Unit 9: Plant Nutrition and TransportHonours Biology Booklet

Name: ____________________________

1. Key terms: Fill in the gaps

Term Definitionthe process by which plants manufacture carbohydrates from raw materials using energy from lightGreen pigment in plants that absorbs light energy used to carry out photosynthesissomething present in the environment in such short supply that it restricts life processesAn organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water.A tough waxy coating on the surface of stems and leaves that helps it retain water.control the opening and closing of stomata

A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant.The outer layer of cells covering an organism

in plants, the layer of vertically elongated cells that contains chloroplasts, that is located beneath the upper epidermis of leaves, and that participates in photosynthesisLoose tissue beneath the palisade layer of a leaf; has many air spaces between its cellsXylem and Phloem bundled together

Transports water and minerals

Living vascular tissue that carries sugar and organic substances throughout a plantEvaporation of water from the leaves of a plant

The drooping of leaves and stems as a result of plant cells becoming flaccid.The amount of water vapour in the air

the physical property that predicts the direction water will move; determined by solute concentrations and pressure.The process by which organic substances move through the phloem of a plantThe movement of water through a plant from the roots to the leaves as a result of the loss of water by evaporation from the surface of the leaves.

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2. Write the equation for photosynthesis:

a) Word equation

b) Balanced chemical equation

3. What happens to the glucose produced in photosynthesis?

4. Explain the limiting factors of photosynthesis in different environmental conditions

5. Farmers may use artificial l____________ so that photosynthesis can continue beyond daylight hours, or in a higher-than-normal light intensity. The use of paraffin lamps inside a greenhouse increases the rate of photosynthesis because the burning paraffin produces c________ d___________, and h_________.

6. Read the following information and complete tasks a) and b).

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Accessory pigments are pigments in plant leaves other than chlorophyll a that assist in the process of photosynthesis. Accessory pigments function by extending the range of light wavelengths that a plant absorbs. Accessory pigments give plants unique colours.

Chlorophyll a is the primary light-absorbing pigment in plant leaves. It absorbs light wavelengths in the red and blue range, and reflects back green waves, which gives most leaves their distinctive green colour. Different accessory pigments absorb different wavelengths of light. Carotenoids, the most common accessory pigments, absorb extra blue wavelengths. In addition to aiding in the creation of energy from photosynthesis, the carotenoids also protect chlorophyll a from damage from too much light radiation. Chlorophyll b, c and d, lycopene and phycobiliproteins are additional accessory pigments found in some plants.

Algae and cyanobacteria, a single-celled organism that lives in the water and uses photosynthesis, contain many accessory pigments to maximize energy production in their water habitats. Phycobiliproteins allow these water organisms to absorb most wavelengths of light, including much of the green range. Many species of algae and other water plants have red or yellow colouring due to their unique accessory pigments that absorb the wavelengths of light that travel best through the water. The specific accessory pigments found in a water plants help scientists determine the characteristics of the plant's natural ecosystem.

a) Underline the part in the text that describes the main benefit of accessory pigments

b) Highlight the accessory pigments mentioned above.

7. The green light is reflected off the chlorophyll, which is why you see the plant to be green. What colours of light does chlorophyll absorb the best?

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8. Where in plants does photosynthesis occur?____________________________________

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9. What are the two key parts of the photosynthesis process?

Photo –

Synthesis -

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10. Light reactions- Converts light energy to _____________ energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.- Light energy splits ___________ to oxygen, releasing high energy ____________.- The movement of electrons is used to generate __________.- Electrons end up on NADP+, reducing it to ___________.

11. The Calvin Cycle- Occurs in the _____________- Uses ATP, NADPH and ________- Produces __________________

12. Leaf structure - fill in the gaps.

13.

Describe the function of each of the following parts of a leaf:

a. Waxy cuticle –

b. Palisade layer –

c. Spongy mesophyll –

d. Stomata –

e. Guard cells -

14. Label the diagram of a chloroplast:

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15. Mineral requirementso _______________ ions are needed for making amino acids o magnesium ions are needed for making _________________

Why are yellow leaves a deficiency symptom of magnesium ions? ___________________________________________________________________________________

Why is poor growth a deficiency symptom of nitrate ions? ________________________________________________________________________________________

16. Transport in plants – complete the table below:Type of vascular tissue

Structure Function

Xylem

Phloem

17. Label the diagram below with the terms phloem and xylem.

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18. Fill in the gaps below using the following terms: active; low; osmosis; stomata; surface; transpiration; veins; water; xylem

Water enters root hair cells by ____________. The roots are full of minerals, which artificially lower the concentration of water inside the root cells, so water is always drawn into them from the soil. This enables transpiration to happen even if the soil is very dry. The roots take the minerals up against the concentration gradient and is, therefore, an example of __________ transport.

Root hair cells increase the root’s ____________ area

In the Stem:1. _________ evaporates out of the top of the xylem2. This generates a ___________ pressure at the top of the xylem (a mini vacuum, if you like)3. This sucks water molecules up the __________4. This is called __________________ pull.

In the leaf:Water enters the leaf in xylem vessels in __________ (leaf vascular bundle). The water moves by osmosis into leaf mesophyll layer, where it evaporates into the air spaces and finally diffuses out of the ___________ into the air.

The diagram on the right shows the transpiration stream,

19. Use arrows to show the movement of water through a root.

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20. Complete the table below

21. Explain what is meant by the terms ‘source’ and ‘sink’.

22.Fill in the gaps below using the following terms: dormant; fructose; fruits; leaves; phloem; photosynthesise; sinks; starch; sucrose; sugar; stored

When a plant is actively photosynthesising and growing, the _________ are generally the major sources of translocated materials. They are constantly producing ___________, which is carried in the _________ to all other parts of the plant. 

These parts - the __________ - include the roots, the flowers and the fruits:- The roots may change some of the sucrose to ____________ and store it. - The flowers use the sucrose to make ____________. 

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- Later, when the ____________ are developing, quite large amounts of sucrose may be used to produce sweet, juicy fruit ready to attract animals. 

But many plants have a time of year when they become _____________. During this stage, they wait out harsh conditions in a state of reduced activity. 

Dormant plants do not ____________________, but survive on their ____________ starch, oils and other materials. When the seasons change, they begin to grow again. Now the stored materials are converted to _____________ and transported to the growing region.

Exam question

.          (a)     The diagram shows a cereal crop.

          Complete spaces (i) and (ii).

(iii)     What sort of weather may cause the cereal crop to wilt?

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(b)     Describe the process of transpiration in plants.

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............................................................................................................. (3)

(Total 6 marks)

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