AP Exam ReviewRegion: Middle East

Middle East includes: North Africa, Egypt, Arabian Peninsula, Palestine/Israel, Iraq (Mesopotamia), Iran (Persia), Syria, Turkey (Anatolia), and possibly Afghanistan

Unit 1 8000BCE to 600BCE Technological and Environmental TransformationsChapter(s): Early Societies in Southwest Asia and the Indo-European Migrations (Chapter 2), Early African Societies and the Bantu Migration (Chapter 3)Country/Region Key Features Key Terms/PeopleMesopotamia/Anatolia/Palestine

Sumerian city-stateso Developed in Fertile Crescent around

3500BCE between Tigris and Euphrates rivers

o Agrarian societyo Complex societies developed:

Cuneiform writing Specialization of labor Trade Bronze metallurgy The Wheel Irrigation Polytheistic religion Shipbuilding Social classes and patriarchy (practice

of veiling for women) Literature: flood story –Epic of

Gilgamesh Babylonian Empire (2150-1600BCE)

o Empires replaced city-states with centralization and armies to enforced rule

o Hammurabi ruled from a capital city (Babylon) and imposed taxes

o Created the first legal code- Hammurabi’s Code to create law and order and enforce

Sumer Tigris and

Euphrates rivers City-states Cuneiform Epic of Gilgamesh Hammurabi’s Code Babylonian

Empire Assyrian Empire Hebrews monotheism Jewish diaspora Phoenicians Hittites

authority

Hittites settled in Anatolia around 2000BCEo Developed iron metallurgy around 1500BCEo Improved weaponry and chariot technologyo Technology diffused to Assyrians who

perfected chariot warfare and conquered much of the Middle East after the collapse of the Babylonian Empire

Hebrews (Jews)o Originated as pastoral nomads inhabiting

lands between Egypt and Mesopotamiao Settled in Palestine around 1300BCEo Developed monotheism and rejected

polytheism of neighbors around 1000BCEo After the Assyrian conquest of Palestine in

586BCE Hebrews were dispersed and scattered throughout the Middle East and Mediterranean, establishing diaspora communities

Phoenicianso Originated on the Mediterranean coast north

of Palestine around 300BCEo Developed trade networks and shipbuilding

technologyo Alphabetic writing would later influence

European languages like Greek and Latin

Egypt Earliest civilizations emerged around the Nile river around 5000BCE

Like Mesopotamia, Egypt was an agrarian society Unification of Egypt around 3100BCE

o Centralized state created by Menes who became the first pharaoh

o Like Mesopotamia, Egypt developed sophisticated and complex societies:

Social hierarchies Patriarchy Trade specialization Trade networks- evidence of trade

with Mesopotamia and in the Mediterranean

Hieroglyphic writing Pyramids built to honor pharaohs

(monumental architecture) Egyptian Religion

o Polytheistic like Mesopotamia but with more complexity and a strong belief in the afterlife and judgment

Mummification

Nile river Book of the Dead Mummification Monumental

Architecture

Book of The Dead Monotheistic cults like Aten

Unit 2 600BCE to 600CE Organization and Reorganization of Human SocietiesChapter(s): Empires of Persia (Chapter 7), Cross-Cultural Exchanges on the Silk Roads (Chapter 12)

Country/Region Key Features Key Terms/PeoplePersia Achaemenid Empire (558BCE-334BCE)

o Founded by Cyrus the Great in 558BCEo Began in Persia and expanded west into

Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Palestine, Egypt, and eastwards to the Indus river valley

o Made up of diverse subject peopleso Religiously toleranto Complex cities and administration

Capital city of Persepolis Bureaucracy Administrative divisions like

satrapies Coins to facilitate trade Complex roads- Royal Road Qanat irrigation system used

underground canals Decline of Achaemenid Empire

o Emperor Xerxes unable to effectively manage subject peoples

o Harsh treatments produced rebellionso Weakened army from wars with Greekso Conquered by Alexander the Great in

331BCE

Seleucid Empire (305-281BCE)o Hellenistic Empire of Alexander’s

successorso Greek colonists settled in empireo Retained Achaemenid administration

Parthian Empire (238BCE-224CE)o Nomadic peoples who invaded Seleucid

Empire from central Asiao Retained Achaemenid administration but

less centralized, relied on nomadic steppe traditions

Sassanid Empire (224CE-651CE)o Last Persian empire before Muslim

conquesto Claimed direct descent from

Achaemenidso Zoroastrianism became state religion

Monotheistic faith that developed

Satrapies Achaemenid

Empire Seleucid Empire Parthian Empire Sassanid Empire Zoroasrianism Qanat Irrigation

system Royal Road Manichaeism

around 1200BCE Focused on good versus evil

dualism Influenced Judaism and later

Christianity Popular among aristocracy but

less so with peasantry Largely supplanted by Islam in

the mid 7th century Silk Roads

o Trade network connected China with Persian Empire and Rome

o Sogdian merchants from Persia exchanged slaves, spices, precious metals for Chinese silk and paper

o Diffusion of epidemic diseaseo Diffusion of religion and development of

syncretic traditions like Manichaeism which fused Christian and Zoroastrian beliefs

Continuities & Changes 1000BCE to 600CEContinuities Changes

Patriarchy Rigid social hierarchies Agrarian societies trade

Development of large expansive empires Diffusion of religion and development of

new syncretic traditions More complex administration and

governmental organization Increasingly monotheism replaces

polytheism Larger networks of trade like the Silk

Roads develop

Possible Essay Topics:

Causation Comparison1. Analyze the causes of the decline of

classical civilizations in the period between 600BCE and 600CE.

2. Analyze the causes of imperial consolidation and expansion in the period between 600BCE and 600CE.

1. Compare how early and classical civilizations used religion and philosophy to create political and social unity.

2. Compare the decline of the Persian Empire with ONE of the following in the period between 600BCE and 600CE:Roman EmpireHan dynastyGupta Empire

Periodization Continuity and Change1. Evaluate the extent to which the collapse

of classical empires in the period between 200BCE and 600CE can be considered a turning point in world history.

2. Evaluate the extent to which the emergence of monotheism in 1200BCE can be considered a turning point in world history.

1. Analyze the continuities and changes in patterns of interaction along the silk roads in the period between 200BCE and 1450CE.

2. Analyze the political and social continuities and changes in the Middle East from 3500BCE to 600CE.

Unit 3 600CE to 1450CE Regional and Transregional InteractionsChapter(s): The Expansive Realm of Islam (Chapter 14), Nomadic Empires and Eurasian Integration (Chapter 17), Expanding Horizons of Cross-Cultural Interaction (Chapter 21)

Country/Region Key Features Key Terms/ People

Middle East Pre-Islamic Arabian peninsulao Nomadic Bedouinso Polytheistico Merchants and traders

Muhammad and the birth of Islamo Born into merchant family in Mecca in 570CEo Received revelation form God to spread monotheism

and 5 Pillars of Islamo Revelations recorded in Qurano Viewed Islam as the completion of Judaism and

Christianity-Abrahamic religionso Conflict with ruling elite at Mecca, escaped to Medina

(Hijra), regrouped and began Muslim conquest Succession Crisis-Sunni/Shia Schism

o Disagreement as to who should lead Islamic community after Muhammad’s death

o Sunnis (majority) believed most able and qualified should be caliph

o Shia (minority) believed that only a direct descendant of Muhammad can be the caliph

o Schism persists in the Islamic world Islamic Expansion and the Umayyad Dynasty

o By the early 8th century all of the Arabian Peninsula, Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Persia was under Islamic rule

o Merchants and sufi missionaries played a large role in facilitating spread of Islam

o Subsequent expansion into Iberian peninsulao Anatolia was still largely under Byzantine rule

Muhammad Quran 5 Pillars of

Islam Hijra Shia/Sunni

Schism caliph Sharia Umayyad

Dynasty jizya Abbasid

Dynasty Sufis Muslim

Agricultural Revolution

Ibn Battuta’s pilgrimage

o Umayyad’s established capital at Damascuso Tolerated religious minorities but viewed them as

second class citizens and imposed special jizya taxo Umayyad decline caused by corruption and

discontent among Shia Muslims Abbasid Dynasty

o Established in 750CEo Moved capital to Baghdado More cosmopolitan than Umayyad-golden age of

Islam Advances in science, math, and medicine

o More tolerant of conquered peoples: non-Arabs played major roles in government and administration

o Adopted Persian administrative techniques and bureaucracy

o Decline: Corruption Nomadic invasions by Seljuk Turks in 1050

who took control of much of the Abbasid empire with Abbasid caliph operating only as a nominal head

Divisions between Shia and Sunni Mongol capture of Baghdad in 1258 officially

brought dynasty to an end Effects of Islamic rule

o Diffusion of new crops- Muslim Agricultural Revolution from India to Persia to North Africa and to Europe

o Urbanization and growth of large cities: Baghdad, Damascus, Jerusalem, Cairo

o Paper manufacturing acquired from China and diffused throughout Islamic world

o Overland trade: Trans-Saharan, Silk Roadso Maritime trade: Arab merchants involved in Indian

Ocean trade, particularly Omani merchantso Bankingo Diffusion of Greek and Roman scientific knowledge

to Europe Islam and Women

o Although Islam promised equality for women, pre-Islamic practices like veiling continued as did the custom of harems for wealthy men and rulers

Ibn Battuta’s pilgrimages/voyages(1325-1354)o Began his journey in Morroccoo Legal scholar who offered advice to Islamic

leaders in India and West Africao Traveled through the entire Islamic world, and

past it reaching Chinao Made pilgrimage to holy city of Mecca

Anatolia Seljuks Turkso Nomadic Turks from Central Asia invaded

Anatolia in 11th century, converted to Islamo Gradually took control over much of the

Abbasid empireo Effective warriors who defeated the Christian

Crusader armies and retook Jerusalem Ottoman Turks

o Second wave of nomadic invasions during Mongol period landed in Anatolia and incorporated the Seljuks into their armies

o Captured Constantinople in 1453 and ended the Byzantine Empire

Seljuk Turks Ottoman

Empire Crusades

Persia Ilkhanate (1258-1335)o Persia was incorporated into the Mongol

empireo Mongols allowed Persians to administer and

run the Ilkhanateo Persians had to deliver tax revenue to Mongol

leaders and maintain ordero Higher degree of religious toleration than

Muslim empires: Buddhists, Jews, Zoroastrians, Nestorian Christians mixed freely and many held positions of influence

o Many Mongol leaders converted to Islam Mongol Khan Ghazan

Ilkhanate

Continuities & Changes 600CE to 1450CEContinuities Changes

Patriarchy –Muslims adopted practice of veiling women

Silk roads trade continued to diffuse goods, technology, religion, and epidemic disease

Rigid social hierarchy largely remains Persian bureaucratic practices

adopted by Muslim and then Mongol rulers

Conflict with Europe but now has religious basis-Christian versus Muslim

Spread of Islam as religious movement, replacing polytheism in the Middle East

Political unification under Islam Mongol conquests and acceleration of silk

road trade Arab traders played major role in Indian

Ocean trade system Trans-Saharan trade developed with

kingdom of Ghana and Mali Empire Muslim Agricultural Revolution diffused

crops from India to the Middle East and to Europe

End of Byzantine Empire and presence in the Middle East

More interconnection between regions: Ibn Battuta’s voyages

Possible Essay Topics:

Causation Comparison1. Analyze the effects of Mongol rule on

Persia in the period between 1000 and 1450CE.

2. Analyze the effects of the spread of Islam on the political and cultural development of the Middle East in the period between 600 and 1450CE.

1. Compare the spread of Islam in the 7th century CE with the spread of Christianity between the 1st and 3rd centuries CE.

2. Compare how Islam affected economic and political development in the Middle East with ONE other region in the period 600 to 1450CE:South AsiaWest AfricaEurope

Periodization Continuity and Change1. Evaluate the extent to which the

emergence of Islam in the 7th century CE can be considered a turning point in world history.

2. Evaluate the extent to which the Mongol invasions of the 13th and 14th centuries can be considered a turning point in world history.

3. Evaluate the extent to which the Christian Crusades that began in the 11th century CE can be considered a turning point in world history.

1. Analyze continuities and changes in patterns of interaction along the silk roads in the period between 200BCE and 1450CE.2. Analyze political and social continuities and changes in the Middle East between 600CE and 1450CE.

Unit 4 1450 to 1750 Global InteractionsChapter(s): The Islamic Empires (Chapter 27)Country/Region

Key Features Key Terms/People

Ottoman Empire Expansion 1450-1650

o Mehmed II conquers Constantinople in 1453o Ottomans extend territories throughout

Balkans conquering Greece and Serbia, extending rule as far north as Hungary

o Conquest benefitted from superior gunpowder technology

o Devshirme system Christian boys were turned over to

Ottomans, converted to Islam and served in the civil administration or in the elite fighting corps called the Janissaries

Millet System Devshirme

system Janissaries Mehmed II Suleiman the

Magnificent

o Under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) Ottomans became major naval power in the Mediterranean

Religious diversityo Sizable Jewish and Christian minorities lived

in the Ottoman empireo Millet system allowed religious minorities to

keep their religious traditions and customs as long as they paid the jizya tax and swore loyalty to the sultan

Tradeo Engaged in extensive Mediterranean trade

with England, France and other European nations

o Benefitted from existing trade networks and trading routes

o Acquired new world crops such as coffee and tobacco which became popular consumption items

o Less dramatic effect of new world crops on population growth in Ottoman empire

Art and Architectureo Ottoman sultans commissioned large

palaces like the Topkapi palace, built large mosques like the Blue Mosque, lavish garden, and promoted miniature painting

Declineo European military technology gradually

became superior to Ottoman gunpowdero Military setbacks and loses began in mid

17th centuryo Corruptiono Unrest among various subject peopleso European merchants gradually gained

privileges over the Ottoman economyo Nevertheless, Ottoman Empire lasted until

the early 20th centuryo Cultural isolationism: censorship and

printing ban limited diffusion of knowledge

Safavid Persia Origins and expansiono Safavids originated in central Asia near

the Caspian Sea and then invaded Persia near the end of the 15th century

o Shah Ismail (1501-1524) extended rule over much of Persia

o Setback at Battle of Chaldrian (1514)o Loss to Ottoman armies forced Safavids to

reform military and adopt better gunpowder technologies

Twelver Shiism Shah Ishmail Shah Abbas Battle of

Chaldrian

o Shah Abbas (1588-1629) Reforms military and

administrative institutions Further expansion into central

Asia Military improvements reduced

threats from Ottomans and Portuguese

Religious Policyo Twelver Shiism official state religiono Limited toleration of Zoroastrians and

Jews and persecution of Sunnis

Art and Architectureo Monumental architecture like the Shah

Mosque built in Isfahano Miniature paintings depicted Shia

religious themes Decline

o Incompetent sultans succeeded Shah Abbas

o Corruptiono unable to expand westwards or

eastwardso officially ended in 1736

Continuities and Changes 1450-1750CEContinuities Changes

Political and cultural importance of Islam Patriarchy Slave trade-Trans-Saharan Arab traders still involved in Indian

Ocean trade and serve as middlemen between Europeans and indigenous populations

Rise and decline of gunpowder empires: Ottoman and Safavid

Spread of Islam reaches its limit Silk roads replaced by maritime trade

networks European merchants overtake Muslim

merchants in trade with East Asia European rather than Muslim domination

in West and East Africa Increased urbanization Social mobility possible in merit-based

system of Ottoman empire

Possible Essay Topics:

Causation Comparison1. Analyze the effect that Ottoman

expansion had on the Middle East in the 1. Compare the expansion of maritime and

land-based empires in the period

period 1450 to 1750.2. Analyze the causes of Ottoman

consolidation and expansion in the period between 1450 and 1750.

between 1450 and 1750.2. Compare the expansion of the Ottoman

and Russian Empires in the period between 1450 and 1800.

Periodization Continuity and Change1. Evaluate the extent to which the Trans-

Atlantic slave trade that developed in the 16th century can be considered a turning point in world history.

2. Evaluate the extent to which the development of gunpowder in the 13th century can be considered a turning point in world history.

1. Analyze the continuities and changes in the Islamic world between 600-1750CE.2. Analyze continuities and changes in patterns of interaction between Europe and the Middle East in the period between 600 and 1750CE.

Unit 5 1750 to 1900CE Industrialization and Global IntegrationChapter(s): Societies at Crossroads (Chapter 31)

Country/Region Key Features Key Terms/PeopleOttoman Empire Military Decline

o Palace coups and intrigues staged by Janissaries

o Loss of revenue from distant provinces and territories as central government unable to maintain military control over whole empire

Territorial losseso Loss of control over Egypt which had

become autonomous region within empire under the control of Muhammad Ali

o Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania all fought for and achieved independence from Ottoman rule in the 19th century

Economic Declineo Ottoman Empire fell behind Europe

economicallyo Cheap mass produced textiles and

goods from industrialized Europe flooded the Ottoman and hurt Ottoman craftsmen

o Increasingly dependent on European banks for loans

Tanzimat Reforms (1839-1876)o Introduction of improved weapons

Muhammad Ali (Egypt)

Young Turks Tanzimat

Reforms

and military tacticso European-style secular educationo Legal reforms designed to safeguard

the rights of Ottoman subjectso Legal equality for religious minoritieso Liberal constitution and creation of a

Parliament which created representative government

Opposition to reformso Conservative forces in the bureaucracy

as well as Muslim clerics sought to undermine reforms which challenged the traditional order

o Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909) dissolved the newly created parliament and ruled as an autocrat

Young Turkso Liberal-minded young Turks pushed

for further liberal and modernizing reforms

o Organized coup to depose Abdul Hamid II and put a puppet sultan on the throne in 1909

o Young Turks called for fee public education, freedom of religion, and secularization

o Highly nationalistic generating hostility from subject peoples and unable to revive decaying empire

Continuities and Changes 1750-1900Continuities Changes

Continued military decline of Ottoman Empire

Islam remains important political and social force in Arab world and Middle East

Patriarchy

Attempts at reform to Ottoman system (Tanzimat)

Increasing European domination of Mediterranean and Balkans

Loss of territories to independence movements in the Balkans

Young Turk movement pushes for modernization and secularization in Turkey

Loss of territories to French and British imperialism

Possible Essay Topics:

Causation Comparison1. Analyze the causes of the decline of land- 1. Compare how the Ottomans responded to

based empires such as the Ottoman empire in the period 1750 to 1900.

2. Analyze the effects of European imperialism in the period 1750 and 1900 on ONE of the following regions: Middle East Africa East Asia

calls for reform and modernization in the period 1800 to 1900 with responses from ONE of the following:RussiaChinaJapan

2. Compare how the Ottomans and ONE of the following countries responded to increasing European dominance during the period 1800 to 1900:ChinaJapan

Periodization Continuity and Change1. Evaluate the extent to which the rise of

nationalism in the 19th century can be considered a turning point in world history.

2. Evaluate the extent to which the industrial revolution that began in Britain in the 18th century represented a turning point in world history.

1. Analyze political and social continuities and changes in the Islamic world between 1450 and 1900.2. Analyze the continuities and changes in European patterns of interaction with the Islamic world between 1000CE and 1900.

Unit 6 1900 to present Accelerating Global Change and RealignmentsChapter(s): The Great War: The World in Upheaval (Chapter 33), End of Empire (Chapter 37), A World Without Borders (Chapter 38)

Country/Region

Key Features Key Terms/People

Ottoman Empire/Turkey

World War One (1914-1918)o Ottomans entered war on the side of the Central

Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary)o Though the Ottomans won a decisive battle against

Allied forces at Gallipoli they lost the war and had a harsh treaty imposed on them, the Treaty of Sevres (1920) which dissolved the Ottoman empire and stripped Turkey of parts of Anatolia and all its Balkan territories

o Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and the Young Turks declared war on the Allies and drove Greeks and their Western Allies out of Anatolia and received and then negotiated the more favorable Treaty of Lausanne (1923)

Armenian Genocide (1915-1923)o During the course of the war approximately 1

million ethnic Armenians who lived in the Ottoman Empire were massacred

Turkey under Ataturk (1923-1938)

Gallipoli Mustafa

Kemal Ataturk

Young Turks Armenian

Genocide Secularization Treaty of

Sevres and Treaty of Lausanne

o Industrialized and modernized Turkeyo Republican constitution with democratic elements

but restrictions on civil libertieso Religious freedom granted to minoritieso Secularization of institutions

and equal rights including suffrage granted to women

Arab lands Arab revolts and nationalismo Arabs resisted Ottoman rule and fought on the side

of the British against Ottoman forces in exchange for independence after the war

Mandate systemo After dismantling of Ottoman Empire Arab

territories such as Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, and Kuwait came under British or French League of Nations mandate protection- independence would be awarded at a later date

Zionism and the Creation of the State of Israelo Beginning in the mid 19th century thousands of

Jews began immigration to Palestine in the hope of establishing a Jewish homeland

o The Balfour Declaration (1917) issued by the British promised British support for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine

o Waves of Jewish settlers immigrated to British Palestine in the 1920s and 1930s causing friction with Arab populations

o UN Partition of Palestine in 1947 created a Jewish state and an Arab state- Arab states rejected this and attacked Israel

Arab-Israeli Conflicto Six Day War (1967)

Israel goes on offensive against Egypt, Syria, and Jordan and wins decisively, captures Suez peninsula

o Yom Kippur War (1973) Egypt and Syria launch surprise attack

on Jewish holy day and recapture lost territory

o Camp David Accords (1978) Peace achieved with Egypt, later in

1990s with Jordano Palestinians

Oppose Israeli occupation of Arab lands Fought armed struggle as PLO from

1970s to 1990s More recently have sought negotiated

settlements Arab nationalism

o President Gamal Abdel Nassar (1956-1970) of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal prompting a joint British, French, and Israeli

WW1 French and British Mandates

Arab nationalism

Zionism Balfour

Declaration Arab-Israeli

Conflict Suez Crisis

(1956) Six Day War

(1967) Yom Kippur

War (1973) Palestine

Liberation Organization (PLO)

Camp David Peace Accords

OPEC 1st and 2nd

Gulf Wars Terrorism September 11,

2001

invasion of Egypt in the 1956 Suez Crisis, subsequently resolved by UN intervention

o Creation of Arab League to advance the interests of Arab states

o Oil rich Arab states created OPEC which gave them economic and political power

o Iraqi President Saddam Hussein (1979-2003) posed as champion and defender of Arab world

Invaded Shia Iraq in 1980 Invaded Kuwait in first Gulf war

(1991) Eventually deposed by Americans in

second Gulf War (2003) Terrorism

o Rise of Islamic fundamentalism in 1970so Desire to return to restore sharia law and

political power of Islamo Terrorist attacks carried out against Western

and Israeli targets including airplane hijackings and bombings of buildings

o September 11, 2001 Terrorist attack on New York World

Trade Towers

Iran Iran under the Shah (1945-1979)o The Shah sought to restore Iran to its former

greatness as a Persian empireo Modernized and secularized Irano Industrialization and modernization

financed by oil wealtho Emancipated women

Iranian Revolution(1979)o Shia fundamentalists with the help of other

groups opposed to the Shah overthrew the Shah and created an Islamic fundamentalist state hostile to the West

o Revolution led by charismatic cleric Ayatollah Khomeini (1979-1989)

Shah 1979 Iranian

Revolution Shia Islam Ayatollah

Khomeini

Afghanistan Strategic mountainous location between Middle East and South Asia

Invaded by Soviets in 1979o Afghan Mujahadeen (Islamic holy

warriors) defeated Soviet invaders Taliban rule and American invasion

o Ruled by Islamic fundamentalist Taliban from 1996-2001

o Men had to wear beards, women forced to cover themselves completely

o Overthrown by American invasion in 2001 in wake of September 11th attacks

Soviet invasion

Taliban American

invasion Islamic

fundamentalism

Continuities and Changes 1900-presentContinuities Changes

Patriarchy in much of the Arab world Importance of Islam as a political and social

force/movement Interference by European or foreign powers

in the Middle East

Arab Nationalism Emancipation of women in Turkey Zionism Economic prosperity (oil) Islamic fundamentalism Terrorism Modernization and Secularization Genocide (Armenians)

Possible Essay Topics:

Causation Comparison1. Analyze the causes of the Arab-Israeli

conflict in the twentieth century.2. Analyze the effects of Decolonization in

the 20th century on the Arab World.

1. Compare the Iranian Revolution in 1979 with ONE of the following:Russian RevolutionChinese Cultural RevolutionCuban Revolution

2. Compare twentieth century nationalist movements in the Middle East with ONE from the following region:Sub-Saharan AfricaSouth AsiaSoutheast Asia

Periodization Continuity and Change1. Evaluate the extent to which the

emergence of Islamic fundamentalism in the latter part of the twentieth century can be considered a turning point in world history.

2. Evaluate the extent to which the Cold War can be considered a turning point in world history.

1. Analyze the political and social continuities and changes in the Islamic world between 1900 to the present.

2. Analyze the continuities and changes in European patterns of interaction with the Middle East from 1900 to the present.

Possible DBQ Topics:1. Religion in early civilizations (Egypt, Mesopotamia)2. Spread of Islam3. Comparing Christian and Muslim merchants4. Crusades5. Silk Roads6. Trans-Saharan trade7.Indian Ocean trade

8. Mongol conquests9. Rise of Gunpowder empires10. Decline of the Ottoman Empire11. Women in Islam12.Zionism (Israel)13.Nationalism in Turkey14. Iranian Revolution 1979

Maps that you need to be familiar with