Ch. 1 Additional notes (NEW TEXT)

Types of travel

Mass Tourism

1. Large number of tourists coming to one destination.2. Mass tourism destinations are usually mountain or beach vacations.3. Involves tens of thousands of people travelling to the same destination, often at

the same time of year.4. Most popular form of tourism since mass tourism holiday products were

introduced in the 1970s as it is often the cheapest way to go abroad on holiday.5. An example would be a traditional package holiday.

Specialized Tourism

1. Reflects the changing tastes and preferences of visitors.2. This meets the needs, wants and expectations of a more adventurous population.3. This is geared towards particular interests such as hiking, painting or culinary

activities.4. Defined as that which involves individual or group tours by people who wish to

develop their given interests or visit places with a connection to their specific interest.

5. Sports tourism and medical tourism would be examples.

Independent and packaged tourism

1. Independent tourism: the traveler organizes and books transport and accommodation from separate sources rather than purchasing them together as part of an organized package.

2. Packaged tourism: simultaneous sale of at least two elements of a holiday to the traveller, such as fares of public transport (flights) and commercial accommodation (hotels)

3. Other elements, such as meals or excursions, are not essential to the definition of a holiday package, but may also be included.

Types of destination

1. Destination: any geographical area consisting of all the services and infrastructure necessary to support tourism. The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (buildings, roads, power supplies)

2. Destinations are places to which people travel in order to take part in leisure and tourism activities.

3. Features of a destination may appeal to different people.

Resort:

1. Places in which a high proportion of the jobs and businesses are connected to tourism.

2. Have a range of accommodation and include a number of attractions and other tourist facilities.

3. Beach resorts: on the beach and the main amenities and activities of visitors are linked to the beach.

4. Purpose built resorts: Offer accommodation, food and beverages, activities and amenities designed around certain theme and were carefully planned and developed to attract certain customer groups. (Disney World)

5. Integrated resorts: new, mixed development concept, which is large scale and purpose, built.

6. Integrated resorts offer a broad range of leisure and conference facilities as well as a casino.

Town, city, country

1. Small medieval towns, historic city centres, and whole regions such as the Loire Valley in France. All of these destinations have charm, curious traditions, popular festivals, and delicious local foods.

2. Countries can be described as a destination too: Costa Rica, Iceland

Urban and rural

1. Urban destinations: High population density large towns and cities. Day trips to them are popular. Usually have the transport infrastructure to handle large amounts of tourist.

2. Shopping, entertainment, museums, churches, and other built attractions are popular in urban destinations. (NYC)

3. Rural (countryside destinations) : remote and less densely populated areas. Visited to enjoy natural attractions such as lakes, mountains, and forests. The Fjords of Norway would be an example.

Coastal and Island

1. Coastal destinations: Seaside tourism and these types of destinations are popular with families. “ Sun, sea, and sand” package holiday.

2. Island destinations: attract visitors with their exotic images of white sandy beaches, activities such as snorkeling and their strong cultural heritage (Jamaica)

MEDCS and LEDCS

1. MEDCs act as a tourist receiving area because they have the most developed infrastructure to support visitor numbers.

2. Usually MEDCs are in the northern hemisphere and include NA, WE, JA, and AUS.

3. LEDCS are poorer countries and do not have stable economies.4. Their infrastructure is not as developed and there are usually political problems.5. Ethiopia, Cambodia, and Haiti would be examples.6. Recently LEDCs are gaining tourists and developing their economies (Cuba)7. The LEDCs have been able to promote and exploit their natural landscape and

wildlife, from safaris in Tanzania and Kenya, gorilla trekking in Rwanda, to rainforest trekking in Costa Rica.

8. Other LEDCs have relied on historical and cultural attractions such as Mexico and Egypt with their pyramids, Peru with Machu Picchu and Laos with Angkor Watt temples.

9. NICS: Newly industrialized countries such as Brazil, India, and China are gaining from tourist as well.

Tourism generating area: places where the majority of tourists originate Tourism receiving area: main areas to which the majority of tourist travels.

Dark TourismSlum Tourism: visit informal settlements (shanty towns) and impoverished areas as a more realistic form of experiencing a country, by getting in touch with real people and the local culture. (Rocinha in Rio)

Film Tourism: specific form of cultural tourism which reflects the growing interest and demand for locations which become popular due to their appearance in films and TV series. Big in New Zealand (The Hobbit)

Characteristics of destinations and attractions, which appeal to visitors

Accessibility

1. The provision of safe, convenient and economical transport and other tourism-related infrastructure is a key factor for the success of tourism in any destination.

2. Visitors must have easy and affordable access to a destination in order to want to travel there.

3. Having a good international airport, served by a number of international airlines from around the world makes a destination more accessible.

4. Good local infrastructure, with good public transport networks and a variety of well-connected public amenities also attracts more visitors.

Built and Natural Attractions

1. An ideal destination will have a broad mix of built and natural attractions as this creates the broadest appeal to visitors.

2. Built attractions: churches, museums, castles, theme parks, zoos, art galleries, theaters, and cinemas.

3. Natural attractions: National Parks, lakes, beaches, forests, water falls, deserts, canyons

Climate:

1. Affects people’s motivation to travel.2. Especially in beach destinations.3. Warm and dry are enjoyed the most4. Winter sports: fresh snow

Culture

1. Way of life a group of people, the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next.

2. A major characteristic of a destination that draws visitors in.3. Experience something different then what the visitor is used to at home.

Traditions

1. Long-established customs that people from different cultures continue to practice.2. Visitors are invited to witness the local people engaging in their traditions.

(Cooking) Amish in Penn.

Language

1. Reflects the nature and values of society.2. Some countries have two or three languages (Switzerland) 3. Tourists may often only choose to travel to destinations in which there is no

communication barrier because of the languages commonly spoken in that country.

4. English is without a doubt the actual universal language in tourism terms.5. Is the world’s second largest native language and is the official language in 70

countries.

Gastronomy

1. Local food and beverages are the main motivating factors for travel. (Miami)2. Travelling to taste the local specialty food and beverages tends to be a domestic

tourism activity, with visitors traveling to places to eat and drink specific, local produce.

Dress1. Certain cultures, the dress code within a destination is an important factor (Middle

East)2. Public bathing in bikinis is not acceptable within all cultures; therefore visitors

from certain cultural backgrounds might not visit beach resorts where this is commonly practiced.

Handicrafts

1. Crafts reflect the artistic sense, feelings and cultural characteristics of a destination.

2. Traditional handicrafts offer a unique experience for tourists to engage in.3. Usually observe the handicrafts being made, then can be purchased as a souvenirs.

Events

1. Art events: brings artists, architects, and designers together to display artwork in a range of different media. (Art Basel)

2. Music events: Ultra, Chili cook-off, Tortuga3. Festival: name given to a period of celebration typically for religious reasons but

nowadays also used to refer to an organized series of concerts, plays, or films held annually in the same place. (La Tomatina)

4. Sporting Events: Wimbledon, UEFA Champions League

History

1. Cities often offer a choice of many different historical attractions. (Coliseum, Roman Forum, and the Pantheon in Rome)

Architecture

1. Enjoy interesting and unique architecture (Dubai: Burj Khalifa, world’s tallest building and Burj Al Arab hotel, world’s first seven star hotel)

Leisure Activities

1. Range of leisure activities available within a destination influence a tourist decision to visit.

2. Could be in Florida Keys: Fishing, Kite boarding, diving, biking, golf, tennis, canoe, etc……

3. Could be one particular leisure activity within a destination (Grand Canyon)

Range and type of accommodation including grading

1. More appeal to a destination if there are a variety of different types of accommodation on offer, ranging from campsites, hostels, motels, hotels and luxurious five star hotel accommodations.

2. Accommodations can be non-serviced or serviced.3. Serviced prices reflect that members of staff are available on site to provide

guests with services such as cleaning, meals, and room service.4. Non-serviced means that the customer is purchasing sleeping accommodation that

is being offered to guests furnished on a rental basis (self-catering apartments and holiday cottages)

5. Grading schemes include star ratings; customer should know what they are getting.

Religion

1. Travel to destinations where people practice the same religion as the visitor.2. Could be to see scared sites or go on a pilgrimage. 3. Could be a cultural experience.

Shoulder Months1. The travel season between peak and off-peak seasons, especially spring and autumn, when fares tend to be low.

Number of people employed directly and indirectly in the industry

1. Front offices in hotels, restaurants, travel agencies, tourist information offices, aircrafts, cruise lines, resorts or shopping outlets provide direct employment.

2. Their employees are in contact with tourists and cater for tourist demand. 3. Indirect employment: activities like restaurant suppliers, construction companies

that build and maintain tourist facilities, as well as necessary infrastructure, aircraft manufacturers, various handicraft producers, marketing agencies, and accounting services.

4. 9.4 % of the world employment

Trends in travel and tourism, including occupancy rates, duration of stay, method of transport

1. Statistical data collated by national and international tourism agencies and authorities plays an important part in being able to understand the trends in travel and tourism.

2. Data relating to load factors for transport providers, occupancy rates for accommodation providers and usage rates for tourist attractions gives a clear indication of how popular the products and services of these organizations are.

3. Destinations will look at how long people choose to stay on average, and the methods that tourist use to travel to the destination, as all of this information helps travel and tourism providers make adjustments to their products and services to better the needs of their customers.

4. Also helps with tourism forecasting, to ensure the industry is operating as efficiently and as profitably as possible.

Changes in distribution of wealth

1. Chinese middle class is now larger then the middle class in the USA.2. Disposable income is increasing the BRICS3. In the year 2000 most of the wealth was concentrated among the G8 nations

(USA, France, Italy, UK, Japan, Germany, Russia, Canada), OPEC nations, and some Asian countries (Singapore)

4. Due to lower labour and production costs, many companies consider the BRIC as a source of foreign expansion opportunity, and promising economies in which to invest.

Infrastructure development and improvement

1. Infrastructure serves the needs of tourists and encourages more people to travel to a destination when it is done right.

2. Gov’ts invest in infrastructure to allure more tourists to their areas.3. Accommodations, restaurants, built attractions; tours and transport are primarily

developed by the private sector.4. Private investors would be unwilling to invest in tourism facilities, however,

without good airport and road infrastructure and the availability of affordable basic services such as water, sewerage, electricity, health facilities and telecommunications, for which the public sector is responsible.

5. Gov’ts recognize that infrastructure is a major stimulus to achieve economic growth, and attract more visitors.

Social Factors

1. Social factors, such as religion, family or wealth, affect lifestyle.2. Taste and fashions constantly change.3. Social factors also include changes in demography such as increased life

expectancy or changes in birthrates.

Ageing Population

1. By 2050 there will be 2 billion people over the age of 60 in the world.2. This will change the needs of the average consumer and will thus affect global

markets, in turn causing an overall change in the demand for products and services.

3. Increased life expectancy and better pension provision has led to an increased number of wealthier older people with a disposable income.

4. Seniors (grey market) have become a broad and important group for the travel and tourism industry.

5. The grey market will have better health, more available income, no family obligations and more free time, which allows them to travel more often and for longer periods of time.

6. This cohort will turn into a very profitable target market, which gives tourism providers the opportunity to develop specific products and services for them.

7. Traditional beach holiday tourism outlets are increasing their heritage element of their package to appeal to the older generation.

Leisure Time

1. The future development of tourism will depend on how the industry manages to compete with increasingly attractive options for spending leisure time.

2. In richer countries the working hours have been steadily reduced and the amount of leisure time is increasing.

3. Many people look forward to a golden age of leisure. 4. Changes in the world economy in recent years have made the situation much

more complex.5. Working conditions, which specifically affect leisure time such as shorter

working days, shorter working weeks, longer holidays with pay and age of retirement, have taken on more significance.

6. In some countries, increased life expectancy has led to an increase in pension age.7. The pension age in moving to age 67 in most MEDCs. 8. This will have a negative effect on leisure time.

Generally, however, leisure time has increased in the past 50 years or so because of the following

A. Increasing the flexibility of working hours provided benefits to employees in terms of greater freedom to choose when to go on holiday. This is important for tourism, as leisure time will be increasingly shaped by the terms of new, more flexible working hours.

B. Paid leave in countries within the EU was underpinned by the 1993 Working Time Directive, which gave a right to four weeks’ paid holiday starting in 1999.

C. Many workers are putting off retiring because of delayed pensions. But there are still a few workers that continue to retire younger and fitter then past generations.

D. The leisure of the younger generation is constrained by limited incomes rather than time but many young people take in opportunity to travel before embarking on their careers and the changing pattern of employment, with less emphasis on lifetime careers, encourages some to take further breaks between periods of work.

Consumer behavior is changing in response to these economic and social developments.

Pattern of tourism is changing towards shorter, more frequent and more intensive breaks.

The work and leisure time of individuals, through the week and through the year, has become increasingly variable.

Young people and the retired will be the groups with most leisure time available for travel.

Leisure time availability continues to be shaped by hours of work, public holidays, paid leave entitlements and retirement arrangements.

Each country tends to have its own national values and traditions in terms of the importance attached to leisure.

Rising middle classes in the East, declining in the West

1. In the 21st century, the wealth of the middle class has grown strongly in all regions and in almost all countries.

2. The size, health and resources of the middle class are seen as key factors in determining the speed and sustainability of economic development.

3. Wealth is still mainly concentrated in Europe and the USA, but the growth of wealth in emerging markets has been steady, including China.

4. China holds nearly 10% of the global wealth.

5. The Chinese middle class has now reached 109 million adults, well ahead of the 92 million adults who are apart of the American middle class.

6. Globally, 14% of the adult population belongs to the middle class.7. That is around 664 million adults in total.8. Forecasts predict Asia will have the highest bulk of the growth when it comes to

middle class.

New Family structures

1. Two parent families are becoming less common in many parts of the world, but they still constitute a majority of families around the globe.

2. Children under the age of 18 are more likely to live in two parents families than in other family forms in Asia and the Middle East, compared with other regions of the world.

3. Children are more likely to live with one or no parents in the Americas, Europe, Oceania, and Sub-Saharan Africa.

4. Marriage rates are declining in many regions as well.5. Adults are most likely to be married in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East, and are

least likely to be married in SA, EUR, NA, and Oceania.6. Cohabitation (living together without marriage) is more common among couples

in Eur, NA, Oceania and SA.7. Childbearing rates are declining worldwide.8. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest TFR.9. NA, SA, and Oceania is about 2.1 10. EA and EUR have below 2.111. For tourism, these changes to family structures means there are more single

travellers, that is, those who travel without family members and more travellers without children.

12. The ageing population creates a new market segment for tourism, so too does the new family structure, in catering to the needs of the single traveller and for the couples market.

Increased awareness of health

1. Travel is a strong force in the emergence of disease since the migration of humans has been the pathway for spreading infectious diseases throughout recorded history and will continue to shape their emergence, frequency and spread of infections in geographic areas and populations.

2. Travellers may encounter serious health risks that may arise in areas where accommodation is of poor quality, and where hygiene and sanitation are inadequate.

3. Tourists visiting LEDCs will increase exposure for tourists to diseases endemic in those regions.

4. Person to person-transmitted infections will become more global. (SARS, H1N1 and Ebola)

5. Increased media coverage of such epidemics has highlighted the risks associated with traveling.

6. Internet and other media outlets have made travellers more aware of infectious diseases.

7. Health conscious travellers will avoid contaminated beaches or areas with poor air quality.

Political Factors

Changes to security measures, visa regulations and entry controls

1. Recent events have highlighted the vulnerability of tourism both on a global and a local sale.

2. Perceived or real threats to visitor safety have immediate impacts on a destination’s reputation and can dramatically affect the number of visitors it receives.

3. Egypt is securing holiday resorts by installing additional closed circuit TV camera systems in the Red Sea Resorts.

4. The gov’t is also buying new scanning and detection equipment and increasing the number of security personnel and sniffer dogs for resorts.

5. Airport security has changed to better protect passengers and airline crew.6. Now they screen all airport workers every time they enter secure areas.7. Electronic scanners are now available to detect explosive materials. Once staff is

alerted, they use scanners to look for other suspicious items carried by the person or their companions.

8. Passenger’s shoes are now checked.9. Strict limits were placed on the amounts of liquids passengers could take on

board.10. Full body scanners have been used as well at certain airports.11. Check-in: no sharp objects can be carried on board. No liquids in containers

larger than 100ml. Hand luggage has size limits as well.12. Hand luggage: Scanned for illegal items with an x-ray machine. Sniffer dogs and

chemical hand swabs may be used to detect explosives. Passengers may be asked to prove electronic and electrical devices in their hand luggage are sufficiently charged to be switched on.

13. Body Scanner: Passengers pass through a metal detector and or body scanners, which produce an outline image showing items concealed beneath clothing or on the body.

14. Passport control: Biometric passports used by some countries use facial recognition technology to compare passenger’s faces to digital image recorded in their passport. Details are then automatically checked against Border Force systems and watch lists. Iris recognition is also used at some airports.

15. Boarding pass check: Final check before getting onto the aircraft is usually the boarding pass control. Automatic readers verify the pass to confirm the passenger is boarding the flight that is carrying their checked-in luggage.

16. Baggage check: Checked baggage passes through large-scale x-ray machines and may be checked by sniffer dogs. All bags are kept completely separate from passenger areas in the terminal.

Visa Requirements and Entry Controls

1. In order to fully reap the socio-economic benefits international tourism can generate for a country, it is necessary to put in place conditions that make the country competitive, the most important of which is to make destinations easy to visit.

2. Visa policies are among the most important gov’t formalities influencing international tourism.

3. Visas perform several essential functions, they serve to ensure security, to control immigration and limit the entry, duration of stay or activities of travellers.

Changes to Legislation

1. The role of tourism legislation is to formulate a legal and regulatory framework for the sustainable development and management of tourism, protection and conservation of natural and cultural resources and the facilitation of the involvement of private sector and local communities in tourism development activities.

2. Will reflect the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders; ensure the rights of international/local tourists and will ensure the rights and obligations of participating businesses, inbound –outbound tour operators and all others concerned in the tourism sector.

3. Many countries will legislate the provision of tourism services through licensing of approved operators.

4. Employment law may affect tourism provision because of directives about the number of hours employees are permitted to work, regulations on health and safety at work.

5. Anti-discriminatory legislation varies from country to country. Most countries now operate laws criminalizing all forms of discrimination on the grounds of religion, caste, creed, race, or ethnic origin.

6. Many also protect the rights of fair access to products and services for disabled travellers.

7. Attitudes towards same sex marriages and gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender visitors differ from country to country.

Developments in Information Technology

1. Advances in mobile technology mean that there are now more users of smartphones and tablets than traditional laptops and PCs in the world.

2. Social media has made a huge impact on the tourism industry.3. Consumers will network to research trips, make informed decisions about their

travels and share their personal experiences of a particular hotel, restaurant or airline.

4. Trip Advisor in particular has had a wide-reaching effect on the industry.5. It has 50 million unique monthly visitors who are actively seeking out travel

information and advice from the sources they trust the most: other tourists and holidaymakers.

6. The online community sees user-generated content as more credible and authentic and for many hotels, restaurants, and visitor attractions, if they are not listed in the top five spots, they are losing out to their competitors.

7. Social media is now dominating the industry: Trip Advisor and Facebook8. Virtual tours are among the most cost effective online marketing tools. 9. Panoramic virtual tours let potential customers literally see for themselves what is

on offer.10. This engages viewer activity on websites.11. A site that has a 360-degree virtual tour and interactive media will receive 40%

more views than a competitor’s site that is lacking the same media.12. Online check-in is another way in which airlines are harnessing technology to

benefit customers.13. E-tickets form an integral part of the booking process; a flight has been much

quicker through alternative check-in methods.14. Most airlines offer online check-in as part of an effort to make the process more

efficient. 15. This involves the passenger being able to log onto the airline’s website and print

off their own boarding pass.16. Benefits are: they can select the seat they want for the flight in advance and then

go straight to the baggage drop-off point at the airport. Bypassing airport check-in.

17. E-passports are important as well. 18. Normal passports with a small chip implant in the back cover.19. The chip contains the same data displayed in the passport itself and also has an

additional digital photo for biometric identification purposes.

Ecological factorsProtection of the environment and conservation of natural and cultural heritage

1. For many destinations, the natural environment is one of the main attractions for leisure visitors, offering a wide range of recreational, activity based, educational and or cultural activities and experiences.

2. The development of natural areas for tourism requires a careful balance between providing adequate visitor experiences and services, protecting the ecological and cultural values of the area and ensuring the long-term sustainability of the site.

3. Tourism has the potential to increase public appreciation of the environment and to spread awareness of environmental problems when it brings people into closer contact with nature and the environment.

4. This association with nature may increase awareness of the value of preserving the environment and lead to more environmentally conscious behavior and activities.

5. We can protect, conserve, and restore biological diversity through the creation of national parks and wildlife parks.

Diminishing oil reserves: seeking new travel forms

1. BP predicts there are 40 years of oil supplies left in the world. 2. As world demand grows and supply diminishes, prices will soar.3. Energy conservation measures are more wide spread now than ever before.4. Led to the development of better aircraft that are more fuel-efficient and the use

of alternative energy sources.5. There is unquestionable need for research and investment with regard to such

fuels.6. All are currently very limited in quantity and will require considerable time and

investment to achieve a scale of production equal to that of petroleum today.7. Renewable biofuels such as ethanol, wood methanol and biodiesel are well suited

to running existing engines.8. The main drawback is their requirement for arable land for growing crops such as

corn, sugar cane or rapeseed, hence the inevitability of an eventual trade-off between food and fuel.

9. Solar, wind, tidal, hydro, wave and geothermal technologies all produce electricity.

10. Thus most renewable energy sources other than biofuels will be suitable for running electric vehicles and as yet hybrid cars are in an early stage of adoption.

11. Electric cars are a long way from being able to cope with the demands of mass tourism.

12. Solar flight has developed a plan for the next generation aircraft.13. Transport by rail and ship, both of which enjoy much higher fuel efficiencies then

airplanes.14. Short routes for trains allow them to use electric trains.15. Electric buses, surface electric light rail (trolleys or trams) electric subways, bikes

Polarization of demand of budget and luxury products

1. Given the changes in distribution of wealth, and because of changing lifestyles, there is polarization in demand for products and services in travel and tourism.2. At one end wealthy visitors are seeking comfort/luxury travel products, whilst at the other end people are looking for no frills/budget travel offers.3. This has changed the way in which travel and tourism products and services are marketed.

Specialized packages

1. This is a tailor made vacation based on what the consumer wants. (Consumer driven)

2. Consumers can customize their own itineraries to include elements of the holiday they wish and can omit those aspects that do not appeal.

3. This empowers the consumer because they can use specialist providers, who are expert in their field, and may save money on elements of the holiday they would not use.

4. Leads to increased customer satisfaction, which may lead to repeat business and word of mouth recommendations.

Sustainable and responsible tourism

1. As more regions and countries develop their tourism industry, it produces significant impacts on natural resources, consumption patterns, pollution, and social systems.

2. The need for sustainable/responsible planning and management is imperative for the industry to survive as a whole.

3. Sustainable tourism business must also be financially sustainable; in order for tourism to thrive, it has to be profitable for business owners.

4. Conserving water and energy, supporting community conservation projects, recycling and treating wastes, hiring staff from the local community, paying them fair wages and providing training and sourcing locally-produced products for restaurants and gift shops.

5. Take concrete actions to enhance the well-being of local communities and make positive contributions to the conservation of natural and cultural heritage.

6. This can cut down on their own costs and preserve their operations for long term.7. Responsible tourism will take on different tasks in different regions of the world.

Each region has its own needs.8. Responsible tourism is about the legacy and the consequences of tourism, for the

environment, for local people and for local economies.

Product Differentiation

1. Marketing of generally similar products with minor variations that are used by consumers when making a choice.

2. Individualizing, branding policies, changing cost/quality ratio, product uniqueness, packaging changes in flights, hotels, accommodations, five star or hostel, meal plan or not.

Product line extension

1. Is the use of an established product brand name for a new item in the same product category.

2. Occur when a company introduces additional items in the same product category under the same brand name such as a hotel chain opening new branches in different destinations.

Changing the cost/quality ratio of the product

1. This is closely linked with the actual costs of providing the product and the customer’s perception of value for money.

2. The price changed should be deemed to represent good value based on the quality of the product and services offered, in order to achieve customer satisfaction.

3. However in an attempt to make cost savings and to boost an organization’s profitability, sometimes the quality of the product is stripped back or the price is increased beyond the true value of the product.

Organizations influencing international travel and tourism

World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

1. A specialized agency of the UN and the leading international organization in the field of tourism.

2. Serves as a global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism know-how.

3. 157 countries are members4. Represents the private sector, educational institutions, tourism associations and

local tourism authorities.5. Complies the World Tourism rankings and thus it is a significant global body,

concerned with the collection and collation of statiscal information on international tourism.

6. Represents public sector tourism bodies, from most countries in the world and the publication of its data make possible comparisons of the flow and growth of tourism on a global scale.

7. Committed to the UN Millennium Development Goals, geared towards reducing poverty and fostering sustainable development.

8. Helps promote a global code of ethics of tourism; helps maximize the positive economic, social, and cultural effects of tourism and fully reap its benefits, while minimizing its negative social and environmental impacts.

National Tourism Organizations (NTOs)

1. They are responsible for the formulation and implementation of national tourist policy within a country and for coordination the different activities involved in tourism development.

2. Closely linked with the gov’t and are usually governed at the ministry level.3. Influence over the development of the country’s tourism industry involves

planning and regulation.4. Planning involves the areas or regions of a country to be targeted for tourism

development.5. Regulation is setting guidelines about the way in which tourism should be

operated.6. Ensure maximum possible value from international tourism is gained for the

country for its economic and social benefit.7. Functions would include: Research, info and promotion of the country, monitor

standards of lodging and restaurants, publicity overseas, international relations, develop national heritage sites, tourism policy and promotion.

8. Promotion includes advertising, publicity of all kinds, public relations, info and distribution of printed sales material.

Regional and local tourism organizations (RTOs)

1. Are the same as NTOs but only work for a certain region of a country. Such as Tuscany or South Florida

Consular service providers

1. Consular assistance is help and advice provided by the diplomatic agents of a country to citizens of that country who are living or travelling overseas.

2. Assistance may take the form of replacement travel documents, advice and support in the case of an accident, serious illness or death and the repatriation of a person under such circumstances.

Destination Management Companies (DMCs)

1. Professional services company, which has extensive local knowledge, expertise and resources, and which specializes in the design and implementation of events, activities, tours and transportation within a destination.

2. Describes a company that specializes in the organization and delivery of Foreign Independent Tours, group tours, meetings and events in a specific country, city, or region.

3. Their in-depth knowledge of the area, their proficient experience in organizing visits and their creativity allow them to create customized programs for customers.

4. Obligation of the DMC is to find a tailor-made solution.5. They are local partners of outgoing tour operators, travel agents and conference

planners.6. They can arrange airport transfers, hotel accommodation, meal service, hospitality

desks, sight-seeing and tours, themed events, room amenities and even gifts on behalf of their customers.

7. The DMC may have special connections enabling them to negotiate special deals on customers’ behalf.

Travel and Tourism includes

1. Attractions2. Accommodation and Catering3. Tourist Information and Guiding Services4. Tour Operators5. Travel Agents6. Transportation

Charter Flights

1. Used mainly for package holidays2. Tour operators use them 3. Many charter flights use small and medium sized airports4. All seats have been pre-booked by the tour operator 5. Flight is usually to an all-inclusive destination6. Business charter flights exist as well and individual charter flights (private flights)

Coach Transport

1. Express coach services for both domestic and international travel2. Private hire services3. Tours and excursions4. Transfers

Hotels

1. Include TV, bathroom, telephone, mini-bar, alarm clock, Wi-Fi, small refrigerator, snacks and drinks, coffee maker, shampoo and conditioner, hair dryer, ironing board and iron, and microwave.

2. The cost and quality of hotels are usually indicative of the range and type of services available.

3. Half board, full board, all inclusive4. Guest houses and lodges: alternative to staying at the more expensive hotels.

Meals besides breakfast are often available (dinner/lunch) usually on request.5. Many of the services offered at hotels can be expected, such as airport transfers,

wake up calls and laundry service.6. Bed and Breakfast establishments are usually less expensive than hotels.7. Staying at a B&B gives visitors the opportunity to live as a local and enjoy the

advice of their hosts.8. Hostels offer backpackers budget accommodation as a clean, comfortable, stylish

place to stay.9. Camp sites (non-serviced) come close to nature, enjoy the outdoors with family

and friends.10. Self-catering offer flexibility not bound by restaurant meal times and has more

space than hotel rooms offer.11. Cottages, villas, and apartments, here guests cater to themselves.

Food and beverage outlets

1. In some destinations food and restaurants are the tourist attractions themselves.2. Cafes and wine bars have become particularly attractive to tourists because of

their historical value, menu and special atmosphere.3. Many visitors can be described as being “ culinary or food” tourist as they want to

experience the food of the country, region, or area.4. Tourists in most destinations can choose between fast food and street food outlets

or can visit a themed restaurant, an ethnic restaurant, or a fine dining restaurant, depending on their taste, budget and need for convenience.

5. Fast food: cooked in bulk in readiness of a customer’s order, it is not cooked to order. Speed plays a role in which customers are served.

6. Street food: cheap and sold from a kiosk, stall, food truck or a pushcart.7. Themed restaurant: usually based around a specific concept and the food is

almost secondary to the décor and general ambience.8. Ethnic restaurants: reflects a particular culture. Staff often wears uniforms that

reflect this culture.9. Fine dining: found at a luxury hotel and is grand and stylish. Silver service and

there may be a formal menu with high prices.10. Coffee shops and cafes:

Ancillary service providers

1. Travel insurance, park/event tickets/ car hire/ airport parking/ foreign exchange/ tour guide.

Currency exchange

1. Tourists can exchange at a hotel, airport, a travel agent, malls, or a specific business that specializes in only exchanging money.

2. Businesses offer exchanges for a fee.3. Now people can withdraw from foreign ATMs with their credit card or debit card.4. People still use travel checks.5. People can pay directly with their credit cards.

Car hire

1. Reserving a hire car can be done via the travel agent, hotels or online.2. Many tourists life to make sure they have booked their hire car before traveling

for speed and convenience on arrival in the destination.3. This guarantees that the car will be waiting at their chosen pick up point and that

the visitor can choose the size of vehicle before they pick it up.

Tour guide

1. Is an expert on the history of the location and will offer their tour groups interesting or enlightening info about the points of interest at nature attractions, historic sites, museums, scenic locations and other attractions.

2. May offer walking tours, bus tours, or even lead river tours on a boat.3. Guides answer visitor’s questions and keep the tour organized, efficient, and safe.4. Offers a visitor peace of mind, especially in destinations with a strong cultural

identity that differs from the visitors’ own or in places where there is an element of danger, or you could get lost.

5. These tour guides can be booked via the tour operator, travel agent, or an independent guide online. TICs will also be able to suggest a tour guide as well.