AP Exam ReviewRegion: Europe

Europe includes: all the countries north of the Mediterranean Sea and west of the Ural mountains. Russia can be included in Europe, though much of it lies within Asia

Europe can be further divided into western Europe and eastern Europe.

Unit 1 8000BCE to 600BCE Technological and Environmental TransformationsChapter(s): Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations (Chapter 2)

Region/Country Key Features Key Terms/PeopleEurope Indo-European Migrations

o Original homeland of Indo-Europeans located in present-day Ukraine near the Black Sea

o Established communities around 4500BCEo Lived in herding cattle and the cultivation of

barelyo Domesticate horse around 4000BCEo Migrated westwards to present-day Europe

around 3000BCE-also eastwards and southeast to present-day western China and India

o Iron metallurgy and crops from the Middle East like barely diffused to Europe around 1000BCE

o Social hierarchies emerged with priestly and military class on top followed by many commoners below

Indo-European Migrations

Domestication of horse

Iron metallurgy

Unit 2 600BCE to 600CE Organization and Reorganization of Human SocietiesChapter(s): Mediterranean Society: The Greek Phase (Chapter 10), Mediterranean Society: The Roman Phase (Chapter 11), Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads: During the Late Classical Era (Chapter 12)

Region/Country Key Features Key Terms/PeopleGreece Early Greek civilizations

o Minoan(2200BCE to 1450BCE) Began on island of Crete Engaged in extensive Mediterranean

trade: Wine Olive oil Wool

o Mycenaean(2200BCE to 1100BCE) Overpowered Minoans Engaged in large scale architectural

construction Established colonies in Anatolia and

Southern Italy

City-States (Polis)o Small-scale governments emerged after the

collapse of the Mycenaean civilization in Greece around 800BCE

o Most were ruled as oligarchieso Sparta

Minoan Mycenaean Mediterranean

Trade Athens Sparta Persian Wars Peloponnesian

Wars Delian League Socrates Plato Aristotle Alexander of

Macedon (The Great)

Hellenism Syncretism Olympic games

Grew rapidly threw conquest of neighboring city-states

Conquered peoples became helots that served the Spartan state

Highly militaristic state Aristocratic families owned most of the

lando Athens

Heavily engaged in Mediterranean trade

Ruled by aristocrats but under Solon became increasingly more democratic as opportunities for commoners to partake in Athenian life emerged

Golden Age of Athens began under Pericles:

Commercial prosperity Philosophy (Socrates, Plato,

Aristotle) Architecture (Parthenon)

Persian and Peloponnesian Warso Persian Wars (500-479BCE)

Athens and Sparta helped fellow Greeks expel Persian rule from the Peninsula

A number of Greek victories over the Persians forced King Xerxes to retreat back to Anatolia

In order to discourage further Persian aggression the Greek city-states created the Delian League which was headed by Athens

o Peloponnesian War (431-404BCE) Sparta became bitter over Athenian

dominance of the Delian League Sparta and its allies defeated Athens Athens lost its place as the leader of

the Greek world The civil war weakened both sides

and paved the way for invaders from the north

Alexander of Macedono Alexander’s father Philip easily moved his

armies into Greece and faced little opposition from weakened city-states

o From 333-323BCE Alexander had conquered much of the Eastern Mediterranean and as far east as the Indus river valley:

Greece

Anatolia Egypt Mesopotamia Persia Bactria (NW India) Punjab (NW India)

Hellenistic Empireso After Alexander’s death his generals split his

empire into three empires: Antigonid Ptolemaic Seleucid

o Hellenic empires facilitated trade, cultural diffusion, cultural diversity, and incorporated existing bureaucratic structures like the one left by the Achaemenids in Persia

o Alexandria Cosmopolitan center where Jews,

Greeks, Macedonians, and Babylonians lived side by side

Alexandrian Libraryo Bactrian Greeks

Many adopted Buddhism Introduced Greek art and philosophy

to India An example of syncretism

Greek cultureo Greek colonies established throughout

Mediterranean and Hellenistic empireso Slavery- all Greek city-states relied on

slavery as a source of labor (often debt slavery)

o Greeks believed that their culture was superior

o Worshipped physical form in Olympic Gameso Polytheistic

Deities like Zeus had distinctly human formCults and rituals of sacrifice emerged like the Cult of Dionysus

o Highly patriarchal

Rome The Origins of Romeo Etruscans migrated from the Eastern

Mediterranean and settled in Italy around 1000BCE

o Established cities and traded actively in the

Roman Republic

Patricians Plebeians Twelve tables

Mediterraneano Romans challenged Etruscans and overthrew

last Etruscan king in 509BCE and established Roman Republic

Roman Republic (509BCE-27BCE)o Republican constitution entrusted executive

powers to two elected consulso Society was divided between aristocratic

patricians who could serve in the Senate and the plebeians or commoners who elected their own councils

o Tensions between two classes plagued early years of republic

o Patricians made concessions by granting plebeians the right to serve as consuls and to elect tribunes

o Furthermore, the promulgation of the Twelve Tables established the rule of law and offered plebeians some legal protections

o Expansion: Rome built a powerful military and

began rapid expansion in the Mediterranean

Between 264 and 146BCE Rome fought and defeated its rival the Carthaginians in the Punic Wars and became the supreme power in the Mediterranean

o Civil War: Class tensions became further strained

around 130BCE Plebeians gained few benefits from

Rome’s conquests as the conquered lands became latifundia (estates) for wealthy patricians

Grachi Brothers tried institute land redistribution reforms but were both assassinated by conservative patricians

In the midst of the civil war, Roman general Julius Caesar (49-44BCE) emerged as a populist dictator who introduced reforms such as land redistribution, employment and public works projects and the extension of Roman citizenship

Caesar’s rule alienated the conservative Senate who had him assassinated

Roman Empire (27BCE- 476CE)o Established by Augustus who reorganized the

Punic Wars Latifundia Julius Caesar Roman Empire Pax Romana Roman Roads Aqueducts Coliseum Circus Maximus Paterfamilias Cicero Cult of Isis Jesus of

Nazareth Silk Roads Council of

Nicaea Huns Germanic

invasions

military and centralized powero By 117CE the Roman Empire include all of

North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, Gaul (France), and part of Britain

o Pax Romana Relatively peaceful and prosperous era

that lasted until 250CE Facilitation of Mediterranean and

overland European trade

o Roman Roads Roads linked all parts of the empires Facilitated trade Used by military to maintain order in

far-flung regions

o Roman law Established principle of innocent

until proven guilty Rule of law was established

throughout empire and helped to integrate diverse groups of people

o Trade Latifundia produced grain for export

all over the empire Gaul provided grain and copper Spain provided olive oil, wine, and

horses Italy produced glassware and bronze

goods Trade with China was facilitated

through merchants along the Silk Roads (though no direct contact took place between the two empires)-Chinese silk found its way to Rome

o Urban Life Rome was highly urbanized and had

administrative centers, aqueducts which provided running water, entertainment facilities like the Circus Maximus (chariot races) and the Coliseum (gladiator games) as well as underground sewage systems

Roman Societyo Patriarchal society with the paterfamilias

at the heado Women nevertheless exercised the right to

own property and run estates

o Great class divisions remained between patricians and plebeians

o Social mobility was possible as some merchants grew wealthy through trade

o Slavery Extensive use of slave labor Worked on latifundia and on public

works projects Slave revolts were a constant threat,

the most serious of which was led by Spartacus in 73BCE

Religion and Philosophyo Cicero (106-43BCE)

Advocated the pursuit of justice and warned against obtaining power and wealth immorally or illegally

o Cults of worship Egyptian goddess Isis and the

Persian deity Mithras were worshipped throughout the empire

Roman religion was polytheistic, highly syncretic and incorporated existing Greek, Egyptian, and Persian deities in religious worship

Judaism and early Christianityo Jews who lived in the holy land were now

in the Roman province of Judeao Tensions often emerged between

monotheistic Jews and the Roman authorities who expected subject peoples to recognize the divinity of the emperor

o Romans suppressed the Jewish revolts between 66 and 70CE

o Christianity emerged a separate religion from Judaism in the 1st century CE

o Followers of Jesus began spreading Jesus’ message throughout the Roman empire, taking Jesus’s message of salvation beyond the Jewish communities

o Christian missionaries used existing Roman roads to spread the gospel

o At first, Roman authorities persecuted Christians as they were considered a threat to imperial order

o By 300CE Christianity had gained widespread popularity particularly among the lower classes

o Christianity spread rapidly throughout the Mediterranean into western Europe, and along the Silk Roads into Asia

o Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity in 312CE and emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of Rome in 350CE

o Council of Nicaea(325CE) established official Church doctrine that Jesus was both human and divine

Collapse of the Roman Empireo Internal Decay

Economic trouble High taxes Undisciplined mercenary army

o Disease Plagues spread rapidly though

trade networks Several epidemics had swept

through the Roman empire between 165CE and 400CE dramatically reducing Rome’s population and weakening its military

o Germanic Invasions The Huns under Atilla the Hun

moved from central Asia westwards into Hungary in the mid 4th century CE

This pressure displaced Germanic peoples who then invaded the western Roman empire

Visgoths, Vandals, and Ostrogoths moved into Roman empire unopposed

Rome sacked in 410CE Western Roman Empire

collapses in 476CE Eastern Roman Empire

continued as the Byzantine Empire until 1453CE

Continuities and Changes, 600BCE-600CEContinuities Changes

Patriarchy Eastern Roman Empire continues as

Rise and fall of classical civilizations Universal religion: Christianity

Byzantine Empire Rigid class divisions slavery

Emergence of more extensive trade networks in the Mediterranean and Silk Roads

Integration and centralization under Roman Empire

Possible Essay Topics:

Causation Comparison1. Using specific examples, analyze the

cause of imperial expansion and consolidation in the period between 600BCE and 600CE

2. Using specific examples, analyze the causes of imperial decline in classical empires between 600BCE and 600CE.

1. Compare how early and classical civilizations used religion and philosophy to create social and political order.

2. Compare the decline of the Roman Empire with ONE other classical empire in the period 600BCE to 600CE:

Persian Han Chinese Mauryan Gupta

Periodization Continuity and Change1. Evaluate the extent to which the decline

of classical civilizations between 200BCE and 600CE can be considered a turning point in world history.

2. Evaluate the extent to which the emergence of Christianity in the 1st century CE can be considered a turning point in world history.

1. Analyze the political and cultural continuities and changes in Europe between 200CE and 1000CE.2. Analyze the political and social continuities and changes in the Mediterranean world between 600BCE and 600CE.

Unit 3 600CE to 1450CE Regional and Transregional InteractionsChapter(s): The Two Worlds of Christendom (Chapter 16), Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration (Chapter 17), The Increasing Influence of Europe (Chapter 19), Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interactions (Chapter 21)

Country/Region Key Features Key Terms/PeopleWestern Europe The Franks

o Most successful and influential of the Germanic peoples

o Converted to Christianity in the 5th centuryo Defeated Muslim army at the Battle of Tours

in 732 which halted Muslim expansion into western Europe

o Charlemagne (768-814) Re-established centralized rule for a

brief period

Battle of Tours Franks Charlemagne Vikings Feudalism Catholic Church Monasteries Missionaries Investiture contest Water mills

Empire extended over much of central and western Europe

Crowned emperor in 800 by Pope Leo III

o External invasions by the Vikings brought disunity and the empire dissolved in 843

Medieval Societyo Highly decentralizedo Three classes:

Peasants Clergy Knights/nobles

o Feudal relationships Peasants provided lords with labor

and harvests in exchange for protection

Lords (nobles) raised armies and provided protection to the king or upper lords in exchange for land grants

There were no large state armies like the Roman Empire had

o Religious Institutions Catholic Church organized

hierarchically Papal primacy- Pope ultimate

authority of Church Establishment of Christian

monasteries provided social services to the poor and instilled Christian values in peasantry

Missionaries spread Christianity throughout northern Europe

By the 10th century nearly all of Europe had converted

Vikingso Originated in Scandinaviao Began expanding southwards to Britain,

France, and Germany and the Baltics in the 8th century

o Expansion motivated by population growth and desire for wealth

o Expert shipbuilderso Plundered settlements and attacks reached as

far south as Constantinople

Holy Roman Empire (962-1806)o Loose collection of German states in central

Europe under the nominal authority of an emperor

Horse collars Heavy plows Hanseatic League Guilds St. Thomas

Aquinas Crusades Universities Scholasticism Pilgrimage Spanish

Reconquista Caliphate of

Cordoba Hundred Years’

War Renaissance Humanism

o Holy Roman emperor was crowned by the pope

o Investiture Contest (11th and 12th centuries) Clash between pope and emperor

over who got to appoint high church officials

Pope reasserted power to choose high church officials and reaffirmed papal authority over the emperor

Regional Monarchies and Stateso Capetian France

By the early 14th century kings had centralized power and authority in France

Engaged in war with England during Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453)

o Norman England By the early 12th century kings

had centralized power and authority in England

Large standing armies emerged during Hundred Years’ War supported by state taxes

o Italian states Though the Catholic Church

controlled Rome and much of the surrounding territory, by the 12th century wealthy city-states controlled by local rulers and families had emerged like Florence, Bologna, Genoa, Milan, and Venice

o Economic Growth and Urbanization Agricultural production increased

dramatically in the late 10th century aided by the cultivation of new lands, improved technology like water mills, heavy plows, and horse collars

Improved diet of meat, dairy products and fish led to rapid population growth

Wheat, rice, spinach, artichokes, and citrus fruits had diffused to Europe from the Islamic conquest of Spain

Growing populations fueled

growth of artisan and merchant classes and new cities like Paris, London, Toledo

Revival of Mediterranean trade led by Venetian and Genoese merchants

Hanseatic League facilitated trade in the North Sea and Baltic regions

By the 13th century Europe’s urban economy had been regulated by guilds who established standards of quality for manufactured goods and provided job security and social services to its members

Women were permitted into some guilds and played a significant role in the textile industry

Christianity in the High Middle Ageso Cathedral schools established in the 12th

century focused on religious studies but also began to incorporate the study of philosophical works by Aristotle and Plato

o The first universities were established in the mid-thirteenth century in Rome, Naples, Oxford, Cambridge and elsewhere in Europe and introduced instruction in other fields besides theology:

Law Medicine

o St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) Synthesized beliefs of Christianity

with logical reasoning of Aristotle-scholasticism

o Pilgrimage Became popular to visit shrines in

Rome and Jerusalem Pilgrimage industry sprang up with

the creation of guide books, and inns (hotels) for pilgrims

Important in many faiths during the classical period

Christian Re-conquestso Sicily

Had been under Muslim control since the 9th century

Re-conquered by Normans in 11th century

o Spanish Reconquista The Islamic conquest in the 8th

century displaced the Visgothic kingdom of Spain

The Caliphate of Cordoba ruled nearly all of the Iberian peninsula

The only Christian presence was the kingdom of Aragon in the northeast

By 1085 Christian forces had captured Toledo and by the 13th century nearly all of the Iberian peninsula was under Christian rule

The Muslim stronghold of Granada finally fell in 1492

Crusadeso Series of holy wars intended to recapture holy

lands from Muslimso First launched by Pope Urban II in 1095o Crusaders briefly captured and ruled over

Crusader states in the holy lando By 1187 Muslim Seljuq leader Saladin had

recaptured Jerusalemo Consequences:

Diffusion of ideas (Greek philosophy), mathematics

Diffusion of food and crops: sugar, coffee, pepper

Diffusion of goods: silk products, cotton textiles, carpets

Spurred demand for Asian luxury goods

Made Italian merchants wealthy as they marketed and supplied products

Europeans began to look for ways to by pass Muslim merchants and obtain goods directly from China, India, and Southeast Asia

Little Ice Age and Black Deatho Little Ice Age

Climate change began in 1300 Agricultural decline in northern

Europe caused by shorter growing seasons

Led to famine and resettlement farther south

o Black Death Originated in southwestern China in

early 14th century Diffused by Mongols and merchants

along the Silk Roads Europe’s population declined by 25%

Population began to recover after 1500

Feudal structure began to breakdown Wages rose and peasants began to

demand greater rights When lords tried to reinstate feudal

order peasant revolts broke out across western Europe

Renaissanceo Cultural and intellectual rebirth began in

Italian city-states in 14th centuryo Renaissance art and ideas would spread

throughout the rest of western Europe from the 15th to 17th centuries

o Art Painters such as Leonardo da Vinci

(1452-1519) and Michelangelo (1475-1564) broke away from constrained medieval approaches to art by depicting real-life and three-dimensional images

o Architecture Revival of Greek and Roman styles

with columns and domeso Humanism

Philosophers sought to reconcile Christian moral teachings with the secular world

Commerce and state affairs were no longer at odds with Christian teachings and could be perfectly honorable professions

Eastern Europe Early Byzantine Empireo Dominated Eastern Mediterranean and

Anatolia from the Fall of Rome in 476 until the Islamic conquests of the 7th century

o Constantinople Strategically located capital which

straddled two continents Cosmopolitan center of trade

o Caesaropapism Emperors ruled by divine right and

were also the head of the Byzantine Church

o Justinian (527-565CE) Built Hagia Sophia Church in

Constantinople Justinian’s Code codified Roman law

for the empire

Byzantine Empire Constantinople Caesaropapism Justinian’s Code Hagia Sophia Theme System Silk Roads

Re conquered Western Roman Empire and controlled it from 533 to 565

o Theme System Adopted in 8th century Generals were responsible for both

military and civil administration of themes or territories

o Social Class Large class of free peasants who

cultivated their own lands and provided agricultural surpluses to the empire

Free peasantry declined in the 12th century as wealthy landowners monopolized agricultural estates

o Trade and Commerce Constantinople became a center for

craftsmanship of glassware, woolen textiles, jewelry, gold and silver

Silk manufacturing technology diffused to Byzantine Empire and by 6th century the empire’s silk industry rivaled China’s

Byzantine Empire was located between two major trade routes: Mediterranean and Silk Roads

Much wealth came from levying taxes on merchants and traders

Great Schismo Byzantine Christian tradition diverged from

Christianity practiced in western Europe Some disagreement emerged on the

precise relationship between God, Jesus, and the Holy spirit

Byzantine priests kept long beards and rejected Catholic preferences for clean-shaven priests

Byzantine patriarch was not above the emperor like the pope was in western Europe

o Byzantines sent missionaries to the Slavic lands (Bulgaria, Serbia, and Russia) which spread Byzantine Orthodox tradition

o Byzantine Orthodox Church officially separated from the western Catholic church in 1054

Late Byzantine Empireo Corruption plagued Byzantine bureaucracyo Peasants grew increasingly restless about the

lack of land

o External threats: Economic competition from Venetian

merchants Norman invasions and Crusaders

plundered the Byzantine empire Muslim Seljuq expansion into Anatolia

in the 11th century eventually reduced Byzantine Empire to city-state of Constantinople which fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453

Russia The Golden Horde (1237-1502)o Mongols seized control and incorporated

Russia into the Mongol empire for over two centuries

o Mongols did not rule over Russia directly but exacted costly tributes from Russian princes and mounted occasional raids to enforce payment or show off power

o By the late 15th century Russian princes of Moscow had assembled an army large enough to defeat the Mongols and reasserted control over Russian lands

o Mongols diffused gunpowder technology to Europe through Russia

Muscovyo Ivan III (1462-1505)

Declared independence from Mongols Expanded Russian territory and

incorporated wealthy Hanseatic city of Novgorod into Muscovite state

Ivan declared himself czar

Golden Horde Gunpowder Czar Muscovy

Continuities and Changes, 600CE-1450CEContinuities Changes

Christianity remains dominant religion throughout Europe

West: largely decentralized after collapse of Roman Empire

East: Byzantine Empire persists Patriarchy social hierarchy (3 Estates) Roman law and customs continue

Exchanges with Muslim world diffuse classical Greek and Roman philosophy, trade goods from China, India, and Southeast Asia, and new crops from the Middle East

Improved agricultural production Population growth Dramatic population decline caused by

Black Death Renaissance Growth of merchant class End of Muslim rule in Spain Revival of trade networks and creation of

new ones like the Hanseatic League

Possible Essay Topics:Causation Comparison

1. Analyze the social and economic effects of the Crusades on Europe.

2. Using specific examples, explain what caused various societies in the post-classical period to sponsor and encourage religious pilgrimages.

1. Compare the development of Constantinople with ONE other city in the post-classical period:

Chang’an Kaifeng Tenochtitlan Baghdad

2. Compare the decline of the Byzantine Empire with ONE other empire in the post-classical period:

Tang/Sung Umayyad/Abbasid Aztec Incas

Periodization Continuity and Change1. Evaluate the extent to which the Black

Death that emerged in southwest China in the early 13th century can be considered a turning point in world history.

2. Evaluate the extent to which the Crusades that began in the 11th century can be considered a turning point in world history.

1. Analyze political and social continuities and changes in Europe between 200CE and 1000CE.

2. Analyze continuities and changes in European patterns of interaction with the Muslim world between 600 and 1450CE.

Unit 4 1450 to 1750 Global InteractionsChapter(s): Transoceanic Encounters and Global Connections (Chapter 22), The Transformation of Europe (Chapter 23)

Country/Region Key Features Key Terms/PeopleWestern Europe

Age of Explorationo Motives

Search for lands suitable for cultivation of cash crops

Trade routes to China and India Expansion and spread of Christianity

o Technology Made possible because of the diffusion

of navigational devices like the compass from China and the astrolabe from the Islamic world

Improved ships like the caravel made long-

Prince Henry the Navigator

Astrolabe Compass Caravel Vasco da Gama Christopher

Columbus Ferdinand

Magellan Columbian

Exchange

distance voyages possible

o Portuguese Exploration Initially began by establishing sugar

plantations in Atlantic islands off the Portuguese coast in the Azores and Madeiras in the mid 15th century

Overseas voyages sponsored by Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460)

Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama continued Portuguese exploration around the Cape of Good Hope in Africa and Vaso da Gama reached the Indian Ocean in 1497

o Spanish Exploration King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella sponsored

Christopher Columbus’s expeditions beginning in 1492

Ferdinand Magellan attempted a circumnavigation of the globe in 1519

Effects of the Columbian Exchange on Europeo American food crops such as potatoes and maize

added more calories to the European dieto Better nutrition resulted in huge population

increaseso Tobacco smoking introduced to Europeo New World diseases like syphilis brought back by

sailorso Migration of indentured servants, criminals,

missionaries to the Americas

Religious Challengeso Protestant Reformation

Began in 1517 when Martin Luther (1483-1546) attacked the church sale of indulgences

Advocated further reforms such as the translation of the bible into German, closure of monasteries, and justification by faith

Ideas spread rapidly thanks to the newly invented printing press

Many German princes supported Luther as this was away to increase their power at the expense of the Catholic Church

John Calvin (1509-1564) spread Protestant ideas throughout Switzerland and France

England left the Catholic Church when King Henry VIII’s (1509-1547) request for a divorce was not granted by the Pope, soon after he established the Anglican Church

o Catholic Counter-reformation

Martin Luther Printing press Protestant

Reformation John Calvin Catholic

Counterreformation

Council of Trent

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Witch-hunts Religious wars Thirty Years’

War Spanish

Inquisition Mercantilism Absolute

monarchy Capitalism Joint-stock

companies Scientific

Revolution Adam Smith

Initiated in response to Protestant Reformation

Clarification of Catholic doctrine Council of Trent (1545-1563) Stricter standards of morality and new

schools and seminaries were established St. Ignatius Loyala established Society of

Jesus in 1540 which aimed to spread Christianity but also promote classical education

Jesuits gained many converts in the Americas and the Philippines, and even in China, Japan, and India

o Witch Hunts Catholic and Protestant theologians

promoted the idea that certain people were possessed by the devil

Often blamed for crop failures and unexplained problems

Led to persecutions of people suspected of witchcraft

Gender played a major role as 85% of condemned witches were women

Many were hanged or burned at the stake Subsided by early 18th century

o Religious Wars For much of the 16th century Protestants and

Catholics were at war in France Catholic states like Spain were at war with

Protestant states like England Caused Protestant Netherlands to rebel

against Spanish rule Religious tensions culminated in Thirty

Years’ War (1616-1648) which largely pitted Catholic states against Protestant states, was the most destructive European conflict before the twentieth century

Developments in European stateso Spain

inflation caused by oversupply of silver ruins Spain’s economy

Spanish inquisition expels Muslim and Jewish merchants from Spain

Costly wars and rivalries with France and England deplete treasury

Spain loses Austrian Hapsburg territories, and the Netherlands

Spain is no longer a major European power by mid 1600s

o France Louis XIV (1643-1715) centralizes power,

creates Versailles Rules using divine right High taxes support expensive military

campaigns Favors government monopolies and limits

development of merchant class Used mercantilist economic model to fuel

economic growth- increase gold and silver deposits while limiting buying foreign goods

By mid 18th century wars and lavish spending have put France in serious debt

o England After English Civil War (1642-1649)

becomes a constitutional monarchy with power in the hands of an elected Parliament

merchant class grows fueled by growth of early capitalism and joint-stock companies

o Dutch Republic Won independence from Hapsburg Spain in

early 1600s Became parliamentary republic Protestant power with main rivals Spain,

and then later England Like England, develops large middle class

fueled by early capitalism

Early Capitalismo Supply and demand determines priceso Banks, stock-exchanges emerge in early modern

periodo Joint-stock companies (English East India Company,

VOC)o Medieval guilds discarded in favor of putting-out

system (workshop system) beginning of mass production or pre-industrialization

o Adam Smith (1723-1790) argued that capitalism would ultimately improve society as a whole

Scientific Revolutiono Rigorous challenge to Church doctrineso Re conception of the Universeo Difficulty reconciling model of Ptolemaic universe

(motionless earth inside nine concentric spheres) with observed planetary movement

o 1543 Nicholas Copernicus breaks theoryo Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) and Galileo Galilei

(1564-1642) reinforce Copernican model

o Isaac Newton (1642-1727) revolutionizes study of physics (Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation)

Russia Russian expansion into Siberiao Began in late 16th centuryo Russians encountered indigenous peoples who

were decimated by European diseaseso Set up fur trading posts throughout Siberia to

meet demand for lucrative European fur tradeo Few indigenous peoples converted to Christianityo By the mid 17th century Russian settlers had

outnumbered indigenous people in Siberia Russian under the Romanovs:

o Peter the Great Westernization campaign-including

modernization of the military, establishment of new capital St. Petersburg, boyars forced to adopt European-style dress

War with Sweden establishes supremacy in Baltic

State control by Orthodox Church Feudal agrarian society remains in tact-

serfdom Fur trade in Far East

o Catherine The Great continues Russian expansion into the

Balkans Encourages education but does little to

advance rights of serfs Compared to Western Europe,

technologically backwards with a limited merchant class, mostly internal trade

Siberia Serfdom Peter the Great Catherine the

Great boyars

Continuities and Changes, 1450-1750Continuities Changes

Patriarchy Serfdom and feudalism in Russia and

much of central and eastern Europe 3 Estates system continues in much of

Europe (France) Humanism begun during Renaissance

develops into scientific revolution

increased state centralization absolute monarchs gain power at the

expense of nobility Establishment of European overseas

empires Introduction of American crops leads to

population increase Involved in global trade Decline of power of the Catholic Church

(Protestant Reformation, Religious Wars) Growth of capitalism in western Europe

Possible Essay Topics:Causation Comparison

1. Analyze the effects of the Columbian Exchange on Europe during the period 1500 to 1750.

2. Analyze the causes of state centralization in Europe during the period 1450 to 1750.

1. Compare the methods of empire building between England and ONE other country during the period 1500 to 1750.

Russia France Spain Portugal

2. Compare demographic and economic changes in Europe with ONE other region in the time period 1450 to 1750:

Americas East Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

Periodization Continuity and Change1. Evaluate the extent to which the

Columbian Exchange that began in the 16th century can be considered a turning point in world history.

2. Evaluate the extent to which the Protestant Reformation that began in the 16th century can be considered a turning point in world history.

1. Analyze the political and economic continuities and changes in Europe between 1450 and 1750.

2. Analyze the continuities and changes in European patterns of interaction with the Islamic world between 1000 and 1750.

Unit 5 1750 to 1900CE Industrialization and Global IntegrationChapter(s): Revolutions and National States in the Atlantic World (Chapter 28), The Making of Industrial Society (Chapter 29), Societies at Crossroads (Chapter 31) The Building of Global Empires (Chapter 32)

Country/Region

Key Features Key Terms/People

Western Europe

The Enlightenmento Philosophical movement that emerges in Western

Europe in the 17th centuryo Follows Scientific Revolution- just as scientists

questioned accepted theories, philosophers begin to question theories of social and political organization

Challenge to concept of “mandate of heaven” and “divine right of kings”

Kings should be made responsible to their subjects

Favors secular, modern values over religious/traditional values: reason over passion

Enlightenment thinkers:o John Locke (1632-1704)

Enlightenment John Locke Voltaire Jean-Jacques

Rousseau Baron

Montesquieu Maximilien

Robespierre Declaration of

the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Napoleonic Code

Congress of

Second Treatise of Civil Government (1609)

Argues that rulers derive power from consent of ruled

Individuals have personal rights and liberties, among these the right to life, freedom of speech, and association

Subjects have a right to revolt to overthrown tyranny-

o Voltaire (1694-1778) Criticizes the Roman Catholic Church Argues for religious freedoms

o Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) Argues for equality of all individuals,

regardless of class before the law Social Contract (1762) argues that society

is the sovereign and gives consent to government

o Baron Montesquieu (1689-1755) On The Spirit of the Laws (1748) argues

for separation and balance of powers (executive, legislative, judicial branches)

o Enlightenment Ideals and Women Enlightenment thinkers remained

conservative regarding women’s rights Rousseau argues that women’s education

should focus on preparing them for motherhood

o Mary Astell (England, 1666-1731) argues that women are essentially born into

slaveryo Mary Wollstonecraft (England, 1759-1797)

Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) argues for women’s education (science, maths, humanities)

The French Revolutiono Causes:

Serious economic problems in France in mid 1700s

War debts from Seven Years’ War 50% of tax revenues to pay war debts 25% of tax revenues to fund military Serious inequalities in French society under

the ancien regimeo Estates General

1st Estate Roman Catholic Clergy- 100,000 people

2nd Estate Nobles- 400,000 people 3rd Estate- everyone else (serfs, free

Vienna Unifications of

Germany and Italy

Nationalism Liberalism Conservatism Anti-Semitism Napoleon John Stuart Mill Edmund Burke Karl Marx Socialism Communism Trade unions British Empire French Empire German

Empire Dutch Empire Portuguese

Empire

peasants, merchants, artisans)-24 million people

Estate does not meet regularlyo Events leading to the 1789 Revolution

Nobles force King Louis XVI to call Estates General

3rd Estate demand greater social change and leaves Estates General to form National Assembly

Mob attacks Bastille (French military fort)o Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen

American influence from Declaration of Independence

Equality of men, individual rights, sovereignty rests with people

o Radicalization of the Revolution Call for liberty, equality, and fraternity National Assembly abolishes social order,

seizes church lands Convention elected by universal male

suffrage Levee en masse –all men conscripted for

war Guillotine invented to execute enemies of

the revolution: King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette executed in 1793

Maximimilien Robespierre (1758-1794) initiates Reign of Terror in 1792

o The Directory (1795-1799) men of property take power and form a

provisional government unstable: military and economic troubles

unresolved

Napoleon (1769-1821)o Joins Directory and then overthrows it in 1799o Imposed new constitutiono Napoleonic France

Concordat with Pope: France retains church lands but pays salaries to clergy, freedom of religion for Protestants and Jews

Napoleonic Code (1804): patriarchal authority, protection of private property

Declares himself emperoro Napoleon’s Empire

Conquered Iberian Peninsula, Italy, Netherlands

Forced Austria and Prussia to enter into alliance

Undertook disastrous invasion of Russia in 1812

British, Austrian, Prussian, and Russian forces join alliance to defeat Napoleon

Exiled to Elba in 1814 but then returns to France

Finally defeated at Battle of Waterloo in 1815, exiled to St. Helena

Emergence of Ideologieso Conservatism

Edmund Burke (England, 1729-1797) Critical of rapid revolutionary change Favored slow evolution of society

o Liberalism Challenged status quo Manage but not stifle social change Favors reforms over revolution John Stuart Mill (England, 1806-1873)

Nations and Nationalismo Concept of nation emerges in 18th and 19th century-

based on shared language customs, values, and historical experience

o Political nationalism Movement for political independence of

nation from an empire or another authority Favored unification of nation (Italy,

Germany)o Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)

Meeting of major European leaders after Napoleon’s defeat

Established balance of power Aim is to suppress nationalism and

maintain status quo

o National Revolutions Greeks revolt against Ottoman rule, achieve

independence in 1830 Hungarians revolt against Austrian rule,

demand independence in 1848, rebellion put down

Belgians achieve independence from the Netherlands in 1830

Revolutions in France in 1830 and 1848 (results in liberal reforms)

o Unifications of Italy and Germany Italy and Germany were still a collection of

city-states and regional kingdoms in 1850 Nationalist sentiment develops idea for

unification in both places Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861)

and Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) unify Italy through wars and negotiations

Italy unified and independent in 1871 as constitutional monarchy under King Vittore Emmanuele II

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) uses wars against Denmark, Austria, and France to unify Germany in 1871- becomes German Empire

Anti-Semitismo Nationalist ideologies distrustful of minoritieso Pogroms- violent attacks on Jewish communities in

Russian Empire beginning in 1881o Mass emigration of Jews from Russia to Western

Europe, USA, and elsewhereo Dreyfus Affair in France (1894-1906)

French-Jewish military captain falsely accused of selling military secrets to Germany

o Anti-Semitism gives rise to Zionist movement and the desire to create a Jewish homeland

Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) establishes first World Zionist Congress-goal to create Jewish state in Palestine

British Industrial Revolutiono Begins in Britain in the 1780so Followed Second Agricultural Revolution

Food surpluses Disposable income Population increase: market and labor

supplyo British Advantages

Strong banking tradition Natural resources: coal, iron ore Ease of transportation: mid-sized country,

river and canal system Exports to imperial colonies, especially

manufactured textileso Cotton-producing Technology

Spinning Jenny (1768): increased supply of yarn

Power Loom (1787): used yarn to mass produce textiles, steam-powered

o Growth of Factories Massive machinery Large supply of labor Transport of finished products to markets in

Britain, its colonies, and Europe Putting out system replaced by factories Increased urbanization and large class of

unskilled laboro New Sources of Power

Steam Engine invented by James Watt (1736-1819)

Coal-fired, applied to rotary engine Used to power trains, steam ships that could

later cross Atlantic in a few weeks rather than a few months

Consequences of Industrializationo Poor working conditionso Child laboro Low wageso Environmental damage

o Development of Slums London’s slum population increases from 1

million in 1800 to 2.4 million in 1850 Wealthy classes move out to suburbs

o Transcontinental Migrations Rapid population growth drives Europeans

to Americas 50 million cross Atlantic Britons migrate to avoid slums; Irish to

avoid potato famines of 1840s; and Jews to escape persecution in Tsarist Russia

US is favored destination of immigrants- Ellis Island, New York

o Socialism Socialism first appears in context of Utopian

Socialists Charles Fourier (1772-1837) and Robert Owen (1771-1858)

Opposed to market competition Attempted to create small model

communities Inspired commune movement

o Communism Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich

Engels (1820-1895) co-write the Communist Manifesto in 1848

Argued that there are two major classes Capitalists bourgoisie who control the

means of production Proletariat wageworkers who sell labor argued that capitalist system is exploitative Argued for an overthrow of the capitalist

system in favor of a “dictatorship of the proletariat”

o Social Reform and Trade Unions Socialism had major impact on 19th century

reformers in Britain Reduced property requirements for male

suffrage New Factory Acts outlawed child labor and

set better working conditions Addressed issues of medical insurance,

unemployment, compensation, retirement benefits

Trade unions form for collective bargaining including strikes to address workers’ concerns

European Imperial Powerso British Empire

Largest empire Source of great wealth Colonies in the Caribbean, India, SE Asia,

Africa, plus Dominions of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa

o French Empire Large possessions in North Africa and west

Africa, and Indochina

o German Empire Late to empire-building Gains colonies in south and east Africa as

well as in Oceania

o Portuguese Empire No longer major imperial power but retains

Mozambique and Angola in Africa, as well as isolated enclaves like Macau in China and Goa in India

o Dutch Empire No longer major imperial power but retains

colonies in the Caribbean and the Dutch East Indies

Russia Problems in the Empire

o Massive multicultural empire: only half speak Russian and are Russian Orthodox Christian

o Romanovs ruled as autocratic tyrantso Noble class exempted from taxation and military

dutyo Exploitative serfdomo Humiliating military loss to allied forces of Britain,

France, Sardinia, and Ottoman Empire in the

Crimean War Serfdom Sergei Witte Trans-Siberian

railway Russo-Japanese

War 1905

Revolution Great Game

Crimean War (1853-1856) Showed that Russia was behind France and

Britain in military strategy and technology Reforms

o Czar Alexander II emancipates serfs in 1861, but poverty, hunger, and land issues remain unaddressed

o Small scale representative government-network of elected assemblies called zemstvos established

Industrializationo Promoted by Finance Minister Sergei Witte

(1892-1902)o Massive railroad construction- Trans-Siberian

railroado Peasants uprooted from rural lifestyle to work for

low wages and long hours in new factorieso Uneven: Moscow and St. Petersburg more

industrialized than central and eastern Russia

Repressiono Intellectual class spreads radical ideas for social

change Socialists, anarchists Terror tactics, assassinations

o Tsarist authorities turn to censorship, secret police, torture, and executions

o Nationalist ant-Russian sentiment grows in Baltics, Poland, Ukraine, Georgia, and Central Asia

Radicalizationo 1881 radical People’s Will movement assassinates

Tsar Alexander II triggered widespread pogrom attacks on

Jews increased repression

o Russia loses Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) in humiliating defeat

o Defeat exposes government weaknesses and leads to the Revolution of 1905

o Tsar Nicholas II (1894-1917) makes some concessions including establishing an elected national Duma

Imperialismo Russian expansion in central Asia brings it into

conflict with Britain- Great Game rivalry

Russian Empire

Continuities and Changes, 1750-1900Continuities Changes

Urbanization Major political and social revolutions

Patriarchy New ideas continue to challenge order

(Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment) European empires Transcontinental European migrations to

the Americas (though in much larger numbers after 1750)

beginning with the French Revolution Industrialization (economic and social

effects) Growth of nationalism

Possible Essay Topics:

Causation Comparison1. Analyze the effects of the Industrial

Revolution on Europe between 1750 and 1900.

2. Analyze the causes of political and social upheaval in Europe between 1750 and 1900.

1. Compare the goals and outcomes of the French Revolution with ONE other revolution:Russian Revolution 1917American RevolutionLatin American Revolutions

2. Compare Russian and Japanese industrialization in the period 1850 to 1914.

3. Compare how Russia and ONE other country responded to calls for reform during the period 1750 and 1900:

Ottoman Empire Qing China Japan

Periodization Continuity and Change1. Evaluate the extent to which the Atlantic

Revolutions that took place in the 18th and early 19th centuries can be considered a turning point in world history.

2. Evaluate the extent to which the Industrial Revolution that began in England in the 18th century can be considered a turning point in world history.

1. Analyze the political and economic continuities and changes in Europe between 1750 and 1900.

2. Analyze continuities and changes in the goals and methods of European imperialism between 1500 and 1900.

Unit 6 1900 to present Accelerating Global Change and RealignmentsChapter(s): The Great War: The World in Upheaval (Chapter 33), An Age of Anxiety (Chapter 34), New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War (Chapter 36), End of Empire (Chapter 37), A World Without Borders (Chapter 38)

Country/Region Key Features Key Terms/People

Europe Origins and Causes of World War One (1914-1918o Nationalism

Nationalism in Multi-National Empires- Austro-Hungarian Empire (Southern Slavs), Russian Empire (Poles, Ukrainians, Baltic Peoples), Ottoman Empire (Greeks, Serbians, Romanians, Bulgarians

o Imperial Rivalries Germany competes with British Empire for

dominance Arms race between Britain and Germany

leads to construction of large navies and new advanced weaponry

o Inflexible Diplomatic Alliances Agreements of mutual defense contributes to

chain reaction which started the war Triple Alliance (formed in 1882):

Germany- Austria-Hungary, and Italy Triple Entente (formed in 1907): Britain-

France-Russia Britain promises to protect Belgian neutrality

in case of invasion England and France are concerned with

Germany’s growing power Germany is concerned over possible Russian

and French attack on Germany and British domination of the seas

Austria-Hungary is concerned about Russian interference in the Balkans

Russia is concerned about German military threat

Features of the Waro Trench warfare

War of attritiono High casualtieso New technologies

Tank Machine gun Poison gas airplanes

o total war and mass mobilization of the workforce women working in factories

Global Flu Pandemic (1918-1920)o Deadly flu carried by returning soldiers spread

rapidly throughout the world and killed over 50 million people, much more than the total that were killed during the war

o Another example of how interactions of peoples can be conduits for spreading disease

World War One Treaty of

Versailles Influenza

Pandemic Paris Peace

Conference Fascism Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Appeasement Holocaust European Union Climate change

Treaty of Versailleso Forced Germany to sign and admit war guilto Germany forced to give up its colonies which

became League of Nations mandates under French and British supervision

o Demilitarization of the Rhinelando Limited self-defense force of 100,000 meno Dismantling of navyo Forced to pay 30 billion in war reparations to

Britain, France, and Belgium

Post-war Europeo Lost generationo Pessimismo Slow economic growtho New ideas:

Philosophy- Nietzsche, Camus, Sartre Psychology- Freud Abstract art- Picasso Physics- Einstein

Great Depressiono Germany borrows money from USA to pay war debts

to France and Britaino Germany plagued by hyperinflation- US loans provide

some reliefo France and Britain pay debts owed to USA for World

War Oneo System dependent on flow of cash from USAo USA recalls all loans to Europe after stock market

crash which hurts European economies

Rise of Fascismo Fascism in Italy

Public disappointment with weak territorial gains after World War One

Like Germany, Italy is an irredentist or revisionist power seeking to claim lost territory and expand

Economic and social turmoil following the war

Benito Mussolini marches on Rome with his Blackshirts in 1922 and convinces King Emmanuel III to appoint him as prime minister

In 1926 Mussolini seizes power and declares himself Il Duce “the leader”

o Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany In 1921 becomes leader of the National

Socialist German Workers’ Party (Nazis)

Attempts to overthrow government in 1923 but fails

Capitalizes on public discontent with democratic Weimar Republic

Nazis become largest party in German Parliament by 1932

Hitler appointed Chancellor in 1933 Hitler seizes power and declares himself

Fuhrer “the leader” in 1934 1938 Kristallnacht pogrom against Jews

World War Two

o German Aggression Hitler withdraws from League of Nations in

1935 Remilitarizes the Rhineland area (border

with France) which violated the terms of the Treaty of Versailles

Forms an Anschluss or union with Austria in 1938

Applies pressure on Czechoslovakia to cede Sudetenland to Germany as this area had a German ethnic majority

o Policy of Appeasement Britain and France do little to stop German

and Italian aggression wanting to avoid another World War at all costs and allow Germany to revise Treaty of Versailles

o War breaks out in 1939 when Germany invades Poland

o Most of Europe falls under German occupation by 1941

o Combined Allied forces defeat Nazis and Axis forces in 1945

o The Holocaust Specially-designed death camps like the

ones in Auschwitz murder millions of Jews by delivering poisonous gas (Zyklon B) in technologically advanced assembly-line style mass killing

Corpses destroyed in crematoria Estimated 6 million Jews killed during

the war Death camps were liberated by the

Soviets in early 1945

Iron Curtain/ Divided Europeo Stalin violates pledge to hold free elections in

Eastern Europe and instead installs pro-Communist regimes friendly to Moscow

o Europe divided into pro Western NATO allies and pro Soviet Warsaw Pact

o Germany divided into zones of occupation West- US, Britain, France East- Soviet Union Berlin also divided into East and West

European Union (EU)o Originated as European Economic Community in

1957 and included France, West Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg

o EU established in 1993o Reintegrated Europe politically and

economicallyo Free movement of people and goodso Member countries must give up sovereignty in

order to become member stateso Has since expanded to 28 European countries

Current Issues and developmentso Improved status of women in Europe since

1960so Aging populationso Climate changeo Integrating non-European immigrants and

refugeeso terrorism

Eastern Europe Treaty of Trianon and St.Germain (Paris Peace Conference 1919)

o Abolished Austro-Hungarian Empire and created separated republics of Austria and Hungary

o Outlawed unification of Austria with Germanyo Created new independent countries such as Poland,

Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia

Eastern bloc (1945-1989)o With the exception of Yugoslavia all members of

communist Warsaw Pact Allianceo Poland

Solidarity trade union movement resisted communism in early 1980s supported by Catholic Church

o Hungary Anti-Soviet resistance in 1956 is crushed

by Sovietso East Germany

Berlin Wall erected in 1961- symbol of Cold War

Wall removed and Germany unified in 1989

Paris Peace Conference

Eastern Bloc Warsaw Pact Hungarian

Uprising 1956

Prague Spring 1968

Polish Solidarity

Velvet Revolution

Break up of Yugoslavia

Berlin Wall

o Czechoslovakia Pro-democracy anti-Soviet resistance

crushed in Prague Spring 1968 Velvet Revolution in 1989 leads to

peaceful transition to democracy Czechoslovakia later divided into Czech

Republic and Slovakiao Yugoslavia

Left Warsaw Pact Followed separate socialist path Ethnic violence between Serbs, Bosnian

Muslims, and Croats led to break up of Yugoslavia into separate republics in the early 1990s

Russia Russian Revolution 1917o February Revolution

Strikes and uprisings breakout Czar Nicholas II abdicates Provisional government formed

o October Revolution 1917 Provisional government continues

unpopular war Vladimir Lenin and Communists seize

power and quito Civil war breaks out against nationalist forces

(Whites)- communists emerge victorious in 1922

Stalin in power (1927-1953)o After power struggle against Trotsky and Bukharin,

Stalin emerges as the leader of the Soviet Union in 1927

o Ends Lenin’s relaxation of restrictions and orders massive collectivization of agriculture

o Five Year Plans for Agriculture and Industry (1928-1938)

Major increases in industrial and agricultural output

o Ukrainian famine (Holodomor) 1932-1933 Persecution of Kulaks (“middle class

farmers”) Millions of Ukrainians die of starvation

after Soviet government confiscates wheato Purges

Stalin orders show trial of enemies Purges of generals weaken military Massive deportations to labor camps

(gulags) Summary executions

Collapse of the Soviet Union (1986-1991)o Gorbachev introduces economic and social

Russian Revolution

Vladimir Lenin

Joseph Stalin Five Year

Plans Holodomor Great Purges Perestroika Glasnost

reforms beginning in 1986o Perestroika (restructuring)

Limited private enterprise allowed, aimed at reviving Soviet economy

More elected and democratic representation in Soviet National Assembly

o Glasnost (openness) Criticism of Communist Party and

past mistakes allowedo Reforms backfire and further destabilize the

Soviet Uniono 14 Non-Russian republics secede in 1991o Gorbachev replaced by Boris Yeltsin who

becomes first president of post-Soviet Russia

Continuities and Changes, 1900-presentContinuities Changes

Nationalism and separatism Decline of European power in relation to

the USA and other regions Modernization Armed conflict

Collapse of communism in Eastern Europe

Formation of EU and reintegration of Europe

Democratic, multicultural Western Europe

Technological advancements

Possible Essay Topics:

Causation Comparison1. Analyze the effects of world war two on

Europe between 1939-present.2. Analyze the causes of conflict in Europe

between 1900-1945.

1. Compare the goals and outcomes of the Russian Revolution with ONE other revolution:

French RevolutionMexican Revolution

2. Compare how the cold war affected Europe and ONE other region:

Africa East Asia Latin America

Periodization Continuity and Change1. Evaluate the extent to which the First

World War can be considered a turning point in world history.

2. Evaluate the extent to which the Russian Revolution can be considered a turning point in world history.

1. Analyze the political and economic continuities and changes in Europe between 1900-present.

2. Analyze political and cultural continuities and changes in Europe between 1900-present.

Possible DBQ Topics:1. Collapse of classical empires (Roman Empire, possible comparison)2. Roman and Han technology3. Philosophies of the classical world (Roman, Greek, possible comparisons)4. Medieval merchants, trade5. Medieval society, feudalism, Christianity6. Crusades7. Black Death8. Renaissance9. Age of Exploration10. Protestant Reformation, religious wars11. Absolutism12. Global silver trade13. European Empires (rivalries)14. French Revolution (possible comparisons)15. Industrial Revolution (possible comparisons)16. European nationalism17. World War One18. Russian Revolution19. Interwar Years (Depression, Fascism)20. Holocaust (possible comparative genocides)21. Cold War (resistance, women’s roles)22. Collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe23. Globalization (EU, possible comparisons)

Maps that you should be familiar with: