Commac

k Hig

h School HL

Biology

Topic

Six: Evolutio

n

Seven

Quest

5.1 U.1 Evolution occurs when heritable characteristics of a species change.1. Define evolution. (Slide 5)

2. Describe the scientific method (Slide 11)

3. What is the difference between a Science theory and a theory to the general public? (Slide 14)

4. What is some of the evidence that support the theory of evolution? (Slide 16)

5.1 U.2 The fossil record provides evidence for evolution5. Explain what a fossil is? (Slide 17)

6. Identify the types of fossils (Slide 18)

7. Below is a profile of sedimentary rock containing fossils?a. Which layer contains the youngest fossil _____ b. Which layer contains the oldest fossil _____

8. The table below gives information about the radioactive decay of carbon-14. After how many years will 1/128 gram of the original carbon-14 remains? _____________________ (Slides 26-28)

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5.1 U.3 Selective breeding of domesticated animals shows that artificial selection can cause evolution.8. Describe the common practice that has been used by farmers for hundreds of years to developed new plant and animal varieties. (Slide 29 )

9. Answer the questions regarding the video on : Selective Dog Breeding a. How many years have we been shaping the way a dog looks and behaves? b. Where did some of the first wild dogs come from? c. When did dog breeding explode as a hobby with humans?

10. What changes occurs on the Galapagos Islands as the islands age? (Slide 35)

5.1 U.5 Populations of a species can gradually diverge into separate species by evolution11. The Hawaiian violets are distributed across six main islands of the Hawaiian archipelago. List some of the habitats across six main islands which lead to various in violets (Slide 36)

12. Describe the evolutionary relationships between the Hawaiian violet and the Hawaiian Islands age and as an example the biogeography of Kauai (Slide 36-40)

5.1 U.6 Continuous variation across the geographical range of related populations matches the concept of gradual divergence.

13. Describe how variation in geographical range may lead to evolution taking place (Slide 40)

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5.1 U.4 Evolution of homologous structures by adaptive radiation explains similarities in structure when there are differences in function. 5.1 A.2 Comparison of the pentadactyl limb of mammals, birds, amphibians and reptiles with different methods of locomotion

15. Describe the changes that have taken place in the limbs examples above (Slide 36-39)

Compared to a Human arm:

16. Great Transitions: The Origin of Tetrapod’s (Slide 41)

a. What do all 4 limbed animal share? (3:30)

b. What were the conditions that lead to animals walking on land? (9:13)

c. What links the fin bones to us? (15:20)

5.1 A.1 Development of melanistic insects in polluted areas.The bark of the trees around Manchester, England was covered with white lichens before the Industrial Revolution. Light colored peppered moths that rested on the trees were camouflaged against bird predators, while dark colored moths were easily preyed upon. After a few years of industrialization, the tree bark became darkened from pollution. The table below represents a change in the number of light and dark colored moths within the peppered moth population over a period of 6 years from the beginning of industrialization.

17. What year had the most light colored moths? ______ Dark colored moths? ________ 18. What is happening to the light moths during the 6 years? 19. What is happening to the dark moths during the 6 years? 20. Explain why the selection light colored peppered moth by the birds may be occurring

5.2 U.1 Natural selection can only occur if there is variation among members of the same species.

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21. List below the four factors that bring about change in a population over time due to Natural Selection. (Slide 51)

5.2 U.2 Mutation, meiosis and sexual reproduction cause variation between individuals in a species

22. List the three way changes in gene frequency occur. (Slide 53)

23. Describe a mutation and its causes. (Slide 54)

24. Explain the point mutation in blood cells and Chromosomal mutation Klinefelter’s Syndrome? (Slide 57 & 58)

25. What role does meiosis and fertilization play in creating new phenotypes (Slides 59 & 60)

5.2 U.3 Adaptations are characteristics that make an individual suited to its environment and way of life

26. The basic needs to survive are food, water, air, and shelter. Some animals structural adaptations to survive during the winter. Give an example: (Slides 61-64)

27. The basic needs to survive for plants are nutrients, water, Carbon Dioxide, and Light. Give an examples of adaptations in structural, for seeds, obtaining food and protection: (Slides 67-69)

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5.2 U.4 Species tend to produce more offspring than the environment can support.

28. Identify some of the factors that limit a population from growing, include on example. (Slides 72-78)

5.2 U.5 Individuals that are better adapted tend to survive and produce more offspring while the less well adapted tend to die or produce fewer offspring

29. If natural selection means "survival of the fittest," than how can one "fittest" species evolve within a species? Explain. (Slide 79)

5.2 U.6 Individuals that reproduce pass on characteristics to their offspring. [Students should be clear that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an individual are not heritable. The term Lamarckism is not required.]

30. Geneticists Charlotte Faurie and Michel Raymond recently studied the frequency of left-handers in traditional societies, compared to the level of "violence" in those societies. They used homicide rate as an index of violence. The figure below shows their data. Are the data consistent with the hypothesis that left-handedness gives an advantage in combat?

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a. Suppose the combat hypothesis is true. In extremely violent societies, would you predict that left-handedness would increase? Explain.

b: If left-handedness had no costs, would you expect left-handedness to change over time in any of these societies? Explain.

5.2 U.7 Natural selection increases the frequency of characteristics that make individuals better adapted and decreases the frequency of other characteristics leading to changes within the species.

31. List the causes that can lead to a change in frequency of alleles in a population. (Slide 84)

32. On the Galapagos Islands, Darwin discovered birds with differently shaped beaks. What might this tell you about the eating habits of the birds on different islands? (Slides 86-89)

5.2 A.1 Changes in beaks of finches on Daphne Major.Video: Galapagos Finch Evolution

a. How many summers did the researching couple the Grant’s work on the island? (2:08)

b. How many species of Finches are currently on the chain of islands? How many types started on the islands? (5:32)

c. Describe the changing conditions that occurred on the island Daphne Major and what change result for this change on the Finches. (11:10)

d. What are some of the things that keep two different species from mating? (12:34)

33. A population of birds lives in an area where plants with medium sized seeds are wiped out by a fungal infection that effected plants that produce seeds. Describe what might occur to beak size on the island over time. (Slides 88 and 91)

34. After studying the two graphs on slide 92 explain what may have caused the changes in beak size and shape.

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5.2 A.2 Evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria

35. What exactly is an antibiotic? (Slide 93)

36. How, in a population of bacteria, do antibiotic-resistant ones emerge? (Slides 94-96)

37. Why can using too many antibiotics be a problem for (our) future generations? (Slide 96)

38. Follow the hyperlink (Slide 93) to a news story regarding antibiotic resistance and answer the questions below (8:27 minutes): Societal factors play into rise of drug-resistant bacteria

a. What is causing bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics (3:54)

b. What has led to this evolution? (4:05)

c. Why aren’t new antibiotics being developed? (5:30)

d. What was the percentage of individual in a study for the treatment of a sore throat, needed antibiotics and the percentage that received the antibiotics? (6:24)

e. Pre World War II how was a simple infection be treated (7:28)

5.3 U.1 The binomial system of names for species is universal among biologists and has been agreed and developed at a series of congresses.

39. Who is known as the "Father of Taxonomy"? (Slide 100)

40. What is a new species? (Slide 100)

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41. Why are common names a problem for scientists? (Slide 101)

5.3 U.2 When species are discovered they are given scientific names using the binomial system.What is binomial nomenclature? (Slide 102)

42. List the rules for writing a scientific name. (Slide 110)

5.3 U.3 Taxonomists classify species using a hierarchy of taxa.43. Using the classification system, circle the scientific name that is LEAST like the other 2

in the 3 groups listed below.

a. Canis familiaris Canis lupis Felis domesticus

b. Felis domesticus Mus domesticus Felis concolor

c. Acer rubrum Acer saccarum Reseda odorata

5.3 U.4 All organisms are classified into three domains.

44. What is domain? (Slide 105)

45. Fill in the chart below, giving a brief description of each domain. (Slide 106)

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5.3 A.1 Classification of one plant and one animal species from domain to species level. 5.3 U.5 The principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.46. In the table below, list the seven levels in the hierarchy of taxa and design an acronym to help you remember them. Using two examples from different kingdoms give all seven levels. Fill in the missing categories (Slide 107)

Hierarchical level

ACRONYM PLANT Example: ANIMAL Example:

Mostdiverse

Kingdom King Plantae AnimaliaPhylum Phillip Magnoliophyta

Class Came Mammalia

Order Over MalvalesFamily For Malvaceae Hominid

MostSpecific

Genus Good

species Spaghetti rosa

Common Name Beach Beauty Human

5.4 A.2 Recognition features of bryophyta, filicinophyta, coniferophyta and angiospermophyta.

47. Describe the identifying features of members of the plantae Kingdom (Slide 110)

Leaves, roots & stems Vascular tissue

Reproduction Structure

Bryophyta(mosses)

• No roots, but structures similar to root hairs called rhizoids

• Mosses have simple leaves and stems

• Liverworts have a flattened thallus

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Flicinophyta(Ferns)

• Roots present• Short non-woody stems.• Leaves usually divided

into pairs of leaflets

Coniferophyta(Conifers/Pines)

Seeds develop from ovules in female cones. Male cones produce pollen.

Angiospermophyta(Flowering Plants)

Seeds develop from ovules in ovaries, inside flowers. Seeds are dispersed by fruits which develop from the ovaries.

5.3 A.4 Recognition of features of birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish. 48. Describe the identifying features of members of the Vertebrate Phylum (Slide 112)

5.3 A.3 Recognition features of porifera, cnidaria, platylhelmintha, annelida, mollusca, arthropoda and chordata. Distinguish between the following phyla of animals, using external recognition features and giving examples.

49. Complete the chart below for invertebrate diversity (Slide 123)

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5.3 U.8 Natural classifications help in identification of species

50. Define Natural classification (Slide 123) is a grouping together species that share a common ancestor from which they evolved.

51. What is a dichotomous key? (Slide 123)

52. Using the Ant dichotomous key on slide 123 as a guide construct a dichotomous key for humans using the characteristics on slide 124.

53. Review the invertebrate slides 113-124, construct a dichotomous key of the invertebrates using slide 125 as your guide.

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5.4 U.6 In a natural classification, the genus and accompanying higher taxa consist of all the species that have evolved from one common ancestral species.

54. Define a homologous trait while explaining the relationship between the human and bat limb. (Slide 126)

5.3 U.7 Taxonomists sometimes reclassify groups of species when new evidence shows that a previous taxon contains species that have evolved from different ancestral species.

55. Watch the hyperlink The Three Domains of Life on slide 128 and answer the questions below

a. What do use to help us categorize the species that came after the first cells on Earth? (0.22)

b. What is the first domain to appear on Earth? (0:39)

c. How long a period of Earth’s history does the next domain appear? (1:13)

d. How long a period of time was it until they were discovered to classify?

e. How long a period of Earth’s history before Achaea and Bacteria fuse to create Eukaryotic cells (1:48)

56. Explain some of the new evidence being used today to help re-classify species. (Slides 127-128)

5.4 U.1 A clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor56. What the video on slide 132 and answer the questions below

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a. What is cladistics? (0.24)

b. What is a Cladogram? (0:24)

c. What is the assumption of a Cladogram? (0:39)

d. What do group near each other share? (1:21)

e. What does a node represent on a Cladogram? (1:30)

5.5 S.1 Analyze cladograms to deduce evolutionary relationships

57. Which two species in the top clade on slide 134 are most closely-related by evolution?

58. Which node in the top clade on slide 134 represents the earliest speciation / divergence?

59. Which species in the top clade on slide 134 is D more closely related to; A or B?

5.5 U.1 A Clade is a group of organisms that have evolved from a common ancestor60. What is a transitional fossil? (Slide 136)

61. Watch the video The Origin of Birds from the hyperlink on slide 139 and answer the questions below to learn about transitional fossilsa. The 150-millionyear-old fossil, named Archaeopteryx, rocked the scientific world. Why?

b. Archaeopteryx pointed to a close link between birds and reptiles. But which group of reptiles?

c. What links Deinonychus to Archaeopteryx? (8:38)

d. What do a chicken foot and a T Rex foot have in common? (10:36)

e. What might be one reason feathers evolved other than for flight? (13:59)

5.4 U.4 Traits can be analogous or homologous.

62. a. Identify the difference between homologous sometimes called divergent evolution (Slides 41-43) and analogous sometimes called convergent evolution (Slides 143-147)

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b. Which of the following is an example of convergent evolution?

A. bird’s wing and fish’s fin C. shark’s fin and dolphin’s limb

B. human’s arm and bird’s wing D. human’s leg and dolphin’s limb

5.4 U.2 Evidence for which species are part of a clade can be obtained from the base sequences of a gene or the corresponding amino acid sequence of a protein.

63. Morphology (or there outward appearance) is only one part of the story in cladistics. What else maybe use to organize groups? (Slides 148-152)

64. Individual Proteins sometimes maybe used to make a Cladogram. Identify the protein sequence that has be used to sort mammals. (Slide 153)

5.4 U.3 Sequence differences accumulate gradually so there is a positive correlation between the number of differences between two species and the time since they diverged from a common ancestor.

65. Review slides 154-156 and build a cladogram based on the differences in amino acid sequences for Cytochrome C below.

AMINO ACID SEQUENCES IN CYTOCHROME-C PROTEINS FROM THREE DIFFERENT SPECIES

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66. How many Cytochrome C amino acid sequence differences are there between chickens and turkeys?

67. Make a branching tree, or cladogram for chickens, penguins, and turkeys.

68. Predict the number of Cytochrome C amino acid sequence differences you would expect to see between

a. horse and zebra ________________

b. donkey and zebra _______________

c. What other information did you use to make this prediction?

69. Proteins like Cytochrome C and Hemoglobin are often use as a molecular clock. Explain the meaning of a molecular clock. (Slide 156)

5.4 U.6 Evidence from cladistics has shown that classification of some groups based on structure did not correspond with the evolutionary origins of a group or species.

70. For many years morphology (outward appearance) was used for classification. Study the pictures on slides 157-159. Of the three organisms, which two would you link together and why?

71. What was used to reorganize the 3 groups of species recently? (Slide 160)

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5.4 A.1 Discuss reclassification of the figwort family using evidence from cladistics. 5.4 U.6 Evidence from cladistics has shown that classifications of some groups based on structure did not correspond with the evolutionary origins of a group or species.

72. Using picture above and slides 161 to 165 to list five characteristics the could be used to define a group.

5.4 U.7 Analyze cladograms including humans and other primates. S.1 Construction of dichotomous keys for use in identifying specimens

73. What might be a good strategy for beginning to create a Cladogram for six types of primates? Natural classification is help in identification of species, study the slides 166-171 and the https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ape to form a Cladogram below.

74. Using Slide 173 construct a Cladogram of animal characteristic, starting

Sponges and ending with Humans below.

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10.3 U.1 A gene pool consists of all the genes and their different alleles, present in an interbreeding population.

75. State the definition of the term gene pool. (Slide 178)

76. Explain what is meant by the term allele frequency.(Slide 179)

10. 3 U.2 Evolution requires that allele frequencies change with time in populations.

77. List the cause for a change in allele frequency (Slide 179)

78. Outline why for evolution to occur a change in allele frequencies, within a population, is necessary. (Slide 179)

79. Answer the following questions regarding the hyperlink Population Genetics and then work out the problems below a-c.

1. What is the name of the British Geneticist who invented the Punnett square? (2:22)

2. Why study allele frequencies? (4:17)

3. What does the dominant allele (P) plus the recessive allele (p) equal to? (5:51)

4. In penguin, or other organisms why use the recessive characteristics as a starting point? (8:03)

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a. A population of rabbits may be brown (the dominant phenotype) or white (the recessive phenotype). Brown rabbits have the genotype BB or Bb. White rabbits have the genotype bb. The frequency of the BB genotype is .35.

What is the frequency of heterozygous rabbits? What is the frequency of the B allele? What is the frequency of the b allele?

b. A hypothetical population of 10,000 humans has 6840 individuals with the blood type AA, 2860 individuals with blood type AB and 300 individuals with the blood type BB.

What is the frequency of each genotype in this population?

What is the frequency of the A allele? What is the frequency of the B allele?

If the next generation contained 25,000 individuals, how many individuals would have blood type BB, assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg

equilibrium?

c. A population of birds contains 16 animals with red tail feathers and 34 animals with blue tail feathers. Blue tail feathers are the dominant trait.

What is the frequency of the red allele? What is the frequency of the blue allele? What is the frequency of heterozygotes? What is the frequency of birds homozygous for the blue allele?

10 3 S.1 Comparison of allele frequencies of geographically isolated populations. (Slide 182)

80. PanI is a gene in cod fish that codes for an integral membrane protein called pantophysin. Two alleles of the gene, PanIA and PanIB, code for versions of pantophysin. Samples of cod fish were collected from 23 populations in the north Atlantic and tested to find the proportions of the alleles in each population. The proportions of alleles in a population are called the allele frequencies. The frequency can vary from 0.0 to 1.0 with the total frequency of all alleles always being 1.0

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a. State the two populations with the highest PanIB allele frequencies. [1]

b. State the population in which the allele frequencies were closest to 0.5. [1]

c. Deduce the allele frequencies of a population in which half of the cod fish had the genotype PanIA PanIA, and half had the genotype PanIA PanIB. [2]

d. Identify an example of two geographically isolated populations. [1]

e. Give Suggestions why the PanIB allele is more common in population 13 than population 22. [2]

10.3 U.3 Reproductive isolation of populations can be temporal, behavioral or geographic.

81. State what is meant by the term reproductive isolation. (Slides 183-184)

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82. Outline the mechanism by which populations can be reproductively isolated giving examples for each mechanism.

a. Temporal isolation (Slide 185)

b. Behavioral isolation (Slides 186-187)

c. Geographic isolation (Slide 188)

10.3 A.1 Identifying examples of directional, stabilizing and disruptive selection.

83. Complete the table giving examples of the different types of selection.

Type of selection Diagram

Example

Species Selective pressure Result

Directional Slide 190

Pepper Moth

bird predation Shift in pepper moth color

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StabilizingSlide 191

mortally of birth mother and/or baby

DisruptiveSlide 192

Finches precipitation/drought

10.3 U.4 Speciation due to divergence of isolated populations can be gradual. 10.3 U.5 Speciation can occur abruptly. (Slides 157-163)

84. Click on the hyperlink for Mass Extinction, watch the video and answer the questions below

a. How many mass extinctions have occurred on Earth in the past 450 million years? (0:22)

b. What is the percentages of organisms that die in a mass extinction? (0:30)

c. What do mass extinctions have in common? (1:21)

d. What may have caused the Cretaceous-Tertiary Extinction? (7:50)

e. Of all the organism that have ever existed on the Earth, how many still exist? (8:46)

85. Look at the graphs on slide 200, In the graph punctuated equilibrium there are times when evolution is occurring very slowly. Why?

86. What are possible causes of mass extinction leading to punctuated equilibrium?

87. Horseshoe crabs have changed little in structure from the time they first showed up in the fossil record. Which pattern of evolution do horseshoe crabs likely follow—gradualism or punctuated equilibrium? Explain your answer.

Nature of science: Looking for patterns, trends and discrepancies - patterns of chromosome number in some genera can be explained by speciation due to polyploidy. (3.1) AND 10.3 A.2 Speciation in the genus Allium by polyploidy.

88. Compared to the terms haploid and diploid describe what is meant by the term polyploidy. (Slide 201)

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89. Outline how polyploidy can occur. (Slides 202 & 203)

90. Polyploidy is quite common in plants.

a. Describe why a polyploid plant can have a selective advantage over diploid rivals. (Slide 201)

b. Explain why polyploidy is more common in plants than animals. (Slide 202)

91.Polyploidy can lead to speciation, as individuals with different numbers of chromosomes cannot interbreed. State the common name for the different examples of Allium (Slide 204)

Diploid (2n) = ~ 16 chromosomes Triploid (3n) = ~ 24 chromosomes Tetraploid (4n) = ~ 32 chromosomes Pentaploid (5n) = ~ 40 chromosomes Octoploid (8n) = ~ 66 chromosomes

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