: Ballari Prof G.Devreddy

Date;

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PROJECT TITLE

IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE FROM THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIES IN KOPPAL NAND BELLARY DISTRICT. THE STUDY RELATED TO COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY

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Chapter-1

Introduction: Agriculture and Industry

Agriculture is considered as backbone of the economy .lt feeds 125 cores of population of india.60% of our population dependence upon the agriculture for their lively hood . in India agriculture importance in international trade. Indian agriculture has foreign trade importance from ancient periods .our agriculture attracted many foreigners for the purpose of trading agriculture product like Samber ingredients and other product. Growth of agriculture leads to growth and development is consider complementary to the industries . Similarly industry also helps to the development of agriculture so fast

IMPORTANCE OF LAND OR SOIL:-- Soil Is the one of important natural resources which needs to deserve, preserve , conserve form the nuisances of industrialization , deforestation , over mining , real estate business ,.Agriculture mainly dependence upon natural factors such as flat land , Fertility of soil , qualification of the farmers . Agriculture is the main basis for the survival of human being agriculture is important sector as it feed this cores of people in the world . Significance of agriculture is that is projects the ecological balance and human being Deau of the surety and nation can be brought about by giving importance to agriculture.

Political stability and stable economy is possible from its agriculture cost of living of people of the from agriculture product . Agriculture is conclusive for the industrial development and cottage and villageindustries .But agriculture has undergone a rare problems like low agriculture production ,low yield and encroachment of cultivable land due to industrialization mining , illegal mining,

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digging and so on.So agriculture not only feeds the cores of people and animal by giving food and tadder but also are the people and animal from the number of diseases since it provides medicated hurbles . Agriculture product also season. Different products are produced from the cultivation from different seasons

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AGRICULTURE IN INDIA

Agriculture development before independence was supported by co-operative credit societies Act of 1904 and was amended in 1912 . This Act was further led for the emergence of land developed banks , cooperative Sorviasonelies in rural sector , cooperative forming system and collective forming system , functions of cooperative societies are mainly to create to the need of rural areas and small barrowers and are concerned more with the financing of agriculturist.

All India credit survey committees states that in the villages cooperative credit societies are most suitable for development of agriculture and farmers life, India Cen planner considered cooperative cooperation as an instrument of economic development of disadvantaged in the rural areas.

In India agriculture is primary sector and a suitable natural factors are available in abundant such as water resources like rainfall, river, cannel water, underground water,lake water and land water and soil for cultivation is also a abundant, atmosphere and temperature and soil are also best suitable to the production of Varity of agriculture products. But unfortunately agriculture in India is backward due to old method of cultivation, illiteracy and small andfragmented holdings.

In India agriculture has its own significance comparatively to other countries of the world. Indian agriculture has cultural, economical, political, medical and healthy imparlence. In India stability of government or politics depends on the stability the agriculture. If agriculture and framers are neglected by the government the ruling political party loses its administration.

In India agriculture has suitable environment, atmosphere, geographical, demographical factor for rapid growth of agriculture. But unfortunately factors

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like excessive dependence on agriculture, illiteracy, poverty, inefficiency of the political factors etc are hindered development of agriculture.

About CADA and TBP;

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CADA: Command Area Development Authority.

TBP: TungaBhadra Project.

TBB: TungaBhadra Board.

KCADA: Karnataka Command Area Development Authority.

Before independence the existing administrative machinery was limited in prospective and confined to maintenance of law and order and collection land and revenue. This administrative set up was not geared to the task of development.

India being an agricultural country paid greatest attention to irrigation development for the sake of self sufficiency in food grains in the case of water resource plenty in terms of rainfall river lakes ponds perennial water resource and ground water 3rd place in the world. But unfortunately use of water resource is weak.

After independence Government of India paid attention to the development of agriculture, water resource and irrigation development. The Government of India as taken steps to introduce innovation in administration organization after independence. Accordingly CADA was established.

After independence higher priority was given to the irrigation development for increasing the agricultural production to face the challenges of food shortages for the ever-increasing population. There was use gap between irrigation potential created and its utilization, which inturn led to stagnation of agricultural production. This situation called for the need to analyze the deficiencies and constraints coming in the way of utilizing the irrigation potentials created with a view to increase the agriculture products. The Irrigation Commission in 1972

4

analyzed these problems and made some recommendation. The Planning Commission examined this facts and ultimately suggested for the implementation

7

of CADA as a solution so accordingly as a solution a centrally sponsored CADA was launched.

CADA came into the existence beginning of 1980. The concept and objectives of CADA is to bridge a gap between potential created and utilized and to increase agricultural production on sustainable basis.

Functions of CADA includes irrigation management, Agriculture, Co-operation, Marketing and Credit and also engaged in training and research with reference to agriculture and engineering. CADA is expected to work with various orginizations to increase food production per unit of water per unit of land.

KCADA; Karnataka Command Area Development Authority constituted in Karnataka under KCADA act of 1980 of number 6 of 1980 so KCADA came into force with retrospectively on 11/12/1977 under this act four projects were covered initially including Tungabhadra project and Mala Prabha and Ghata Prabha project.

TBP; was started in the year 1945 by the Government of Hydrabad and Government of Madras completed in the year 1953 at the cost of 125 crores.

After re-organization of the states the project become a joint venture of Mysore state (now Karnataka state) and Andhra Pradesh State. This project was designed to irrigate 3.63 lakh hectares of drought prone areas of Bellari, Koppal, and Raichur Districts, 1.60 lakh hectares of Anantpur, Cuddapa and Kurnol districts in Andhra Pradesh state. The project also generates electricity to the tune of 99MWs. The main canals are three on the right sides and two on the left sides take off from the head for irrigation. The canals on the left side completely irrigate in Karnataka and canals on the right sides irrigates in both Karnataka and Andhra.

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Tungabhadra left bank canal is 226.91 Kms long and irrigates 2,43,912 hectares of land in Koppal and Raichiur Districts. And left bank high level canal irrigates 469

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hectares in Koppal. Low level right Bank canal is 349.22Kms long and irrigates 37,504 hectares of land in Bellari, Koppal and Raichur. Tungabhadra right bank high level canal is 196.33Kms long in Karnataka can irrigate 80,910 hectares in Bellari district.

In addition Raya and Basava canals of Tungabhadra river which are historical canals established during Krishna Devaraya rule can irrigate 2049 and 967 hectares respectively in Bellari and Koppal Districts.

TBB; TungaBhadra Board was also established in the same year as administration of TBB. TBB and CADA was constituted in 11/12/1979 which was entrusted with the task of organization, administration and Co-ordination between development departments for the optimum utilization of potential created and utilized and to increase the production per unit of water and land.

ABOUT INDUSTRY

From the positive point of view industrialization is highly preferable by every country in the world as industrialization is important means of promoting economic development of country very soon and it leads very fast economic growth of the country. Industrialization not only depends on agriculture, infrastructure, science and technology but also it is conducive and complementary for the agricultural development and development of infrastructure, science and technology. Industrialization can boost up a comprehensive economy development of the country. It can reduce regional imbalance in the country and can bridge the stable economy from pin to satellite from crackers to missile can be manufactured only from the industries. It can produce wide variety and wide range of goods and services. So that income of the people and country, standard of living of people increases. Industrialization leads to increase in the employment opportunities, attracts entrepreneurs and investor. It can increase the comfortness and standard of living of the people. And

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hence welfare of the people can be achieved. It will increase the production on large scale, employment on large scale and increases income of the country fast and inturn development of the country is achieved soon.

India is endowed with huge and wide range of Minerals deposited. She has rich wealth of Minerals. India is said to be a reach country in the world in terms of Minerals resource and Water resources. These Mineral and Water resource are the main basis and conducive for the fast development industries in the country. But unfortunately industrial development in India is not so fast due to lack of capital and Infrastructure.

After independence Government of India started encouragements financial assistants and etc.., for the industrial development.

The important ores are available in the country on large scale are iron ore, Manganese, coal, Bauxite, Lignite, Lime stone, copper, Mica, Silver, Platinum, Building stones, Marble stones, Uranium,etc.,,

Thus India has provided wide platform for the development of industries in terms of Nature and Institution. But unfortunately industrial process is very slow owing to lack of capital technology and infrastructure. Anyhow process of industrialization is picking up.

Modern life is increasingly depend upon the system created by the industrialization. Civilization, standard of living, economic status, technology and etc., improves and increases with growth of industries. National income, per capital income, production, employment increases so fast inturn economic development and growth is achieved soon. So welfare of the country can be achieved on one hand, on other hand it is so sad to say that industrialization is has adverse effect on the agriculture environment, forest and it leads to depletion water, pollution of water, soil air etc.,

Rapid industrialization took place in India since 1992 from the implementation policies from the Government like industrial Policy, Globalization Policy,

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Liberation policy and Privatization Policy. These policies made rapid growth of industries, over exploitation of Minerals, over and illegal mining activities and allied activities.

Industrial sector is only the sector which harm, disturb, distort and pollute environment and finally as impact on the agriculture.

Industries and Allied activities which pollute environment and impact on the Agriculture as follows;

1. Iron and Steel Industry2. Manganese Industry3. Cement Industry4. Thermal Power Plant5. Plastic industry6. Sugar industry.7. Chemical industry8. Fertilizer industry

Industrial allied activities as follows;

1. Mining activities2. Digging, blasting and extracting3. Quarrying 4. Stock yard5. Crushing6. Transportation and marketing7. Real estate activities.

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Chapter 2

CADA AND TUNGABHADRA PROJECT

During post-Independence period, this development of agriculture was given first priority by developing irrigation so as to increase the agriculture production fast for the challenges of food deficiently due to rapid increase in the population. But unfortunately irrigation development and utilization aspects of the irrigation potential could not get adequate attention. This resulted in a huge gap between irrigation potential created and its utilization which in turn resulted a stagnation of agricultural production. This situation made need to analyze the defiencies and constraints coming in the way of utilizing the irrigation potential with a view to increase the agriculture production.

The Irrigation commission 1972 analyzed their problems and suggested some recommendations. This was future examined by the planning commission and ultimately made a solution to the government of India to sponsor, Command Areas Development program. This centrally sponsored CADA was launched.

According government of Karnataka has enacted command Areas Development Act in this year of 1980 thereby introducing this centrally sponsored Command Areas development Programmed in five major irrigation projects in Karnataka. The Tungabhadra Project Command Area Development Authorities is one among such authorities.

According Karnataka CADA and the TUNGABHADRA PROJECT (TBP) and TUNGABHADRA BOARD (TBB) have been functioning very sincerely and contributed for the growth of agricultural production and agricultural development and expansion of water supply to the agriculture.

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OUTLINE OF THE KARNATAKA COMMAND AREAS DEVELOPMENT

Studies the legal basis on which Command Area Development Authority were constituted in Koppal and Bellary districts. It provides the legal frame work on the basis of which Tungabhadra Project Command Area Development act were framed.

It deals in detail with some important operational terms like

1. Authority 2. Agriculture laborer3. Command Area 4. Comprehensive development5. Credit Agency6. Distributary System7. Drainage system 8. Field Channel9. Field Drain10.Ineligible Person11.Irrigation System under a pipe outlet12.Land Holder13.Member14.Pipe Outlet15.Small Farmer etc.

It highlights the functions of CADAs. It also deals with different types of offences against which CADAs can initiate legal action.

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SALIENT FEATURES OF TUNGABHADRA PROJECT It shows the salient features of Tungabhadra Project. This chapter explains in brief, the pre-independence position of Tungabhadra river and the fruition of efforts of Hyderabad and Madras Governments through an agreement in 1945 to construct Tungabhadra Project.After independence India Government paid due attention to the major irrigation projects. Not to lag behind, Karnataka Government too took brave steps to tap the water resources. Though the project is multipurpose project, their mainstay is irrigation. It also provides information regarding the number of hectares that were brought under irrigation under Tungabhadra Project.IRRIGATION MANGEMENT:Irrigation management is an intricate task and it is multi-disciplinary activity involving Departments like irrigation. Agriculture.Cooperative , marketing and credit and also institutions Engaged in training and research with reference to agriculture and engineering to words. Coordinator and catalyst between the various organizations to increase food production per unit of water and pre unit of land. The administrative organization set up and also the functions entrusted to the of the both these CADA’s are given till 2006. The study intends to compare working of these two organizations keeping in view their ecological setting. For the purpose of comparison following parameters are used in understanding their working

1. Organization Problems 2. Administrative Problems 3. Technical Problems 4. Personal Problems 5. Financial Problems

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CHAPTER-3

AGRICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL PRODUCT IN KOPPAL AND BALLARI

Agro atmosphere was concerned in Koppal and Bellari before and after establishment of CADA in the above both district. Koppal and Ballari belong to Hyderabadh Karnataka region Koppal and Bellari. Both districts are considered as backward districts even at present situation too. Agriculture is considered as primary sector and peaceful sector. Agriculture is said to promote the environmental and ecological balance agriculture is said to be predominant in both Koppal and Bellari districts even and after the implimentation of KCADA and TBP and TBB. At the eve of independence agriculture was too backward in both districts though the Thungabhadra river flows between the districts. A little amount of land developed for irrigation under rule of sri KRISHNADEVARAYA kingdom under British rule agriculture was neg-ected. Bellari and Koppal districts belongs to Hyderabadh Karnataka region the region itself is considered as backward. In which both districts are very backward even today. Politically, economically, agri-culture, educationally, are backward in these districts. Any how significance and importance of both the districts cannot be neglected and underestimated. Both the districts have their own importance not only in Indian map but also in world map for ex; Hampi is recognized internationally and recognized by UNESCO.UNESCO has declared Hampi is World Heritage Site. It has enter into the ATLAS and Karnataka government giving much more importance to the development of Hampi. Bellari and Koppal both districts are the places encapsulate many different aspects of art

12and culture. Hampi is attracting thousands of tour-ists every day

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and foreigners from its number of temples , monu-ments, art, culture, and natural scenarios.

Resources in both the Districts Minerals ; Both the districts are endowed with rich natural resources many more kinds of minerals are available which are conductive for industrial development . Accordingly the mineral resources boost up the industries especially after implementation of industrial policy, liberalization policy and global policy of 1992. Minerals like iron ore, copper, bauxite, manganese, limestone and so on.Water resources ; water resource are concerned a big river encompasses between Koppal and Bellari districts on both side banks many villages carrying the cultivation by utilizing river water many towns and holly places like Hampi,Anegundhi are situated. These are most attractive places in the world. In addition lake water, ground water, ponds, are available in plenty. Rain fall also much more in both the districts. This water resources made to live major population of these districts to eak out their lively hood cultivating the land but unfortunately people depending only on agriculture people became backward economically. Forest resources ;is also very rich in both the districts . Forest in Sanduru taluk is very rich where number of valuable trees are agriculture especially Sanduru is known for growing sandalwood trees, teakwood ,neem tree and other well known trees very beautiful natural scenarios are there falls, lakes and Narihalla is a well known big lake. Many animals, birds are dwelling. There is a saying that “see Sanduru in September “. In addition mineraly this Sandur taluk is rich. So this taluk is much contributive to the industrial development. As rain fall is more due to thick forest in this taluk so agriculture is well developed. This forest in Sandur is agriculturly

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developed but development of Sandur is is neglected by the local politicians. Another example for thick forest is Daroji Karadi dhama, which is a beautiful forest and attracting many visitors every day. In Koppal district also many forest areas are there. These forests are contributing to the fair environment and atmosphere and rain fall. It also contributing forest production like wood, animals, fuel and etc.. so in both districts weather, climate, air, water and every aspect 0f environment were pure in those days. The sheen of bellari and koppal districts were changed after enactment of TBP, TBB and KSADA. Earlier farmers in these districts were dependent on rainfall, for the cultivation so only one crop was grown in the year. Jowary,bajara,millets, were main products and main food, rice was rare food, no commercial crops were grown. Therefore income of the farmers was very low, poverty was common economic and social life of the farmers were miserable. People in those days had hand to mouth economy, in –come was very low, wages for the agriculture was too low. So there was a grinding poverty in these districts.After 1953 with enactment of TBP and KCADA irrigation facilities were widely spread on the both side of the left and right banks of the river with construction of the canals in both districts. Cropping system totally changed mixed cropping system came into existence, three crops were grown in a year, commercial crops like cotton, sugarcane, ground nut, paddy, banana, coconut, edibles started growing agriculture production and yield increased. Rice has become important food in these districts standard of living of the farmer increased with increasing in the income. Farmers were very happyOnce again the sheen of these districts changed in the negative way due to the rapid growth of the industries. This is due to the industrial policy of the 1992. The industrialization grabbed the cultivable land for the construction of the plant, mining digging, stockyard. These resulted in the environmental pollution. Totally environment of these districts changed, temperature

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increased, air, water, soil were polluted and distorted. The impact of the industries on the agriculture was very worst.Agriculture In Ballari District;The major occupation of this district is Agriculture, 75% of total labor force is dependent on agriculture for their lovely hood. The important crops grown are cotton, Jowari, ground nut, paddy, sunflower, cerials, vegetables like chilly, onion, brinjal etc.,. The irrigated area is 37% to net cultivable area the pattern of land utilization in the district is as under 1997-98.The main source of irrigated is Tungabhadra Dam. The canal network accounts for 64% of the irrigated area. The important water sources are river Tungabhadra, lake, Hagari, Nari halla, chikka hagari, bore water, pump sets of ground water. The western taluks of the districts are dogged with scarcity condition with the failure of rains, during the successive years. Anyhow during the 2010 and preceding year heavy rains have created havock in the districts leaving many in lurch.Agriculture contingency plan for district; BellariDistrict Agriculture Profile

1.1

Agro-climatic/Ecological ZoneAgro-Ecological

Karnataka Plateau, Royal Seema as inclusion(3.0)

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Sub Region (ICAR)

1.2

Rain Fall

NormalRF(mm)

Normal Onset

Normal Cessation

SW Monsoon(June-sept)

455.6

2and week June

4th week of sept

N-E Mo

127

1s

t

2and week of Nov

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nsoon (Oct-Dec)

.3

week of October

Winter (Jan-March)

1.0

Summer (April-May)

46.2

Annual

630.1

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11.3

Land use pattern of the district (Latest statistics)

Geographical Area

Cultivable Area

Forest area

Land under non agriculture use

Cultivable waste land

Barren and uncultivable land

Curr-ent fallows

Area(00 ha)

813.2

434.9

97

122

25

30.4

68

1.4

Agricultu

Are

Cro

21

ral land use

a(hects)

pping intens

Net sown area

434.9

125.1%

Area sown more than once

140.8

Gross cropped area

575.8

1.5

Irriga

Ar

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tion

ea(hect)

Net irrigated area

191.7

Gross irrigated area

281.3

Rain fed area

293.7

Sources of irrigation

Number

Area(hect)

Percentage

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total irrigated are

canals

122.8

43.6

Bore wells

90.2

32.1

Tanks

2.9

1.1

Open wells

8.4

2.9

Lift irri

47

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gation

.6

.9

Area under major field crops (2008-09)

Major field crops cultivated Kharif (irrigated) Rabi(irrigated) Total

Paddy 105.4 - 105.4

Sunflower 31.4 86.7 118.2

Maize 53.2 41.7 95.0

Ground nut 15.7 57.0 72.7

Sorghum 95.5 38.9 58.5

Bengal gram 21.5 32.2 53.8

Cotton 11.0 10.4 21.4

Bajar 2.1 12.9 15.1

AGRICULTURE IN KPOPPAL

The Koppal district came to existence on 1st April 1998 with geography area 5559 sq km situated at northern part of Karnataka with four taluks namely Koppal, Yalburga, Gangvathi, Kustigi it is one of the backward district in Karnataka state . it comes under Hy-Karnataka

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region total population of district is 1391292 as per 2011 census . the area falls in the Tungabhadra sub basin in Krishna basin Tungabhadra river flows in the southern boundary of the district

Agriculture ;

The agriculture in this district is depend on the rain fall , irrigation from canal, tanks, wells, streams and etc., the major agriculture crops are jawar, bajar, paddy ,cotton, maize, wheat, green grams and etc.,

Land use ;

About 69% of the area in the district is the net sown area during 2009-10 the forest area occupies 5.3% . Area under non agriculture land is 7% barren land is 4%, cultivable waste land is 0.5%. land utilization in the district is shown from the table

Land utilization in the district is shown from the table (2009,10)

Taluk Area Forest

Non agriculture

Barren

Cultivable waste

Net area sown

Permanent pasture

Gangvathi

132131

14482

7680 4651 560 809540

7193

Koppal 136755

10779

20401 6790 430 90043 1486

Kustigi 135779

4110 7626 2361 811 2424 3898

Yalburga 147830

80 3163 2825 767 107124

2098

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Total 552495

29451

38870 16627

2568 380541

14675

Ground water Development;

As on 31-3-2006 in the district a total of 33526 I.P sets were present consuming 62.60 lakh units/year taluk wise net irrigated are in the district during 2005-06 is presented on the following table. During the period in general about 49% of irrigated area was irrigated by ground water through wells and bore wells

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Table showing net area irrigated in Koppal district 2009-10 in hects

Taluk Canals Tanks Wells Bore wells

Lift irrigation

Total

Gangvathi

41278 0 0 6370 0 47648

Koppal 5860 105 566 18478 1309 26318Kustigi 0 150 0 8326 0 8476Yalburga 0 100 800 12677 0 13577District total

47138 355 1366 45851 1309 96019

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Chapter-4PERFORMANCE OF TBP AND CADA;THE COVERAGE – The Tungabhadra command encompasses 597 village of koppal, Deodrug, Sindhunuru, Gangavathi, Manvi, Raichur, Taluks of Raichur district and Sirguppa, Sandur , Hospet, Bellary taluks of Bellary project . however, some lands may get water and some lands may not get water due to one reason or the other . the lands are to be localized . such lands which do not get water are to be localized so that water tax will not be recovered. There are committee for localization and delocalization at taluk level. The level committees has to recommend the case to execute engineer (I.D)for verification and recommendation. Recommended lands by the superintending engineer will be localized or delocalized. The development for the command area up to march 1984 is as follows:

This suggest that though there is a large cultivable command area of 5.29lakhs hects. And ultimate irrigation potential is of the order of 3.63 lakhs hects potential created is only 3.47 lakhs hects. Water remaining balance is 15,000 hects. However , even 3.47lakhs hects . water potential is not totally utilized as the cropped area during 1995-96 is only 3.52 lakhs hects. In other words , the potential utilized full short of 11,000 hects. This point out that though the command area authority has completed some 17 years in 1995-96 it was not able enough to handle the task efficiently.

Cultivatable command area 5.29 lakhs hects Ultimate irrigation potential 3.63 lakhs hects Potential created 3.47 lakhs hects Potential utilized 2.75 lakhs hects

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An analysis of the progress achieved till 1985-86 under various sectors reveal the following. An all time increase in average yield of cereals, which decreased from 2.70tonners per hectare in 179-80 to 2.18 tones in 1985-86 due to variation in the seasons and also late release of water in the canals Similar strides have been made in cotton which decreased from 4.00 bales per hectare in 1979-80 to 3.40 in the bale in the year 1985-86 due to severe white fly attack in the command area.Stabilization and increase in yield is yet to be achieved under oil seeds and pulses 629 hectares have been covered in Warabandi in 9 distributes at a cost of Rs. 17.07 lakhs , which is incidentally a record in itself.For the first time, managerial subsidy to meet the establishment expenditure of 7 water management co-operatives to the extent of 28000 /- to involve the farmers effectively in Warabandi program was paid.The only short falls was under OFD resulting in poor utilization of institutional finance . as against the target 3100 hects the achievement is just 2114.48 hects the main constraint in this work is non-availability of water.The year 1985-86 has had its ups and downs in Tungabhadra command as well. Due to failure of rains in the catchment area of the command , the inflow in the river started receding right from the month of November 1985. This has led to closure of canals much earlier than the notified dates. As a natural corollary, the up-take of N.P.K. fertilizer was affected to extent of 9.8% 34% and 3.68% respectively, when compared to 1984-85. Fertilizer and water being the major components in increasing the production per hectare, their effective combination at a very crucial stage affected the productivity of cereals, pulses, cotton and sugarcane. Further, average cereal production per hectare was 2.18 tones which was lowest during the

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last six years commencing from 1979-80. Similarly, the production of cotton was steadily increasing from the year 1979-80 and reached 5.5 k bales per-

28hectare during 1984-86. Other factors , such as lack of fields –drains, over irrigation, etc. have contributed greatly to this trend and which needs immediate action to put the whole command on an even keel.MAJOR ISSUES IN T.B.P. Bringing up 1500 hectare of land under the ayacut by creating necessary potential and thus utilize the maximum water under the projectDeveloping 0.74 lakh hect of land to make it irrigable scientificallyPreventing of un-authorized cultivation of paddyProviding adequate water resource to the tail-enders. Reclamation of the land affected with seepage and salinity.Development of ayacut roads.

The soil of the Tungabhadra Command area comprise of black Cotton soils to the extent of 80% and Red Soils to the extent of 20%. The PH ranges from 8 to 9 which shows high salt contents to soil solution. Some after commissioning of the project water was let into the canals and Distributaries. Farmers started cultivating Paddy in upper reaches because of abundant availability of water and also started unauthorized cultivation of paddy season after season. Farmers are not adhering to the cropping pattern . They are violating the cropping pattern for ex;-the total area under Paddy fixed is 31,229 hects, as per cropping pattern but actual area that is being covered now is nearly 1.00 lakh hects. Therefore it is found very difficult to regulate cropping pattern. Now about 54,000 hects. Are affected, out of which 21,202.86 hects are water logged, 26,018.59 hects, saline area and 6,193 hects alkaline area. As on 2007-08, 96,215 hects of land is affected by water logging salinity and alkalinity. For the sake of convenience TBP, CADA as grouped its activities into three major groups. They are ; 1) Agriculture 2)Engineering 3) Co-operation

AGRICULTURE

Land Development

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Land was developed in the past with the bank finance, this made a financial burden than assistance to the poor farmers as water did not reach this developed

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fields at all. Though CADA had made surveyed the area and moved the Government for waivable of principal and interest to the extent of the Rs 23,03,092 involving 515 farmers for whom there is no possibility of providing water and incase of providing water through natural resource, waivable of interest to the extent of Rs 85,448,00 involving 44 farmers the CADA does not desired to develop the land in anticipation of supply of water. However efforts are on to increase the carrying capacity of L Bank Canal from the present 3,100 cusecs to 4,100 cusecs to push water to tai-end area. Working in close association with Irrigation Department, the survey number wise- details were obtained. Due to this unavoidable constraint, the CADA was able to prepare plans and estimations for 124.33hects the cost 2.38 lakhs

Land in tail-end reaches of the Command is scattered patches, which is not getting enough water and hence the progress is very slow. Efforts were also made to increase the carrying capacity of Left Bank Canals to push water tail-end area. Since 1988 onwards working close association with Irrigation Department, survey number wise details were obtained and CADA was able to prepare plans and estimates for the same in a phased manner.

Lands have been developed under Contour Border strip and other methods. However till 1981-82 the CADA did not have per unit cost for soil survey. Lands could not be developed fast mainly due to lack of finance and unveiling and ineligible farmers. However there were no project studies and research activities during 1995-96 and also in 1998-99 and 1999-2000. During 1996-97, 17 studies were entrusted to the University of Agricultural science, Dharwad on varietals trails on ground nut, cotton, soya been, maize, sun flower, irrigated host management on cotton and ground nut crops, studies on fertility status of soil, agro-forestry system, multiple cropping system, prawn culture, performance of Deoni-Holescin cross breed, cultivation of vegetable crop, studies on silk worm

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rearing and optimum use water. The amount sanctioned was Rs 8lakh. Out of this Rs 6lakhs was spent on the studies.

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From the year 1985-86 to 1989-90 through border strip method a total of 559 hects and through other methods 6129 hects were developed. Farmers were developed there lands through their own resources. Land developed by farmers in this manner since 1991-92 to 2006-07 as

Sr. No. Year Land developed in hects

1. 1985-86 --2. 1986-87 --3. 1987-88 --4. 1988-89 --5. 1989-90 2267.006. 1990-91 _7. 1991-92 29538. 1992-93 27309. 1993-94 324110 1994-95 469411. 1995-96 360712. 1996-97 450313. 1997-98 473614. 1998-99 446715. 1999-2000 571116. 2000-01 374117. 2001-02 402818. 2002-03 390319. 2003-04 419020. 2004-05 546321. 2005-06 533522. 2006-07 6396

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Regarding the program of increasing pulse, oil, seeds, agricultural scientists have opined that pulse respond more to phosphorous and Sulphur . Accordingly,

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certain demonstrations were tried and conducted during 1981 onwards. In order to improve soil fertility green manure and also super digest compost programs were taken up. As a result, there is increase in the yield. Demonstration trails with TURPT 221, Bengal gram, safflower and sunflower have shown an increase in yield, through such increase differs from one pulse to another. In the same way, green ,manure seeds were distributed among Scheduled Tribes and Small Marginal and other farmers of ayacut area. Super digest was also supplied for preparation of super digest compost.

Applications of zinc, iron and a combination of both elements have increased the yield on maize. For this purpose, the new agricultural extension services, known as training and visit system has been introduced in Command Area from 1979. For the purpose of field demonstration activities under Central sector Schemes since 1979. For the purpose of field demonstrations activities under Central sector Schemes since 1979 a large sum of 41.88 lakhs were provided. From 1979 to 1999 a total of 200 demonstrations were prepared to held and 326 training programs were conducted. A total amount of Rs. 18.62 lakhs were spent and only 139 training programs were actually held.

Land and Reclamation:

To tackle the problem of land reclamation yeo pronged strategy was adopted. In the first category, Series of lectures on land reclamation aspects were broadcast from All India Radio Gulbarga by the U.A.S. Scientist of Agricultural University, Department of agriculture and Command Area Project of Tungabhadra

To tide over this degradation of soil and consequent loss in production, the Government have allocated a sum of Rs. 5 Lakhs for reclamation purpose during the year 1985-86. In order to reclaim more area and increase production, the

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Karnataka State Co-operative Land Development Bank Ltd., was requested to finance the Project, where- ever possible. The CADA Broad has also resolved in its session held on dated 27-12-1985 to provide 25% subsidy to the beneficiaries on the recoverable items, irrespective of their holdings and meet the entire most of

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Main drain and other structures. Such a far-reaching decision led to the execution of reclamation works with financial aid to beneficiaries on area of 73.54 hects of a total cost of Rs 5,46,107-55. Its is a matter of pride that CADAs share was as much as Rs. 2,02,335-1 To reclaim the affected area and to prevent further speed of seepage, demonstrations were held at several places Vannur and Banapure, Kurugodu, Karur etc since 1981-81 these demonstrations have served the farmers of Command Area in tackling hazards of seepage, works. Farmers involved in this program has grown better crops in their fields.

Work without maintenance, get damaged. Similarly, soil needs proper care after executive of works. Quite often, in the initial one are two years , the title pipes have a tendency to dislocate and give way movement of soil into the pipes and render the Drainage scheme ineffective. If these are immediately corrected, the reclamation works gives good results. In addition, the salts deposited on the surface in the soil pores are to be leached out by allowing profuse quantity of irrigation. Such trails is taken up on soil test report and low fertility level has to be increased. In brief the above items of work constitute major planks of follow up action. Based on analytical report and field conditions, this program was implemented.

In addition to efforts made to illustrate to scientific water management in paddy, demonstrations were taken up during Khariff and Rabi in seed farm in Gangvathi in farmers fields in collaboration with Department of Agriculture and University of Agriculture science during 1992-93.

To develop the fallow land and make it fit for agriculture a target of 200 hectares was fixed with financial provision of Rs. 40 lakhs. As against this till 1977, 120.31 hectares have been brought under cultivation by spending Rs.22.45 lakhs.

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Similarly for the purpose of land rejuvenation and development an amount of Rs. 75.76 lakhs for 660 hectares was provided. Out of this amount Rs. 75.62 lakhs have been spent and work was carried out for 596 hectares.

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Since inception of this authority 3,078 hectares (Left Bank Canal 1548.50 hectares, Right Bank Canal 1529.50 hectares) have been reclaimed. When compared to the hug area i.e., 96,215 hectares reclamation work is not taking place speedily.

In the year 1994-95 under Special Component Plan, to reclaim saline, alkaline and waterlogging area in SC/ST farmers fields an amount of Rs. 8.50 lakhs was spent and 52 hectares have reclaimed benefitting 61 farmers. However, the Government had withdrawn the budget foe Special Component Plan and hence it could not be implemented during 1996-97. But the Government had provided Rs. 5.00 lakhs for welfare of scheduled tribe people under Special Tribal Program . During the year 1996-97, 613 plant protection sprayer were distributed free of cost to 613 beneficiaries at the rate of Rs. 815.00 per sprayer.

Adoptive Trails:

The most chromic problems in TBP Command Area that have defied solution for over two and half decades are

Wastage and over use of water Water logging and salinity

To solve this problem of wastage and over flow of water use of adoptive trials have been laid out under on farm development every year.

Regarding the problem of water logging and salinity, some modifications have been made in the laterals at instance of Dr.Bhattacharaya, water Management specialist, Indian Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi.

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Certain problems have been faced by farmers in adopting the new technology evolved by the scientist of University of Agricultural Sciences. After considering these problems, TBP-CADA has proposed eight Research Programs under the project studies and Research. The schemes are entrusted to scientist of the U.A.S Dharwad. They are under.

34Development of Improved Cotton varieties/hybrids for T.B.P area.Genetic Improvement of Groundnut yields in T.B.P Area.Improvement of Soya bean yields in TBP area.Multiple cropping system in red and black soils of TBP area.Agro-forestry systems suited to TBP Command Area.Effects of recycling of cotton stocks of soil properties.Inspects pest Management in Groundnut.Inspects pest Management in Cotton.

It was also proposed to hold 93 trails with budget provision of Rs. 8 lakhs. The program could not be implemented as Government of India did not sanction the trails. However, it interesting to note that during 1992-93, no amount was released to Agriculture University, Dharwad as it has not sent the accounts for the amount released for earlier year. In the same way during 1996-97, seventies studies were entrusted to the University on varietals trails on Ground nut crops, studies on fertility of soil, Agro-forestry system, multiple cropping system, prawn culture etc.

Water-logging, salinity and alkalinity studies :

No scientific analysis by way determining ph. Electrical conductivity and percentage of exchangeable sodium etc has been carried out. If such analysis has to be made, the area so affected could be lower. A pilot project study with technical and financial assistance from Netherlands Government is initiated in the year 1986.

During the year 1986-87 Mudatnur village in Siruguppa Taluka, Bellari District was taken up for study of water logging, salinity and alkalinity problems. Mudatnur

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village is mostly covered by medium deep black soil. The water logging is affected in the eastern part of the village where nala flows and joins river Tungabhadra. The water logging in this area is ascribed to the lack of drainage condition in the natural streams.

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Under Central to reduce the problem of water logging drainage channels were proposed to be constructed for an area 2,336 hects. Since 1979 with the cost of Rs. 76.52 lakhs. However till 1997 drainage channels were constructed only 1,481 hects field at a cost of Rs.43.52 lakhs. As on 2007-08, 2497 hects field drain were constructed. During the year 2007-08 in 1442 hects field drain by spending Rs. 57.69 lakhs are constructed. Similarly, in Hirehalla project till the end of 2007-08 in 2455 hects fields drains are constructed. Due to this undulated water lying in the fields were drained out and now farmers are able to take higher yields from their fields.

GROUND WATER SURVEY AND INVESTIGATION:

Six villages in the tail end areas of the command were selected geo-hydrological studies and for exploring the possibility for utilization of ground water to the supplement the irrigation requirements of the farmers of the tail end areas. Under Central Sector scheme for Ground Water survey and Investigation in 9,160.16 hectares since 1979 to 1997 an amount of Rs. 34.33 lakhs was provided. As against this the whole area was surveyed at the cost of 29.15 lakhs only. In the same way for topographical survey in 3,67,447 hectares art amount of Rs. 516.57

lakhs were provided. As against this an area of 47,615 hectares area was surveyed with the cost of Rs . 370.57 lakhs.

During the course of survey all the existing irrigation wells and representative public wells were inventoried and other geo-hydrological data were collected. In this context, it is noteworthy that in 1981-82 CADA has constituted Taluka

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committees foe Gangvathi, Sindhanur, Manvi and Raichur Talukas to go into detail of the problems of the tail end lands which are getting water.

Observation schedules for different measurement program have been finalized and data have been collected on the following items:

Ground water fluctuations.Water quantity.

36Hydraulic conductivity of B.C soil.EC PH.ESP.SAR. values of saline affected blocks.Crop yield and rainfall.Operational practices on main canal & Distributaries.Nala flows.Cost analysis of all works.Murum and hydro isobaths etc.

Monitoring cell :

A monitoring cell opened on 31-10-1986 headed by an executive Engineer, is set up for monitoring the programs of measurement of discharges and land drainage etc., the monitoring cell is collecting the data on all programs and then preparing detailed reports on all aspects by processing the data collected. The daily discharges in measuring devices of Distributary 36 are collected and daily and monthly variations of discharges are plotted similarly the daily discharges in umnor nalas is regularly collected and its variation of err plotted canal capacities for carrying in the discharge are calculated by taking the actual C/S & L/S of canal and compared with the measured and design discharge. By taking C/S & L/S and measuring the discharge by Measuring Devices the roughness coefficient is also

calculated and compared with design values. Calibration of drops and offtake of distributary 36 is also done and its curves are plotted.

For conducting seepage loss the reach between the measuring devices at ch, 167 & ch: 370 is proposed by the Netherlands Teams the seepage loss test is conducted twice in this reach. An expenditure of Rs. 3.20 lakhs has been incurred

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towards the establishment charges of Monitoring Cell. The result and conclusion will be complied to sort out the problem and to arrive at suitable and practical solutions. The result of these research work can be extended to the entire command T.B.P and to other project also.

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Specific Investigation:

In order to ascertain the comparative study of ground water occurrence and its quality in different geological and soil conditions intensive survey was carried out in the Uprahal Sub-BASIN Raichur Taluka, covering an area of about 2059 Kms. In the year 1984-85 Gotur and Gonal villages in Bellari Taluka and Bagewadi in Siruguppa Taluka in Bellari District aiid Mukundi in Sindhanur and Ulenur and Bennur villages of Gangvathi Taluka, Raichur Districts are covered by black/cotton soils. It is suggested that in all these villages, there is need to asses the quality of ground water at deeper level by drilling exploratory bore wells.

Recording Of Ground Water Levels :

In 1981-82 in fifteen villages of Bellari and Raichur districts recording of ground water level were conducted. In the same way year 151 water samples were collected from various sources for studying the chemical quality and suitability for irrigation purpose in the Command Area. They were analyzed by the laboratory attached to this unit office. The chemical analysis data was utilized to prepare the ground water quality maps. Water sample was collected and analyzed in the District Soil Testing Laboratories of Ballari and Dadesugar. Based on these analysis ground water quality map of the Command Area is prepared.

Ground water surveys for conjunctive utilization of ground water for supplementing canal water deficiency in the tail end areas were taken in Mudlapur and Katarki villages of Manvi Taluka of Raichur District in the Left Bank

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Canal Command Area. Besides the routine monitoring of Static Water Level, in different parts of Command Area to the study the behavior of water table in the Command Area are taken up. Geo-hydrological survey was conducted in Mudlapur and Katraki villages situated to the South-east of Manvi, the north of Tungabhadra River to study ground water potentiality of the area. The chemical quality of ground water in Mudlapur area is found to be sufficiently good and suitable for irrigation. The pumping and recovery tests conducts in some of the dug wells show 75 percent evaporation per day indicating good potentiality of the

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wells in particular and area in general. Each well is irrigating about 5 to 8 Acres of land. The common crops grown are paddy, groundnut, pulses etc.

Taking into consideration the above observation it is suggested that, the Northern, North-West and North-East Zones which are feasible can be developed by way of dug wells, dug-cum-bore wells and bore wells. Similarly, the geo-hydrological survey of Kartagi villages was conducted to identify the ground water potential zones for conjunctive use.

Bore Wells :

All the small and marginal farmers those who have installed bore wells pump sets and pipelines for irrigation in their lands subsidy will be provided as follows :

Category of farmers

Subsidy amount

Maximum subsidy amount limited

Small farmers 25.00% Rs. 30,000 per farmerMarginal farmers 33.00% Rs. 30,000 per farmerSC/ST farmer 50% Rs. 30,000 per farmer

In the year 2002-03 an amount of Rs. 10,00,000.00 has been distributed to 56 beneficiaries through Agricultural Co-operative societies. The amount released has been fully utilized during the year. However, for succeeding tear approval has not been received from central Government .

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Irrigation bore wells are seen mainly in North-Eastern portion of the Kartagi village area. The area show good potentiality as observed from the existing dug and bore wells. Bore wells are of very shallow depth ranging from 10 to 15 meters. They are giving high yield and irrigating about 10-15 acres of land. The pumping water level is found to be less than twelve meters since the bore wells are operated by centrifugal pumps. The quality of water is also observed to be good for irrigation. The common crops of the areas are paddy, sugarcane, groundnut and pulses.

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It is suggested that the bore wells should be drilled to the depth of 25-30 meters for still better yield. The tail end Mudlapur and Kartagi villages with good ground water potential deserves due to attentiuon for ground water development to bring more area under irrigation. The excess water flowing in the Manvi nala may be used by digging shallow infiltration wells or by providing individual lift irrigation schemes to the farmers of the area.

Static Water Level Measurements :

The periodic monitoring of Static Water Levels in selected observation wells is an important work to study the behavior of the water table in the Command Area during different seasons. Accordingly, the measurement of monthly and seasonal Static Water Level in the prescribed observation wells were continued. A total number of 125 pre-monsoon and 125 post-monsoon water levels were measured respectively in the prescribed 125 seasonal observation wells distributed in Ballari and Raichur Districts of the Command Area.

The fluctuation of ground water levels in the observation wells prior to monsoon and after the monsoon gives valuable data on annual ground water recharge

conditions. To monitor the seasonal ground water fluctuation of ground water table in the Command Area 200 wells were being monitored and the water levels are measured during the pre and post monsoon seasons. The data collected over a period of several years provide information on regional behavior of the ground

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water table in the Tungabhadra Command Area. The studies have showed the existence of regionally extending zones characterized by low water table conditions.

Earlier static water levels both in dug wells and bore wells were recorded one in two months. However, in 1992-93 the Director, Department of Mines and Geology instructed that recording should be done every month. As a result quarterly and annual hydrographs are prepared Taluka wise and by these maps, the ground water fluctuation can be decided. The fluctuation of ground water

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also indicates of minerals in soil contents. In 1992-93 for the first time the shallow tube well program was included in CADA. The advantages of the same are:1. The intention to frill shallow tube wells is to separate see page from the Agriculture lands is to be made it as cultivable.

2. To make irrigation in tail end land in CADA area

However, ground water studies from lack of technical staff of for two to three years. No ground water survey and investigation activities were taken up from the year 1995-96.

ENGINEERING ACTVITIES:

Field Irrigation Channels :

Under Tungabhadra project, the entire length of R.B.L.L.C. in Karnataka was completed in the year 1953. In the Right Bank Lowe Level canal water was released for the first time in July 1967. The distributaries and canal field channel were completed by 1963. The construction of High Level Canal main canal carrying 2300 cusecs in the first stage was completed by 1966-97. The second

stage carrying 4000 cusecs of Water was completed in 1970-71 and water was released for the first time under the canal in July 1967.

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The CADA constructs the field channels and field- drains and the farmers do the maintenance. It is the duty of farmers to maintain the Field Drains to get good water supply and remove excess water so as to maintain good quality of lands. In this regard, it is stated by the authorize of CADA that the quality of maintenance by farmers is very good. Because if the field channels and field drains are not maintained properly then the fanners will not get the water required for them. Secondly, if the drains are not maintained properly, then the excess water will not be drained out and the crop yield will be affected. Hence, the farmers are very much interested in the maintenance of these words.

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Since the year 1979 to 1999 , a total grant of Rs. 436.69 lakhs was provided under central sector schemes to the executive engineers of irrigation department from out of Tungabhadra Project Command Area Development from of Tungabhadra Project Command Area Development Authority funds towards construction of field channels for 26,130 hects and to lining of field channels (both Right Bank side and Left Bank side ). However , only 20,392 hects were developed by spending Rs.370.57 lakhs . This suggest that there is a short fall of 5,738 hects in physical target and also a short fall in utilizing are many. One of the extent of Rs. 66.4 lakhs. The reasons for short fall are many, one of the important reason is the delay construction of an aqueduct and other C.D works across various nallas of D\no.16\17 and 16A minors and P.O>S of Right Bank High level canal by the Irrigation Department

Warbandi:

The general awareness regarding the implementation of Warabandi among the farmers have been created and for this purpose water user societies are also formed. Under Warabandi Scheme since 1977 to 1997 a provision of 337.23 lakhs were made under the central Sector Scheme for the achievement of physical target of 85,992 hects as against this 269.23 lakhs were spent and the target of

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61,652 hects was been achieved. Here also, achievement falls short of target fixed. In the Warabandi system of irrigation the participation of farmers is of utmost Importance. to achieve maximum utilization of water made available in the command area and to maintain distributaries field channel, central structures etc., in proper condition to enable the officers to supply water effectively the Government of India as given much importance. For the purpose of ensuring farmers participation since 1979 to 1997 an amount of Rs.24067 lakhs was earmarked with a target of 1200hects having 122 farmers. As against this an amount of Rs.15.31 lakhs have been spent in an area of 7,866 hectares having 172 farmers. During 1990-91 one Water Users Cooperative. society was organized at Dhadesugar covering an area of 798.94 hectares. Till 31.3.1997 there are 15 Water Users Societies in Command Area. These co-operative Societies

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came into existence due to the insistence of Government of India. The Government of India insisted that farmers participation should be involved in water management and micro level system of distribution is to be ensured to the farmers for maintenance. Under this program to involve farmers participation Water Users Co-operation. Societies at various outlet levels are organized as per the directions of Government.

Warabandi is system of equitable distribution and minimization of wastage of water. The main objective of Warabandi system is to provide adequate assured, timely and dependable water supply to all farm holdings irrespective of their location in the Command Out of the total ayacut of 3.63 lakh hectares an area of 102760 Hectares in brought under Warabandi. Due to new policy of Government and amendment to irrigation Act, the irrigation management is been handed over to the farmers by registering Water Co-operative Societies. Hence no program is taken up by CADA. In other words, responsible is shifted from CADA to farmers under WUCS from 2004-05.

INDO-DUTCH WATER MANAGEMENT PROJECT:

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Objectives of the project was to provide solutions to the problem of water utilization in Tungabhadra project, severe problems were noticed regarding water utilization. They are:

Low efficiency of use of water and high water losses,In equitable distribution of water,Low irrigation intensity,Loss of land due to water logging and salinity.For finding out the scientific solutions to the above mentioned chronic problems Pilot Project work in D-36 to Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal was started with Dutch Collaboration of the Royal Government of Netherland and Government of India in 1986. The main objectives of the project are as follows:Increasing the water management efficiency.

43To ensure water supply to all farmers particularly tail enders.To find solutions to the problems of water logging and salinity.Reclamation of lands already affected by water logging and salinity.\

The work plan of the project includes selective lining, construction of measuring devices along distributary 36 and on some of the field channels monitoring cell, establishment charges, Major and Minor Nala cleaning, Service roads, Remote Sensing Drainage, Ground Water studies, Study of tail end Agriculture, reclamation of water logged and saline affected lands. An estimate for a total amount of Rs.230.00 lakhs was sanctioned for this purpose. The Dutch share is Rs.56.00 lakhs in this scheme. The 1st place of this pilot project ended on 31st December, 1989 and total cost incurred was Rs. 104.00 lakhs.

The work of construction of measuring device along the distributor 36 and its minors and selective lining in two reaches measuring 870 meters in the main distributor were completed during the year 1990-91. The work of determining the seepage losses, calibration of pipe outlets and chaks research in P.O.8 L/S of 36-3

and 440R/S of 36/1 have also been completed. The work done during the year 1990-91 has been mainly regarding taking the gauge readings of the measuring

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devices, inflow measurement soft up stream chaks, collection of data regarding the standing crops in the chaks and further chak research work in 8 L/S and 440 R/S. Proposal for starting the Phase-II for an estimated cost of Rs.432.504 lakhs were submitted during the year 1990-91. This phase comprises of works like, installation of proportional modules, construction of measuring devices on sub-Distributaries of D-36, constructions of controlling structures on D-36 selective lining. Major Nala of Cleaning, Sub-Surface Field Drainage, Construction of pickups on Minor Nalas for reuse of draining water, construction of measuring devices on major distributaries of LBC, upgrading of service roads, ground water studies, remote sensing applications, study tail end agriculture, training of Indian personnel etc. out of the amount Rs. 432.05 lakhs, the Indian contribution is Rs. 70.648 lakhs and the balance amount of Rs. 361.41 lakhs will be Dutch share. An

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evaluation mission to assess the results of the Pilot Project also visited the area and has submitted its report.

The period from 1st January, 1990 to 31st December, 1990 is considered as transition phase and an estimate for Rs. 13.00 lakhs has been submitted Government for this purpose for taking up improvements in distributor-36, works like Minor Nala cleaning, repairs to measuring devices, pipe drainage for treatment of water logged area under the Distributory-36. During 1990-91, an expenditure of Rs.6,46,440/- has been incurred towards Monitoring Cell establishment charges, Petrol and Oil charges, construction of Measuring devices, Major and Minor nala cleaning, selective lining and shorter term consultancies on Water Management. The phase-II of the Pilot Project is approved in June 1992 by the Government of Karnataka and the approval from Dutch Government was awaited.

The Government of Karnataka has been also sanctioned Rs.70.64 lakhs for the phase-II OF THE PROJECT. As per 1993-94 Annual Report(CADA) for this phase of project a total of 13posts were sanctioned, out of which 2 posts are of Grade ‘A’

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and one of Grade ‘B’ and the remaining 9 of Grade ‘C’ and one ‘D’ Grade. The financial and physical target fixed and the achievement of this project is presented in table. Table point out that physical and financial target and achievement of pilot project phase-II

Sr.No.

Year Target Achievement

Financial Physical Financial Physical1. 1990-91 6.35 Est 6.46 Est2. 1991-92 31.98 Est 5.05 Est3. 1992-93 18.00 Est 2.61 Est4. 1993-94 17.60 Est 2.12 Est5. 1994-95 30.00 Est 1.02 Est6. 1995-96 30.00 Est 9.59 Est7. 1996-97 40.00 Est 2.5 Est8. 1997-98 105.00 -- 103.45 Est9. 1998-99 152.10 Est 154.76 Est

The above table clearly point out that except 1998-99 in all the years expenditure incurred is less that the amount allotted. Now, let us turn our attention to the physical and financial achievement of pilot project phase-II

CO-OPERATION:

Agriculture Credit:

The agriculture credit is being dispensed by the District Central Co-operative Banks as well as other Commercial Bank such as Tungabhadra Grameena Bank, state bank of India, State Bank of Hyderabad, State Bank of Mysore and Syndicate Bank of India. The long term credit is advanced by the Primary Co-operative Land Development Banks in the Command Area. For this purpose since 1979 to 1997 under Central Sector Scheme an amount of Rs.41.49 Lakhs were provided for small marginal fanners. However, only Rs.30.23 lakhs were utilized for this purpose.

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The long term credit in the Command Area is made available through the Taluka Primary Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank functioning in Command Area. There are 9 Taluka Primary Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Ltd., functioning under Command Area. The long term advances for sinking of irrigation wells, taking up of grape cultivation, for development of coconut gardens and land for reclamation works etc., are advanced by these Banks. For e.g. in the year 1981-82 advances of Agricultural credit was extended through three sources. They are as under

District Central Co-operative Banks-343.87 lakhs.Commercial Banks through Co-operative institution-375.68 lakhs.Others-617.08 lakhs. In other words a total of 1336.63 lakhs were advanced as short term crop loan.

The total credit plan for the year 1990-91 was Rs.42.40 Crores as against the target sum of Rs.9.68 crores is provided in the form of short term loan by the

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various bank in the Command Area. The progress of advancement is poor due to non-recovery of loans from the borrowers. In the same way out of the total credit program for the year 1993-94 was Rs.6328.00 lakhs, a sum of Rs.2,9521 lakhs is provided in the form of short term loan by the various banks in the Command

Area. The progress of advancement of S.T. loans is poor due to non-recovery of the loans from the barrowers.

Credit Facilities for Crop loan:the agricultural credit is provided mainly by the Two Districts Co-operative Central Banks through the net work of Primary Agricultural Credit Co.op. societies in the Command Area. Tungabhadra Grameena Bank and other Commercial Banks through their branches are also disbursing Agricultural Credit to the farmers directly and through the Co.op. societies ceded to the Banks. The details of Credit facilities made available from inception of CADA to 1993-94 are shown in the table below

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Sr.No Year Amount(Rs. In lakhs)

1. 1981-82 1336.632. 1982-83 1412.713. 1983-84 1687.694. 1984-85 1407.455. 1985-86 2460.576. 1986-87 2597.987. 1987-88 2097.928. 1988-89 1795.419. 1989-90 2629.7110. 1990-91 960.2011. 1991-92 1541.7612. 1992-93 2684.0013. 1993-94 2952.7514. 1994-95 3248.30

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The table point out that the loan provided for the period 1981-82 to 1994-95 shows increases in three – fold. In others words, the government tried to encourage farmers in their agriculture activities.

Out of the total credit program for the year 1993-94. Rs.6328.00 lakhs a sum of Rs.2952 lakhs is provided in the form of short term loan by the various Banks in the Command Area. The progress advancement of S.T. loans is poor due to non-

recovery of loans from the borrowers. The position long term loan is as under:

The information noted about point out that long term loan which was just 4.67 lakhs from 1981-82 rose to 509.06 lakhs in 1988-89. This indicate that long term loan is provided to the farmers who are

Sr.no.

Year In Lakhs

1. 1981-82 4.672. 1982-83 26.473. 1983-84 83.204. 1984-85 49.485. 1985-86 213.776. 1986-87 175.597. 1987-88 186.238. 1988-89 509.06

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capable of repaying the loan amount. Hence, the magnitude of loan provided from long term has increased manifold.

The long term credit in Command Area is made available through the Taluka Primary Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank functioning in the Command Area. There are 9 Taluka Primary Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank Ltd., functioning under Command Area. The long term advances for sinking of irrigation wells, taking up of grape cultivation, for development of coconut gardens and for land reclamation works etc. are advanced by these Banks.

Special Component Program :

Another contribution which merits the attention here is the progress achieved under Special Component Program . The objective in this program is to reduce the inequality between Schedule Casters and rest of the caste. On 30-5-1984 CADA decided to develop lands belonging to Scs free of cast out of Special Component funds. However, order was issued by the Government of Karnataka only on 28-3-1987. To achieve this objective, the CADA has identified 3,072

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farmers to whom 3,110.90 hectares of land has been allotted under Karnataka Land Reforms Act, 1961 the allotted lands were found highly eroded, degraded and infested with all types of vegetation. Within the scarce resources available during the year under report, the CADA has developed 132.37 hectares of land benefiting 1261 beneficiaries, at an estimated cost of Rs. 3.59 lakhs, meeting the full cost of land development and other works. Such a step, not only inspired the confidence in targeted group, but also prevented cornering of benefits by the better off. The table below provides the financial and physical targets fixed and achieved under Special Component Plan from 1982-83 to 1997-98.

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Year Target AchievementFinancial Physical Beneficiaries Financial Physical Beneficiares

1982-83 .. . 2.1 .1983-84 .. . 10 .1984-85 .. . 3.9 .1985-86 5 . . .1986-87 6.7 7.12 . .1987-88 22 . 13.32 13131988-89 15 . 13.32 16001989-90 11.3 . 12.21 30641990-91 25 3442 5.188 14.341991-92 3392 3442 5.188 14.341992-93 43,09 2335 3392279 23351993-94 .. 3379 4308.749 32551994-95 22 355 60 hects 22.16 417/337 151 hects1995-96 55 ST(10) 2360(122.2) 55.45(5.21) 4430 (66.88 hects)1996-97 23.25 ST 10 1353 (585) 23.19 (8.24) 1353 (668)1997-98 22.90 ST 1.81 3209 (30) .. ..1998-99 .. .. .. ..1999-2000 .. . . .2000-01 33 ST 5 lakhs 1000 (114) . .2001-02 44 ST 12 31509(hects) 1243 . 10002002-03 31.9 2971 29.13 6382003-04 .. …. . ….2004-05 66 lakhs ST 25 1158B 1047B 65.90 0.04 1103B(230 Hects) 41B 150B2005-06 30.4 ST7.38 157B 0.12 ..2006-07 20lahs ST1.95 .. 20lakhs ST1.94 ..

The above table point out that various number of benefits was provided to the SCs and STs farmers view to improve their socio-economic conditions. Around 3800 farmers got benefit under this scheme. It would be ideal to get Central or state funds given to this Scheme for implementing it speedily to give them immediate benefits as otherwise, the desired objects to raise them above poverty line by giving them the barren land will not help them in reality. In absence of separate funds, at least it would be better if entire Command Special Component budget of all the departments is pooled and a coordinated Central Scheme is got up by CADA to render economic and social justice to the unfortunate group. For

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example, under Special Component Program following schemes were implemented:

Supply of Pneumatic tire cans to SC beneficiaries 60% subsidy.Supply of Agricultural Implements free of cost to SC persons.Sanction of Subsidy to SC farmers for sinking bore wells laying pipelines and installation of pump sets.Sanction of wooden and tire carts to ST member (60% subsidy).Sanction of Margin money to LICS or Water Users C.S. and 10% to 20% of estimated cost.Supply of seeds chemicals, and fertilizers to SC persons free of cost for Rs.1600/- per head.Enrollment of S.C. persons as members in Co.op. societies.Supply of agriculture implements to S.C. persons in Co.op. Societies free of cost.Supply of Bullock and Bullock carts to S.C. persons of Co.op. societies @ 60% of unit cost of Rs.8,800/-.Supply of Tyre-carts to S.C. persons of Co.op. societies @ 60% of unit cost of Rs.12,3007- as the pieces where sugar factories are functioning.Imparting training to S.C. Men and Women artisans (Tailoring, Amber Charka, Weaving).Supply of machines and tools to trained S.C. persons @ 60% of cost.Providing Sewing machines to trained S.C. Women.Construction of field irrigation channels under Lift Irrigation Scheme T.B.P. LNC to SC/ST fanners.

In 1997-98 1166 S.C. person are enrolled as members in Agricultural Co-operatives. Similarly, in 1989-90, 2089 S.C. members were there in 11 co-operatives societies.

Till the end of March 1997 CADA has spent Rs.13.91 lakhs under Special Component Plan though the amount provided was Rs.22 lakhs. The schemes

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noted above were taken up by both Central and State Government in Co-operation with each other.

The regular Agriculture Department of Government of Karnataka ensures supplies of all inputs and services. However, CADA will check up whether the supplies and services are made available or not. The supplies of inputs include good quality seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and chemicals. The meetings are held at night so as to facilitate the farmers to attend their day time work in the fields. In these meetings, the details such as availability of seeds, fertilizers, chemicals etc., will be informed to farmers. The State Agriculture Department will test the purity of seed fertilizers, pesticides etc. The CADA will only supervise work. If stock is not available, it will be reported to Assistant Directors.

Farmers Participation :

The first Water Users Co-operative Societies was organized at Dhadesugar(Sindhanur) in 1990-91. The Karnataka Irrigation Act 1965 is amended under ordinance No. 3 of 2000 to incorporate provision participatory irrigation management. According to the act Water Users Co-operative societies are formed comprising an area of 300 to 500 hects each.

During the year 1996-97, as per the direction from Government to take up organization of Water Users Co-operative societies on Pilot Basis only after obtaining guidelines, a sum of Rs 0.51 lakhs was spent under this activity towards printing of literature and brochures. Subsidy to Small and Marginal Farmers. During the year, an amount of 5.14 lakhs was spent benefitting 49 small and marginal farmers who have been sanctioned subsidy as specified by NABARD for sinking bore wells and installation of pump sets including the laying of pipelines.

16 water users co-operative societies were registered in the command area during the period from 1990 to 1999. Out of these only 13 WUCSs were given subsidy to the extent of 12.97 lakhs for a period of 3 years only to meet the expenditure towards staff salary, contingent expenses, rent and furniture etc.

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However, after a stoppage of subsidy these WUCSs had become refund. To revitalize these societies, the Government has to take policy decisions and make statutory changes in this regard for future action.

As per the directions of the Government vide Lr.No.ID46CAM96(p) dated 09.12.1999, a target has been fixed to this authority to register 835 new Water Users co-operative societies with in 30.06.2000. as on 31.03.2000, 35 Water Users co-operative societies have been registered in this authority. For the remaining societies follow up action as been drawn in co-ordination with various departments like, irrigation, co-operation and CADA officers to register the societies on top priority basis. This authority as also requested to earmark a sum of Rs. 16.15 crores to provide subsidy to all the 835 water users co-operative societies at the rate of Rs. 450/- per Hectares as per recommendation made by Shri.Ghosal Committee. A sum of Rs. 5.00 lakhs has been earmarked for this scheme during the year 1999-2000. All the formats like, bye-laws, registration proceedings, registration certificate, chief promoters meeting, which are essential for registering the said societies got printed in this authority under this scheme. They are supplied to the farmers at free of cost so as to enable them to Register the societies on war-footing basis and to achieve the Government target fixed. Therefore, the entire budget provision of Rs 5.00 lakhs has been utilized by end of March 2000.

One Time Functional Grant:

One Time Functional Grant at the rate of Rs.225 from the Central Govt. Rs.225 from State Government and Rs. 50 from Farmers thus totally Rs. 500/- per hectares is released to the registered Societies which have taken responsibilities of water management and the same is deposited in Cooperative Bank in a joint Fixed Deposit Account of the Land Development Officer and the President of Water Users cooperative Societies concerned. The interest earned on this Fixed Deposit shall be utilized for various expenditure of Water Users Cooperative Society. The details of one time Functional Grant released is found in Table.

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One Time Functional Grant Released to Water Users Co-operatives.

Sr.No.

Year Registered WUCS

One time functional Grant Sanctioned WUCS

SanctionedGrant

1. End of 31.3.2002

195 23 22,89,429.00

2. 2002-03 126 44 40,00,681.003. 2003-04 86 38 33,17,916.004. 2004-05 04 20 22,75,473.005. 2005-06 05 10 15,12,619.006. 2006-07 09 09 20,00,132.007. 2007-08 09 16 2233814.00

Total 434 160 1,76,30,064.00

The above table point out that a huge amount of Rs. 1,76,30,064.00 was provided to WUCs so that the responsibility of looking after field irrigation channels is shifted form the Government to that of beneficiaries. However, the progress in establishment a total of 835 WUCs is still a long way to go. To the end of the financial year 2007-08 totally 436 Water Users Cooperative Societies are registered. Out of which 160 Societies have entered into MOU.

Total areaIn hectares

Total target ofSocieties in Command Areas.

Registered Societies 2007-08

balance WaterManagement handed over

Balance.

3,63000 835 Nos 436 Nos183141.37hects

399 hects

160 societies As on 2006-0734588.36 hects

675Societies

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STORAGE AND MARKETING:

In the year 1980-81 there were only 210 storage Godowns with a capacity of 28500 M. Tones. However, in 1981-82 Godowns increased to 263 with a total capacity of 33800 M. Tones in the Command Area. It should be noted that till 31.31.990-91 there were 298 Godowns with the total capacity of 36,600 M. Tones. these go downs are fully utilized for storage of fertilizers, seeds and other agricultural inputs and for supply the same to the farmers and also storage of agricultural inputs for supply of the same to the farmers and also storage of agricultural products against which pledge loan facilities are extended.

Incomplete go downs could not be completed by the village co-operatives due to escalation in the cost of construction, paucity of funds with a view to complete such incomplete go downs and to provide storage facilities to the farmers in the Command Area. The CADA provided additional funds required over and above the original estimated cost sanctioned by the NCDC to the extent of Rs.10.09 lakhs for completion of 58 such incomplete go downs . Since 1994-95 to 1996-97 for the construction of 16 go downs a total of Rs. 11.25 Lakhs were provided. During the

year 1998-99 and 1999-99 and 1999-2000, each year Rs 5 lakhs was spent on construction of 5 go downs.

PROCESSING UNITS :

All the cotton gins run by the T.A.P.C.M.S have worked to full capacity during the past three years and earned profit. The ginning units are charging reasonable rates to the farmers for ginning, pressing etc.,, when compared to the rates charged by the private units. However, the rice mills run by the T.A.P.C.M.S could not work to the capacity due to change in the mode of purchase of paddy.

With a view to increases the activities of the processing societies and to offer better services to the farmers, the CADA has provided funds to the T.A.P.C.M.S. Ltd., Raichur, Manvi, Sindhanur and Bellari during the year 1984-85 for carrying out repairs to the cotton gins of the societies. Financial assistance was provided

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during 1982-83 and 1983-84 for installation of “Paraboil Units” by T.A.P.C.M.S Ltd. Gangavathi, Kampli and Sriguppa to offer better price for paddy. All the units are functioning.

LINKING OF CREDIT WITH MARKETING :

The Agriculture produce which is covered under the procurement and support price operations were excluded as it was the policy of State Government to encourage the procurement of food grains by such measures. Initially the fanners who are eligible for this 5% subsidy were only those who were belonging to the category of Small and Marginal Farmers, and later it was extended also to big farmers as small agriculturists had no sufficient surplus for repaying their dues. A sizable amount of Rs. 11.06 lakhs loans which were over due was recovered during 1981-82 and the amount of incentive subsidy utilized is to the extent of Rs 1.11 lakhs and Rs 0.45 lakh to the farmers and co-operative Institution respectively.

REGULATED MARKETS:

There were 8 Markets and 18 sub Markets in the Ayacut Area. These Market are developed from out of the grants provided by the World Bank assistance and also from the grants provided from CADA funds . Out of 8 Markets, 5 are in Raichur Districts and 3 in Bellari District. The main Markets are developed after construction of Shop-cum-platforms with World Bank assistance and also out of the financial assistance provided to them by than Tungabhadra as well this CADA. The trade has already shifted to these Market Yards and the farmers are making full use of these markets. Regarding Sub-Market yards, the same yet to be developed by the Marketing Departments. With a view to induce the traders to shift the trade to market yards, the CADA has introduced the scheme under which grants to an extent of Rs. 15.00 lakhs was provided to the Agricultural Produce Market Committee to assist the traders for construction of shop-cum-platforms to create infrastructures and to shift the trade to Market yards.

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Apart from providing Finance under Central and State sector schemes for forming Water Users Co-operative societies, credit facilities for crop loan and the construction of go downs, ayacut roads and housing, subsidy to small farmers at the rate of 25% and 33-1/3 percent was provided to marginal farmers, under special component plan.

Till now, we have acquainted with the programs implemented by TBP CADA. Now, let us turn our attention to agriculture production in 2007-08 at Tungabhadra Project Command Area during Khariff and Rabi seasons.

AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION IN TUNGABHADRA PROJECT AREA DURING KHARIF 2007-08

DISTRICT:- KOPPAL/RAICHUR/BELLARI

(Kharif 2007-08 Area: hectares)

On the basis of data and information provided and analyzed following issues and deficiencies in the working of T.B.P. CADA are noticed in the areas of administration, organization, technical, personal and financial spheres. They are as under.

Application of zinc, iron and a combination of both elements have increased the yield on maize . for this purpose , the new agricultural extension services, known as training and visit system has been introduced in the Command Area from 1979. Only in other words, due to lack of training and visit system maximum benefit from the available water for increasing yield in maize did not happen earlier. The lesson to be learnt is to obtain maximum benefit of advanced technology and knowledge based extension service be provided as soon as lands are ready to use the water potential created.The most chronic problems that have defied solution for over two and half decades are ;1.wasteage and over use of water 2.water logging and salinity.

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TBPCADA also proposed to hold 93 trails with budget provision of Rs. 8 lakhs . the program could not be implemented as Government of India did not sanction the trails. However , it is interesting to note that during 1992-93, no amount was released to the Agricultural University, Dharwar as it has not sent the accounts for the amount released for earlier year. This program might have been given due consideration as the benefits are of permanent nature Cotton Research Project was taken up during 1985. The objective is to evolve high yielding varieties resistant to insect pests and diseases, which are suitable to TBP area. In other words if this project was taken up earlier it might have been more useful to the cotton growers.TBPCADA conducted investigation on management of insects and pests to evolve suitable chemicals suitable for the control weed spread in groundnut crop.Failure of cotton crop reduce yields of groundnut, and availability of water at tail end points led to replace groundnut crops by sunflower.Micro-nutrients studies have shown that the soil are deficient in micronutrients. Demonstrations were conducted in Manvi, Sindhanur and Kurgodu area.Performance of improved threshers of sunflower crop and improved seed drills for groundnut crop was better than commercial threshers as it operated with maximum seed damage. These innovations might have introduced earlier so that farmers might have reaped the maximum benefit.A number of post – irrigation , water logging, salinity and alkalinity problems were also faced by the CADA. Mudatnur village in sirguppa Taluka, Bellary district was taken up for study of water logging, salinity and alkalinity problems.The problem of increasing the carrying capacity of left Bank Canal to push through water to tail end area point out that tail end areas in TDP are not getting sufficient water which led to TBP.CADA.

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Lands have been developed under Contour Border strip and other methods. However, till 1981-82, the CADA did not have per unit cost for survey. Lands could not be developed fast mainly due to lack of finance and unwilling and ineligible farmers. This problem stress the need for soil survey, providing sufficient finance and the need for creating awareness among farmers regarding efficient water management.Farmers are violating cropping pattern and indulging in unauthorized irrigation. Also because of seepage from canals, water logging, saline and alkaline areas.Gotur and Gonal villages in Bellari Taluks and Begewadi in Sirguppa Taluka in Bellari District and Mukundi in Sindhanur and Ulenur and Bennare villages of Gangavathi Taluka, Raichur Districts are covered by black cotton soils. In all these villages, there is a need to assess the quality of ground water at deeper level by drilling exploratory bore wells. This problem reveals that ground work was not done for a long time till the problem become and acute one. In 1992-93, for the first time, the shallow tube well program was included in CADA. The advantages of the same are:1. The intention to drill shallow tube wells is to separate seepage from the Agriculture lands and make land cultivatable. 2. To provide irrigation in tail end area. However, groundwater studies suffer from lack of technical staff for two years to three years. No ground water survey and investigation activities were taken up from the year 1995-96. This point out that the government of Karnataka is making only half –hearted efforts in water resource development and management.Regarding construction and lining of field channels in the command area laxity in completion of work is noticed. The reasons for shortfall are many/ one of the important reasons in the delayed construction of an aqueduct and other C.D. works across various nallas of D/No. 16/17 and 16A minors and P.O.S. of Right Bank High Level Canal by the irrigation Department.

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To combat the problem of water logging and salinization, it is necessary to study the behavior of black cotton soils under irrigation conditions. This was not done for a long time.The Netherlands Team expressed that the expenditure on formation of approach roads may not be a proper item of expenditure to be shared between the Netherlands Government and Karnataka State. This suggests that amount is diverted from one scheme to the other. This is not a correct method of carrying out work. While utilizing foreign aid, utmost care should be taken and money should be spent only for the purpose for which it is allocated. In other words, sufficient care was not in financial affairs.16 water users co-operative societies were registered in the command area during the period from 1990-1999. Out of these only 13 WUCSs were given subsidy to the extent of 12.97 lakhs for a period of 3 years only to meet the expenditures towards staff salary, contingent expenses, rent and furniture etc. However, after stoppage of subsidy, these WUCSs had become defunct. To revitalize these societies, the government has to take policy action. A proposal was submitted to the Government for according permission to divert the balance amount to ‘subsidy to small and marginal farmers’ scheme. As the CADA received the Government consent on 31.03.1999 and due to closer of financial year in re-appropriated amount could not be utilized during the year in 1998-99. This case also point out lack of timely and prompt action by the State Government .As on 2008, 436 WUCs formed through the intention was to form 835UCs by 2000. In addition to this hardly 160 Societies have entered into memorandum of Agreement and water management was handed over to them. This indicates that not only the target is not achieved but also 276 WUCs are hesitating to enter into memorandum of Agreement due to lack subsidy. The idea of one time functional about seems not to have encouraged the farmers in this regard. In the other words, farmers have depended on government for a long time and do not wish to take responsibility on themselves. As the position stands, mind set of farmers for

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change is difficult to achieve. TBP CADA is not successful in this regard to the extent desired.To sum up, in the case of Tungabhadra project new agricultural extension services known as training and visit system was introduced only in 1979. In other words, after 26 years of completion of this project the importance of training and visit was understood. As result increase in yield in maize did not happen. This project out that advanced know- how in agriculture field was not availed by the government. In the TBP area wastage of water, water logging salinity still persists. This indicate that TBP CADA’s inability to face this important challenge. Most of the researches undertaken with a view to increase agriculture production in TBP area are very late. As a result, farmers could not reap the maximum benefit of research for a long time.Farmers at tail and area did not get water for their fields. This has caused dissatisfaction among the farmers. CADA’s land development program was also hindered due to lack of finance and unwilling ineligible farmers.The problem of un-authorized irrigation violation of cropping pattern by farmers coupled with seepage of canals, distributaries choking of natural nalas, have led to formation of water logging, saline and alkaline area. These problems should be addressed by CADA at the earliest.In TBP CADA area ground water studies suffered from lack of technical staff,. This point out that water resources development and its utilization and management did not take place efficiently. In the construction and lining of field channel, laxity in completion of work led to under utilization of irrigation potential created. Procedural delay in sanctioning the amount needed led to some extent inefficiently in functioning of TBP CADA.

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Chapter-5

Impact of the Industries on Agriculture

Industrialization took place rapidly in Bellari and Koppal Districts after implementation of Industrial policy of 1992 and Globalization policy of 1992. The policy includes Liberalization, Privatization policy. This rapid industrialization as resulted in severe impact on Agriculture and on environment. The environmental pollution in turn as serious effect on the agriculture. Thus industrialization as impact on agriculture directly and also indirectly through polluting environment.

Moreover industrialization as created a greater sound and nuisance in Bellari owing to incessant mining, illegal mining even by registered mining companies there are 3lakh mining companies legally and illegally emerged. Some political leader, ministers entered in mining, illegal mining, theft of ore, collection of hufta, day and night digging, encroachment of cultivable land and forest for mining purpose. This reckless mining, digging, transportation made some politician and companies rich over night. This mining activities made a sound not only in Karnataka and India but also in the world. The Bellari mining has become famous in the world. Bellari was described as Republic. Mining Mafia entered.

The incessant mining, digging, quarrying and transportation and blasting disturbed the people and farmers in their daily activities, affected the health of farmers and animals. Roads are dilapidated, distorted, forest, agriculture and environment. Therefore Government declared Bellari District as mining affected area or mining impact zone. The major impact areas are Vittalapure, Tamate, Antapre, Odlau, Kudithini, Toranagallu, Devinagar, Taranagar, Vaddu Nandi halli, Hosapete and Sandur. This illegal mining destroyed the richness of environment, disturbed common people and villagers. And the greater loss to the Government Exchequer due to Tax evasion and loot of the Ore.

Iron Ore is abundant in Hosapete surroundings and availability 25% of total available in the country. Quality is highest in the world so it as world wide

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demand. This city is fast developing here, 2974 industries providing employment to the 15,000 people. Agriculture is also main occupation.

Despite the availability of the minerals in large quantity, the district is considered to be an industrial backward district. There are 23 large scale and medium scale industries. Bellari district as 25% of India’s Iron Ore reserve. There is one state owned mining company is Sandur i.e NMDC. After 1994 Government issued mining licences to many operators. Mining industries boomed with Surge in Iron Ore Prices due to demand emerging from China. Mining licences allocation policy from central Government was based on Political-Nepotism rather than merit. The flawed mining policy lead to wide spread of illegal mining. Since year 2000, money from illegal mining flowed to politics of Karnataka. The annual production of Iron Ore is between 3-4.5 Million tons.

The Industries in Bellari District are shown below:

Industries Number of unitsMedium and large scale 109Mega 13Small Scale 16620

Industries in Koppal;

No. Name of the units Location1. Bhoruka Power Corp Shiv pura, Koppal taluka2. Kirloskar Ferrous Industries Ltd Bevinahalli, Koppal taluka3. Tungabhadra Fertilizer and chemicals Ltd Munirabad, Koppal taluka4. Hospet steels Ltd Ginigera, Koppal taluka5. MSPL Hosahali, Koppal taluka6. RPG telecom Ltd Hanuma sagara, Kustigi

taluka7. Praxair Pvt Ginigera, Koppal taluka8. Brundhavan Beverages Pvt Hirebaganal, Koppal

taluka9. Maruti Ferto Chem Pvt Rudrapur, Koppal taluka10. Hospet Ispat Ltd Alla nagara, Koppal taluka

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11. Druvadesh Metasteel Pvt Hirebaganal, Koppal taluka

12. Sri Indra Power Energies Ltd Chika jantakal, Gangavathi talukla

Nature of impact on agriculture from the industries and allied activities are discussed as follows:

1. Impact of Acquisition and Encroachment of Land:

After year 2000 cultivable land both rain fed and irrigated land, in addition waste land forest land were acquired and encroached by industrialist for the installation of the factories. Lands were acquired by the industrialist not onlr for construction purpose but also for mining, stock yard, digging, crushing etc., For example JSW as acquired 1,600 acres of land Kirlosker factory and Hospet steels Ltd are acquired each 3,000 acres respectively. Like this so many factories in both districts acquired 1,000’s together acres of land. Another example of this acquisition of land from KIADB as follows. Surrounding of Venivirapur and Janekunte KIADB acquired 2,750 acres of land from 560 farmers and Lakshmi Mithal company acquired about 6,000 acres. Janaki steels acquired 200 acres, Shathavahana company acquired more than 3,000 acres, Ispat company acquired more than 3,000 acres, there are 14 sponge factories in Bellari and Sandur Taluks on average each factory occupies 150 acres so total of 2,100 acres of land has been occupied.

2. Impact of Mining:

Bellari is blessed with abundant Iron Ore and Manganese Ore. There are 1 lakh legal mining companies and 3 lakh illegal mining companies operating mining, digging and transportation.

Illegal mining includes incessant digging day and night, risky transportation day and night, illegal export, over loading of trucks. Encroachment of cultivable

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land for mining and digging purpose. Forest land acquired for deforestation, leasing out of cultivable land by farmers. This rapid mining activities took place between year 2000 and 2008. During this days mining activities are unlimited and created corruption and big nuisance. So mining made big sound in the country. Politician, Bureaucrats and Government employees entered in the mining fields.

Mining Mafia and Haufta collection about 50-60 or 50-50 sharing was operating in the area. There were lot of complaints of illegal mining and theft are lodged in the courts of Bellari districts.

The impact of mining are affected on the following places of Bellari and Koppal districts. Sandur and Hospet taluks were hit by the freak environmental pollution vowing to incessant mining and deforestation local

wealth drained to foreign countries. This places were declared as mining affected area and Mining Impact Zone.

Federation of Indian Mineral Industries(FIMI) admitted that politicians and Bureaucrats are responsible for the mess in the entire mining industries in Karnataka. Illegal extraction, risk transportation, digging, blasting, all these spoiled entire agriculture environment and reduced agriculture production.

a. Impact on Agriculture; thousands acres of land was brought under mining, digging and blasting from legal and illegal mining. People of Kammatur and Devagiri villages of Sandur taluk complain that 668 acres of agricultural land was acquired by illegal companies for mining purpose, more than 18,000 acres encroached, 3.45 acres burial ground was also encroached. So that agricultural products resided and there was no fodder for cattle and no food for animals. Animals lost there life by eating plastic.

Similarly mining affected areas are Swami Malai, Doni Malai, Ramana Malia north-eastern ranges, Nandi hali, Tara pur, Shiv pur, Vaddu, Banahatti, Toranagala, Odalu, Antapura, Talur, Raja pura, Agraha har, Yarayyana halli, hrekeryaginahalli, Tamata, Vittla pur and so on. Thus this incessant mining as

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made the gold growing land as Barren land. Richness of environment as spoiled inturn as adverse impact on the agriculture product.

b. Agricultural products have come down due to fertility of soil spoiled upper layer land was washed out due to mining.

c. Cultivable land has become rugged, un level and lost its cultivation and cultivation as stopped till today.

d. Dust generation; mining and transport leads to generation of dust and powder, this spread in the air and water. Dust in the air settles on the leafs of the trees and plants affecting on the growth and process of photosynthesis.

Mining powder mixed in the rainfall water flows towards tank so that silt generates on the ground level of the tanks and dams. This reduces capacity of storing of water and arises shortage of water for agriculture. So this reduces the agricultural products.

e. Impact on forest; forest land is decreasing vowing to reckless cutting of trees and deforestation for the purpose of mining, industry, real estate and urbanization. 70% of forest area has been deforested especially in Sandur taluk.

Deforestation led the mess in the environment, loss of wealth, increase in the temperature, soil erosion and thus this shrinking forest as affected seriously on the agricultural production.

3. Impact of Industries: It is well known fact that industrialization seriously affected on agriculture and environment due to acquisition of land and pollution of water soil air and increase in the temperature all these affected on the agricultural products, farmers and cattle.

a. Impact on Water: water is most essential resource. Over half of humanity continues to live in water stressed condition. This rapid industrialization and incessant mining activities are caused for depletion of water and contamination of water both underground and surface water.

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(i). it is evident from the survey that under ground water is shrunk in Sandur taluk panchayat limits shown in the table:

Villages Depleted Bore wells1. Chornur 37bore wells 2. Bommagatte 23bore wells 3. Darogi 19bore wells 4. Tara nagar 16bore wells5. Bhandri 13bore wells6. Nidgurthi 5bore wells7. Sushil nagar 5bore wells8. Vital nagar 3bore wells

Total 121 bore wells Similarly in Kudulgi taluk 27 tanks and 37 small tanks are there in which storage capacity of water is lowered due to formation of the silt and contaminated. In this taluk 1,406 bore wells are there out of which 408 bore wells have no water. 361 new bore wells were drilled out of them 197 have no water. This depletion of water in bore wells as created shortage of water and lands were left barren.(ii) contamination of water: water in bore wells not only depleted but also contaminated in bore well water and tank water. The water is getting increasingly lased with harmful organic and in organic chemicals discharged from the industries after the use of the water such water flows through lake and join river and tanks. Some factories in both the districts are allegedly dumping solid waste. The chemical in the wastes seeps into the ground water threating the drinking water sources of the villages. This contaminated water as seriously affected on the health of the farmers and children, on animal and cattle. People in the villages suffering from cough, skin deceases, respiratory problems, arsenic and etc.,Water also contaminated from chloride factor in the villages of the Bellari districts affecting seriously on the life of farmers.

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67Fluoride water: there is threaten of fluoride water in both districts affecting on the health of the people like trunk pain, decay of teeth, twist of the leg and hand etc. This villages are not free from fluoride water.District panchayat prepared a report by District Development Report the following facts come to light.All the schemes of the Government are utter flop to made the villages free from fluoride water. Hundred’s of villages of the district are struggling for the pure drinking water.Kudulgi taluk is on the 1st place on having fluoride water. Lead particles are much more present in the drinking water.Any efforts of the Government are not successful in reducing fluoride in the drinking water.In the year 2001 fluoride and other chemicals like Arsenic, Mercury, Lead are present in the water about 71.43%. After 10 years it is reduced only by 5.99%.The people who are suffering from the fluoride impact are big in number in Hadagali, Kudulgi, Hospet, Hagari Bomman halli, Sandur and Sirguppa taluk. The figure shows as follows:

Taluk % of fluoride content Bellari 47.31Hadagali 55.36H.B. halli 45.22Hospet 38Sandur 58.77Sirguppa 60.56

Chemical content traced in the water in the following Taluks shown by the following table:

Taluks % of chemicalsBellari 6.99Hadagali 2.68H.B. halli 1.74

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Hospet 2.38Kudulgi 5.53Sirguppa 7.02

Above all reports are obtained from Human Development Report.Impact of this water contamination made the farmers to migrate to the big cities like Banglore, Chennai, Hyderbad, Goa. In search of work and to escape from the problem of Fluoride water.The deceases occurring from the fluoride water are, Headache, Trunk pain, loss of teeth, twist of leg and hands etc.,

(b). Impact of polluted water on agriculture: (i) Farmers who suffered from the polluted water migrated to other places so agriculture land left barren. (ii) Reduced efficiency of the farmers and the agriculture labours to work in the tables. (iii) Reduced yield and the agricultural products.(c). Air pollution caused by the industries by discharging smoke in the air contain poisonous chemicals, ash and dust. When dust and ash spreads in the air which will settle on the leafs of the trees and plant n turn affect on the growth of plants. so agricultural product and yield reduced. It raises the efficiency of the farmers by affecting on their health. (i) It increases the temperature. The ice temperature was found during the year 1995 to 2013 45 degree Celsius degree. On average it is 42 Celsius degree during the summer. This was 37 Celsius degree in highest before industrialization. This affected on farmers health and efficiency, on the growth of agriculture, reduced rainfall and created water problem for agriculture.(d). Impact on farmers: The industrialization have made the serious impact on the farmers and labours. Small farmers and land less labours were migrated towards near by industries and mining companies in search of work not only with 2 districts but also from neighbour districts Raichur, Gulbarga, Chitradurga. There created labour problem and existing

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69farmer left their land uncultivated due to labour problem. Migrated farmers and labours also left their land barren.

4. Impact of Real Estate:

During this boom real estate business was on swing demand for land increased not for cultivation purpose but for conversion for layout and speculative purpose. Cultivable land was purchased by rich people for real estate purpose. Farmers stopped cultivation on road side lands and interior lands. A thick green scene on both sides of the road was disappeared. This real estate business resulted in reducing the agricultural production.

5. Impact of Transportation:It was estimated from the survey conducted by some association during boom period that nearly more than 1 lakh truck was used to running in a day. This nuisance of transportation led traffic jam for hours together every day. The accident were very common. Roads were dilapidated and rugged. Dust and smoke spread in the air and settled on the plants tree and terrace of the houses. Thus affected on the growth of the agriculture and efficiency of the farmers. Thus agricultural products reduced. Transport of the product to the markets delayed months together due to heavy traffic. This was a loss to the farmers.

6. Impact of Quarrying and Blasting:The powder and dust during quarrying and blasting takes place settles on the leaves on the trees and plants. In villages so many houses were cracked due to blasting.Thus industrialization and it is allied activities are totally spoiled the environment and disturbed environment and ecological balance. Agricultural production and yield decreased, efficiency of farmers decreased. A seminar held in the university centre at Nandi halli, said that productive age of youths decreased 29 years. Some politicians were

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prosecuted and jailed. Only few people become rich. Vast majority of the people remained poor.

70According HRD report of Bellari, data and statistics available in the Sandur taluk though annual per capita income of a person is on average 2.43lakh, majority of population are suffering from the poverty. The reason for this income and wealth imbalances is the concentration of the wealth and income with few mining owners and few mining contractors.Thus industrialization has serious impact on agriculture, production, yield, and on farmers and landless labours.

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Chapter-6 Remedies:Remedies are undertaken by Government and other institution to break on pollution created by industries and created by industries and create awareness among farmers and employees students and citizen. The object of remedies is to reconstruct and restore the environmental and ecological balance. And increases the agriculture production and yield. The remedial includes:1. Revival and restoration of environment 2. Reconstruction and revival schemes to be adopted by industries.3. Reconstruction and Rehabilitation.4. Compensation for the land losers 5. Allocation of funds for development and upgradation infrastructure in

mining impact zone.6. Afforestation 7. Rejuvenation of water sources and forest8. Collection of funds from mining companies and industries. The fund

thus collected should be spent on reconstruction restoration of environment.

9. Punishment and penalty on violation of remedial measures by industries and mining companies and on illegal companies.

10. Limiting on mining and digging.11. Issuing licenses to limited companies for mining.12. Prohibition of night digging and transportation.13.Exaction on selling of Iron Ore and on mining contract 14. Controlling measures.

Remedial measures are:

1. Government measures 2. Judiciary measures3. Measures adopted by the industries

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4. Association and public 5. Education.

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1. Government measures : Karnataka government as come forward to break this incessant mining activities, reckless cutting of trees. The government as prepared an action plan for mitigating damages caused

by the mining activities and steps taken to restore the environment. Government gave rights to District Panchayat, and concerned departments like Forest Department, Mining Department, Police Department and water department to trace out the illegal mining and punish them. Steps as follows:

a. Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB): the board has started the checking management of effluents and pollutants by major industries. The board as installed large screen at its head office in Bengaluru from where it will monitor the pollutants discharged by all industries. The pollutant industries are punishable. This Centre has been named as ECC: Enviro Care Centre. On the advise of the board the industries have to install monitoring sensors at its chimneys and also other effluent discharge pints like water and air outlets.

b. Karnataka Mining Environment Restoration Corporation (KMERC): It is newly constituted by Karnataka Government on the directions of Supreme Court. The corporation prepare the action for mitigating the illegal mining activities and damage causing the Environment by mining and steps to restore the environment in Sandur Taluk. In Sandur an office also opened for implementation of comprehensive environmental plan for mining Impact Zone. Corporation has decided to take up development projects in mining affected areas. Rupees 764.05 crores allotted to spend in Bellari District in the year of 2013-

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14. Mining affected areas will get 30,000 crores in the next 30 years for the development.

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c. Application Reconstruction and Revival Schemes(R&R):According to this scheme the industries should adopt this scheme with a view of pollution control measure and also to take steps to help the mining affected areas in form of upgradation of roads, plantation of trees for afforestation, providing clean water, compensation for the land losers and other victims. District level protect committee set up to implement R&R scheme in mining affected area for the reconstruction and revival of agriculture and forest in Sandur Taluk area.

d. Karnataka Government has undertaken e-Auction: As per the direction of supreme court Allotment of mining contract and state of mineral I.e. Iron Ore should be done by conducting e-Auction.

e. Government prepared action plan for development of mining affected areas Sandur, Hosapete and Bellari taluks for period 2014-15 and allotted Rs 3700 crores action plan includes penalty plan for the reopening mining companies. Thus collected money from penalty should be allotted for mining affected areas. Accordingly it is said that Rs30,000 are collected. Development includes, facilities like Hospital, Health education centre, women and children department, mobile Ambulance, transport and communication giving high level treatment by calling doctors from super specialist Hospitals. Addition to this development includes essential measure for agriculture development, construction of Godowns. In this connection Rs 3,700 Crores allotted for spend for their 5 years integrated plan.

f. Aid: Aids are following to north Karnataka which includes Bellari and Koppal too:(i) Bellari and Koppal will get aids employment and education

reservation facilities under 371 article.(ii) Asian Development Bank(ADB):- Has allotted Rs 380 crores

north Karnataka development.

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74(iii) KMERC is thinking to implement a scheme for development of

mining affected areas of Bellari with allotment of 30,000 crores in 30 years.

g. Government has implemented a penalty of 5 crores on violating pollutant rules by the industries.

h. Karnataka Government set up Lokayuta a judiciary department and lokayuta as set up Special Investigation Committee (SIT). This SIT has lodged 306 cases of illegal mining robbery of Iron Ore.

i. Karnataka Government also gave right to mining department and Forest department to conduct operation. Accordingly Mining Department conducted secret operations and captured 10,000 illegal mining operators.Central Government:- Has made provision for setting up of District Mineral Funds(DMF), for the development of mining affected people and also rebuilding of infrastructure in mining affected areas.

2. Judiciary Measures:- a. Supreme Court directed Karnataka Government to set up Karnataka

Mining Environment Restoring Corporation (KMERC) allotted Rs 30,000 crores for development in 30 years. SC set up Central Enquiry Committee (CEC). It will undertake e-Auction of selling Iron Ore and allotting of contract for mining control and other mining activities.

b. Supreme Court imposed control on the mining in forest area and to limit on the extraction of iron ore in forest area about 25 million tonnes per annum. Impose prohibition on night mining.

3. Measures Adopted by Industries: Industries HRDS staff said when visited, that the industries are installed monitoring sensors at their Chimney and at other points water and air outlet. Industries have given the compensation to the land losers. Conducted rehabilitation operation for the afforestation, plantation of trees, upgradation of roads and other infrastructure, facilities likes schools, hospitals and etc..,

4. Associations and Public: Associations like Samaja Parivarthana Samudaya (SPS), Jana Sangharasha Parishat, Rita Sanghatane, CPI and

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other association are struggling for creation of awareness among the Farmers, employees, children, owner of factories and other people.

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5. They bring notice to the Government about violating pollutant measures by industries.

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Chapter-7

Data Analysis and InterpretationThis chapter reveals problem of agriculture, problems of farmers and land labours forced by industries. And also informed about deforestation, effect of environment on the health of the people and children. Regrading pollution of soil, air water, temperature. The main importance is given on the affects of industries on agriculture, on farmers, on environment and ecological balance. Me as a principal investigator analysed primary data in this context and presented as follows:1. The response from the respondents on impact of industries on

agriculture includes farmers, mining labours.2. Response from major factories HRD department and employees.

Village panchayat members, Doctors, school teachers. The information collected from these persons are generalized and analysed in terms of data;

Table-1

Whether industries are affected on agriculture? Number of respondents 50 farmers

Yes No Nearest Total %

45 3 2 10-90

Figure-1

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It is evident from the above table that the 90% of respondents said that agriculture is affected by the industries. 10% of people said negative answers.

Table-2

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Whether land is encroached by industries? Number of respondents 60

Yes No Nearest Total%

50 5 5 10-90

Table-3

Whether the industries encroached forest? Number of respondents 25

Yes No Total%

24 1 4-96

Figure-3

The above table-3 reveals that 96% farmers answers.

Table-4

Whether water source channels are encroached? Number of respondents 20.

Yes Not known Total%

10 10 50-50

Figure-4

It is evident that from above table-4 50% says mixed review.

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Table-5

Whether temperature is increased? Number of respondents 70 people

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Yes Unaware No Total%

50 10 10 71-29

Figure-5

It is evident from the above table that temperature is high in summer by 71% respondents, 14.5% said it is normal in summer and 14.5% said that are unknown of it.

Table-6

Whether products and yield is low after industrialization? Number respondents 50 farmers

Yes No Not Known Total%

45 3 2 10-90

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Figure-6

The above table shows that 90% respondents said that impact of industrialization on agriculture is happened.

Table-7

Whether water is contaminated by industries? Number of respondents 60

Yes Nearest No Total%

82

50 4 6 17-83.

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Figure-7

It is clear from the above table that 83% of respondents agreed that water is contaminated 8% respondents said nearest and another 9% respondents said no.

Table-8

Whether Fluoride is found in the water is due to the industrialization? Respondent of affected villagers are answered out of 50 respondents.

Yes No Total%

50 0 100%

Figure-8

It is evident from the above table that fluoride affected persons are suffering from health, loose, trunk pain, twist of leg and hand.

Table-9

Whether soil is polluted? 40 respondents are visited by the investigator their answers are as follows

Yes No Total%

35 5 12-88

83

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Figure-9

It is evident from the above table the soil is polluted by 20% of cultivable land in mining impact zone according to the 88% of the respondents.

Table-10

Whether air is polluted? Respondents are 50

Yes No Total%

25 25 50-50

Figure-10

It is evident that from the above table-10 that 50% respondents said gave positive and other 50% gave negative answers.

Table-11

Whether environment is distorted? Respondents are 60

Yes Not known No Total%

30 20 10 50-50.

Figure-11

This evident from the above table-11 that 50% respondents said that environment is disturbed and remaining 50% said negative answers.

Table-12

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Respondents are doctors of primary health centres in villages of panchayat limits 10 respondents. Question is whether deceases like asthama, skin deceases, are increased during the year 2000 to 2008.

4Respondents 2Respondents 2Respondents 2Respondents

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20% 25% 10% 12%

Figure-12

This is evident from the table according to the doctors response on average 20% deceases increased in the villages due to the factories.

Table-13

Whether farmers and land less labour left the villages and migrated towards in search of work. Respondents 40. 10 from each village in Kudulgi and Sandur taluk.

Yes No May be Total%30 5 5 25-75

Figure-13

Above table says that small farmers and agriculture labour were left their villages and sought work in the industries as daily wages.

Table-14

Whether cultivable land is left due to barren due to labour problem Respondents 60. An average 6 from 10 villages.

Yes May be Not known Total%

45 10 5 25-75

Figure-14

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It is evident from the table that 75% respondents said that agriculture left barren owing to labour problem.

Table-15

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Respondents are famers and civilians from 8 villages an average 10 respondents from each village. Question is whether agriculture product and Yield has come down as impact of industries.

Yes May be No Total%

70 5 5 13-87

Figure-15

It is evident from the above table that impact of industries on agricultural products and yield is certain.

Table-16

Whether mining unlimited and affected on civilians, production? Number of respondents 90 people which includes mining labours, farmers and civilians

Yes May be Not known Total%

75 10 5 83-17

Figure-16

It is evident from the above table impact of mining on agriculture and health is certain.

Table-17

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Whether transportation was nuisance and had impact on the agriculture and on health? Number of respondents 50 from 10 villages.

Yes May be No Total%

40 5 5 10-90

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Figure-17

It is evident from the above table that there was impact of transport on agriculture product and on the health of people.

Table-18

Whether Real estate business high during the year 2000 to 2008, has impact on the cultivable land and product? Number of respondents 30 people in 5 villages

Yes May be No Total

20 8 2 67-33

Figure-18

It is evident from the table that real estate has really affected the agricultural produce.

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Chapter-8

FINDINGS

it is evident from most of the respondents that is 90 percent of respondents have answered that impact of industries on agriculture is certain and distorted agricultural sheen of its Ballari and Koppal districts. Respondents include formers, employees, HRO staff of the industries. Teachers of primary school and citizens of Ballari and Koppal.

Regarding encroachment and acquisition of land by industries, the respondents include land looser and other former about 90 percent whose answer has encroachment and acquisition is certain and affected on agricultural production 96 percent of respondents include formers, staff the forest department and common people. Their answers has temperature increased rain fall resided due to reckless cutting of tree by industries.

90 percent of formers respondents that water problem created by encroachment of water sources channels like

It is evident from the experience of every citizen that’s temperature has been increased by 43 totally during 2010 onwards

About 80 percent of the respondents said that agriculture production and yield has lowered due to industrialization the respondents include formers, citizens and health upset or decreased people that is 90 percent respondents said water has be encroachment by the industries discharges of chemicals through drainages

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towards tank , ponds and river. People are suffering from skin allergy, stomach diseases.

Water also contaminated with fluorides in hundreds of villages in Kudligi, Hospet, sandur taluks of the districts of Ballari. People are suffering from trunk pain, body pain, decay of tooth and twist of hands legs and become hand crop.

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The respondents and doctors of village panchayat limit hospitals. Respondents are 10 doctors from primary health centres said that people are suffering from asthma, dust allergy respiratory problems.

It is evident from the respondents of 50 percent that soil is enclosed and polluted water. It is evident from the 90 percent of the respondents that small

formers and agriculture labours have left the village and migrated to industrials places in search of work 75 percent of the respondents have responded that cultivable land as been barren due to labour problem . 85 percent of the respondents has responded that unlimited mining and transportation has affected on cultivation, production and health.

90 percent of the respondent has said that iron ore transportation was new sense and impact on the agriculture production and on the health of the people.

It is evident from the respondents that chemical dust and flying ash from the thermal power plants, Hari Kirshana metal factory and other factories in Koppal taluk villages near y the industries lands, dust and ash settled on the surface of the cultivalbe land one former by name Hanumanthappa Kadlli took the researcher to his land survey number 16 16.8 hects where about one feet on the surface land the dust and ash settled ,the red soil has become black colour this reduced the quality of land and yield has come down by 25 percent.

It is evident from the village people of Mariayammanhalli its near by BMM factory is discharged oil and chemical mixed waste water Tungabhadra river through lake this made impact on people and animals to suffer from health upset land is also spoiled and left uncultivable due to a big business of real-estate during 2000-08.

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It is evident from the findings that in Ballari taluk Belagallu village the sponge industry dumped the wastage the chemicals of the wastage are passed in to the ground water and same is found in drinking water.

It is evident from the findings that due to unlimited mining the lands have became unlevelled in Sandur, Hospet and Ballari taluks are not able for cultivation.

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It is evident from the findings that so many villages are effected in Hospet, Ballari and Sandur taluks that dust from mining transportation and ash from the industries not only on the tress and outside of the homes but also inside of the homes in kitchen and on vessels, this as impact on the health of the formers and children pregnant women lost their child after delivery and also abortions.

It is evident from the findings 1880 hects of agricultural land as been encroached by mining companies in nandhi halli surrounding lands. In addition SMIORE,NMDC, WARALAKSHMI SRINIVAS, DECCAN MINING, KMC and etc.,

companies have impact on the forest agriculture animal husbandry and allied activities and made people suffering from un-employment, ill health and lack of infrastructure.

SUGGESTIONS

Food and health are the very important for human life therefore the agriculture, environment and ecological balance should be maintained undisturbed

The industries most recruit the HRD staff and qualified engineers because they can give importance to the clean and hygienic, for sustaining environment and ecological balance

Government must step up a severe punishment and compulsory penalty on those industries which violate the pollutant rules . penalty should be in cores of rupees . punishment should be cancelling licences, imposing high rate of taxes and collecting high rate of royalty prohibition of export of iron ore to the foreign

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countries with a view to maintain sustainability of minerals and agriculture for the future generation.

Its also suggestion to the industries that pollutant monitors should be strictly installed to nits chimney and at water and air outlets .

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Its also a suggestions to the formers that it is duty of every former to protect environment , agriculture environment and to protest against the Industries who voilte the pollutant measures.

The suggestions is that the priority should be given to water rejuvenation activities by distilling all tanks, lakes and canals, besides focusing on the water conservation, rain water harvesting , ground water table improvement actions.

Oncome of the municipality of Ballari and Koppal districts should be spent for maintaining environment and ecological balance.

Grant should be allotted for article 317-j to the development of the h-k region local regional development fund should be set up to collect funds from the industries and mining companies with a view to spend the mining impact zone.

It is to be suggested that penalty, royalty, taxes and rehabilitation funds should be collected from the industries and mining companies who damaged environment , forest, infrastructure and polluted soil and water. Thus collected

funds from above forms should be utilized for rejuvenation water, forest, mining affected lands, infrastructure and health of the formers.

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OBJECTIVES;

Agriculture and environment are very important from the point of view of solving food problem, health problem and sustainability of environment and health therefore the main objective of this research is to promote environment, formers, agricultural restoration and health of the formers

The industrialization resulted in spoiling and distorting agriculture and environment.

The purpose of the study is to bring a notice to the industries about the situation spoiled and distorted by them.

The another purpose is to inform the major and small scale industries about the importance of maintaining clean and hygienic the objective is to suggest the industrialist to install compulsorily the monitoring sensors at chimney and at water air outlets

The objective also includes creation of awareness and alertness among the formers, agriculture labours factory employees mining labours, mining companies and students about the importance of the environment and agriculture.

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The purpose is to encourage the social reforming associations , Rytha Sngha , NGO’s and formers to protest against the industries who violate the pollutant laws and to adopt the R and R schemes

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DATA AND METHODLOGY

This is a comparative study of two organizations. The study will be mainly based on secondary data. The required data will be collected through following means: The primary data will be collected by usual social survey techniques i.e, structured and unstructured interview with the members of CADA and a few selected officials to obtain first hand knowledge regarding the working of T.B.P.

CADA a structured questionnaire will be used to obtain information from the farmers in these Command Areas of both the areas in Karnataka Secondary data includes published and unpublished data of T.B.P CADA will be annual reports of CADA and government of Karnataka and also those published if any by the government of India. And also structured questionnaires used to obtain oral information from the farmers, agriculture, labours, members of village and doctors of Government hospitals of villages of the surroundings of industries located in Ballari and Koppal districts.

In addition the survey will be undertaken in this connection, mining affected areas, villages surroundings of industries are the samples. Information also gather from the newspapers related Ballari and Koppal districts. The Hindhu Business Line, and Karnataka newspaper, publication magazines. The study includes more oral in formation than the statistical and data information because H.R.O of industries cannot disclose information and statistics data to research persons

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legally and authentically as they are aware of problems emerged from the public and Government.

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CONCULSIONS:

Man is a part of nature and not a separate entity. Human beings are destroyed nature to pursue developmental goals. Industrialization causing pollution of the environment which as impact on the mans survival on the earth while the agricultural is inevitable for survival , man needs to deliberate over the level of technology to disturb the environment. The ecological; balance affirms the inherent worth of all living and non-living beings regardless of their instrumental utility to human needs therefore it is need to re-structure modern human social systems that are in tune with nature . Thus man has destroyed the environment around him through the use of technology. This has proved dangerous with consequences like global warming, acid rain, drought, reducing the agricultural production and its yield. Mineral water, soil, forest-resources are important sources for Indian economy and its maintaining sustainability for the future generation cannot be neglected a pure water air health and atmosphere are very important for the growth of personalities of human being. At any circumstances the importance of agriculture should not be neglected and forgotten, similarly at the same time the importance of industry too should be taken into consideration. The T.B.P. CADA was established with an intention to provide a unified leadership for development of Command area. To achieve this objective, the construction of CADA includes official and non-official members observed that by large non-officials members were not able to supervise and control the functioning of CADA

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as they do not even get proper information from the officials of TBP CADA. Moreover, available information point out that due to lack commitment on officers part, members of the CADA and also the beneficiaries do not get the information and their problems remains unsolved.

Principal, Principal investigator

Veershavia college , associative prof. G.Devareddy.

Ballari.

ANNEXURE I

QUESTIONARIES FOR

C A D A OFFICE MUNIRABA

1. Name of the office ……………………………………………………………..2. Aria of operation Ballari and Koppal Districts 3. Website adolvers……………………………………………………….4. When website become Active……………………….5. Who is maintaining and updating website……………………………6. Total cultivable area (1) Ballari Districts ……………………. (2) Koppal Districts……………………..

7. Total forest arfea (1) Ballari Districts……………………..

(2) Koppal Districts……………..

8. Total irrigated area (1)Ballari districts……………

(2)Koppal districts …………………..

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1. Total area taken over by the industries in (1) Ballari Districts ……………..(2) Koppal Districts …………………………

2. Impact of industries on Agriculture production ……………………3. Impact of industries on Agriculture labor and farmer…………………….

QUESTIONARIES FOR DOCTORS

Questions

1. Name of the village………………………..2. Name of the Doctor……………………..3. What are the effects of Industry on farmers………………………..4. What are the effects of industry on water…………………………….5. What are the diseases suffered by the farmers

Disease from air pollution………………………………. Disease from water pollution……………………………………

6. Whether temperature is increased.?.......................................

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Questionnaire

Farmers from the villages

1. Name of the village…………………………………2. Name of the farmer………………………………….3. Position of the land………………………………….4. What is the important of industry on agriculture…………………………5. What is the important of industry on soil…………………………………..6. What is the important of industry on water……………………………..7. How much of land occupied by industries in the village………………………….8. What is the effect on the health of farmers………………………………9. How much of forest area occupied by industries……………………….10.Impact on the ground water……………………………..11.What is the effect on the yield…………………………………….12.Whether temperature is increased?................................................

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QuestionnaireIndustries

1. Name of the industry………………………2. Name of the village…………………………….3. Name of the HRD officers…………………………….

Information1. Area of occupation …………………………………2. Area of environment……………………………….3. Area of available land occupied………………………4. Area of forest land occupied…………………………….5. Whether air pollution resulted………………………………….6. Whether water pollution resulted ………………………………….7. Whether soil pollution resulted ………………………………..8. Whether sound pollution resulted …………………………………………..9. Whether temperature is increased?.............................10. Whether you are controlled all the above pollutions through

adopting measures of controlling equipment’s………………….

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Chapter Introduction-Agriculture

I. Chapter CADA and Tungabhadra Project.II. Chapter Agriculture in Bellary and Koppal.

III. Chapter Industrial Development in Bellary and Koppal.IV. Chapter Impact of Industries on Agriculture.V. Chapter Remedies.

References:

1. Government of Karnataka (Chairman / Administrator TBP CADA). Annual Report for the year 1996-97.

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2. Government of Karnataka (Chairman / Administrator TBP CADA). Annual Report for the year 1983-84.

3. Government of Karnataka (Chairman / Administrator TBP CADA). Annual Report for the year 1985-86.

4. Information obtained from the office Superintended Administration Section, TBP, CADA.

5. Government of Karnataka (Chairman / Administrator TBP CADA). Annual Report for the year 2002-03.

6. Agarwal, A. Narine, S.& Sen, S.(1999). State of India’s Environment.7. Ariyarathna, A.T., 1990, ‘Managing by values and vision’, lecture series,

Sarvodaya, New Delhi.8. A.K.De, Environmental Chemistry, Wiley Eastern Ltd.9. B.K.Sharma and H.Kaur (1997). Environmental Chemistry.10.Compendium of Environmental Statistics-2000, Ministry of Statistcs.11.FSI. (1997). The state of forest report 1997. Dehardun, India. The Forest

Survey of India, Ministry of environment and Forests.12.FSI.(1999). FRA 2000 input tables of India. Dehardun, India. Forest Survey

Of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests.13.Hand book on Environment laws by R.K. Trivedy, Enviromedia, Karad.14.NAEB(1999). Statewise yearwise target and achievements for

afforestation/Tree planting activities under 20 point programme.(Unpublished). New Delhi. National Afforestation and Eco-development Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests.

15.S.Sinha, M.Shukla and R.Shukla (2005), Textbook of Environmental Studies by AITBS.

JOURNALS AND MAGAZINES:

1. Krushi Mitra.2. Front Line.3. Yozana.4. Southern Economist.5. Industry 6. Outline 7. Businessline.8. The Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries.

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9. The International Journal of Knowledge.

NEWS PAPERS:

1. The Hindu.2. Deccan Herald.3. Business Line.4. Vijaya Karnataka.5. Vijaya Vani.6. Praja Vani.7. Indian Express.8. Economic Times.9. Business Standard.10.Financial Express.11.Indus Business Journal.12.Tecoya Trend Publications Pvt. Ltd.

Websites:

1. www.msmedihubli.gov.in2. www.districtssofindia.com 3. www.koppal.nic.in 4. www.google.com