Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy134 P K Guha Road DumDum Kol-28

Study Material of 1252020For Class Nursery to XII

Class NurserySubject Topic ExecutionEnglish Letters lsquoDEFrsquo (Revision)

A B C Tumble Down D Write in copy Listen and repeat

Math Numbers 18 19 Write in copyHindi Letter lsquoअrsquo Revision Write in copy

Bengali এসো লিলি লেো লিলি Pg 11 Write in bookClass Nursery

Subject Topic ExecutionEnglish Cursive writing Pg 1819 Write in bookMath Tall and short worksheet Check whatsapp for the worksheet

Colouring Work Book Pg 140 Colour the ball and the balloon in the bookClass Nursery

Subject Topic ExecutionEnglish Opposite words Learn the opposite words given on 1152020

Math 4 basic shapes

1 Triangle

2 Circle

3 Square

4 Rectangle ( Learn the shapes given)

Bengali এসো লিলি লেো লিলি Pg 10 Write in BookHindi ए की मातरा स 5 शबद Write in copy

Class ISubject English 2 orchid Topic-chapter the caring granny

Sahil and his granny are at the dining tableThey are having dinnerSahil I love to eat hot chapatis with vegetablesGranny Thatrsquos good Sahil Where is NancySahil She is in another roomGranny What is she doing thereSahil She is looking at the skyShe is sadGranny Nancy Come dear and have dinner with usNancy No no I donrsquot want to eat anythingGranny You donrsquot want food Tell me what you want Nancy

(Nancy walks to the window and points to the moon)Nancy I want the moonSahil Okay Nancy I will get the moon for you but you have to finish your dinner first

(Nancy has her dinner)(Granny goes to the kitchen and gets water in a bowlShekeeps the bowl on the table Nancy can now see the moon in

the bowl)Nancy Wow I can touch the moon Shegives her Granny a sweet smile

(Nancy has got the moonGranny Sahil and Nancy are all happy now)

Subject MathsComparison of numbers-Greaterthan-- We use the symbol lsquogtrsquo for greater than

Lessthan-- We use the symbol lsquoltrsquo for less thanEqualto -- We use the symbol lsquo=rsquo for equal toFor example

a) 9 gt 1 b)7 = 7

c) 5 lt 6 d) 6 = 6

e) 7 lt 8

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IIClass 2 Date ndash 12520Subject ndash eng literature Topic ndash ch 4 Bob and the BathTub

Childen I have told you about the little boy Bob and his love for his bathtub in my last class Today we will know some more key words from this story-

Bathtub- A bathtub bath or tub is a large or small container for holding water in which a person or animal may batheShock- a sudden upsetting or surprising event or experienceBubbles- a thin sphere of liquid enclosing air or another gasToes - any of the five long thin parts at the end of the foot similar to the fingers of the hand

CLASS IISUBJECT- MATHEMATICSTOPIC- NUMBER NAMES

DATE-120520

Class IIICLASS III

DATE-120520SUBJECT- MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER-3 ADDITION

Exercise-13 (WORD PROBLEMS)

Word problemsStory problems Once you know your basic operations (addition subtraction multiplication division) you will encounter story problems also known as word problems which require you to read a problem and decide which operation to perform in order to get the answerAddition Word Problems The concept of addition is used in many daily life situations We should read the problem and find out what is to be done then solve it1 The school canteen sold 136 Packed lunches on Monday and 293 packed lunches on Tuesday How many packed lunches were sold in these two days

Solution 1 Packed lunch sold on Monday 1 3 6 Packed lunch sold on Tuesday + 2 9 3 Total 4 2 9 Total 429 packed lunches sold in these two days

7 A shopkeeper has 566 cold drink bottles and 283 milk bottles How many bottles does he haveSolution 1 Cold drink 5 6 6 bottles Milk + 2 8 3 bottles Total 8 4 9 bottles The shopkeeper has 849 bottles

8 A water tanker supplied 670 litres of water to one colony and the remaining 136 litres of water to another colony How many litres of water were there in the tanker

Solution 1 Supplied water in one colony 6 7 0 litres Supplied water in another colony + 1 3 6 litres Total 8 0 6 litres

Total 806 litres of water were there in the tanker

12 A poultry farm sold 667 eggs on one day If it sold 290 eggs more the next day how many eggs did it sell in these two days

SolutionA poultry firm sold 1 On one day 6 6 7 eggs On second day + 2 9 0 eggs more On second day total sold 9 5 7 eggs 1 1 Now on first day the firm sold 6 6 7 eggsAnd on second day the firm sold + 9 5 7 eggs In two days total eggs sold 1 6 2 4 eggs Total 1624 eggs sold by the poultry firm in two days

Subject ndash eng literatureTopic- ch 1 The Parrot and the TreeI have already discussed about the synopsis of this chapter Today I will tell you some thing more about this bird called parrotChildren the parrot is a very beautiful bird Its feathers are green It has a red beak Its beak is curved Round the neck of a parrot there are black rings Overall it is a lovely looking bird It eats grains fruits leaves seeds pears nuts mangoes and boiled rice etcThe Parrot is a talking bird It can imitate the human voice It is found in almost all the warm countries It generally lives in the hollows of trees Some people keep it in a small cage which is not good Some people train parrots to do wonderful things [ for homework you can practice drawing a parrot]

___________________________________________________Class IVSubject English literatureTopic Pip meets a convictDate 12052020

Last lesson we have read that how the convictthreatened Pip to bring grub and a file and if he doesnrsquot then he would be killed Today we will see that whether Pip brings the grub and file or whether he will be killed by the convict

Pip was very frightened when the convict told him that if he doesnrsquot listen to him then he would kill him Pip promised to the convict that he would get him the file broken bits of food and meet him at the Battery early in the morning After promising him the convict took Pip down from the top of the tombstone Pip wished him good night It would be a long night for the convict He was feeling cold he hugged his shuddering body in both his arms as if to hold himself together and limped towards the low church wall He got over it slowly like a man whose legs were numbed and stiff and he turned round to look for Pip When Pip saw him turning he got frightened again and ran home without stopping

Word meaning Battery ndash a fortShuddering ndashtrembling with fearLimped ndash walk with difficulty because of a damaged leg or footNumbed ndasha sensation to be felt less intensely

Class IV Subject MATHEMATICS Date 12052020 Ch 4 (Subtraction)

Ch 4 SubtractionSUBTRACTIONSubtraction without regrouping means subtract ones to ones tens to tens hundreds to hundreds till the end In subtraction question the number form which we subtract the other number is called minuend the number which is subtracted is called subtrahend and the result which we get after subtraction is called difference

Exercise-12Subtract

3 T-ThTh H T O 4 8 5 2 6 - 3 7 3 2 4

4 T-ThTh H T O 9 8 7 5 6 - 8 7 6 3 4

1 1 2 0 2 1 1 1 2 2

Write in column form and find the difference

9 5798 ndash 1428 Solution Th H T O

5 7 9 8 - 1 4 2 8

10 96865 ndash 42310 Solution T-ThTh H T O

9 6 8 6 5 - 4 2 3 1 0

4 3 7 0 5 4 5 5 5

13 Find the difference when(a) subtrahend = 3114 minuend = 4628

SolutionTh H T O 4 6 2 8 - 3 1 1 4 1 5 1 4

14 Fill in the blanks

(a) 8 7 6 5 3

- 1 3 0

6 3

Solution (a) 8 7 6 5 3

- 2 4 1 3 0

6 3 5 2 3

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VCLASS VSUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC ROBINSON CRUSOE ndashDANIEL DEFOE

ROBINSON CRUSOE- DANIEL DEFOE

Robinson Crusoe started off on a voyage in good weather although it was very hot After about twelve days a violent tornado came from the north Two members of the crew were washed overboard and after a day or two the ship began to leak They changed their course and drove out of the hurricane but the next day a second terrible storm attacked them Four of them managed to get the boat into the sea and they jumped into it They rowed with all their might but the waves were like mountains They struggled on but at last a gigantic wave hurled their little boat into the air and it sank beneath them

Robinson Crusoe was a good swimmer for half an hour he battled in that stormy sea He caught sight of a coast again and again he tried to reach the shore but he was thrown away by the raging seaAt last he hurled towards the shore and fell down exhausted on the sand It was a dark night without a star in the sky he was still lying on the sand Thinking it might be dangeroushe crawled away from the sea as fast as he could and came to some bushes and trees He didnrsquot know what wild animals would be there in the forest so he climbed up one of the trees and made himself comfortable between two branches There he slept that night

In the morning he looked out across the sea and there was their ship a quarter of a mile away from the shore He came down from the tree and found a stream where he drank some of the cool fresh water He lay down and slept again The sun was high in the sky when he woke up He resolved to go out to the ship and to try and bring back some things which would be useful to him on the island He plunged into the sea and made for the ship After a hard swim he managed to reach it and discovered a rope hanging over the side With great difficulty he pulled himself up the rope and reached the deck The storm had damaged everything There were broken masts and torn sails and pieces of ropes all over the shipHe went down to the cabins and found an axe On the deck he cut the masts and ropes and made himself a small raft He managed to get this raft into the sea and tie it to the vessel with a rope I found some of the seamenrsquos boxes on board and filled them with stores- bread rice cheese and some wine He also found some clothes and in the captainrsquos cabin two guns a pair of pistols and some powder and shot These entire he piled on to the raft and having found a broken oar he cast off from the vessel and started for the shore When he reached the sand he carried the things up on the dry land The next morning he walked along the shore and up a little hill From there he could see that he was on an island He was a prisoner without a friend in the world There was no one living on the island but wild beast

Class V Subject MATHEMATICSDate 12052020 Ch 3 ( Addition and Subtraction)

Ch 3 Addition and Subtraction (Subtraction) WORD PROBLEM ON SUBTRACTION

Word problemsStory problems Once you know your basic operations (addition subtraction multiplication division) you will encounter story problems also known as word problems which require you to read a problem and decide which operation to perform in order to get the answerSubtraction Word Problems The concept of subtraction is used in many daily life situations We should read the problem and find out what is to be done then solve itA subtraction word problem is a math problem that includes the subtraction operation In order to solve such a problem you first need to write the algebraic expression is a mathematical statement written in numbers and symbols Once you have your algebraicexpression you can go on to solve it to find your answer

Exercise-10

5 The difference of two numbers is 10925307 If the greater number is 20202020 find the smaller number Solution

The greater number is 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0And the difference of two numbers is- 1 0 9 2 5 3 0 7 0 9 2 7 6 7 1 3

there4 The smaller number is 9276713

8 India exported readymade garments worth Rs 959823503 in two years If in one year the export of readymade garments was Rs 624768925 find the amount of export in the second year

Solution

In two years total export of readymade garments was Rs 9 5 9 8 2 3 5 0 3In one year the export of readymade garments was Rs ndash 6 2 4 7 6 8 9 2 5Rs3 3 5 0 5 4 5 7 8

there4The amount of export in the second year was Rs 335054578

9 Ashok wanted to buy a new car costing Rs 828825 He had Rs 679500 and borrowed the rest from a bank How much money did he borrow from the bank

Solution The cost of a new car was Rs 8 2 8 8 2 5 Ashok had Rs ndash 6 7 9 5 0 0 Rs1 4 9 3 2 5

there4 He borrowed Rs 149325 from the bank

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VICLASS VIDATE-12052020SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC IN THE TUNNEL- E NESBIT

IN THE TUNNEL- ENESBIT

Everyone knows what it is like going into a tunnel The engine gives a scream and then suddenly the noise of the running rattling train changes and grows different and much louder Grown -up people pull up the windows and hold them by strap The railway carriage suddenly grows like night- with lamps unless you are in a slow local train in which case lamps are not always provided Then by and by the darkness outside the carriage window is touched by puffs of cloudy whiteness then a blue light on the walls of the tunnel and the sound of the moving train changes once more and then one is out in the open air again and the grown-ups let the strap go The windows all dim with the yellow breath of the tunnel rattle down into their places and one can see once more the dip and catch of the telegraph wires beside the line and the straight-cut hawthorn hedges with the tiny baby trees growing up out of them thirty yards

All this is what a tunnel means when one is in a train But everything is quite different when you walk into a tunnel on your own feet and tread on shifting sliding stones and gravel on a path that cause downwards from the shining metals to the wall One can see slimy oozy trickles of water running down the inside of the tunnel The bricks are not red or brown as they are at the tunnels mouth but Dal sticky sickly green The voice when one speaks is quite changed from what it was outside in the sunshine and it is a long time before the tunnel is quite darkThis story is about an experience inside the tunnel by three children namely Peter Phyllis and Bobbie

SUBJECT- PHYSICSCHAPTER - ( Physical quantities )

Perimeter

The length of the boundary of a closed figure is called the perimeter of the plane figure The units of perimeter are same as that of length ie m cm mm etc

Area

A part of the plane enclosed by a simple closed figure is called a plane region and the measurement of plane region enclosed is called its areaArea is measured in square units

Perimeter and Area of Rectangle

The perimeter of rectangle = 2(l + b)Area of rectangle = l times b (l and b are the length and breadth of rectangle)

Perimeter and Area of the Square

Perimeter of square = 4 times S Area of square = S times S

Perimeter and Area of the Triangle

Perimeter of triangle = (a + b + c) (a b c are 3 sides of a triangle) Area of triangle = 12 times b times h (b base h height)

Perimeter and Area of the Parallelogram

Perimeter of parallelogram = 2 (sum of adjacent sides)Area of parallelogram = base times height

Circumference and Area of Circle

Circumference of circle = 2πr = πd Where π = 314 or π = 227 r is the radius of circle d is the diameter of circleArea of circle = πrsup2 Area of ring = Area of outer circle - Area of inner circle

Calculating Area Using the Grid MethodWhen a shape is drawn on a scaled grid you can find the area by counting the number of grid squares inside the shape

In this example each grid square has a width of 1cm and a height of 1cm In other words each grid square is one square centimeterCount the grid squares inside the large square to find its areaThere are 16 small squares so the area of the large square is 16 square centimetersIn mathematics we abbreviate square centimeters to cm2 The 2 means lsquosquaredrsquo Each grid square is 1cm2The area of the large square is 16cm2

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject ndash PhysicsChapter - Physical Quantities and MeasurementDensity Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore density = massvolume

Analysis of the above definition

Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other object As a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = kgm3 = kg m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = g cm-3Speed The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedTherefore we can writeSpeed = distancetimeUnit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)

Class- VIISUBJECT- English Literature

The Sri Krishna Eating HouseAnswer the following questions-6) What does the phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggestAns- The phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggested that one person in a deep cogitation about something

7) Why was the owner if the watch shop lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a penAns- The old watch maker was a kind hearted man Hari liked the old man as he found the similarities of Sayed Ali in the old watch maker The watch maker lent Hari a pen to write letter to his parents with that After that Hari thought that the owner of the watch shop was lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a pen

Write down the meanings of the following words-

1) Service- the action of helping and doing work to someone2) Soup ndashA liquid typically made by boiling fish meat vegetables etc3) Starter- A person or food that starts in a specified way4) Menu ndash A list of dish available in the restaurant5) Main course ndash The main substantial course of a meal6) Beverage ndash A drink especially other than water which can be hot or cold For example-Tea coffee etc7) Started ndash To see surprisingly8) Cogitation ndash Thought Idea9) Impress ndash An act of making a mark10) Likely ndash Probably Perhaps

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIIDATE 120520SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR- RABINDRANATH TAGORE

WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR-RABINDRANATH TAGORE

ABOUT THE POEM

Where the Mind is Without Fear is the title of the English translation of a poem by Rabindranath Tagore The Bengali poem was published in 1910 as part of Tagorersquos collection of poetry entitled GitanjaliSo when the poem was written India was under the British Rule and people were eagerly waiting to get their freedom from the British Rule The poem is written in the form of a prayer to the God the Almighty for a true freedom for his country And thus Tagore reveals his own concept of freedom throughout the poem Where the Mind is Without Fear

Lessthan-- We use the symbol lsquoltrsquo for less thanEqualto -- We use the symbol lsquo=rsquo for equal toFor example

a) 9 gt 1 b)7 = 7

c) 5 lt 6 d) 6 = 6

e) 7 lt 8

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IIClass 2 Date ndash 12520Subject ndash eng literature Topic ndash ch 4 Bob and the BathTub

Childen I have told you about the little boy Bob and his love for his bathtub in my last class Today we will know some more key words from this story-

Bathtub- A bathtub bath or tub is a large or small container for holding water in which a person or animal may batheShock- a sudden upsetting or surprising event or experienceBubbles- a thin sphere of liquid enclosing air or another gasToes - any of the five long thin parts at the end of the foot similar to the fingers of the hand

CLASS IISUBJECT- MATHEMATICSTOPIC- NUMBER NAMES

DATE-120520

Class IIICLASS III

DATE-120520SUBJECT- MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER-3 ADDITION

Exercise-13 (WORD PROBLEMS)

Word problemsStory problems Once you know your basic operations (addition subtraction multiplication division) you will encounter story problems also known as word problems which require you to read a problem and decide which operation to perform in order to get the answerAddition Word Problems The concept of addition is used in many daily life situations We should read the problem and find out what is to be done then solve it1 The school canteen sold 136 Packed lunches on Monday and 293 packed lunches on Tuesday How many packed lunches were sold in these two days

Solution 1 Packed lunch sold on Monday 1 3 6 Packed lunch sold on Tuesday + 2 9 3 Total 4 2 9 Total 429 packed lunches sold in these two days

7 A shopkeeper has 566 cold drink bottles and 283 milk bottles How many bottles does he haveSolution 1 Cold drink 5 6 6 bottles Milk + 2 8 3 bottles Total 8 4 9 bottles The shopkeeper has 849 bottles

8 A water tanker supplied 670 litres of water to one colony and the remaining 136 litres of water to another colony How many litres of water were there in the tanker

Solution 1 Supplied water in one colony 6 7 0 litres Supplied water in another colony + 1 3 6 litres Total 8 0 6 litres

Total 806 litres of water were there in the tanker

12 A poultry farm sold 667 eggs on one day If it sold 290 eggs more the next day how many eggs did it sell in these two days

SolutionA poultry firm sold 1 On one day 6 6 7 eggs On second day + 2 9 0 eggs more On second day total sold 9 5 7 eggs 1 1 Now on first day the firm sold 6 6 7 eggsAnd on second day the firm sold + 9 5 7 eggs In two days total eggs sold 1 6 2 4 eggs Total 1624 eggs sold by the poultry firm in two days

Subject ndash eng literatureTopic- ch 1 The Parrot and the TreeI have already discussed about the synopsis of this chapter Today I will tell you some thing more about this bird called parrotChildren the parrot is a very beautiful bird Its feathers are green It has a red beak Its beak is curved Round the neck of a parrot there are black rings Overall it is a lovely looking bird It eats grains fruits leaves seeds pears nuts mangoes and boiled rice etcThe Parrot is a talking bird It can imitate the human voice It is found in almost all the warm countries It generally lives in the hollows of trees Some people keep it in a small cage which is not good Some people train parrots to do wonderful things [ for homework you can practice drawing a parrot]

___________________________________________________Class IVSubject English literatureTopic Pip meets a convictDate 12052020

Last lesson we have read that how the convictthreatened Pip to bring grub and a file and if he doesnrsquot then he would be killed Today we will see that whether Pip brings the grub and file or whether he will be killed by the convict

Pip was very frightened when the convict told him that if he doesnrsquot listen to him then he would kill him Pip promised to the convict that he would get him the file broken bits of food and meet him at the Battery early in the morning After promising him the convict took Pip down from the top of the tombstone Pip wished him good night It would be a long night for the convict He was feeling cold he hugged his shuddering body in both his arms as if to hold himself together and limped towards the low church wall He got over it slowly like a man whose legs were numbed and stiff and he turned round to look for Pip When Pip saw him turning he got frightened again and ran home without stopping

Word meaning Battery ndash a fortShuddering ndashtrembling with fearLimped ndash walk with difficulty because of a damaged leg or footNumbed ndasha sensation to be felt less intensely

Class IV Subject MATHEMATICS Date 12052020 Ch 4 (Subtraction)

Ch 4 SubtractionSUBTRACTIONSubtraction without regrouping means subtract ones to ones tens to tens hundreds to hundreds till the end In subtraction question the number form which we subtract the other number is called minuend the number which is subtracted is called subtrahend and the result which we get after subtraction is called difference

Exercise-12Subtract

3 T-ThTh H T O 4 8 5 2 6 - 3 7 3 2 4

4 T-ThTh H T O 9 8 7 5 6 - 8 7 6 3 4

1 1 2 0 2 1 1 1 2 2

Write in column form and find the difference

9 5798 ndash 1428 Solution Th H T O

5 7 9 8 - 1 4 2 8

10 96865 ndash 42310 Solution T-ThTh H T O

9 6 8 6 5 - 4 2 3 1 0

4 3 7 0 5 4 5 5 5

13 Find the difference when(a) subtrahend = 3114 minuend = 4628

SolutionTh H T O 4 6 2 8 - 3 1 1 4 1 5 1 4

14 Fill in the blanks

(a) 8 7 6 5 3

- 1 3 0

6 3

Solution (a) 8 7 6 5 3

- 2 4 1 3 0

6 3 5 2 3

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VCLASS VSUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC ROBINSON CRUSOE ndashDANIEL DEFOE

ROBINSON CRUSOE- DANIEL DEFOE

Robinson Crusoe started off on a voyage in good weather although it was very hot After about twelve days a violent tornado came from the north Two members of the crew were washed overboard and after a day or two the ship began to leak They changed their course and drove out of the hurricane but the next day a second terrible storm attacked them Four of them managed to get the boat into the sea and they jumped into it They rowed with all their might but the waves were like mountains They struggled on but at last a gigantic wave hurled their little boat into the air and it sank beneath them

Robinson Crusoe was a good swimmer for half an hour he battled in that stormy sea He caught sight of a coast again and again he tried to reach the shore but he was thrown away by the raging seaAt last he hurled towards the shore and fell down exhausted on the sand It was a dark night without a star in the sky he was still lying on the sand Thinking it might be dangeroushe crawled away from the sea as fast as he could and came to some bushes and trees He didnrsquot know what wild animals would be there in the forest so he climbed up one of the trees and made himself comfortable between two branches There he slept that night

In the morning he looked out across the sea and there was their ship a quarter of a mile away from the shore He came down from the tree and found a stream where he drank some of the cool fresh water He lay down and slept again The sun was high in the sky when he woke up He resolved to go out to the ship and to try and bring back some things which would be useful to him on the island He plunged into the sea and made for the ship After a hard swim he managed to reach it and discovered a rope hanging over the side With great difficulty he pulled himself up the rope and reached the deck The storm had damaged everything There were broken masts and torn sails and pieces of ropes all over the shipHe went down to the cabins and found an axe On the deck he cut the masts and ropes and made himself a small raft He managed to get this raft into the sea and tie it to the vessel with a rope I found some of the seamenrsquos boxes on board and filled them with stores- bread rice cheese and some wine He also found some clothes and in the captainrsquos cabin two guns a pair of pistols and some powder and shot These entire he piled on to the raft and having found a broken oar he cast off from the vessel and started for the shore When he reached the sand he carried the things up on the dry land The next morning he walked along the shore and up a little hill From there he could see that he was on an island He was a prisoner without a friend in the world There was no one living on the island but wild beast

Class V Subject MATHEMATICSDate 12052020 Ch 3 ( Addition and Subtraction)

Ch 3 Addition and Subtraction (Subtraction) WORD PROBLEM ON SUBTRACTION

Word problemsStory problems Once you know your basic operations (addition subtraction multiplication division) you will encounter story problems also known as word problems which require you to read a problem and decide which operation to perform in order to get the answerSubtraction Word Problems The concept of subtraction is used in many daily life situations We should read the problem and find out what is to be done then solve itA subtraction word problem is a math problem that includes the subtraction operation In order to solve such a problem you first need to write the algebraic expression is a mathematical statement written in numbers and symbols Once you have your algebraicexpression you can go on to solve it to find your answer

Exercise-10

5 The difference of two numbers is 10925307 If the greater number is 20202020 find the smaller number Solution

The greater number is 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0And the difference of two numbers is- 1 0 9 2 5 3 0 7 0 9 2 7 6 7 1 3

there4 The smaller number is 9276713

8 India exported readymade garments worth Rs 959823503 in two years If in one year the export of readymade garments was Rs 624768925 find the amount of export in the second year

Solution

In two years total export of readymade garments was Rs 9 5 9 8 2 3 5 0 3In one year the export of readymade garments was Rs ndash 6 2 4 7 6 8 9 2 5Rs3 3 5 0 5 4 5 7 8

there4The amount of export in the second year was Rs 335054578

9 Ashok wanted to buy a new car costing Rs 828825 He had Rs 679500 and borrowed the rest from a bank How much money did he borrow from the bank

Solution The cost of a new car was Rs 8 2 8 8 2 5 Ashok had Rs ndash 6 7 9 5 0 0 Rs1 4 9 3 2 5

there4 He borrowed Rs 149325 from the bank

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VICLASS VIDATE-12052020SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC IN THE TUNNEL- E NESBIT

IN THE TUNNEL- ENESBIT

Everyone knows what it is like going into a tunnel The engine gives a scream and then suddenly the noise of the running rattling train changes and grows different and much louder Grown -up people pull up the windows and hold them by strap The railway carriage suddenly grows like night- with lamps unless you are in a slow local train in which case lamps are not always provided Then by and by the darkness outside the carriage window is touched by puffs of cloudy whiteness then a blue light on the walls of the tunnel and the sound of the moving train changes once more and then one is out in the open air again and the grown-ups let the strap go The windows all dim with the yellow breath of the tunnel rattle down into their places and one can see once more the dip and catch of the telegraph wires beside the line and the straight-cut hawthorn hedges with the tiny baby trees growing up out of them thirty yards

All this is what a tunnel means when one is in a train But everything is quite different when you walk into a tunnel on your own feet and tread on shifting sliding stones and gravel on a path that cause downwards from the shining metals to the wall One can see slimy oozy trickles of water running down the inside of the tunnel The bricks are not red or brown as they are at the tunnels mouth but Dal sticky sickly green The voice when one speaks is quite changed from what it was outside in the sunshine and it is a long time before the tunnel is quite darkThis story is about an experience inside the tunnel by three children namely Peter Phyllis and Bobbie

SUBJECT- PHYSICSCHAPTER - ( Physical quantities )

Perimeter

The length of the boundary of a closed figure is called the perimeter of the plane figure The units of perimeter are same as that of length ie m cm mm etc

Area

A part of the plane enclosed by a simple closed figure is called a plane region and the measurement of plane region enclosed is called its areaArea is measured in square units

Perimeter and Area of Rectangle

The perimeter of rectangle = 2(l + b)Area of rectangle = l times b (l and b are the length and breadth of rectangle)

Perimeter and Area of the Square

Perimeter of square = 4 times S Area of square = S times S

Perimeter and Area of the Triangle

Perimeter of triangle = (a + b + c) (a b c are 3 sides of a triangle) Area of triangle = 12 times b times h (b base h height)

Perimeter and Area of the Parallelogram

Perimeter of parallelogram = 2 (sum of adjacent sides)Area of parallelogram = base times height

Circumference and Area of Circle

Circumference of circle = 2πr = πd Where π = 314 or π = 227 r is the radius of circle d is the diameter of circleArea of circle = πrsup2 Area of ring = Area of outer circle - Area of inner circle

Calculating Area Using the Grid MethodWhen a shape is drawn on a scaled grid you can find the area by counting the number of grid squares inside the shape

In this example each grid square has a width of 1cm and a height of 1cm In other words each grid square is one square centimeterCount the grid squares inside the large square to find its areaThere are 16 small squares so the area of the large square is 16 square centimetersIn mathematics we abbreviate square centimeters to cm2 The 2 means lsquosquaredrsquo Each grid square is 1cm2The area of the large square is 16cm2

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject ndash PhysicsChapter - Physical Quantities and MeasurementDensity Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore density = massvolume

Analysis of the above definition

Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other object As a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = kgm3 = kg m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = g cm-3Speed The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedTherefore we can writeSpeed = distancetimeUnit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)

Class- VIISUBJECT- English Literature

The Sri Krishna Eating HouseAnswer the following questions-6) What does the phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggestAns- The phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggested that one person in a deep cogitation about something

7) Why was the owner if the watch shop lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a penAns- The old watch maker was a kind hearted man Hari liked the old man as he found the similarities of Sayed Ali in the old watch maker The watch maker lent Hari a pen to write letter to his parents with that After that Hari thought that the owner of the watch shop was lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a pen

Write down the meanings of the following words-

1) Service- the action of helping and doing work to someone2) Soup ndashA liquid typically made by boiling fish meat vegetables etc3) Starter- A person or food that starts in a specified way4) Menu ndash A list of dish available in the restaurant5) Main course ndash The main substantial course of a meal6) Beverage ndash A drink especially other than water which can be hot or cold For example-Tea coffee etc7) Started ndash To see surprisingly8) Cogitation ndash Thought Idea9) Impress ndash An act of making a mark10) Likely ndash Probably Perhaps

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIIDATE 120520SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR- RABINDRANATH TAGORE

WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR-RABINDRANATH TAGORE

ABOUT THE POEM

Where the Mind is Without Fear is the title of the English translation of a poem by Rabindranath Tagore The Bengali poem was published in 1910 as part of Tagorersquos collection of poetry entitled GitanjaliSo when the poem was written India was under the British Rule and people were eagerly waiting to get their freedom from the British Rule The poem is written in the form of a prayer to the God the Almighty for a true freedom for his country And thus Tagore reveals his own concept of freedom throughout the poem Where the Mind is Without Fear

Class IIICLASS III

DATE-120520SUBJECT- MATHEMATICS

CHAPTER-3 ADDITION

Exercise-13 (WORD PROBLEMS)

Word problemsStory problems Once you know your basic operations (addition subtraction multiplication division) you will encounter story problems also known as word problems which require you to read a problem and decide which operation to perform in order to get the answerAddition Word Problems The concept of addition is used in many daily life situations We should read the problem and find out what is to be done then solve it1 The school canteen sold 136 Packed lunches on Monday and 293 packed lunches on Tuesday How many packed lunches were sold in these two days

Solution 1 Packed lunch sold on Monday 1 3 6 Packed lunch sold on Tuesday + 2 9 3 Total 4 2 9 Total 429 packed lunches sold in these two days

7 A shopkeeper has 566 cold drink bottles and 283 milk bottles How many bottles does he haveSolution 1 Cold drink 5 6 6 bottles Milk + 2 8 3 bottles Total 8 4 9 bottles The shopkeeper has 849 bottles

8 A water tanker supplied 670 litres of water to one colony and the remaining 136 litres of water to another colony How many litres of water were there in the tanker

Solution 1 Supplied water in one colony 6 7 0 litres Supplied water in another colony + 1 3 6 litres Total 8 0 6 litres

Total 806 litres of water were there in the tanker

12 A poultry farm sold 667 eggs on one day If it sold 290 eggs more the next day how many eggs did it sell in these two days

SolutionA poultry firm sold 1 On one day 6 6 7 eggs On second day + 2 9 0 eggs more On second day total sold 9 5 7 eggs 1 1 Now on first day the firm sold 6 6 7 eggsAnd on second day the firm sold + 9 5 7 eggs In two days total eggs sold 1 6 2 4 eggs Total 1624 eggs sold by the poultry firm in two days

Subject ndash eng literatureTopic- ch 1 The Parrot and the TreeI have already discussed about the synopsis of this chapter Today I will tell you some thing more about this bird called parrotChildren the parrot is a very beautiful bird Its feathers are green It has a red beak Its beak is curved Round the neck of a parrot there are black rings Overall it is a lovely looking bird It eats grains fruits leaves seeds pears nuts mangoes and boiled rice etcThe Parrot is a talking bird It can imitate the human voice It is found in almost all the warm countries It generally lives in the hollows of trees Some people keep it in a small cage which is not good Some people train parrots to do wonderful things [ for homework you can practice drawing a parrot]

___________________________________________________Class IVSubject English literatureTopic Pip meets a convictDate 12052020

Last lesson we have read that how the convictthreatened Pip to bring grub and a file and if he doesnrsquot then he would be killed Today we will see that whether Pip brings the grub and file or whether he will be killed by the convict

Pip was very frightened when the convict told him that if he doesnrsquot listen to him then he would kill him Pip promised to the convict that he would get him the file broken bits of food and meet him at the Battery early in the morning After promising him the convict took Pip down from the top of the tombstone Pip wished him good night It would be a long night for the convict He was feeling cold he hugged his shuddering body in both his arms as if to hold himself together and limped towards the low church wall He got over it slowly like a man whose legs were numbed and stiff and he turned round to look for Pip When Pip saw him turning he got frightened again and ran home without stopping

Word meaning Battery ndash a fortShuddering ndashtrembling with fearLimped ndash walk with difficulty because of a damaged leg or footNumbed ndasha sensation to be felt less intensely

Class IV Subject MATHEMATICS Date 12052020 Ch 4 (Subtraction)

Ch 4 SubtractionSUBTRACTIONSubtraction without regrouping means subtract ones to ones tens to tens hundreds to hundreds till the end In subtraction question the number form which we subtract the other number is called minuend the number which is subtracted is called subtrahend and the result which we get after subtraction is called difference

Exercise-12Subtract

3 T-ThTh H T O 4 8 5 2 6 - 3 7 3 2 4

4 T-ThTh H T O 9 8 7 5 6 - 8 7 6 3 4

1 1 2 0 2 1 1 1 2 2

Write in column form and find the difference

9 5798 ndash 1428 Solution Th H T O

5 7 9 8 - 1 4 2 8

10 96865 ndash 42310 Solution T-ThTh H T O

9 6 8 6 5 - 4 2 3 1 0

4 3 7 0 5 4 5 5 5

13 Find the difference when(a) subtrahend = 3114 minuend = 4628

SolutionTh H T O 4 6 2 8 - 3 1 1 4 1 5 1 4

14 Fill in the blanks

(a) 8 7 6 5 3

- 1 3 0

6 3

Solution (a) 8 7 6 5 3

- 2 4 1 3 0

6 3 5 2 3

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VCLASS VSUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC ROBINSON CRUSOE ndashDANIEL DEFOE

ROBINSON CRUSOE- DANIEL DEFOE

Robinson Crusoe started off on a voyage in good weather although it was very hot After about twelve days a violent tornado came from the north Two members of the crew were washed overboard and after a day or two the ship began to leak They changed their course and drove out of the hurricane but the next day a second terrible storm attacked them Four of them managed to get the boat into the sea and they jumped into it They rowed with all their might but the waves were like mountains They struggled on but at last a gigantic wave hurled their little boat into the air and it sank beneath them

Robinson Crusoe was a good swimmer for half an hour he battled in that stormy sea He caught sight of a coast again and again he tried to reach the shore but he was thrown away by the raging seaAt last he hurled towards the shore and fell down exhausted on the sand It was a dark night without a star in the sky he was still lying on the sand Thinking it might be dangeroushe crawled away from the sea as fast as he could and came to some bushes and trees He didnrsquot know what wild animals would be there in the forest so he climbed up one of the trees and made himself comfortable between two branches There he slept that night

In the morning he looked out across the sea and there was their ship a quarter of a mile away from the shore He came down from the tree and found a stream where he drank some of the cool fresh water He lay down and slept again The sun was high in the sky when he woke up He resolved to go out to the ship and to try and bring back some things which would be useful to him on the island He plunged into the sea and made for the ship After a hard swim he managed to reach it and discovered a rope hanging over the side With great difficulty he pulled himself up the rope and reached the deck The storm had damaged everything There were broken masts and torn sails and pieces of ropes all over the shipHe went down to the cabins and found an axe On the deck he cut the masts and ropes and made himself a small raft He managed to get this raft into the sea and tie it to the vessel with a rope I found some of the seamenrsquos boxes on board and filled them with stores- bread rice cheese and some wine He also found some clothes and in the captainrsquos cabin two guns a pair of pistols and some powder and shot These entire he piled on to the raft and having found a broken oar he cast off from the vessel and started for the shore When he reached the sand he carried the things up on the dry land The next morning he walked along the shore and up a little hill From there he could see that he was on an island He was a prisoner without a friend in the world There was no one living on the island but wild beast

Class V Subject MATHEMATICSDate 12052020 Ch 3 ( Addition and Subtraction)

Ch 3 Addition and Subtraction (Subtraction) WORD PROBLEM ON SUBTRACTION

Word problemsStory problems Once you know your basic operations (addition subtraction multiplication division) you will encounter story problems also known as word problems which require you to read a problem and decide which operation to perform in order to get the answerSubtraction Word Problems The concept of subtraction is used in many daily life situations We should read the problem and find out what is to be done then solve itA subtraction word problem is a math problem that includes the subtraction operation In order to solve such a problem you first need to write the algebraic expression is a mathematical statement written in numbers and symbols Once you have your algebraicexpression you can go on to solve it to find your answer

Exercise-10

5 The difference of two numbers is 10925307 If the greater number is 20202020 find the smaller number Solution

The greater number is 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0And the difference of two numbers is- 1 0 9 2 5 3 0 7 0 9 2 7 6 7 1 3

there4 The smaller number is 9276713

8 India exported readymade garments worth Rs 959823503 in two years If in one year the export of readymade garments was Rs 624768925 find the amount of export in the second year

Solution

In two years total export of readymade garments was Rs 9 5 9 8 2 3 5 0 3In one year the export of readymade garments was Rs ndash 6 2 4 7 6 8 9 2 5Rs3 3 5 0 5 4 5 7 8

there4The amount of export in the second year was Rs 335054578

9 Ashok wanted to buy a new car costing Rs 828825 He had Rs 679500 and borrowed the rest from a bank How much money did he borrow from the bank

Solution The cost of a new car was Rs 8 2 8 8 2 5 Ashok had Rs ndash 6 7 9 5 0 0 Rs1 4 9 3 2 5

there4 He borrowed Rs 149325 from the bank

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VICLASS VIDATE-12052020SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC IN THE TUNNEL- E NESBIT

IN THE TUNNEL- ENESBIT

Everyone knows what it is like going into a tunnel The engine gives a scream and then suddenly the noise of the running rattling train changes and grows different and much louder Grown -up people pull up the windows and hold them by strap The railway carriage suddenly grows like night- with lamps unless you are in a slow local train in which case lamps are not always provided Then by and by the darkness outside the carriage window is touched by puffs of cloudy whiteness then a blue light on the walls of the tunnel and the sound of the moving train changes once more and then one is out in the open air again and the grown-ups let the strap go The windows all dim with the yellow breath of the tunnel rattle down into their places and one can see once more the dip and catch of the telegraph wires beside the line and the straight-cut hawthorn hedges with the tiny baby trees growing up out of them thirty yards

All this is what a tunnel means when one is in a train But everything is quite different when you walk into a tunnel on your own feet and tread on shifting sliding stones and gravel on a path that cause downwards from the shining metals to the wall One can see slimy oozy trickles of water running down the inside of the tunnel The bricks are not red or brown as they are at the tunnels mouth but Dal sticky sickly green The voice when one speaks is quite changed from what it was outside in the sunshine and it is a long time before the tunnel is quite darkThis story is about an experience inside the tunnel by three children namely Peter Phyllis and Bobbie

SUBJECT- PHYSICSCHAPTER - ( Physical quantities )

Perimeter

The length of the boundary of a closed figure is called the perimeter of the plane figure The units of perimeter are same as that of length ie m cm mm etc

Area

A part of the plane enclosed by a simple closed figure is called a plane region and the measurement of plane region enclosed is called its areaArea is measured in square units

Perimeter and Area of Rectangle

The perimeter of rectangle = 2(l + b)Area of rectangle = l times b (l and b are the length and breadth of rectangle)

Perimeter and Area of the Square

Perimeter of square = 4 times S Area of square = S times S

Perimeter and Area of the Triangle

Perimeter of triangle = (a + b + c) (a b c are 3 sides of a triangle) Area of triangle = 12 times b times h (b base h height)

Perimeter and Area of the Parallelogram

Perimeter of parallelogram = 2 (sum of adjacent sides)Area of parallelogram = base times height

Circumference and Area of Circle

Circumference of circle = 2πr = πd Where π = 314 or π = 227 r is the radius of circle d is the diameter of circleArea of circle = πrsup2 Area of ring = Area of outer circle - Area of inner circle

Calculating Area Using the Grid MethodWhen a shape is drawn on a scaled grid you can find the area by counting the number of grid squares inside the shape

In this example each grid square has a width of 1cm and a height of 1cm In other words each grid square is one square centimeterCount the grid squares inside the large square to find its areaThere are 16 small squares so the area of the large square is 16 square centimetersIn mathematics we abbreviate square centimeters to cm2 The 2 means lsquosquaredrsquo Each grid square is 1cm2The area of the large square is 16cm2

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject ndash PhysicsChapter - Physical Quantities and MeasurementDensity Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore density = massvolume

Analysis of the above definition

Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other object As a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = kgm3 = kg m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = g cm-3Speed The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedTherefore we can writeSpeed = distancetimeUnit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)

Class- VIISUBJECT- English Literature

The Sri Krishna Eating HouseAnswer the following questions-6) What does the phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggestAns- The phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggested that one person in a deep cogitation about something

7) Why was the owner if the watch shop lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a penAns- The old watch maker was a kind hearted man Hari liked the old man as he found the similarities of Sayed Ali in the old watch maker The watch maker lent Hari a pen to write letter to his parents with that After that Hari thought that the owner of the watch shop was lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a pen

Write down the meanings of the following words-

1) Service- the action of helping and doing work to someone2) Soup ndashA liquid typically made by boiling fish meat vegetables etc3) Starter- A person or food that starts in a specified way4) Menu ndash A list of dish available in the restaurant5) Main course ndash The main substantial course of a meal6) Beverage ndash A drink especially other than water which can be hot or cold For example-Tea coffee etc7) Started ndash To see surprisingly8) Cogitation ndash Thought Idea9) Impress ndash An act of making a mark10) Likely ndash Probably Perhaps

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIIDATE 120520SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR- RABINDRANATH TAGORE

WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR-RABINDRANATH TAGORE

ABOUT THE POEM

Where the Mind is Without Fear is the title of the English translation of a poem by Rabindranath Tagore The Bengali poem was published in 1910 as part of Tagorersquos collection of poetry entitled GitanjaliSo when the poem was written India was under the British Rule and people were eagerly waiting to get their freedom from the British Rule The poem is written in the form of a prayer to the God the Almighty for a true freedom for his country And thus Tagore reveals his own concept of freedom throughout the poem Where the Mind is Without Fear

Subject ndash eng literatureTopic- ch 1 The Parrot and the TreeI have already discussed about the synopsis of this chapter Today I will tell you some thing more about this bird called parrotChildren the parrot is a very beautiful bird Its feathers are green It has a red beak Its beak is curved Round the neck of a parrot there are black rings Overall it is a lovely looking bird It eats grains fruits leaves seeds pears nuts mangoes and boiled rice etcThe Parrot is a talking bird It can imitate the human voice It is found in almost all the warm countries It generally lives in the hollows of trees Some people keep it in a small cage which is not good Some people train parrots to do wonderful things [ for homework you can practice drawing a parrot]

___________________________________________________Class IVSubject English literatureTopic Pip meets a convictDate 12052020

Last lesson we have read that how the convictthreatened Pip to bring grub and a file and if he doesnrsquot then he would be killed Today we will see that whether Pip brings the grub and file or whether he will be killed by the convict

Pip was very frightened when the convict told him that if he doesnrsquot listen to him then he would kill him Pip promised to the convict that he would get him the file broken bits of food and meet him at the Battery early in the morning After promising him the convict took Pip down from the top of the tombstone Pip wished him good night It would be a long night for the convict He was feeling cold he hugged his shuddering body in both his arms as if to hold himself together and limped towards the low church wall He got over it slowly like a man whose legs were numbed and stiff and he turned round to look for Pip When Pip saw him turning he got frightened again and ran home without stopping

Word meaning Battery ndash a fortShuddering ndashtrembling with fearLimped ndash walk with difficulty because of a damaged leg or footNumbed ndasha sensation to be felt less intensely

Class IV Subject MATHEMATICS Date 12052020 Ch 4 (Subtraction)

Ch 4 SubtractionSUBTRACTIONSubtraction without regrouping means subtract ones to ones tens to tens hundreds to hundreds till the end In subtraction question the number form which we subtract the other number is called minuend the number which is subtracted is called subtrahend and the result which we get after subtraction is called difference

Exercise-12Subtract

3 T-ThTh H T O 4 8 5 2 6 - 3 7 3 2 4

4 T-ThTh H T O 9 8 7 5 6 - 8 7 6 3 4

1 1 2 0 2 1 1 1 2 2

Write in column form and find the difference

9 5798 ndash 1428 Solution Th H T O

5 7 9 8 - 1 4 2 8

10 96865 ndash 42310 Solution T-ThTh H T O

9 6 8 6 5 - 4 2 3 1 0

4 3 7 0 5 4 5 5 5

13 Find the difference when(a) subtrahend = 3114 minuend = 4628

SolutionTh H T O 4 6 2 8 - 3 1 1 4 1 5 1 4

14 Fill in the blanks

(a) 8 7 6 5 3

- 1 3 0

6 3

Solution (a) 8 7 6 5 3

- 2 4 1 3 0

6 3 5 2 3

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VCLASS VSUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC ROBINSON CRUSOE ndashDANIEL DEFOE

ROBINSON CRUSOE- DANIEL DEFOE

Robinson Crusoe started off on a voyage in good weather although it was very hot After about twelve days a violent tornado came from the north Two members of the crew were washed overboard and after a day or two the ship began to leak They changed their course and drove out of the hurricane but the next day a second terrible storm attacked them Four of them managed to get the boat into the sea and they jumped into it They rowed with all their might but the waves were like mountains They struggled on but at last a gigantic wave hurled their little boat into the air and it sank beneath them

Robinson Crusoe was a good swimmer for half an hour he battled in that stormy sea He caught sight of a coast again and again he tried to reach the shore but he was thrown away by the raging seaAt last he hurled towards the shore and fell down exhausted on the sand It was a dark night without a star in the sky he was still lying on the sand Thinking it might be dangeroushe crawled away from the sea as fast as he could and came to some bushes and trees He didnrsquot know what wild animals would be there in the forest so he climbed up one of the trees and made himself comfortable between two branches There he slept that night

In the morning he looked out across the sea and there was their ship a quarter of a mile away from the shore He came down from the tree and found a stream where he drank some of the cool fresh water He lay down and slept again The sun was high in the sky when he woke up He resolved to go out to the ship and to try and bring back some things which would be useful to him on the island He plunged into the sea and made for the ship After a hard swim he managed to reach it and discovered a rope hanging over the side With great difficulty he pulled himself up the rope and reached the deck The storm had damaged everything There were broken masts and torn sails and pieces of ropes all over the shipHe went down to the cabins and found an axe On the deck he cut the masts and ropes and made himself a small raft He managed to get this raft into the sea and tie it to the vessel with a rope I found some of the seamenrsquos boxes on board and filled them with stores- bread rice cheese and some wine He also found some clothes and in the captainrsquos cabin two guns a pair of pistols and some powder and shot These entire he piled on to the raft and having found a broken oar he cast off from the vessel and started for the shore When he reached the sand he carried the things up on the dry land The next morning he walked along the shore and up a little hill From there he could see that he was on an island He was a prisoner without a friend in the world There was no one living on the island but wild beast

Class V Subject MATHEMATICSDate 12052020 Ch 3 ( Addition and Subtraction)

Ch 3 Addition and Subtraction (Subtraction) WORD PROBLEM ON SUBTRACTION

Word problemsStory problems Once you know your basic operations (addition subtraction multiplication division) you will encounter story problems also known as word problems which require you to read a problem and decide which operation to perform in order to get the answerSubtraction Word Problems The concept of subtraction is used in many daily life situations We should read the problem and find out what is to be done then solve itA subtraction word problem is a math problem that includes the subtraction operation In order to solve such a problem you first need to write the algebraic expression is a mathematical statement written in numbers and symbols Once you have your algebraicexpression you can go on to solve it to find your answer

Exercise-10

5 The difference of two numbers is 10925307 If the greater number is 20202020 find the smaller number Solution

The greater number is 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0And the difference of two numbers is- 1 0 9 2 5 3 0 7 0 9 2 7 6 7 1 3

there4 The smaller number is 9276713

8 India exported readymade garments worth Rs 959823503 in two years If in one year the export of readymade garments was Rs 624768925 find the amount of export in the second year

Solution

In two years total export of readymade garments was Rs 9 5 9 8 2 3 5 0 3In one year the export of readymade garments was Rs ndash 6 2 4 7 6 8 9 2 5Rs3 3 5 0 5 4 5 7 8

there4The amount of export in the second year was Rs 335054578

9 Ashok wanted to buy a new car costing Rs 828825 He had Rs 679500 and borrowed the rest from a bank How much money did he borrow from the bank

Solution The cost of a new car was Rs 8 2 8 8 2 5 Ashok had Rs ndash 6 7 9 5 0 0 Rs1 4 9 3 2 5

there4 He borrowed Rs 149325 from the bank

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VICLASS VIDATE-12052020SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC IN THE TUNNEL- E NESBIT

IN THE TUNNEL- ENESBIT

Everyone knows what it is like going into a tunnel The engine gives a scream and then suddenly the noise of the running rattling train changes and grows different and much louder Grown -up people pull up the windows and hold them by strap The railway carriage suddenly grows like night- with lamps unless you are in a slow local train in which case lamps are not always provided Then by and by the darkness outside the carriage window is touched by puffs of cloudy whiteness then a blue light on the walls of the tunnel and the sound of the moving train changes once more and then one is out in the open air again and the grown-ups let the strap go The windows all dim with the yellow breath of the tunnel rattle down into their places and one can see once more the dip and catch of the telegraph wires beside the line and the straight-cut hawthorn hedges with the tiny baby trees growing up out of them thirty yards

All this is what a tunnel means when one is in a train But everything is quite different when you walk into a tunnel on your own feet and tread on shifting sliding stones and gravel on a path that cause downwards from the shining metals to the wall One can see slimy oozy trickles of water running down the inside of the tunnel The bricks are not red or brown as they are at the tunnels mouth but Dal sticky sickly green The voice when one speaks is quite changed from what it was outside in the sunshine and it is a long time before the tunnel is quite darkThis story is about an experience inside the tunnel by three children namely Peter Phyllis and Bobbie

SUBJECT- PHYSICSCHAPTER - ( Physical quantities )

Perimeter

The length of the boundary of a closed figure is called the perimeter of the plane figure The units of perimeter are same as that of length ie m cm mm etc

Area

A part of the plane enclosed by a simple closed figure is called a plane region and the measurement of plane region enclosed is called its areaArea is measured in square units

Perimeter and Area of Rectangle

The perimeter of rectangle = 2(l + b)Area of rectangle = l times b (l and b are the length and breadth of rectangle)

Perimeter and Area of the Square

Perimeter of square = 4 times S Area of square = S times S

Perimeter and Area of the Triangle

Perimeter of triangle = (a + b + c) (a b c are 3 sides of a triangle) Area of triangle = 12 times b times h (b base h height)

Perimeter and Area of the Parallelogram

Perimeter of parallelogram = 2 (sum of adjacent sides)Area of parallelogram = base times height

Circumference and Area of Circle

Circumference of circle = 2πr = πd Where π = 314 or π = 227 r is the radius of circle d is the diameter of circleArea of circle = πrsup2 Area of ring = Area of outer circle - Area of inner circle

Calculating Area Using the Grid MethodWhen a shape is drawn on a scaled grid you can find the area by counting the number of grid squares inside the shape

In this example each grid square has a width of 1cm and a height of 1cm In other words each grid square is one square centimeterCount the grid squares inside the large square to find its areaThere are 16 small squares so the area of the large square is 16 square centimetersIn mathematics we abbreviate square centimeters to cm2 The 2 means lsquosquaredrsquo Each grid square is 1cm2The area of the large square is 16cm2

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject ndash PhysicsChapter - Physical Quantities and MeasurementDensity Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore density = massvolume

Analysis of the above definition

Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other object As a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = kgm3 = kg m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = g cm-3Speed The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedTherefore we can writeSpeed = distancetimeUnit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)

Class- VIISUBJECT- English Literature

The Sri Krishna Eating HouseAnswer the following questions-6) What does the phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggestAns- The phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggested that one person in a deep cogitation about something

7) Why was the owner if the watch shop lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a penAns- The old watch maker was a kind hearted man Hari liked the old man as he found the similarities of Sayed Ali in the old watch maker The watch maker lent Hari a pen to write letter to his parents with that After that Hari thought that the owner of the watch shop was lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a pen

Write down the meanings of the following words-

1) Service- the action of helping and doing work to someone2) Soup ndashA liquid typically made by boiling fish meat vegetables etc3) Starter- A person or food that starts in a specified way4) Menu ndash A list of dish available in the restaurant5) Main course ndash The main substantial course of a meal6) Beverage ndash A drink especially other than water which can be hot or cold For example-Tea coffee etc7) Started ndash To see surprisingly8) Cogitation ndash Thought Idea9) Impress ndash An act of making a mark10) Likely ndash Probably Perhaps

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIIDATE 120520SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR- RABINDRANATH TAGORE

WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR-RABINDRANATH TAGORE

ABOUT THE POEM

Where the Mind is Without Fear is the title of the English translation of a poem by Rabindranath Tagore The Bengali poem was published in 1910 as part of Tagorersquos collection of poetry entitled GitanjaliSo when the poem was written India was under the British Rule and people were eagerly waiting to get their freedom from the British Rule The poem is written in the form of a prayer to the God the Almighty for a true freedom for his country And thus Tagore reveals his own concept of freedom throughout the poem Where the Mind is Without Fear

Ch 4 SubtractionSUBTRACTIONSubtraction without regrouping means subtract ones to ones tens to tens hundreds to hundreds till the end In subtraction question the number form which we subtract the other number is called minuend the number which is subtracted is called subtrahend and the result which we get after subtraction is called difference

Exercise-12Subtract

3 T-ThTh H T O 4 8 5 2 6 - 3 7 3 2 4

4 T-ThTh H T O 9 8 7 5 6 - 8 7 6 3 4

1 1 2 0 2 1 1 1 2 2

Write in column form and find the difference

9 5798 ndash 1428 Solution Th H T O

5 7 9 8 - 1 4 2 8

10 96865 ndash 42310 Solution T-ThTh H T O

9 6 8 6 5 - 4 2 3 1 0

4 3 7 0 5 4 5 5 5

13 Find the difference when(a) subtrahend = 3114 minuend = 4628

SolutionTh H T O 4 6 2 8 - 3 1 1 4 1 5 1 4

14 Fill in the blanks

(a) 8 7 6 5 3

- 1 3 0

6 3

Solution (a) 8 7 6 5 3

- 2 4 1 3 0

6 3 5 2 3

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VCLASS VSUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC ROBINSON CRUSOE ndashDANIEL DEFOE

ROBINSON CRUSOE- DANIEL DEFOE

Robinson Crusoe started off on a voyage in good weather although it was very hot After about twelve days a violent tornado came from the north Two members of the crew were washed overboard and after a day or two the ship began to leak They changed their course and drove out of the hurricane but the next day a second terrible storm attacked them Four of them managed to get the boat into the sea and they jumped into it They rowed with all their might but the waves were like mountains They struggled on but at last a gigantic wave hurled their little boat into the air and it sank beneath them

Robinson Crusoe was a good swimmer for half an hour he battled in that stormy sea He caught sight of a coast again and again he tried to reach the shore but he was thrown away by the raging seaAt last he hurled towards the shore and fell down exhausted on the sand It was a dark night without a star in the sky he was still lying on the sand Thinking it might be dangeroushe crawled away from the sea as fast as he could and came to some bushes and trees He didnrsquot know what wild animals would be there in the forest so he climbed up one of the trees and made himself comfortable between two branches There he slept that night

In the morning he looked out across the sea and there was their ship a quarter of a mile away from the shore He came down from the tree and found a stream where he drank some of the cool fresh water He lay down and slept again The sun was high in the sky when he woke up He resolved to go out to the ship and to try and bring back some things which would be useful to him on the island He plunged into the sea and made for the ship After a hard swim he managed to reach it and discovered a rope hanging over the side With great difficulty he pulled himself up the rope and reached the deck The storm had damaged everything There were broken masts and torn sails and pieces of ropes all over the shipHe went down to the cabins and found an axe On the deck he cut the masts and ropes and made himself a small raft He managed to get this raft into the sea and tie it to the vessel with a rope I found some of the seamenrsquos boxes on board and filled them with stores- bread rice cheese and some wine He also found some clothes and in the captainrsquos cabin two guns a pair of pistols and some powder and shot These entire he piled on to the raft and having found a broken oar he cast off from the vessel and started for the shore When he reached the sand he carried the things up on the dry land The next morning he walked along the shore and up a little hill From there he could see that he was on an island He was a prisoner without a friend in the world There was no one living on the island but wild beast

Class V Subject MATHEMATICSDate 12052020 Ch 3 ( Addition and Subtraction)

Ch 3 Addition and Subtraction (Subtraction) WORD PROBLEM ON SUBTRACTION

Word problemsStory problems Once you know your basic operations (addition subtraction multiplication division) you will encounter story problems also known as word problems which require you to read a problem and decide which operation to perform in order to get the answerSubtraction Word Problems The concept of subtraction is used in many daily life situations We should read the problem and find out what is to be done then solve itA subtraction word problem is a math problem that includes the subtraction operation In order to solve such a problem you first need to write the algebraic expression is a mathematical statement written in numbers and symbols Once you have your algebraicexpression you can go on to solve it to find your answer

Exercise-10

5 The difference of two numbers is 10925307 If the greater number is 20202020 find the smaller number Solution

The greater number is 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0And the difference of two numbers is- 1 0 9 2 5 3 0 7 0 9 2 7 6 7 1 3

there4 The smaller number is 9276713

8 India exported readymade garments worth Rs 959823503 in two years If in one year the export of readymade garments was Rs 624768925 find the amount of export in the second year

Solution

In two years total export of readymade garments was Rs 9 5 9 8 2 3 5 0 3In one year the export of readymade garments was Rs ndash 6 2 4 7 6 8 9 2 5Rs3 3 5 0 5 4 5 7 8

there4The amount of export in the second year was Rs 335054578

9 Ashok wanted to buy a new car costing Rs 828825 He had Rs 679500 and borrowed the rest from a bank How much money did he borrow from the bank

Solution The cost of a new car was Rs 8 2 8 8 2 5 Ashok had Rs ndash 6 7 9 5 0 0 Rs1 4 9 3 2 5

there4 He borrowed Rs 149325 from the bank

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VICLASS VIDATE-12052020SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC IN THE TUNNEL- E NESBIT

IN THE TUNNEL- ENESBIT

Everyone knows what it is like going into a tunnel The engine gives a scream and then suddenly the noise of the running rattling train changes and grows different and much louder Grown -up people pull up the windows and hold them by strap The railway carriage suddenly grows like night- with lamps unless you are in a slow local train in which case lamps are not always provided Then by and by the darkness outside the carriage window is touched by puffs of cloudy whiteness then a blue light on the walls of the tunnel and the sound of the moving train changes once more and then one is out in the open air again and the grown-ups let the strap go The windows all dim with the yellow breath of the tunnel rattle down into their places and one can see once more the dip and catch of the telegraph wires beside the line and the straight-cut hawthorn hedges with the tiny baby trees growing up out of them thirty yards

All this is what a tunnel means when one is in a train But everything is quite different when you walk into a tunnel on your own feet and tread on shifting sliding stones and gravel on a path that cause downwards from the shining metals to the wall One can see slimy oozy trickles of water running down the inside of the tunnel The bricks are not red or brown as they are at the tunnels mouth but Dal sticky sickly green The voice when one speaks is quite changed from what it was outside in the sunshine and it is a long time before the tunnel is quite darkThis story is about an experience inside the tunnel by three children namely Peter Phyllis and Bobbie

SUBJECT- PHYSICSCHAPTER - ( Physical quantities )

Perimeter

The length of the boundary of a closed figure is called the perimeter of the plane figure The units of perimeter are same as that of length ie m cm mm etc

Area

A part of the plane enclosed by a simple closed figure is called a plane region and the measurement of plane region enclosed is called its areaArea is measured in square units

Perimeter and Area of Rectangle

The perimeter of rectangle = 2(l + b)Area of rectangle = l times b (l and b are the length and breadth of rectangle)

Perimeter and Area of the Square

Perimeter of square = 4 times S Area of square = S times S

Perimeter and Area of the Triangle

Perimeter of triangle = (a + b + c) (a b c are 3 sides of a triangle) Area of triangle = 12 times b times h (b base h height)

Perimeter and Area of the Parallelogram

Perimeter of parallelogram = 2 (sum of adjacent sides)Area of parallelogram = base times height

Circumference and Area of Circle

Circumference of circle = 2πr = πd Where π = 314 or π = 227 r is the radius of circle d is the diameter of circleArea of circle = πrsup2 Area of ring = Area of outer circle - Area of inner circle

Calculating Area Using the Grid MethodWhen a shape is drawn on a scaled grid you can find the area by counting the number of grid squares inside the shape

In this example each grid square has a width of 1cm and a height of 1cm In other words each grid square is one square centimeterCount the grid squares inside the large square to find its areaThere are 16 small squares so the area of the large square is 16 square centimetersIn mathematics we abbreviate square centimeters to cm2 The 2 means lsquosquaredrsquo Each grid square is 1cm2The area of the large square is 16cm2

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject ndash PhysicsChapter - Physical Quantities and MeasurementDensity Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore density = massvolume

Analysis of the above definition

Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other object As a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = kgm3 = kg m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = g cm-3Speed The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedTherefore we can writeSpeed = distancetimeUnit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)

Class- VIISUBJECT- English Literature

The Sri Krishna Eating HouseAnswer the following questions-6) What does the phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggestAns- The phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggested that one person in a deep cogitation about something

7) Why was the owner if the watch shop lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a penAns- The old watch maker was a kind hearted man Hari liked the old man as he found the similarities of Sayed Ali in the old watch maker The watch maker lent Hari a pen to write letter to his parents with that After that Hari thought that the owner of the watch shop was lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a pen

Write down the meanings of the following words-

1) Service- the action of helping and doing work to someone2) Soup ndashA liquid typically made by boiling fish meat vegetables etc3) Starter- A person or food that starts in a specified way4) Menu ndash A list of dish available in the restaurant5) Main course ndash The main substantial course of a meal6) Beverage ndash A drink especially other than water which can be hot or cold For example-Tea coffee etc7) Started ndash To see surprisingly8) Cogitation ndash Thought Idea9) Impress ndash An act of making a mark10) Likely ndash Probably Perhaps

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIIDATE 120520SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR- RABINDRANATH TAGORE

WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR-RABINDRANATH TAGORE

ABOUT THE POEM

Where the Mind is Without Fear is the title of the English translation of a poem by Rabindranath Tagore The Bengali poem was published in 1910 as part of Tagorersquos collection of poetry entitled GitanjaliSo when the poem was written India was under the British Rule and people were eagerly waiting to get their freedom from the British Rule The poem is written in the form of a prayer to the God the Almighty for a true freedom for his country And thus Tagore reveals his own concept of freedom throughout the poem Where the Mind is Without Fear

Robinson Crusoe was a good swimmer for half an hour he battled in that stormy sea He caught sight of a coast again and again he tried to reach the shore but he was thrown away by the raging seaAt last he hurled towards the shore and fell down exhausted on the sand It was a dark night without a star in the sky he was still lying on the sand Thinking it might be dangeroushe crawled away from the sea as fast as he could and came to some bushes and trees He didnrsquot know what wild animals would be there in the forest so he climbed up one of the trees and made himself comfortable between two branches There he slept that night

In the morning he looked out across the sea and there was their ship a quarter of a mile away from the shore He came down from the tree and found a stream where he drank some of the cool fresh water He lay down and slept again The sun was high in the sky when he woke up He resolved to go out to the ship and to try and bring back some things which would be useful to him on the island He plunged into the sea and made for the ship After a hard swim he managed to reach it and discovered a rope hanging over the side With great difficulty he pulled himself up the rope and reached the deck The storm had damaged everything There were broken masts and torn sails and pieces of ropes all over the shipHe went down to the cabins and found an axe On the deck he cut the masts and ropes and made himself a small raft He managed to get this raft into the sea and tie it to the vessel with a rope I found some of the seamenrsquos boxes on board and filled them with stores- bread rice cheese and some wine He also found some clothes and in the captainrsquos cabin two guns a pair of pistols and some powder and shot These entire he piled on to the raft and having found a broken oar he cast off from the vessel and started for the shore When he reached the sand he carried the things up on the dry land The next morning he walked along the shore and up a little hill From there he could see that he was on an island He was a prisoner without a friend in the world There was no one living on the island but wild beast

Class V Subject MATHEMATICSDate 12052020 Ch 3 ( Addition and Subtraction)

Ch 3 Addition and Subtraction (Subtraction) WORD PROBLEM ON SUBTRACTION

Word problemsStory problems Once you know your basic operations (addition subtraction multiplication division) you will encounter story problems also known as word problems which require you to read a problem and decide which operation to perform in order to get the answerSubtraction Word Problems The concept of subtraction is used in many daily life situations We should read the problem and find out what is to be done then solve itA subtraction word problem is a math problem that includes the subtraction operation In order to solve such a problem you first need to write the algebraic expression is a mathematical statement written in numbers and symbols Once you have your algebraicexpression you can go on to solve it to find your answer

Exercise-10

5 The difference of two numbers is 10925307 If the greater number is 20202020 find the smaller number Solution

The greater number is 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0And the difference of two numbers is- 1 0 9 2 5 3 0 7 0 9 2 7 6 7 1 3

there4 The smaller number is 9276713

8 India exported readymade garments worth Rs 959823503 in two years If in one year the export of readymade garments was Rs 624768925 find the amount of export in the second year

Solution

In two years total export of readymade garments was Rs 9 5 9 8 2 3 5 0 3In one year the export of readymade garments was Rs ndash 6 2 4 7 6 8 9 2 5Rs3 3 5 0 5 4 5 7 8

there4The amount of export in the second year was Rs 335054578

9 Ashok wanted to buy a new car costing Rs 828825 He had Rs 679500 and borrowed the rest from a bank How much money did he borrow from the bank

Solution The cost of a new car was Rs 8 2 8 8 2 5 Ashok had Rs ndash 6 7 9 5 0 0 Rs1 4 9 3 2 5

there4 He borrowed Rs 149325 from the bank

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VICLASS VIDATE-12052020SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC IN THE TUNNEL- E NESBIT

IN THE TUNNEL- ENESBIT

Everyone knows what it is like going into a tunnel The engine gives a scream and then suddenly the noise of the running rattling train changes and grows different and much louder Grown -up people pull up the windows and hold them by strap The railway carriage suddenly grows like night- with lamps unless you are in a slow local train in which case lamps are not always provided Then by and by the darkness outside the carriage window is touched by puffs of cloudy whiteness then a blue light on the walls of the tunnel and the sound of the moving train changes once more and then one is out in the open air again and the grown-ups let the strap go The windows all dim with the yellow breath of the tunnel rattle down into their places and one can see once more the dip and catch of the telegraph wires beside the line and the straight-cut hawthorn hedges with the tiny baby trees growing up out of them thirty yards

All this is what a tunnel means when one is in a train But everything is quite different when you walk into a tunnel on your own feet and tread on shifting sliding stones and gravel on a path that cause downwards from the shining metals to the wall One can see slimy oozy trickles of water running down the inside of the tunnel The bricks are not red or brown as they are at the tunnels mouth but Dal sticky sickly green The voice when one speaks is quite changed from what it was outside in the sunshine and it is a long time before the tunnel is quite darkThis story is about an experience inside the tunnel by three children namely Peter Phyllis and Bobbie

SUBJECT- PHYSICSCHAPTER - ( Physical quantities )

Perimeter

The length of the boundary of a closed figure is called the perimeter of the plane figure The units of perimeter are same as that of length ie m cm mm etc

Area

A part of the plane enclosed by a simple closed figure is called a plane region and the measurement of plane region enclosed is called its areaArea is measured in square units

Perimeter and Area of Rectangle

The perimeter of rectangle = 2(l + b)Area of rectangle = l times b (l and b are the length and breadth of rectangle)

Perimeter and Area of the Square

Perimeter of square = 4 times S Area of square = S times S

Perimeter and Area of the Triangle

Perimeter of triangle = (a + b + c) (a b c are 3 sides of a triangle) Area of triangle = 12 times b times h (b base h height)

Perimeter and Area of the Parallelogram

Perimeter of parallelogram = 2 (sum of adjacent sides)Area of parallelogram = base times height

Circumference and Area of Circle

Circumference of circle = 2πr = πd Where π = 314 or π = 227 r is the radius of circle d is the diameter of circleArea of circle = πrsup2 Area of ring = Area of outer circle - Area of inner circle

Calculating Area Using the Grid MethodWhen a shape is drawn on a scaled grid you can find the area by counting the number of grid squares inside the shape

In this example each grid square has a width of 1cm and a height of 1cm In other words each grid square is one square centimeterCount the grid squares inside the large square to find its areaThere are 16 small squares so the area of the large square is 16 square centimetersIn mathematics we abbreviate square centimeters to cm2 The 2 means lsquosquaredrsquo Each grid square is 1cm2The area of the large square is 16cm2

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject ndash PhysicsChapter - Physical Quantities and MeasurementDensity Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore density = massvolume

Analysis of the above definition

Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other object As a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = kgm3 = kg m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = g cm-3Speed The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedTherefore we can writeSpeed = distancetimeUnit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)

Class- VIISUBJECT- English Literature

The Sri Krishna Eating HouseAnswer the following questions-6) What does the phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggestAns- The phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggested that one person in a deep cogitation about something

7) Why was the owner if the watch shop lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a penAns- The old watch maker was a kind hearted man Hari liked the old man as he found the similarities of Sayed Ali in the old watch maker The watch maker lent Hari a pen to write letter to his parents with that After that Hari thought that the owner of the watch shop was lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a pen

Write down the meanings of the following words-

1) Service- the action of helping and doing work to someone2) Soup ndashA liquid typically made by boiling fish meat vegetables etc3) Starter- A person or food that starts in a specified way4) Menu ndash A list of dish available in the restaurant5) Main course ndash The main substantial course of a meal6) Beverage ndash A drink especially other than water which can be hot or cold For example-Tea coffee etc7) Started ndash To see surprisingly8) Cogitation ndash Thought Idea9) Impress ndash An act of making a mark10) Likely ndash Probably Perhaps

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIIDATE 120520SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR- RABINDRANATH TAGORE

WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR-RABINDRANATH TAGORE

ABOUT THE POEM

Where the Mind is Without Fear is the title of the English translation of a poem by Rabindranath Tagore The Bengali poem was published in 1910 as part of Tagorersquos collection of poetry entitled GitanjaliSo when the poem was written India was under the British Rule and people were eagerly waiting to get their freedom from the British Rule The poem is written in the form of a prayer to the God the Almighty for a true freedom for his country And thus Tagore reveals his own concept of freedom throughout the poem Where the Mind is Without Fear

9 Ashok wanted to buy a new car costing Rs 828825 He had Rs 679500 and borrowed the rest from a bank How much money did he borrow from the bank

Solution The cost of a new car was Rs 8 2 8 8 2 5 Ashok had Rs ndash 6 7 9 5 0 0 Rs1 4 9 3 2 5

there4 He borrowed Rs 149325 from the bank

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VICLASS VIDATE-12052020SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC IN THE TUNNEL- E NESBIT

IN THE TUNNEL- ENESBIT

Everyone knows what it is like going into a tunnel The engine gives a scream and then suddenly the noise of the running rattling train changes and grows different and much louder Grown -up people pull up the windows and hold them by strap The railway carriage suddenly grows like night- with lamps unless you are in a slow local train in which case lamps are not always provided Then by and by the darkness outside the carriage window is touched by puffs of cloudy whiteness then a blue light on the walls of the tunnel and the sound of the moving train changes once more and then one is out in the open air again and the grown-ups let the strap go The windows all dim with the yellow breath of the tunnel rattle down into their places and one can see once more the dip and catch of the telegraph wires beside the line and the straight-cut hawthorn hedges with the tiny baby trees growing up out of them thirty yards

All this is what a tunnel means when one is in a train But everything is quite different when you walk into a tunnel on your own feet and tread on shifting sliding stones and gravel on a path that cause downwards from the shining metals to the wall One can see slimy oozy trickles of water running down the inside of the tunnel The bricks are not red or brown as they are at the tunnels mouth but Dal sticky sickly green The voice when one speaks is quite changed from what it was outside in the sunshine and it is a long time before the tunnel is quite darkThis story is about an experience inside the tunnel by three children namely Peter Phyllis and Bobbie

SUBJECT- PHYSICSCHAPTER - ( Physical quantities )

Perimeter

The length of the boundary of a closed figure is called the perimeter of the plane figure The units of perimeter are same as that of length ie m cm mm etc

Area

A part of the plane enclosed by a simple closed figure is called a plane region and the measurement of plane region enclosed is called its areaArea is measured in square units

Perimeter and Area of Rectangle

The perimeter of rectangle = 2(l + b)Area of rectangle = l times b (l and b are the length and breadth of rectangle)

Perimeter and Area of the Square

Perimeter of square = 4 times S Area of square = S times S

Perimeter and Area of the Triangle

Perimeter of triangle = (a + b + c) (a b c are 3 sides of a triangle) Area of triangle = 12 times b times h (b base h height)

Perimeter and Area of the Parallelogram

Perimeter of parallelogram = 2 (sum of adjacent sides)Area of parallelogram = base times height

Circumference and Area of Circle

Circumference of circle = 2πr = πd Where π = 314 or π = 227 r is the radius of circle d is the diameter of circleArea of circle = πrsup2 Area of ring = Area of outer circle - Area of inner circle

Calculating Area Using the Grid MethodWhen a shape is drawn on a scaled grid you can find the area by counting the number of grid squares inside the shape

In this example each grid square has a width of 1cm and a height of 1cm In other words each grid square is one square centimeterCount the grid squares inside the large square to find its areaThere are 16 small squares so the area of the large square is 16 square centimetersIn mathematics we abbreviate square centimeters to cm2 The 2 means lsquosquaredrsquo Each grid square is 1cm2The area of the large square is 16cm2

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject ndash PhysicsChapter - Physical Quantities and MeasurementDensity Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore density = massvolume

Analysis of the above definition

Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other object As a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = kgm3 = kg m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = g cm-3Speed The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedTherefore we can writeSpeed = distancetimeUnit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)

Class- VIISUBJECT- English Literature

The Sri Krishna Eating HouseAnswer the following questions-6) What does the phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggestAns- The phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggested that one person in a deep cogitation about something

7) Why was the owner if the watch shop lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a penAns- The old watch maker was a kind hearted man Hari liked the old man as he found the similarities of Sayed Ali in the old watch maker The watch maker lent Hari a pen to write letter to his parents with that After that Hari thought that the owner of the watch shop was lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a pen

Write down the meanings of the following words-

1) Service- the action of helping and doing work to someone2) Soup ndashA liquid typically made by boiling fish meat vegetables etc3) Starter- A person or food that starts in a specified way4) Menu ndash A list of dish available in the restaurant5) Main course ndash The main substantial course of a meal6) Beverage ndash A drink especially other than water which can be hot or cold For example-Tea coffee etc7) Started ndash To see surprisingly8) Cogitation ndash Thought Idea9) Impress ndash An act of making a mark10) Likely ndash Probably Perhaps

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIIDATE 120520SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR- RABINDRANATH TAGORE

WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR-RABINDRANATH TAGORE

ABOUT THE POEM

Where the Mind is Without Fear is the title of the English translation of a poem by Rabindranath Tagore The Bengali poem was published in 1910 as part of Tagorersquos collection of poetry entitled GitanjaliSo when the poem was written India was under the British Rule and people were eagerly waiting to get their freedom from the British Rule The poem is written in the form of a prayer to the God the Almighty for a true freedom for his country And thus Tagore reveals his own concept of freedom throughout the poem Where the Mind is Without Fear

Perimeter and Area of the Square

Perimeter of square = 4 times S Area of square = S times S

Perimeter and Area of the Triangle

Perimeter of triangle = (a + b + c) (a b c are 3 sides of a triangle) Area of triangle = 12 times b times h (b base h height)

Perimeter and Area of the Parallelogram

Perimeter of parallelogram = 2 (sum of adjacent sides)Area of parallelogram = base times height

Circumference and Area of Circle

Circumference of circle = 2πr = πd Where π = 314 or π = 227 r is the radius of circle d is the diameter of circleArea of circle = πrsup2 Area of ring = Area of outer circle - Area of inner circle

Calculating Area Using the Grid MethodWhen a shape is drawn on a scaled grid you can find the area by counting the number of grid squares inside the shape

In this example each grid square has a width of 1cm and a height of 1cm In other words each grid square is one square centimeterCount the grid squares inside the large square to find its areaThere are 16 small squares so the area of the large square is 16 square centimetersIn mathematics we abbreviate square centimeters to cm2 The 2 means lsquosquaredrsquo Each grid square is 1cm2The area of the large square is 16cm2

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIISubject ndash PhysicsChapter - Physical Quantities and MeasurementDensity Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeTherefore density = massvolume

Analysis of the above definition

Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other object As a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = kgm3 = kg m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = g cm-3Speed The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedTherefore we can writeSpeed = distancetimeUnit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)

Class- VIISUBJECT- English Literature

The Sri Krishna Eating HouseAnswer the following questions-6) What does the phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggestAns- The phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggested that one person in a deep cogitation about something

7) Why was the owner if the watch shop lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a penAns- The old watch maker was a kind hearted man Hari liked the old man as he found the similarities of Sayed Ali in the old watch maker The watch maker lent Hari a pen to write letter to his parents with that After that Hari thought that the owner of the watch shop was lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a pen

Write down the meanings of the following words-

1) Service- the action of helping and doing work to someone2) Soup ndashA liquid typically made by boiling fish meat vegetables etc3) Starter- A person or food that starts in a specified way4) Menu ndash A list of dish available in the restaurant5) Main course ndash The main substantial course of a meal6) Beverage ndash A drink especially other than water which can be hot or cold For example-Tea coffee etc7) Started ndash To see surprisingly8) Cogitation ndash Thought Idea9) Impress ndash An act of making a mark10) Likely ndash Probably Perhaps

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIIDATE 120520SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR- RABINDRANATH TAGORE

WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR-RABINDRANATH TAGORE

ABOUT THE POEM

Where the Mind is Without Fear is the title of the English translation of a poem by Rabindranath Tagore The Bengali poem was published in 1910 as part of Tagorersquos collection of poetry entitled GitanjaliSo when the poem was written India was under the British Rule and people were eagerly waiting to get their freedom from the British Rule The poem is written in the form of a prayer to the God the Almighty for a true freedom for his country And thus Tagore reveals his own concept of freedom throughout the poem Where the Mind is Without Fear

Suppose we take two objects with the same volume but we notice that one has more mass than other From the above definition we can say that object which has more mass is greater density than other object As a result we can say that objects that have high density are heavier and objects that have low density are lighterUnit of density In SI unit density = kgm3 = kg m-3In CGS unit density = gcm3 = g cm-3Speed The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedTherefore we can writeSpeed = distancetimeUnit of speed The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)

Class- VIISUBJECT- English Literature

The Sri Krishna Eating HouseAnswer the following questions-6) What does the phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggestAns- The phrase lsquostared open mouthedrsquo suggested that one person in a deep cogitation about something

7) Why was the owner if the watch shop lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a penAns- The old watch maker was a kind hearted man Hari liked the old man as he found the similarities of Sayed Ali in the old watch maker The watch maker lent Hari a pen to write letter to his parents with that After that Hari thought that the owner of the watch shop was lsquomore likelyrsquo to have a pen

Write down the meanings of the following words-

1) Service- the action of helping and doing work to someone2) Soup ndashA liquid typically made by boiling fish meat vegetables etc3) Starter- A person or food that starts in a specified way4) Menu ndash A list of dish available in the restaurant5) Main course ndash The main substantial course of a meal6) Beverage ndash A drink especially other than water which can be hot or cold For example-Tea coffee etc7) Started ndash To see surprisingly8) Cogitation ndash Thought Idea9) Impress ndash An act of making a mark10) Likely ndash Probably Perhaps

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class VIIIDATE 120520SUBJECT ENGLISH LITERATURETOPIC WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR- RABINDRANATH TAGORE

WHERE THE MIND IS WITHOUT FEAR-RABINDRANATH TAGORE

ABOUT THE POEM

Where the Mind is Without Fear is the title of the English translation of a poem by Rabindranath Tagore The Bengali poem was published in 1910 as part of Tagorersquos collection of poetry entitled GitanjaliSo when the poem was written India was under the British Rule and people were eagerly waiting to get their freedom from the British Rule The poem is written in the form of a prayer to the God the Almighty for a true freedom for his country And thus Tagore reveals his own concept of freedom throughout the poem Where the Mind is Without Fear

Setting of the poem

Where the Mind is Without Fear is set in the India of the poetrsquos dreams This is the India that he hopes will be created after its independence from British rule

Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas

Lines 1 ndash 4Where the mind is without fear and the head is held highWhere knowledge is freeWhere the world has not been broken up into fragmentsBy narrow domestic walls

In these lines the poet starts to imagine what he would like his country to be like He says that no countryman of his should live with fear in his mind at all times Instead they should hold their heads up fearlessly and have confidence in themselves Knowledge should be available to all citizens That is educational institutes should admit students of all races and classes All the various regions of India and their people should be united instead of fighting amongst themselves for supremacy They should fight together against a common enemy to determine their common fate

Class 8 Physics Chapter 3 Force and Pressure

( Synopsis)

1A force when acts on a rigid body which is free to move can produce only the change in state of rest or motion 2A force when acts on a non-rigid body which is free to move can produce change in state of rest or motion aswell as change in size or shape of the body3 A force requires both its magnitude and direction to represent it Force is represented by an arrow The length of arrow is a measure of its magnitude and the arrow gives itsdirectionThe SI unit of force is newton (symbol N) and its gravitational unit is kilogram force (kgf) where1 kgf = 10 N (nearly)gt If a force is applied on a body which is pivoted at a point the force can turn the body about that point This iscalled the turning effect of forcegt The turning effect of a force depends on two factors (i) the magnitude of force and (ii) the perpendiculardistance of force from the pivoted point Greater the magnitude of force more is the turning effect Similarlygreater the perpendicular distance of force from the pivoted point more is the turning effectgt The product of magnitude of force and the perpendicular distance of force from the pivoted point is calledmoment of force about the pivoted point ieMoment of force = force (F) x perpendicular distance (d)gt The SI unit of moment of force is newton x metre (symbol N m)- If a body turns towards the right the moment of force is clockwise and negative but if the body turns towardsthe left the moment of force is anticlockwise and positivegt Thrust is a force that acts normally on a surfacegt Thrust exerted by a body on a surface is same howsoever it is placedgt The effect of thrust depends on the area of the surface on which it actsYThe units of thrust are kgf gf and newton (N) They are related as 1 kgf = 1000 gf 1 kgf = 10 N (nearly) and 1 N = 100 gf (nearly)

gtPressure is defined as the thrust per unit area ie Pressure P = Thrust F Area A gt Pressure on a surface depends on (a) the area of the surface on which the thrust acts (b) the magnitude of thrust acting on the surfacegt Smaller the surface area more is the pressure exerted by the thrustgt More the thrust on an area more is the pressureThe pressure on a surface is increased by reducing the area of the surface and is reduced by increasing the area of the surfacegt The SI unit of pressure is newton per metre (symbol Nm2) which is also called pascal(symbol Pa)gt Liquids and gases exert pressure in all directions They exert pressure not only at the bottom but also on tesides of the container in which they are keptgt Pascals law states that the pressure exerted by a liquid at a depth is same in all directionsgt The liquid pressure depends on the following two factorsotion(a) the height of the liquid column Liquid pressure at a point increases with the increase in height of theliquid column above that point(b) the density of the liquid Liquid pressure increases with the increase in the density of liquidgt The envelop of air up to a height of about 200 km around the earth is called the atmosphereion ases itsgt The weight of air exerts thrust on earthgt The atmospheric pressure is the thrust on a unit area of the earth surface due to the column of air above itgt At sea level the atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure of 076 m of mercury column of air 1 atm= 1013 x 105 Pagt Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing height from the sea level

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IX Subject-ChemistryTopic-Gas Law

SUBJECT- English LiteratureThe Heart of The Tree

What does he plant who plants a treeHe plants cool shade and tender rain

And seed and bud of days to beAnd years that fade and flush again

He plants the glory of the plainHe plants the forestrsquos heritageThe harvest of a coming age

Summary ExecutionSignificance of Boylersquos LawOn increasing pressurevolume decreasesThe gas become denserThus at constant temperaturethe density of a gas is directly propotional to its pressureAtmospheric pressure is low at high altitudeso air is less denseHencea lesser quantity of oxygen is available for breathingThis is the reason why mountaineers have to carry oxygen cylinders with themNoteWhen air is blown into a ballownvolume and pressure inside the balloon increasesHereBoylersquos law is not violated as the law is valid for a definite masswhereas mass increases when more air is blown into the ballon

ProblemA gas occupies 800 cm3 under 760 mm Hg pressureFind under what pressure the gas will occupy 380 Cm3 the temperature remaining constant By Boylersquos law P1V1=P2V2

760times800=P2times380

P2 = 760times800

380 =1600 mm Hg The required pressure is 160 cm Hg

Charles Law pressure remaining constantthe volume of a given mass of a dry gas increases or decreases by 1273 of its volume at 00C for each 10C increases or decreases in temperature respectively

Mathematical expression of Charlesrsquos lawLet V0 Be the volume of a fixed mass of a gas 0oCand let V be its volume at temperature t0c at constant pressureThen according to Charlesrsquos law

V=V0 + iquest0273)t (when P constant)

V=V0 (1+t

273 )

V=V deg273

T Where T= 273+t

For a given mass of a gas V0273 =Constant there4 V=KtimesT (Where k is contant) Or VpropTAnd

VT

=K

Supposea gas occupies V1 cm3 at T1 TemperatureAnd V2 cm3 at T2 temperaturethen by Charlesrsquos law

V1propT1

OR V1 =KT1 (K is Constant)

Or V 1T 1

=K

And V2propT2

ORV 2T 2

=K

V 1T 1

=V 2T 2

=K (at constant pressure)

This is called the Charlesrsquos law equation

According to this equation(i)if the temperature is doubledthe volume would be doubled(ii)if it is reduced by halfthe volume would also be reduced by half

The joy that unborn eyes shall see-These things he plants who plants a tree

Explanation

The second stanza also starts with the same question and similarly it follows by the Poetrsquos answer Bunner says that the tree give us with cool shades and soft rain to provide us relief from the unbearable heat of the sunHe beautifully narrates the cycle of regrowth as the tree provides seed and bud which develop into new trees This process leaves an indelible imprint of nature The poet further describes trees as ldquo the glory of the painrsquo meaning they provide the plains with green and beautyHe says if we plant a tree now it will blossom into a future forest which he calls a lsquoheritagersquo of forest He calls planting trees today will ensure we have a ldquoharvest for future age and people to comerdquo which our future generation will benefit fromBunner points to that fact we have all these trees to admire only because people before us decided to plant trees for the present age to reap the benefits from them The poet implicitly makes an appeal to trees in order to make the world a better place for future generations to come

Subject - COMMERCIAL STUDIES Chapter 2 Business ActivitiesMEANING OF BUSINESS Business is an economic activityIt Involves sale transfer or exchange of goods and services with the purpose of earning money Business is an Occupation and it comprises a wide range of activities L H Haney defined business as ldquo Business may be defined as human activity directed towards producing or acquiring wealth through buying and selling of goods Business consists of those processes by which desirable things are extracted from earth fashioned and transformed by man and machine carried from place to place and stored through time and placed in the hands of those who are ready to pay for them CHARACTERISTICS (NATURE) OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

1 Sale transfer or exchange All business activities involve sale or exchange of goods and service for some considerations If there is no sale transfer or exchange for price it will not be a business activity For example cooking food for personal consumption does not constitute business But cooking food and selling it to others for a price becomes business

2 Economic Activity Business primarily an economic activity as it involves production and distribution of goods and services for the satisfaction of human wants in exchange of money

3 Risk Risk is an essential part of business It implies the uncertainty of profits or the possibility of loss In business risk arises due to several factors eg changes in demand theft fire natural calamities etc Some risks are avoidable while some are not

4 Profit Motive A business is not charity The primary objective of business is to earn money and acquire wealth A business that does not earn profits cannot survive for long as it is essential for the growth and expansion of business

5 Creation of utilities A business makes goods more useful to satisfy human wants It adds time place form and possession utilities to various types of goods

6 Regular Dealings Business involves a series of dealings A single transaction cannot be called business Recurring purchase and sale is the hallmark of business For instance if a person sells his old scooter it is not business But if he sells scooters on a regular basis it will become business

TYPES OFBUSINESS ACTIVITIES TYPES OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIESINDUSTRY

MEANING OF INDUSTRY Industry means the production of products with the help of human beings and other resources It involves application of men machinery materials and money Industry refers to that part of business which produces want satisfying goodsMEANING OF COMMERCE Commerce is defined as an activity which is concerned with the exchange of goods with all that is involved in the buying and selling of goods at any stage in their progress from raw materials to finished goods in the consumersrsquo hands

OR

Commerce is that branch of business which involves the buying and selling of goods the exchange of commodities and the distribution of finished products

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

CommercialStudies

Final Accounts

Today I am going to share you the format of -Balance Sheet

FORMAT OF BALANCE SHEETBalance SheetAs at helliphelliphelliphellip

Liabilities Rs Assets Rs

Capital xxx Cash in Hand xxx

Add Net Profit xxx Cash at Bank xxx

Less Drawings xxx Bill Receivable xxx

Less Income Tax xxx Sundry Debtors xxx

xxx Loose Tools xxx

Sundry Creditors xxx Investments xxx

Bills Payable xxx Furniture amp fittings xxx

Bank Overdraft xxx Plant amp Machinery xxx

Loans and Advance xxx Land amp Building xxx

Patents amp Trademarks xxx

Goodwill xxx

Closing Stock xxx

xxx xxxECONOMICS

ELEMENTARY THEORY OF DEMAND

Today let us start our class by discussing Market demand

Market demand refers to the total quantity of a commodity that all the consumers or households are willing to buy in the market at a particular price during a specific period

For exampleSuppose there are three consumers of milk

Question1 What is market demandAnswer Market demand refers to the total quantity of a commodity that all the consumers or households are willing to buy in the market at a particular price during a specific periodFor example Suppose there are three consumers of milk namely VinayakGauravPriya in the market whose individual demands at a price of Rs25 per kg are 3kg2kg and 1kg per day then market demand will be 6kg (3+2+1kg)Thus market demand is a sum total of demand made by all

namely Vinayak GauravPriya in the market whose individual demands at a price of Rs25 per kg are 3kg 2kg and 1kg per day then market demand will be 6kg (3+2+1kg)Thus market demand is a sum total of demand made by all individualsconsumers in the market

There are several factors on which the demand for a commodity depends these factors may be economic social as well a politicalThe influence of these factors on demand is called demand functionDeterminants of individual demandIPrice of the commodity Of all the factors affecting demand price is the most important factor Ordinarily demand for a commodity increases when its price falls and decreases when price rises A consumerrsquos demand for mango is just 1 kg when it is priced at 40 per kg and rises to 2kg when its price falls to Rs30 per kgIiPrice of related goods the demand for a commodity depend not only on its own price but also on the prices of related goods If a change in the price of one good affects the demand for another good it is called cross demandaSubstitute goods they are goods which can be used in place of others Eg tea coffee Coke and Pepsi The change in the price of tea has its effects on coffeersquos demand The rise in the price of tea will raise the demand for coffee and vice-versab Complementary goods they are those goods which are jointly demanded to satisfy a particular want Eg pen and ink car and petrol etc there exist an inverse relationship between the price of one commodity and the amount

individuals consumers in the market

2 What are the factors affecting demandAnswer There are several factors on which the demand for a commodity depends these factors may be economic social as well a political The influence of these factors on demand is called demand functionDeterminants of individual demandIprice of the commodity Of all the factors affecting demand price is the most important factorOrdinarily demand for a commodity increases when its price falls and decreases when price risesA consumerrsquos demand for mango is just 1 kg when it is priced at 40 per kg and rises to 2kg when its price falls to Rs30 per kgiiPrice of related goodsthe demand for a commodity depend not only on its own price but also on the prices of related goodsIf a change in the price of one good affects the demand for another good it is called cross demandasubstitute goods b complementary goodsiiiIncome of the consumerOther things being equal there is a direct relationship between the consumerrsquos income and the demand for a commodity however the effect of change in income on consumerrsquos demand upon the nature of the commodity

c Normal goodsd Inferior goods

IvTaste and preferences the amount demanded of a commodity also depends on comsumerrsquos taste and preferences when we begin to like certain commodities their demand will increase and vice -versa

demanded for other Eg if price of petrol goes up demand for cars will falliiiIncome of the consumerOther things being equal there is a direct relationship between the consumerrsquos income and the demand for a commodity however the effect of change in income on consumerrsquos demand upon the nature of the commodity

a Normal goods Normal goods are those goods the demands for which increases with increase in income of consumerseg a consumer increases his demand for milk clothes furniture as his income increases

b Inferior goods They are those goods the demands for which fall when income of consumer increases Eg a consumer may buy toned milk when his income is less because he cannot purchase pure milk

IvTaste and preferences the amount demanded of a commodity also depends on comsumerrsquos taste and preferences when we begin to like certain commodities their demand will increase and vice versa

Subject-History

TopicUnion Executive

The constitutional powers and functions of the President of India may be classified into six principal types

Executive Functions Head of the Union

The President is at the head of the Union Executive Consequently all the executive powers are exercised in his name The executive power of the Union to be exercised by the President is extended to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws and to conclude treaty and agreement

AppointmentsAs the head of the executive the President appoints the Governors of States the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts the Auditor General of India and many other high officials such as the members of Finance

Commission Election commission Union Public commission etc

Appointment of the Prime Minister and other MinistersThe President appoints the Prime Minister and with his advice the other Ministers of the Union Council of Ministers But here too as in all other appointments the President can seldom use his discretion He is ordinarily duty-bound to summon the leader of the political party which secures an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha to become the Prime Minister and form the Ministry He does enjoy some discretionary powers in the matter only under exceptional circumstances When no single political party wins a clear absolute majority and as a result no Council of Ministers can be formed without a coalition of parties the President can exercise his discretion judiciously in appointing the Prime Minister Such situations developed in the past India has entered into an age of coalition politics And it may so happen that no single party will be able to secure an absolute majority and the President may be required to exercise his discretionary power for some time to come in appointing Prime Minister

Can ask to prove majority in Lok SabhaThe Union Council of Ministers normally remains in office for five years unless dissolved earlier for any reason The President must be satisfied that the Council of Ministers enjoys the confidence of the majority of the Lok Sabha In case of any doubt he can ask the Council of Ministers to prove its majority in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Ministers Sri HD Deve Gowda was asked by the President after the official withdrawal of support by the Congress Party from Ministry The President can also dissolve the Union Council of Ministers in accordance with Article 75(2) of the constitution if he finds that the Ministry does not enjoy the support of the majorities in the Lok Sabha

Supreme Commander As head of State the President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of India and is entitled to declare war or conclude a treaty

Legislative Powers and Functions

President is a part of ParliamentThe Union Legislature or Parliament consists of the President and two Houses of Parliament The President is therefore an integral part of Union LegislatureHe shall summon from time to time either separately or jointly the Houses of Parliament The President can prorogue the Houses or either House of Parliament and if necessary can dissolve the lower Chamber of Parliament the Lok Sabha For example the President solved the twelfth Lok Sabha in early 1999 when the confidence motion in favour your of the Vajpayee government was lost in the Lok Sabha

Summons and Addresses ParliamentThe President may address either or both House of ParliamentIn such address at the first session after general election to the Lok Sabha and at beginning of a joint session of Parliament each year he may place the reasons for summoning it Apart from addressing Parliament the President may also in case of necessities send messages to either House or to both Houses [Article 86(2)] Normally the President does not send such a message unless however he has a serious disagreement with the Council of Ministers

Nomination

The President nominates a number of members in both Houses The chief purpose of the nomination is to ensure adequate representation in Parliament of all sections of population which many not always be achieved through elections

Power in respect of BillsThe President has certain functions in respect of passing of a BillA bill passed by both the Houses of Parliament requires his assent in order to become an Act He may give his assent to a bill or can withhold assent when a bill after getting approved in both the Houses is placed before the President But if Parliament acting on Presidentrsquos refusal to assent to a bill passes it again with or without amendment for the second time and presents it to the President for his approval the President shall not withhold his assent there from under Article 111 In other words it becomes obligatory upon him to give his assent In certain cases prior sanction of the President is required for initiating any legislation For instance bill for formation of a new State or altering the boundaries of the existing State or States is to be placed before Parliament with prior approval of the President Money bill is another example where obtaining of such approval of the President is a constitutional necessity

Bill passed by a State Legislature A bill passed by a State Legislature may also be reserved for the consideration of the President by the Governor of that State The President enjoys this right in relation to a bill passed by a State Legislature only in such cases where those are referred to him by the Government of a State under Article 200

Power to Promulgate OrdinancesExcept when both Houses of Parliament are in session the President may promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to require (Article 123) Such an ordinance can have the same force and effect of an Act of Parliament Such an ordinance shall cease to operate unless passed by both Houses of Parliament within the stipulated period In AK Roy vs Union of India (1982) illustrates the proposition that the satisfaction of the President must be as to the existence of a situation which makes it necessary for the President to promulgate such on Ordinance

Financial Powers and FunctionsThe President causes the annual budget of the Union Government to be laid before Parliament every year No proposal for spending money or raising revenues for purposes of government can be introduced in Parliament without previous permission of the President

Emergency Powers of the PresidentThe constitution of India empowers the President to proclaim three kinds of Emergencies

National Emergency (Art 352) Emergency for failure of Constitutional Machinery in a State (Art 356) Financial Emergency (Art 360)

Military and Diplomatic PowersThe constitution vests the supreme command of the Defense Forces in the President but he is required to exercise that power in accordance with law Parliament has exclusive Legislative Power relating to defense forces It means that though the President may have the power to take action as to declaration of war or peace or the employment of the defense forces It is Parliament that is to

regulate or control the exercise of such powers The executive power relating to foreign and diplomatic affairs is exercised by the Union Government and all diplomatic business is conducted in the name of the President Diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys to foreign countries All treaties and international agreements are negotiated and concluded in the name of the President

Diplomatic Powers of the President of IndiaThe president receives ambassadors High Commissioners and diplomatic envoys from foreign nations All treaties and international agreements are concluded in the name of the President The President represents India in International Conferences The President has the powers of appointing Indian Ambassadors to other countries

Judicial PowersThe President has the power to grant pardon reprieves respites amp remission of punishment or to suspend remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence In all cases where the punishment amp sentence is by court martial In all cases where the punishment or sentence for an offence against a law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends In all cases where the sentence is a death sentence

Execution

Answer the following question-

What are the functions of the President of India

(Homework-learn)Hindi 2nd Lang

विनय क पद तलसीदास

2जाकविय न राम दही तजिजय ताविह कोटी री सम जदयविप परम सनही तजयोविपताहलाद विभीषण बध भरत महतारी बलिल गर तजयो कत बरज बविनतविह भय मद मगलकारक नात नह राम क मनाया सहरद ससय जहा लौ अजन कहा आखजविहफट बह तक कहोकहा लौ तलसीसो सब भावित परमविहतपजय ानतपयारोजासो होय सनह राम पद एतोमतो हमारो

शबदारथ7 ndashदही ndashसीता तजिजय ndash छोड दीजिजए कत ndash पवित बविनतहिह ndash सतरिgtतरयो क दवारासहरद ndashसबधी ससय-सा या आराधना करन योगय अजन ndash सरमा या काजलसनहndash म

वयाखया तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक जिजस राम और सीता विय नही ह ह भल ही अपना विकतना ही विय कयो ना हो उस बहत बड दशमन क समान मानकर कया दना चाविहए कभी अनक उदाहरणो दवारा अपनी बात लिसदध करत ह हलाद न अपनी भलिM का विरोध करन क कारण अपन विपता विहरणयकशयप की आजञा का उललघन विकया रथा विभीषण न अपन बड भाई राण को इस कारण ही छोडा कयोविक ह राम विरोधी रथा राम को बनास दिदलान ाली भरत की माता ककई रथी ह राम विरोधी रथी इसलिलए भरत न अपनी माता का परिरतयाग विकया राजा बलिल न अपन गर का परिरतयाग विकया रथा बरज की सतरिgtतरयो न अपनी पवित का तयाग विकया शरी कषण क म क लिलए उन सभी न अपन परिरजनो को छोडा और उनका कलयाण ही हआ राम क सारथ म का नाता ही सबस बडा नाता ह सबध ह उनस जिजतना अधिधक म कर सकत हो करो उनकी जिजतनी सा कर सकत हो करो ऐस सर म को आख म लगान स कया लाभ जिजसस आख ही फट जाए अरथा7त राम और सीता क विरोधी वयलिMयो स म करन स हाविन ही होती ह तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक और अधिधक कया कह उनकी यह सममवित ह विक जिजसका ाणो स भी विय और पजय शरी राम सgtनहह उसका सबभावित परम विहत होता ह

Math(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable

Study item Some solved sums from Exercise 511) Check whether the following are quadratic equations(i)radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Solution Given radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Or 5radic3x2 ndash 10x + 3 = 0 (multiply bothside by 5 we get)

Which is of the form ax2 + bx+ c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(ii)(2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Solution Given (2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash 4x + 3x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash 2x + x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6x2 ndash 6x ndash 12 Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 ndash 6x2 + 6x + 12 = 0Or 5x + 10 = 0Which is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is not a quadratic equation(iii) (x ndash 3 )3 + 5 = x3 + 7x2 ndash 1 Solution Given (x ndash 3)3 + 5 = x3 +7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 3x23 +3x32 ndash 33 + 5 = x3+7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 9x2 + 27x -22ndash x3 ndash 7x2 + 1 = 0Or - 16x2 + 27x ndash 21 = 0Or - ( 16x2- 27x + 21 ) = 0Or 16x2 ndash 27x + 21 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(iv)x ndash 3x = 2 x not equal to zero(0)Solution Given x ndash 3x = 2Or x2ndash 3x = 2Or x2 ndash 3 = 2xOr x2 ndash 2x ndash 3 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation

English Language

Prepositions A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

1 I am fond of chocolate2 We saw a dog near the

horse

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

Fill in the blanks with preposition Exercise 41 Children are generally fond ___ playing with

fire2 Youth is full ___ hope3 The same legend is handed down ____

father ___ son4 He is proficient ___ the art ___ teaching5 He is very proud __ of his sons ability6 He takes pride __ his sons success7 I am very tired __ my work8 Are you not tired ___ him9 Be sure __ yourself 10 Your position is beset ___ difficulties

Bengali পরবোদপরবচনব যোকরণ

১) আকোসর চা োদ হোস পোওয়ো (অপর যোলি পরোলি ) --- হোরোসনো লেসসক লেপসয় মো লেন আকোসর চা োদ হোস লেপ২) আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক ( আকো পোোসর মসো লিবরোট পরসampদ) ---- আমোসদর ধনী গলিরসবর জীবন োতরো মোসন আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক৩)আনোসগোনো (আো োওয়ো ) ---- োরো লিদনই লেমস-র আনো লেগোনো চস৪) আদো জ লেসয় োগো ( দঢ় ংকলপ লিনসয় কোজ করো ) --- পরীকষো এস লেগ লিদ পো করস চোও

োহস এলিন আদো জ লেসয় লেসগ পস4ো৫) আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক (অপদোরথ9) --- রলিহসমর মসো আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক ংোসর অলপই লেদসলি ndash

লেকব বস4ো বস4ো করথো কোসজর লিক নয়৬) আকো কম ( অবোসতব কলপনো )---- বীর লেোদধো হওয়োর আকো কম কলপনো কসর োamp লেনই লেজন য চোই প যক বোহ ব আর পরসয়োজনীয় পরলিকষন

৭) উততম মধ যম ( পরচনড পরহোর ) --- পো4োর লেোসকরো লেচোরটিসক ধসর উততম মধ যম লিদ৮) উস4ো করথো (গজব) ---- লেসটি লিনরসJ হসয়স লিকনো ampোসো কসর লোোজনোও আসগ ampোসগ উস4ো করথোয় কোন লিদওনো৯) একহোস োলি বোসজনো ( এক পসকষর দবোরো কহ লিববোদ মভব নয় )----রোসজসর করথো শসন লিবনয়সক লেদোষী লেampসবোনো জোসনোসো একহোস োলি বোসজনো১০) কোন ampোরী করো ( অন লেযর লিবরসদধ লেগোপসন লিক বো )---- লিবকো আমোর অনপলিQলিস আমোর

লিবরসদধ মোসয়র কোস লিক কোনampোরী কসরসComputer Application

Chapter 2 Java programming

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screeni 1 21 321 4321 54321Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

ii 54321 5432 543 54 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=5jgt=ij--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

iii 54321 4321

321 21 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=5igt=1i--) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Structure of an ecosystem Ecosystem are composed of the biological community and the the abiotic environment

A natural ecosystem

An ecosystem is composed of two parts -

1 Abiotic components2 Biotic components

Q What are the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem

Ans ndash1 Abiotic ndash

This includes - Elements required in the material cycle that is

nitrogen Phosphorus carbon sulphur Climate of the given region Amount and distribution of inorganic chemicals

like chlorophyll and organic matter such as protein carbohydrates fats

2 Biotic ndash This includes -

Autotrophic components which are mainly in the green plants concerned with fixation of light energy and use of simple inorganic substances to make complex organic ones

Heterotrophic components are concerned with utilisation rearrangement decomposition of matter

Physics Vectors Q a b c are three vectors where a b = a c and ax b = ax c then prove that b = c

Ans a b=iquest ab cosθ a c = ac cosα So ab cosθ = ac cosα =gt b cosθ = c cosα --------- (1)

Also ax b = ab sinθ and ax c = ac sin αSo ab sinθ = ac sin α b sinθ = c sin α ------- (2)

So dividing (2) by (1) we get tanθ = tanα Or θ=α so from equation (1) (2) we have b = c (proved)

HW 1 If a + b + c = 0 show that ax b =bx c = c x a

Biology Topic ndash Chapter ndash06Kingdom Fungi

Today we will discuss about classification of Fungi which is based on i) Thallus organisationii) kinds of asexual sporesiii) presence and absence of sexual reproductioniv) nature of Lifecycle

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1 Zygomycotina ( The conjugation Fungi)

These fungi of terrestrial habitat invade the soil or decaying organic matter

They usually produce asexual spores Zygospores are formed by the fusion of adverse two

compatible gametangia usually an adverse conditions Rhizopus a very common saprotroph grows on bread

jellies syrups leather etc commonly known as bread mould

2 Ascomycotina Sac - fungi is the largest group

Yeast are economically important in the brewing and baking industries

Penicillium are the source of the antibiotic penicillin Aspergillus are used in various industries especially in the

production of organic acids enzymes fats vitamins and minerals and antibiotics

A flavus contaminates ground nuts and other dry foodstuffs and produce aflatoxins whichare carcinogenic in nature

3 Basidiomycotina Club fungi includes over 25 000 species of higher fungi Puccinia and Ustilago are two responsible for

destructive diseases in cereals Agaricus bisporous are used as food as they are rich in

proteins vitamins carbohydrates mineral and amino acids

4 Deuteromycotina Imperfect fungi are considered as the conidial stages of ascomycotina or more whose sexual stages either have not been discovered or not present The parasitic species cause early blight and tikka diseases in

plants and athletes foot skin diseases and pulmonary infection in animals

English Literature

Salvatore Part-1-Salvatore is a man of few words and simple gestures He lives with his fisherman father mother and two younger brothers on an island Italy The story sketches his personality and how he overcomes odds and difficulties in his life with calmness self- control and resilience

At fifteen years of age Salvatore is already a responsible adult and takes care of his younger siblings He enjoys his time at the sea with his father He also finds a beautiful island girl and they get engaged to be married Soon he gets enlisted in the Kingrsquos navy and leaves home with the fleet

Salvatore is homesick and yearns for his beloved o his journeys with the navy On one such journey to China he suffers from rheumatic fever Seemingly an incurable disease he is removed from the navy and returns home He remains upbeat and waits eagerly to have a reunion with people he loves back home

HISTORY TOPIC ndash TERMS AND 1 QUESTION Name the place where the Permanent

EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC ndash TERMS AND CONDITION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793 This was basically an agreement between the Company and Zamindars to fix the land revenue At first it was enacted in Bengal Bihar and Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi

1 Land lords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land They were given hereditary rights

2 The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land

3 The Zamindarrsquos proprietorship would stay as long as they paid the fixed revenue

settlement was enactedAnswer Permanent settlement was first enacted in Bengal Bihar Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi 2 QUESTION Mention the terms and conditions on the basis of which the Permanent Settlement was made with the ZamindarsAnswer Lord Cornwallis made the Permanent settlement on the following terms and condition

1 The Zamindars would hence forth enjoy ownership of land on hereditary basis

2 They could sell mortgage or make a gift of Zamindary right of land

3 So long they would pay the land revenue regularly the authority of their Zamindari rights would be unpeachableTo be continuedhellip

English Language

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

3 I am fond of chocolate

4 We saw a dog near the horse

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions Exercise 21 His condition is deteriorating _____ yesterday2 The fire was still blazing ___ the hill3 When I came my mother was standing ___ the gate4 The soldiers drove ___ the gate5 The judge absolved him ___ any blame6 Are you acquainted ____ those people7 She has adorned her room ___ colourful lights8 The crow flew ___ her head9 It is six oclock ___ my watch10 She has spent all her life ___ Chennai

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

gtPressure is defined as the thrust per unit area ie Pressure P = Thrust F Area A gt Pressure on a surface depends on (a) the area of the surface on which the thrust acts (b) the magnitude of thrust acting on the surfacegt Smaller the surface area more is the pressure exerted by the thrustgt More the thrust on an area more is the pressureThe pressure on a surface is increased by reducing the area of the surface and is reduced by increasing the area of the surfacegt The SI unit of pressure is newton per metre (symbol Nm2) which is also called pascal(symbol Pa)gt Liquids and gases exert pressure in all directions They exert pressure not only at the bottom but also on tesides of the container in which they are keptgt Pascals law states that the pressure exerted by a liquid at a depth is same in all directionsgt The liquid pressure depends on the following two factorsotion(a) the height of the liquid column Liquid pressure at a point increases with the increase in height of theliquid column above that point(b) the density of the liquid Liquid pressure increases with the increase in the density of liquidgt The envelop of air up to a height of about 200 km around the earth is called the atmosphereion ases itsgt The weight of air exerts thrust on earthgt The atmospheric pressure is the thrust on a unit area of the earth surface due to the column of air above itgt At sea level the atmospheric pressure is equal to the pressure of 076 m of mercury column of air 1 atm= 1013 x 105 Pagt Atmospheric pressure decreases with increasing height from the sea level

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class IX Subject-ChemistryTopic-Gas Law

SUBJECT- English LiteratureThe Heart of The Tree

What does he plant who plants a treeHe plants cool shade and tender rain

And seed and bud of days to beAnd years that fade and flush again

He plants the glory of the plainHe plants the forestrsquos heritageThe harvest of a coming age

Summary ExecutionSignificance of Boylersquos LawOn increasing pressurevolume decreasesThe gas become denserThus at constant temperaturethe density of a gas is directly propotional to its pressureAtmospheric pressure is low at high altitudeso air is less denseHencea lesser quantity of oxygen is available for breathingThis is the reason why mountaineers have to carry oxygen cylinders with themNoteWhen air is blown into a ballownvolume and pressure inside the balloon increasesHereBoylersquos law is not violated as the law is valid for a definite masswhereas mass increases when more air is blown into the ballon

ProblemA gas occupies 800 cm3 under 760 mm Hg pressureFind under what pressure the gas will occupy 380 Cm3 the temperature remaining constant By Boylersquos law P1V1=P2V2

760times800=P2times380

P2 = 760times800

380 =1600 mm Hg The required pressure is 160 cm Hg

Charles Law pressure remaining constantthe volume of a given mass of a dry gas increases or decreases by 1273 of its volume at 00C for each 10C increases or decreases in temperature respectively

Mathematical expression of Charlesrsquos lawLet V0 Be the volume of a fixed mass of a gas 0oCand let V be its volume at temperature t0c at constant pressureThen according to Charlesrsquos law

V=V0 + iquest0273)t (when P constant)

V=V0 (1+t

273 )

V=V deg273

T Where T= 273+t

For a given mass of a gas V0273 =Constant there4 V=KtimesT (Where k is contant) Or VpropTAnd

VT

=K

Supposea gas occupies V1 cm3 at T1 TemperatureAnd V2 cm3 at T2 temperaturethen by Charlesrsquos law

V1propT1

OR V1 =KT1 (K is Constant)

Or V 1T 1

=K

And V2propT2

ORV 2T 2

=K

V 1T 1

=V 2T 2

=K (at constant pressure)

This is called the Charlesrsquos law equation

According to this equation(i)if the temperature is doubledthe volume would be doubled(ii)if it is reduced by halfthe volume would also be reduced by half

The joy that unborn eyes shall see-These things he plants who plants a tree

Explanation

The second stanza also starts with the same question and similarly it follows by the Poetrsquos answer Bunner says that the tree give us with cool shades and soft rain to provide us relief from the unbearable heat of the sunHe beautifully narrates the cycle of regrowth as the tree provides seed and bud which develop into new trees This process leaves an indelible imprint of nature The poet further describes trees as ldquo the glory of the painrsquo meaning they provide the plains with green and beautyHe says if we plant a tree now it will blossom into a future forest which he calls a lsquoheritagersquo of forest He calls planting trees today will ensure we have a ldquoharvest for future age and people to comerdquo which our future generation will benefit fromBunner points to that fact we have all these trees to admire only because people before us decided to plant trees for the present age to reap the benefits from them The poet implicitly makes an appeal to trees in order to make the world a better place for future generations to come

Subject - COMMERCIAL STUDIES Chapter 2 Business ActivitiesMEANING OF BUSINESS Business is an economic activityIt Involves sale transfer or exchange of goods and services with the purpose of earning money Business is an Occupation and it comprises a wide range of activities L H Haney defined business as ldquo Business may be defined as human activity directed towards producing or acquiring wealth through buying and selling of goods Business consists of those processes by which desirable things are extracted from earth fashioned and transformed by man and machine carried from place to place and stored through time and placed in the hands of those who are ready to pay for them CHARACTERISTICS (NATURE) OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

1 Sale transfer or exchange All business activities involve sale or exchange of goods and service for some considerations If there is no sale transfer or exchange for price it will not be a business activity For example cooking food for personal consumption does not constitute business But cooking food and selling it to others for a price becomes business

2 Economic Activity Business primarily an economic activity as it involves production and distribution of goods and services for the satisfaction of human wants in exchange of money

3 Risk Risk is an essential part of business It implies the uncertainty of profits or the possibility of loss In business risk arises due to several factors eg changes in demand theft fire natural calamities etc Some risks are avoidable while some are not

4 Profit Motive A business is not charity The primary objective of business is to earn money and acquire wealth A business that does not earn profits cannot survive for long as it is essential for the growth and expansion of business

5 Creation of utilities A business makes goods more useful to satisfy human wants It adds time place form and possession utilities to various types of goods

6 Regular Dealings Business involves a series of dealings A single transaction cannot be called business Recurring purchase and sale is the hallmark of business For instance if a person sells his old scooter it is not business But if he sells scooters on a regular basis it will become business

TYPES OFBUSINESS ACTIVITIES TYPES OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIESINDUSTRY

MEANING OF INDUSTRY Industry means the production of products with the help of human beings and other resources It involves application of men machinery materials and money Industry refers to that part of business which produces want satisfying goodsMEANING OF COMMERCE Commerce is defined as an activity which is concerned with the exchange of goods with all that is involved in the buying and selling of goods at any stage in their progress from raw materials to finished goods in the consumersrsquo hands

OR

Commerce is that branch of business which involves the buying and selling of goods the exchange of commodities and the distribution of finished products

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

CommercialStudies

Final Accounts

Today I am going to share you the format of -Balance Sheet

FORMAT OF BALANCE SHEETBalance SheetAs at helliphelliphelliphellip

Liabilities Rs Assets Rs

Capital xxx Cash in Hand xxx

Add Net Profit xxx Cash at Bank xxx

Less Drawings xxx Bill Receivable xxx

Less Income Tax xxx Sundry Debtors xxx

xxx Loose Tools xxx

Sundry Creditors xxx Investments xxx

Bills Payable xxx Furniture amp fittings xxx

Bank Overdraft xxx Plant amp Machinery xxx

Loans and Advance xxx Land amp Building xxx

Patents amp Trademarks xxx

Goodwill xxx

Closing Stock xxx

xxx xxxECONOMICS

ELEMENTARY THEORY OF DEMAND

Today let us start our class by discussing Market demand

Market demand refers to the total quantity of a commodity that all the consumers or households are willing to buy in the market at a particular price during a specific period

For exampleSuppose there are three consumers of milk

Question1 What is market demandAnswer Market demand refers to the total quantity of a commodity that all the consumers or households are willing to buy in the market at a particular price during a specific periodFor example Suppose there are three consumers of milk namely VinayakGauravPriya in the market whose individual demands at a price of Rs25 per kg are 3kg2kg and 1kg per day then market demand will be 6kg (3+2+1kg)Thus market demand is a sum total of demand made by all

namely Vinayak GauravPriya in the market whose individual demands at a price of Rs25 per kg are 3kg 2kg and 1kg per day then market demand will be 6kg (3+2+1kg)Thus market demand is a sum total of demand made by all individualsconsumers in the market

There are several factors on which the demand for a commodity depends these factors may be economic social as well a politicalThe influence of these factors on demand is called demand functionDeterminants of individual demandIPrice of the commodity Of all the factors affecting demand price is the most important factor Ordinarily demand for a commodity increases when its price falls and decreases when price rises A consumerrsquos demand for mango is just 1 kg when it is priced at 40 per kg and rises to 2kg when its price falls to Rs30 per kgIiPrice of related goods the demand for a commodity depend not only on its own price but also on the prices of related goods If a change in the price of one good affects the demand for another good it is called cross demandaSubstitute goods they are goods which can be used in place of others Eg tea coffee Coke and Pepsi The change in the price of tea has its effects on coffeersquos demand The rise in the price of tea will raise the demand for coffee and vice-versab Complementary goods they are those goods which are jointly demanded to satisfy a particular want Eg pen and ink car and petrol etc there exist an inverse relationship between the price of one commodity and the amount

individuals consumers in the market

2 What are the factors affecting demandAnswer There are several factors on which the demand for a commodity depends these factors may be economic social as well a political The influence of these factors on demand is called demand functionDeterminants of individual demandIprice of the commodity Of all the factors affecting demand price is the most important factorOrdinarily demand for a commodity increases when its price falls and decreases when price risesA consumerrsquos demand for mango is just 1 kg when it is priced at 40 per kg and rises to 2kg when its price falls to Rs30 per kgiiPrice of related goodsthe demand for a commodity depend not only on its own price but also on the prices of related goodsIf a change in the price of one good affects the demand for another good it is called cross demandasubstitute goods b complementary goodsiiiIncome of the consumerOther things being equal there is a direct relationship between the consumerrsquos income and the demand for a commodity however the effect of change in income on consumerrsquos demand upon the nature of the commodity

c Normal goodsd Inferior goods

IvTaste and preferences the amount demanded of a commodity also depends on comsumerrsquos taste and preferences when we begin to like certain commodities their demand will increase and vice -versa

demanded for other Eg if price of petrol goes up demand for cars will falliiiIncome of the consumerOther things being equal there is a direct relationship between the consumerrsquos income and the demand for a commodity however the effect of change in income on consumerrsquos demand upon the nature of the commodity

a Normal goods Normal goods are those goods the demands for which increases with increase in income of consumerseg a consumer increases his demand for milk clothes furniture as his income increases

b Inferior goods They are those goods the demands for which fall when income of consumer increases Eg a consumer may buy toned milk when his income is less because he cannot purchase pure milk

IvTaste and preferences the amount demanded of a commodity also depends on comsumerrsquos taste and preferences when we begin to like certain commodities their demand will increase and vice versa

Subject-History

TopicUnion Executive

The constitutional powers and functions of the President of India may be classified into six principal types

Executive Functions Head of the Union

The President is at the head of the Union Executive Consequently all the executive powers are exercised in his name The executive power of the Union to be exercised by the President is extended to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws and to conclude treaty and agreement

AppointmentsAs the head of the executive the President appoints the Governors of States the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts the Auditor General of India and many other high officials such as the members of Finance

Commission Election commission Union Public commission etc

Appointment of the Prime Minister and other MinistersThe President appoints the Prime Minister and with his advice the other Ministers of the Union Council of Ministers But here too as in all other appointments the President can seldom use his discretion He is ordinarily duty-bound to summon the leader of the political party which secures an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha to become the Prime Minister and form the Ministry He does enjoy some discretionary powers in the matter only under exceptional circumstances When no single political party wins a clear absolute majority and as a result no Council of Ministers can be formed without a coalition of parties the President can exercise his discretion judiciously in appointing the Prime Minister Such situations developed in the past India has entered into an age of coalition politics And it may so happen that no single party will be able to secure an absolute majority and the President may be required to exercise his discretionary power for some time to come in appointing Prime Minister

Can ask to prove majority in Lok SabhaThe Union Council of Ministers normally remains in office for five years unless dissolved earlier for any reason The President must be satisfied that the Council of Ministers enjoys the confidence of the majority of the Lok Sabha In case of any doubt he can ask the Council of Ministers to prove its majority in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Ministers Sri HD Deve Gowda was asked by the President after the official withdrawal of support by the Congress Party from Ministry The President can also dissolve the Union Council of Ministers in accordance with Article 75(2) of the constitution if he finds that the Ministry does not enjoy the support of the majorities in the Lok Sabha

Supreme Commander As head of State the President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of India and is entitled to declare war or conclude a treaty

Legislative Powers and Functions

President is a part of ParliamentThe Union Legislature or Parliament consists of the President and two Houses of Parliament The President is therefore an integral part of Union LegislatureHe shall summon from time to time either separately or jointly the Houses of Parliament The President can prorogue the Houses or either House of Parliament and if necessary can dissolve the lower Chamber of Parliament the Lok Sabha For example the President solved the twelfth Lok Sabha in early 1999 when the confidence motion in favour your of the Vajpayee government was lost in the Lok Sabha

Summons and Addresses ParliamentThe President may address either or both House of ParliamentIn such address at the first session after general election to the Lok Sabha and at beginning of a joint session of Parliament each year he may place the reasons for summoning it Apart from addressing Parliament the President may also in case of necessities send messages to either House or to both Houses [Article 86(2)] Normally the President does not send such a message unless however he has a serious disagreement with the Council of Ministers

Nomination

The President nominates a number of members in both Houses The chief purpose of the nomination is to ensure adequate representation in Parliament of all sections of population which many not always be achieved through elections

Power in respect of BillsThe President has certain functions in respect of passing of a BillA bill passed by both the Houses of Parliament requires his assent in order to become an Act He may give his assent to a bill or can withhold assent when a bill after getting approved in both the Houses is placed before the President But if Parliament acting on Presidentrsquos refusal to assent to a bill passes it again with or without amendment for the second time and presents it to the President for his approval the President shall not withhold his assent there from under Article 111 In other words it becomes obligatory upon him to give his assent In certain cases prior sanction of the President is required for initiating any legislation For instance bill for formation of a new State or altering the boundaries of the existing State or States is to be placed before Parliament with prior approval of the President Money bill is another example where obtaining of such approval of the President is a constitutional necessity

Bill passed by a State Legislature A bill passed by a State Legislature may also be reserved for the consideration of the President by the Governor of that State The President enjoys this right in relation to a bill passed by a State Legislature only in such cases where those are referred to him by the Government of a State under Article 200

Power to Promulgate OrdinancesExcept when both Houses of Parliament are in session the President may promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to require (Article 123) Such an ordinance can have the same force and effect of an Act of Parliament Such an ordinance shall cease to operate unless passed by both Houses of Parliament within the stipulated period In AK Roy vs Union of India (1982) illustrates the proposition that the satisfaction of the President must be as to the existence of a situation which makes it necessary for the President to promulgate such on Ordinance

Financial Powers and FunctionsThe President causes the annual budget of the Union Government to be laid before Parliament every year No proposal for spending money or raising revenues for purposes of government can be introduced in Parliament without previous permission of the President

Emergency Powers of the PresidentThe constitution of India empowers the President to proclaim three kinds of Emergencies

National Emergency (Art 352) Emergency for failure of Constitutional Machinery in a State (Art 356) Financial Emergency (Art 360)

Military and Diplomatic PowersThe constitution vests the supreme command of the Defense Forces in the President but he is required to exercise that power in accordance with law Parliament has exclusive Legislative Power relating to defense forces It means that though the President may have the power to take action as to declaration of war or peace or the employment of the defense forces It is Parliament that is to

regulate or control the exercise of such powers The executive power relating to foreign and diplomatic affairs is exercised by the Union Government and all diplomatic business is conducted in the name of the President Diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys to foreign countries All treaties and international agreements are negotiated and concluded in the name of the President

Diplomatic Powers of the President of IndiaThe president receives ambassadors High Commissioners and diplomatic envoys from foreign nations All treaties and international agreements are concluded in the name of the President The President represents India in International Conferences The President has the powers of appointing Indian Ambassadors to other countries

Judicial PowersThe President has the power to grant pardon reprieves respites amp remission of punishment or to suspend remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence In all cases where the punishment amp sentence is by court martial In all cases where the punishment or sentence for an offence against a law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends In all cases where the sentence is a death sentence

Execution

Answer the following question-

What are the functions of the President of India

(Homework-learn)Hindi 2nd Lang

विनय क पद तलसीदास

2जाकविय न राम दही तजिजय ताविह कोटी री सम जदयविप परम सनही तजयोविपताहलाद विभीषण बध भरत महतारी बलिल गर तजयो कत बरज बविनतविह भय मद मगलकारक नात नह राम क मनाया सहरद ससय जहा लौ अजन कहा आखजविहफट बह तक कहोकहा लौ तलसीसो सब भावित परमविहतपजय ानतपयारोजासो होय सनह राम पद एतोमतो हमारो

शबदारथ7 ndashदही ndashसीता तजिजय ndash छोड दीजिजए कत ndash पवित बविनतहिह ndash सतरिgtतरयो क दवारासहरद ndashसबधी ससय-सा या आराधना करन योगय अजन ndash सरमा या काजलसनहndash म

वयाखया तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक जिजस राम और सीता विय नही ह ह भल ही अपना विकतना ही विय कयो ना हो उस बहत बड दशमन क समान मानकर कया दना चाविहए कभी अनक उदाहरणो दवारा अपनी बात लिसदध करत ह हलाद न अपनी भलिM का विरोध करन क कारण अपन विपता विहरणयकशयप की आजञा का उललघन विकया रथा विभीषण न अपन बड भाई राण को इस कारण ही छोडा कयोविक ह राम विरोधी रथा राम को बनास दिदलान ाली भरत की माता ककई रथी ह राम विरोधी रथी इसलिलए भरत न अपनी माता का परिरतयाग विकया राजा बलिल न अपन गर का परिरतयाग विकया रथा बरज की सतरिgtतरयो न अपनी पवित का तयाग विकया शरी कषण क म क लिलए उन सभी न अपन परिरजनो को छोडा और उनका कलयाण ही हआ राम क सारथ म का नाता ही सबस बडा नाता ह सबध ह उनस जिजतना अधिधक म कर सकत हो करो उनकी जिजतनी सा कर सकत हो करो ऐस सर म को आख म लगान स कया लाभ जिजसस आख ही फट जाए अरथा7त राम और सीता क विरोधी वयलिMयो स म करन स हाविन ही होती ह तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक और अधिधक कया कह उनकी यह सममवित ह विक जिजसका ाणो स भी विय और पजय शरी राम सgtनहह उसका सबभावित परम विहत होता ह

Math(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable

Study item Some solved sums from Exercise 511) Check whether the following are quadratic equations(i)radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Solution Given radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Or 5radic3x2 ndash 10x + 3 = 0 (multiply bothside by 5 we get)

Which is of the form ax2 + bx+ c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(ii)(2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Solution Given (2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash 4x + 3x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash 2x + x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6x2 ndash 6x ndash 12 Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 ndash 6x2 + 6x + 12 = 0Or 5x + 10 = 0Which is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is not a quadratic equation(iii) (x ndash 3 )3 + 5 = x3 + 7x2 ndash 1 Solution Given (x ndash 3)3 + 5 = x3 +7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 3x23 +3x32 ndash 33 + 5 = x3+7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 9x2 + 27x -22ndash x3 ndash 7x2 + 1 = 0Or - 16x2 + 27x ndash 21 = 0Or - ( 16x2- 27x + 21 ) = 0Or 16x2 ndash 27x + 21 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(iv)x ndash 3x = 2 x not equal to zero(0)Solution Given x ndash 3x = 2Or x2ndash 3x = 2Or x2 ndash 3 = 2xOr x2 ndash 2x ndash 3 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation

English Language

Prepositions A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

1 I am fond of chocolate2 We saw a dog near the

horse

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

Fill in the blanks with preposition Exercise 41 Children are generally fond ___ playing with

fire2 Youth is full ___ hope3 The same legend is handed down ____

father ___ son4 He is proficient ___ the art ___ teaching5 He is very proud __ of his sons ability6 He takes pride __ his sons success7 I am very tired __ my work8 Are you not tired ___ him9 Be sure __ yourself 10 Your position is beset ___ difficulties

Bengali পরবোদপরবচনব যোকরণ

১) আকোসর চা োদ হোস পোওয়ো (অপর যোলি পরোলি ) --- হোরোসনো লেসসক লেপসয় মো লেন আকোসর চা োদ হোস লেপ২) আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক ( আকো পোোসর মসো লিবরোট পরসampদ) ---- আমোসদর ধনী গলিরসবর জীবন োতরো মোসন আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক৩)আনোসগোনো (আো োওয়ো ) ---- োরো লিদনই লেমস-র আনো লেগোনো চস৪) আদো জ লেসয় োগো ( দঢ় ংকলপ লিনসয় কোজ করো ) --- পরীকষো এস লেগ লিদ পো করস চোও

োহস এলিন আদো জ লেসয় লেসগ পস4ো৫) আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক (অপদোরথ9) --- রলিহসমর মসো আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক ংোসর অলপই লেদসলি ndash

লেকব বস4ো বস4ো করথো কোসজর লিক নয়৬) আকো কম ( অবোসতব কলপনো )---- বীর লেোদধো হওয়োর আকো কম কলপনো কসর োamp লেনই লেজন য চোই প যক বোহ ব আর পরসয়োজনীয় পরলিকষন

৭) উততম মধ যম ( পরচনড পরহোর ) --- পো4োর লেোসকরো লেচোরটিসক ধসর উততম মধ যম লিদ৮) উস4ো করথো (গজব) ---- লেসটি লিনরসJ হসয়স লিকনো ampোসো কসর লোোজনোও আসগ ampোসগ উস4ো করথোয় কোন লিদওনো৯) একহোস োলি বোসজনো ( এক পসকষর দবোরো কহ লিববোদ মভব নয় )----রোসজসর করথো শসন লিবনয়সক লেদোষী লেampসবোনো জোসনোসো একহোস োলি বোসজনো১০) কোন ampোরী করো ( অন লেযর লিবরসদধ লেগোপসন লিক বো )---- লিবকো আমোর অনপলিQলিস আমোর

লিবরসদধ মোসয়র কোস লিক কোনampোরী কসরসComputer Application

Chapter 2 Java programming

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screeni 1 21 321 4321 54321Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

ii 54321 5432 543 54 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=5jgt=ij--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

iii 54321 4321

321 21 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=5igt=1i--) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Structure of an ecosystem Ecosystem are composed of the biological community and the the abiotic environment

A natural ecosystem

An ecosystem is composed of two parts -

1 Abiotic components2 Biotic components

Q What are the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem

Ans ndash1 Abiotic ndash

This includes - Elements required in the material cycle that is

nitrogen Phosphorus carbon sulphur Climate of the given region Amount and distribution of inorganic chemicals

like chlorophyll and organic matter such as protein carbohydrates fats

2 Biotic ndash This includes -

Autotrophic components which are mainly in the green plants concerned with fixation of light energy and use of simple inorganic substances to make complex organic ones

Heterotrophic components are concerned with utilisation rearrangement decomposition of matter

Physics Vectors Q a b c are three vectors where a b = a c and ax b = ax c then prove that b = c

Ans a b=iquest ab cosθ a c = ac cosα So ab cosθ = ac cosα =gt b cosθ = c cosα --------- (1)

Also ax b = ab sinθ and ax c = ac sin αSo ab sinθ = ac sin α b sinθ = c sin α ------- (2)

So dividing (2) by (1) we get tanθ = tanα Or θ=α so from equation (1) (2) we have b = c (proved)

HW 1 If a + b + c = 0 show that ax b =bx c = c x a

Biology Topic ndash Chapter ndash06Kingdom Fungi

Today we will discuss about classification of Fungi which is based on i) Thallus organisationii) kinds of asexual sporesiii) presence and absence of sexual reproductioniv) nature of Lifecycle

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1 Zygomycotina ( The conjugation Fungi)

These fungi of terrestrial habitat invade the soil or decaying organic matter

They usually produce asexual spores Zygospores are formed by the fusion of adverse two

compatible gametangia usually an adverse conditions Rhizopus a very common saprotroph grows on bread

jellies syrups leather etc commonly known as bread mould

2 Ascomycotina Sac - fungi is the largest group

Yeast are economically important in the brewing and baking industries

Penicillium are the source of the antibiotic penicillin Aspergillus are used in various industries especially in the

production of organic acids enzymes fats vitamins and minerals and antibiotics

A flavus contaminates ground nuts and other dry foodstuffs and produce aflatoxins whichare carcinogenic in nature

3 Basidiomycotina Club fungi includes over 25 000 species of higher fungi Puccinia and Ustilago are two responsible for

destructive diseases in cereals Agaricus bisporous are used as food as they are rich in

proteins vitamins carbohydrates mineral and amino acids

4 Deuteromycotina Imperfect fungi are considered as the conidial stages of ascomycotina or more whose sexual stages either have not been discovered or not present The parasitic species cause early blight and tikka diseases in

plants and athletes foot skin diseases and pulmonary infection in animals

English Literature

Salvatore Part-1-Salvatore is a man of few words and simple gestures He lives with his fisherman father mother and two younger brothers on an island Italy The story sketches his personality and how he overcomes odds and difficulties in his life with calmness self- control and resilience

At fifteen years of age Salvatore is already a responsible adult and takes care of his younger siblings He enjoys his time at the sea with his father He also finds a beautiful island girl and they get engaged to be married Soon he gets enlisted in the Kingrsquos navy and leaves home with the fleet

Salvatore is homesick and yearns for his beloved o his journeys with the navy On one such journey to China he suffers from rheumatic fever Seemingly an incurable disease he is removed from the navy and returns home He remains upbeat and waits eagerly to have a reunion with people he loves back home

HISTORY TOPIC ndash TERMS AND 1 QUESTION Name the place where the Permanent

EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC ndash TERMS AND CONDITION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793 This was basically an agreement between the Company and Zamindars to fix the land revenue At first it was enacted in Bengal Bihar and Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi

1 Land lords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land They were given hereditary rights

2 The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land

3 The Zamindarrsquos proprietorship would stay as long as they paid the fixed revenue

settlement was enactedAnswer Permanent settlement was first enacted in Bengal Bihar Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi 2 QUESTION Mention the terms and conditions on the basis of which the Permanent Settlement was made with the ZamindarsAnswer Lord Cornwallis made the Permanent settlement on the following terms and condition

1 The Zamindars would hence forth enjoy ownership of land on hereditary basis

2 They could sell mortgage or make a gift of Zamindary right of land

3 So long they would pay the land revenue regularly the authority of their Zamindari rights would be unpeachableTo be continuedhellip

English Language

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

3 I am fond of chocolate

4 We saw a dog near the horse

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions Exercise 21 His condition is deteriorating _____ yesterday2 The fire was still blazing ___ the hill3 When I came my mother was standing ___ the gate4 The soldiers drove ___ the gate5 The judge absolved him ___ any blame6 Are you acquainted ____ those people7 She has adorned her room ___ colourful lights8 The crow flew ___ her head9 It is six oclock ___ my watch10 She has spent all her life ___ Chennai

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

SUBJECT- English LiteratureThe Heart of The Tree

What does he plant who plants a treeHe plants cool shade and tender rain

And seed and bud of days to beAnd years that fade and flush again

He plants the glory of the plainHe plants the forestrsquos heritageThe harvest of a coming age

Summary ExecutionSignificance of Boylersquos LawOn increasing pressurevolume decreasesThe gas become denserThus at constant temperaturethe density of a gas is directly propotional to its pressureAtmospheric pressure is low at high altitudeso air is less denseHencea lesser quantity of oxygen is available for breathingThis is the reason why mountaineers have to carry oxygen cylinders with themNoteWhen air is blown into a ballownvolume and pressure inside the balloon increasesHereBoylersquos law is not violated as the law is valid for a definite masswhereas mass increases when more air is blown into the ballon

ProblemA gas occupies 800 cm3 under 760 mm Hg pressureFind under what pressure the gas will occupy 380 Cm3 the temperature remaining constant By Boylersquos law P1V1=P2V2

760times800=P2times380

P2 = 760times800

380 =1600 mm Hg The required pressure is 160 cm Hg

Charles Law pressure remaining constantthe volume of a given mass of a dry gas increases or decreases by 1273 of its volume at 00C for each 10C increases or decreases in temperature respectively

Mathematical expression of Charlesrsquos lawLet V0 Be the volume of a fixed mass of a gas 0oCand let V be its volume at temperature t0c at constant pressureThen according to Charlesrsquos law

V=V0 + iquest0273)t (when P constant)

V=V0 (1+t

273 )

V=V deg273

T Where T= 273+t

For a given mass of a gas V0273 =Constant there4 V=KtimesT (Where k is contant) Or VpropTAnd

VT

=K

Supposea gas occupies V1 cm3 at T1 TemperatureAnd V2 cm3 at T2 temperaturethen by Charlesrsquos law

V1propT1

OR V1 =KT1 (K is Constant)

Or V 1T 1

=K

And V2propT2

ORV 2T 2

=K

V 1T 1

=V 2T 2

=K (at constant pressure)

This is called the Charlesrsquos law equation

According to this equation(i)if the temperature is doubledthe volume would be doubled(ii)if it is reduced by halfthe volume would also be reduced by half

The joy that unborn eyes shall see-These things he plants who plants a tree

Explanation

The second stanza also starts with the same question and similarly it follows by the Poetrsquos answer Bunner says that the tree give us with cool shades and soft rain to provide us relief from the unbearable heat of the sunHe beautifully narrates the cycle of regrowth as the tree provides seed and bud which develop into new trees This process leaves an indelible imprint of nature The poet further describes trees as ldquo the glory of the painrsquo meaning they provide the plains with green and beautyHe says if we plant a tree now it will blossom into a future forest which he calls a lsquoheritagersquo of forest He calls planting trees today will ensure we have a ldquoharvest for future age and people to comerdquo which our future generation will benefit fromBunner points to that fact we have all these trees to admire only because people before us decided to plant trees for the present age to reap the benefits from them The poet implicitly makes an appeal to trees in order to make the world a better place for future generations to come

Subject - COMMERCIAL STUDIES Chapter 2 Business ActivitiesMEANING OF BUSINESS Business is an economic activityIt Involves sale transfer or exchange of goods and services with the purpose of earning money Business is an Occupation and it comprises a wide range of activities L H Haney defined business as ldquo Business may be defined as human activity directed towards producing or acquiring wealth through buying and selling of goods Business consists of those processes by which desirable things are extracted from earth fashioned and transformed by man and machine carried from place to place and stored through time and placed in the hands of those who are ready to pay for them CHARACTERISTICS (NATURE) OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

1 Sale transfer or exchange All business activities involve sale or exchange of goods and service for some considerations If there is no sale transfer or exchange for price it will not be a business activity For example cooking food for personal consumption does not constitute business But cooking food and selling it to others for a price becomes business

2 Economic Activity Business primarily an economic activity as it involves production and distribution of goods and services for the satisfaction of human wants in exchange of money

3 Risk Risk is an essential part of business It implies the uncertainty of profits or the possibility of loss In business risk arises due to several factors eg changes in demand theft fire natural calamities etc Some risks are avoidable while some are not

4 Profit Motive A business is not charity The primary objective of business is to earn money and acquire wealth A business that does not earn profits cannot survive for long as it is essential for the growth and expansion of business

5 Creation of utilities A business makes goods more useful to satisfy human wants It adds time place form and possession utilities to various types of goods

6 Regular Dealings Business involves a series of dealings A single transaction cannot be called business Recurring purchase and sale is the hallmark of business For instance if a person sells his old scooter it is not business But if he sells scooters on a regular basis it will become business

TYPES OFBUSINESS ACTIVITIES TYPES OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIESINDUSTRY

MEANING OF INDUSTRY Industry means the production of products with the help of human beings and other resources It involves application of men machinery materials and money Industry refers to that part of business which produces want satisfying goodsMEANING OF COMMERCE Commerce is defined as an activity which is concerned with the exchange of goods with all that is involved in the buying and selling of goods at any stage in their progress from raw materials to finished goods in the consumersrsquo hands

OR

Commerce is that branch of business which involves the buying and selling of goods the exchange of commodities and the distribution of finished products

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

CommercialStudies

Final Accounts

Today I am going to share you the format of -Balance Sheet

FORMAT OF BALANCE SHEETBalance SheetAs at helliphelliphelliphellip

Liabilities Rs Assets Rs

Capital xxx Cash in Hand xxx

Add Net Profit xxx Cash at Bank xxx

Less Drawings xxx Bill Receivable xxx

Less Income Tax xxx Sundry Debtors xxx

xxx Loose Tools xxx

Sundry Creditors xxx Investments xxx

Bills Payable xxx Furniture amp fittings xxx

Bank Overdraft xxx Plant amp Machinery xxx

Loans and Advance xxx Land amp Building xxx

Patents amp Trademarks xxx

Goodwill xxx

Closing Stock xxx

xxx xxxECONOMICS

ELEMENTARY THEORY OF DEMAND

Today let us start our class by discussing Market demand

Market demand refers to the total quantity of a commodity that all the consumers or households are willing to buy in the market at a particular price during a specific period

For exampleSuppose there are three consumers of milk

Question1 What is market demandAnswer Market demand refers to the total quantity of a commodity that all the consumers or households are willing to buy in the market at a particular price during a specific periodFor example Suppose there are three consumers of milk namely VinayakGauravPriya in the market whose individual demands at a price of Rs25 per kg are 3kg2kg and 1kg per day then market demand will be 6kg (3+2+1kg)Thus market demand is a sum total of demand made by all

namely Vinayak GauravPriya in the market whose individual demands at a price of Rs25 per kg are 3kg 2kg and 1kg per day then market demand will be 6kg (3+2+1kg)Thus market demand is a sum total of demand made by all individualsconsumers in the market

There are several factors on which the demand for a commodity depends these factors may be economic social as well a politicalThe influence of these factors on demand is called demand functionDeterminants of individual demandIPrice of the commodity Of all the factors affecting demand price is the most important factor Ordinarily demand for a commodity increases when its price falls and decreases when price rises A consumerrsquos demand for mango is just 1 kg when it is priced at 40 per kg and rises to 2kg when its price falls to Rs30 per kgIiPrice of related goods the demand for a commodity depend not only on its own price but also on the prices of related goods If a change in the price of one good affects the demand for another good it is called cross demandaSubstitute goods they are goods which can be used in place of others Eg tea coffee Coke and Pepsi The change in the price of tea has its effects on coffeersquos demand The rise in the price of tea will raise the demand for coffee and vice-versab Complementary goods they are those goods which are jointly demanded to satisfy a particular want Eg pen and ink car and petrol etc there exist an inverse relationship between the price of one commodity and the amount

individuals consumers in the market

2 What are the factors affecting demandAnswer There are several factors on which the demand for a commodity depends these factors may be economic social as well a political The influence of these factors on demand is called demand functionDeterminants of individual demandIprice of the commodity Of all the factors affecting demand price is the most important factorOrdinarily demand for a commodity increases when its price falls and decreases when price risesA consumerrsquos demand for mango is just 1 kg when it is priced at 40 per kg and rises to 2kg when its price falls to Rs30 per kgiiPrice of related goodsthe demand for a commodity depend not only on its own price but also on the prices of related goodsIf a change in the price of one good affects the demand for another good it is called cross demandasubstitute goods b complementary goodsiiiIncome of the consumerOther things being equal there is a direct relationship between the consumerrsquos income and the demand for a commodity however the effect of change in income on consumerrsquos demand upon the nature of the commodity

c Normal goodsd Inferior goods

IvTaste and preferences the amount demanded of a commodity also depends on comsumerrsquos taste and preferences when we begin to like certain commodities their demand will increase and vice -versa

demanded for other Eg if price of petrol goes up demand for cars will falliiiIncome of the consumerOther things being equal there is a direct relationship between the consumerrsquos income and the demand for a commodity however the effect of change in income on consumerrsquos demand upon the nature of the commodity

a Normal goods Normal goods are those goods the demands for which increases with increase in income of consumerseg a consumer increases his demand for milk clothes furniture as his income increases

b Inferior goods They are those goods the demands for which fall when income of consumer increases Eg a consumer may buy toned milk when his income is less because he cannot purchase pure milk

IvTaste and preferences the amount demanded of a commodity also depends on comsumerrsquos taste and preferences when we begin to like certain commodities their demand will increase and vice versa

Subject-History

TopicUnion Executive

The constitutional powers and functions of the President of India may be classified into six principal types

Executive Functions Head of the Union

The President is at the head of the Union Executive Consequently all the executive powers are exercised in his name The executive power of the Union to be exercised by the President is extended to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws and to conclude treaty and agreement

AppointmentsAs the head of the executive the President appoints the Governors of States the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts the Auditor General of India and many other high officials such as the members of Finance

Commission Election commission Union Public commission etc

Appointment of the Prime Minister and other MinistersThe President appoints the Prime Minister and with his advice the other Ministers of the Union Council of Ministers But here too as in all other appointments the President can seldom use his discretion He is ordinarily duty-bound to summon the leader of the political party which secures an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha to become the Prime Minister and form the Ministry He does enjoy some discretionary powers in the matter only under exceptional circumstances When no single political party wins a clear absolute majority and as a result no Council of Ministers can be formed without a coalition of parties the President can exercise his discretion judiciously in appointing the Prime Minister Such situations developed in the past India has entered into an age of coalition politics And it may so happen that no single party will be able to secure an absolute majority and the President may be required to exercise his discretionary power for some time to come in appointing Prime Minister

Can ask to prove majority in Lok SabhaThe Union Council of Ministers normally remains in office for five years unless dissolved earlier for any reason The President must be satisfied that the Council of Ministers enjoys the confidence of the majority of the Lok Sabha In case of any doubt he can ask the Council of Ministers to prove its majority in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Ministers Sri HD Deve Gowda was asked by the President after the official withdrawal of support by the Congress Party from Ministry The President can also dissolve the Union Council of Ministers in accordance with Article 75(2) of the constitution if he finds that the Ministry does not enjoy the support of the majorities in the Lok Sabha

Supreme Commander As head of State the President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of India and is entitled to declare war or conclude a treaty

Legislative Powers and Functions

President is a part of ParliamentThe Union Legislature or Parliament consists of the President and two Houses of Parliament The President is therefore an integral part of Union LegislatureHe shall summon from time to time either separately or jointly the Houses of Parliament The President can prorogue the Houses or either House of Parliament and if necessary can dissolve the lower Chamber of Parliament the Lok Sabha For example the President solved the twelfth Lok Sabha in early 1999 when the confidence motion in favour your of the Vajpayee government was lost in the Lok Sabha

Summons and Addresses ParliamentThe President may address either or both House of ParliamentIn such address at the first session after general election to the Lok Sabha and at beginning of a joint session of Parliament each year he may place the reasons for summoning it Apart from addressing Parliament the President may also in case of necessities send messages to either House or to both Houses [Article 86(2)] Normally the President does not send such a message unless however he has a serious disagreement with the Council of Ministers

Nomination

The President nominates a number of members in both Houses The chief purpose of the nomination is to ensure adequate representation in Parliament of all sections of population which many not always be achieved through elections

Power in respect of BillsThe President has certain functions in respect of passing of a BillA bill passed by both the Houses of Parliament requires his assent in order to become an Act He may give his assent to a bill or can withhold assent when a bill after getting approved in both the Houses is placed before the President But if Parliament acting on Presidentrsquos refusal to assent to a bill passes it again with or without amendment for the second time and presents it to the President for his approval the President shall not withhold his assent there from under Article 111 In other words it becomes obligatory upon him to give his assent In certain cases prior sanction of the President is required for initiating any legislation For instance bill for formation of a new State or altering the boundaries of the existing State or States is to be placed before Parliament with prior approval of the President Money bill is another example where obtaining of such approval of the President is a constitutional necessity

Bill passed by a State Legislature A bill passed by a State Legislature may also be reserved for the consideration of the President by the Governor of that State The President enjoys this right in relation to a bill passed by a State Legislature only in such cases where those are referred to him by the Government of a State under Article 200

Power to Promulgate OrdinancesExcept when both Houses of Parliament are in session the President may promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to require (Article 123) Such an ordinance can have the same force and effect of an Act of Parliament Such an ordinance shall cease to operate unless passed by both Houses of Parliament within the stipulated period In AK Roy vs Union of India (1982) illustrates the proposition that the satisfaction of the President must be as to the existence of a situation which makes it necessary for the President to promulgate such on Ordinance

Financial Powers and FunctionsThe President causes the annual budget of the Union Government to be laid before Parliament every year No proposal for spending money or raising revenues for purposes of government can be introduced in Parliament without previous permission of the President

Emergency Powers of the PresidentThe constitution of India empowers the President to proclaim three kinds of Emergencies

National Emergency (Art 352) Emergency for failure of Constitutional Machinery in a State (Art 356) Financial Emergency (Art 360)

Military and Diplomatic PowersThe constitution vests the supreme command of the Defense Forces in the President but he is required to exercise that power in accordance with law Parliament has exclusive Legislative Power relating to defense forces It means that though the President may have the power to take action as to declaration of war or peace or the employment of the defense forces It is Parliament that is to

regulate or control the exercise of such powers The executive power relating to foreign and diplomatic affairs is exercised by the Union Government and all diplomatic business is conducted in the name of the President Diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys to foreign countries All treaties and international agreements are negotiated and concluded in the name of the President

Diplomatic Powers of the President of IndiaThe president receives ambassadors High Commissioners and diplomatic envoys from foreign nations All treaties and international agreements are concluded in the name of the President The President represents India in International Conferences The President has the powers of appointing Indian Ambassadors to other countries

Judicial PowersThe President has the power to grant pardon reprieves respites amp remission of punishment or to suspend remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence In all cases where the punishment amp sentence is by court martial In all cases where the punishment or sentence for an offence against a law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends In all cases where the sentence is a death sentence

Execution

Answer the following question-

What are the functions of the President of India

(Homework-learn)Hindi 2nd Lang

विनय क पद तलसीदास

2जाकविय न राम दही तजिजय ताविह कोटी री सम जदयविप परम सनही तजयोविपताहलाद विभीषण बध भरत महतारी बलिल गर तजयो कत बरज बविनतविह भय मद मगलकारक नात नह राम क मनाया सहरद ससय जहा लौ अजन कहा आखजविहफट बह तक कहोकहा लौ तलसीसो सब भावित परमविहतपजय ानतपयारोजासो होय सनह राम पद एतोमतो हमारो

शबदारथ7 ndashदही ndashसीता तजिजय ndash छोड दीजिजए कत ndash पवित बविनतहिह ndash सतरिgtतरयो क दवारासहरद ndashसबधी ससय-सा या आराधना करन योगय अजन ndash सरमा या काजलसनहndash म

वयाखया तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक जिजस राम और सीता विय नही ह ह भल ही अपना विकतना ही विय कयो ना हो उस बहत बड दशमन क समान मानकर कया दना चाविहए कभी अनक उदाहरणो दवारा अपनी बात लिसदध करत ह हलाद न अपनी भलिM का विरोध करन क कारण अपन विपता विहरणयकशयप की आजञा का उललघन विकया रथा विभीषण न अपन बड भाई राण को इस कारण ही छोडा कयोविक ह राम विरोधी रथा राम को बनास दिदलान ाली भरत की माता ककई रथी ह राम विरोधी रथी इसलिलए भरत न अपनी माता का परिरतयाग विकया राजा बलिल न अपन गर का परिरतयाग विकया रथा बरज की सतरिgtतरयो न अपनी पवित का तयाग विकया शरी कषण क म क लिलए उन सभी न अपन परिरजनो को छोडा और उनका कलयाण ही हआ राम क सारथ म का नाता ही सबस बडा नाता ह सबध ह उनस जिजतना अधिधक म कर सकत हो करो उनकी जिजतनी सा कर सकत हो करो ऐस सर म को आख म लगान स कया लाभ जिजसस आख ही फट जाए अरथा7त राम और सीता क विरोधी वयलिMयो स म करन स हाविन ही होती ह तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक और अधिधक कया कह उनकी यह सममवित ह विक जिजसका ाणो स भी विय और पजय शरी राम सgtनहह उसका सबभावित परम विहत होता ह

Math(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable

Study item Some solved sums from Exercise 511) Check whether the following are quadratic equations(i)radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Solution Given radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Or 5radic3x2 ndash 10x + 3 = 0 (multiply bothside by 5 we get)

Which is of the form ax2 + bx+ c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(ii)(2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Solution Given (2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash 4x + 3x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash 2x + x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6x2 ndash 6x ndash 12 Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 ndash 6x2 + 6x + 12 = 0Or 5x + 10 = 0Which is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is not a quadratic equation(iii) (x ndash 3 )3 + 5 = x3 + 7x2 ndash 1 Solution Given (x ndash 3)3 + 5 = x3 +7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 3x23 +3x32 ndash 33 + 5 = x3+7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 9x2 + 27x -22ndash x3 ndash 7x2 + 1 = 0Or - 16x2 + 27x ndash 21 = 0Or - ( 16x2- 27x + 21 ) = 0Or 16x2 ndash 27x + 21 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(iv)x ndash 3x = 2 x not equal to zero(0)Solution Given x ndash 3x = 2Or x2ndash 3x = 2Or x2 ndash 3 = 2xOr x2 ndash 2x ndash 3 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation

English Language

Prepositions A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

1 I am fond of chocolate2 We saw a dog near the

horse

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

Fill in the blanks with preposition Exercise 41 Children are generally fond ___ playing with

fire2 Youth is full ___ hope3 The same legend is handed down ____

father ___ son4 He is proficient ___ the art ___ teaching5 He is very proud __ of his sons ability6 He takes pride __ his sons success7 I am very tired __ my work8 Are you not tired ___ him9 Be sure __ yourself 10 Your position is beset ___ difficulties

Bengali পরবোদপরবচনব যোকরণ

১) আকোসর চা োদ হোস পোওয়ো (অপর যোলি পরোলি ) --- হোরোসনো লেসসক লেপসয় মো লেন আকোসর চা োদ হোস লেপ২) আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক ( আকো পোোসর মসো লিবরোট পরসampদ) ---- আমোসদর ধনী গলিরসবর জীবন োতরো মোসন আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক৩)আনোসগোনো (আো োওয়ো ) ---- োরো লিদনই লেমস-র আনো লেগোনো চস৪) আদো জ লেসয় োগো ( দঢ় ংকলপ লিনসয় কোজ করো ) --- পরীকষো এস লেগ লিদ পো করস চোও

োহস এলিন আদো জ লেসয় লেসগ পস4ো৫) আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক (অপদোরথ9) --- রলিহসমর মসো আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক ংোসর অলপই লেদসলি ndash

লেকব বস4ো বস4ো করথো কোসজর লিক নয়৬) আকো কম ( অবোসতব কলপনো )---- বীর লেোদধো হওয়োর আকো কম কলপনো কসর োamp লেনই লেজন য চোই প যক বোহ ব আর পরসয়োজনীয় পরলিকষন

৭) উততম মধ যম ( পরচনড পরহোর ) --- পো4োর লেোসকরো লেচোরটিসক ধসর উততম মধ যম লিদ৮) উস4ো করথো (গজব) ---- লেসটি লিনরসJ হসয়স লিকনো ampোসো কসর লোোজনোও আসগ ampোসগ উস4ো করথোয় কোন লিদওনো৯) একহোস োলি বোসজনো ( এক পসকষর দবোরো কহ লিববোদ মভব নয় )----রোসজসর করথো শসন লিবনয়সক লেদোষী লেampসবোনো জোসনোসো একহোস োলি বোসজনো১০) কোন ampোরী করো ( অন লেযর লিবরসদধ লেগোপসন লিক বো )---- লিবকো আমোর অনপলিQলিস আমোর

লিবরসদধ মোসয়র কোস লিক কোনampোরী কসরসComputer Application

Chapter 2 Java programming

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screeni 1 21 321 4321 54321Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

ii 54321 5432 543 54 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=5jgt=ij--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

iii 54321 4321

321 21 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=5igt=1i--) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Structure of an ecosystem Ecosystem are composed of the biological community and the the abiotic environment

A natural ecosystem

An ecosystem is composed of two parts -

1 Abiotic components2 Biotic components

Q What are the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem

Ans ndash1 Abiotic ndash

This includes - Elements required in the material cycle that is

nitrogen Phosphorus carbon sulphur Climate of the given region Amount and distribution of inorganic chemicals

like chlorophyll and organic matter such as protein carbohydrates fats

2 Biotic ndash This includes -

Autotrophic components which are mainly in the green plants concerned with fixation of light energy and use of simple inorganic substances to make complex organic ones

Heterotrophic components are concerned with utilisation rearrangement decomposition of matter

Physics Vectors Q a b c are three vectors where a b = a c and ax b = ax c then prove that b = c

Ans a b=iquest ab cosθ a c = ac cosα So ab cosθ = ac cosα =gt b cosθ = c cosα --------- (1)

Also ax b = ab sinθ and ax c = ac sin αSo ab sinθ = ac sin α b sinθ = c sin α ------- (2)

So dividing (2) by (1) we get tanθ = tanα Or θ=α so from equation (1) (2) we have b = c (proved)

HW 1 If a + b + c = 0 show that ax b =bx c = c x a

Biology Topic ndash Chapter ndash06Kingdom Fungi

Today we will discuss about classification of Fungi which is based on i) Thallus organisationii) kinds of asexual sporesiii) presence and absence of sexual reproductioniv) nature of Lifecycle

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1 Zygomycotina ( The conjugation Fungi)

These fungi of terrestrial habitat invade the soil or decaying organic matter

They usually produce asexual spores Zygospores are formed by the fusion of adverse two

compatible gametangia usually an adverse conditions Rhizopus a very common saprotroph grows on bread

jellies syrups leather etc commonly known as bread mould

2 Ascomycotina Sac - fungi is the largest group

Yeast are economically important in the brewing and baking industries

Penicillium are the source of the antibiotic penicillin Aspergillus are used in various industries especially in the

production of organic acids enzymes fats vitamins and minerals and antibiotics

A flavus contaminates ground nuts and other dry foodstuffs and produce aflatoxins whichare carcinogenic in nature

3 Basidiomycotina Club fungi includes over 25 000 species of higher fungi Puccinia and Ustilago are two responsible for

destructive diseases in cereals Agaricus bisporous are used as food as they are rich in

proteins vitamins carbohydrates mineral and amino acids

4 Deuteromycotina Imperfect fungi are considered as the conidial stages of ascomycotina or more whose sexual stages either have not been discovered or not present The parasitic species cause early blight and tikka diseases in

plants and athletes foot skin diseases and pulmonary infection in animals

English Literature

Salvatore Part-1-Salvatore is a man of few words and simple gestures He lives with his fisherman father mother and two younger brothers on an island Italy The story sketches his personality and how he overcomes odds and difficulties in his life with calmness self- control and resilience

At fifteen years of age Salvatore is already a responsible adult and takes care of his younger siblings He enjoys his time at the sea with his father He also finds a beautiful island girl and they get engaged to be married Soon he gets enlisted in the Kingrsquos navy and leaves home with the fleet

Salvatore is homesick and yearns for his beloved o his journeys with the navy On one such journey to China he suffers from rheumatic fever Seemingly an incurable disease he is removed from the navy and returns home He remains upbeat and waits eagerly to have a reunion with people he loves back home

HISTORY TOPIC ndash TERMS AND 1 QUESTION Name the place where the Permanent

EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC ndash TERMS AND CONDITION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793 This was basically an agreement between the Company and Zamindars to fix the land revenue At first it was enacted in Bengal Bihar and Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi

1 Land lords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land They were given hereditary rights

2 The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land

3 The Zamindarrsquos proprietorship would stay as long as they paid the fixed revenue

settlement was enactedAnswer Permanent settlement was first enacted in Bengal Bihar Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi 2 QUESTION Mention the terms and conditions on the basis of which the Permanent Settlement was made with the ZamindarsAnswer Lord Cornwallis made the Permanent settlement on the following terms and condition

1 The Zamindars would hence forth enjoy ownership of land on hereditary basis

2 They could sell mortgage or make a gift of Zamindary right of land

3 So long they would pay the land revenue regularly the authority of their Zamindari rights would be unpeachableTo be continuedhellip

English Language

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

3 I am fond of chocolate

4 We saw a dog near the horse

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions Exercise 21 His condition is deteriorating _____ yesterday2 The fire was still blazing ___ the hill3 When I came my mother was standing ___ the gate4 The soldiers drove ___ the gate5 The judge absolved him ___ any blame6 Are you acquainted ____ those people7 She has adorned her room ___ colourful lights8 The crow flew ___ her head9 It is six oclock ___ my watch10 She has spent all her life ___ Chennai

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

The joy that unborn eyes shall see-These things he plants who plants a tree

Explanation

The second stanza also starts with the same question and similarly it follows by the Poetrsquos answer Bunner says that the tree give us with cool shades and soft rain to provide us relief from the unbearable heat of the sunHe beautifully narrates the cycle of regrowth as the tree provides seed and bud which develop into new trees This process leaves an indelible imprint of nature The poet further describes trees as ldquo the glory of the painrsquo meaning they provide the plains with green and beautyHe says if we plant a tree now it will blossom into a future forest which he calls a lsquoheritagersquo of forest He calls planting trees today will ensure we have a ldquoharvest for future age and people to comerdquo which our future generation will benefit fromBunner points to that fact we have all these trees to admire only because people before us decided to plant trees for the present age to reap the benefits from them The poet implicitly makes an appeal to trees in order to make the world a better place for future generations to come

Subject - COMMERCIAL STUDIES Chapter 2 Business ActivitiesMEANING OF BUSINESS Business is an economic activityIt Involves sale transfer or exchange of goods and services with the purpose of earning money Business is an Occupation and it comprises a wide range of activities L H Haney defined business as ldquo Business may be defined as human activity directed towards producing or acquiring wealth through buying and selling of goods Business consists of those processes by which desirable things are extracted from earth fashioned and transformed by man and machine carried from place to place and stored through time and placed in the hands of those who are ready to pay for them CHARACTERISTICS (NATURE) OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

1 Sale transfer or exchange All business activities involve sale or exchange of goods and service for some considerations If there is no sale transfer or exchange for price it will not be a business activity For example cooking food for personal consumption does not constitute business But cooking food and selling it to others for a price becomes business

2 Economic Activity Business primarily an economic activity as it involves production and distribution of goods and services for the satisfaction of human wants in exchange of money

3 Risk Risk is an essential part of business It implies the uncertainty of profits or the possibility of loss In business risk arises due to several factors eg changes in demand theft fire natural calamities etc Some risks are avoidable while some are not

4 Profit Motive A business is not charity The primary objective of business is to earn money and acquire wealth A business that does not earn profits cannot survive for long as it is essential for the growth and expansion of business

5 Creation of utilities A business makes goods more useful to satisfy human wants It adds time place form and possession utilities to various types of goods

6 Regular Dealings Business involves a series of dealings A single transaction cannot be called business Recurring purchase and sale is the hallmark of business For instance if a person sells his old scooter it is not business But if he sells scooters on a regular basis it will become business

TYPES OFBUSINESS ACTIVITIES TYPES OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIESINDUSTRY

MEANING OF INDUSTRY Industry means the production of products with the help of human beings and other resources It involves application of men machinery materials and money Industry refers to that part of business which produces want satisfying goodsMEANING OF COMMERCE Commerce is defined as an activity which is concerned with the exchange of goods with all that is involved in the buying and selling of goods at any stage in their progress from raw materials to finished goods in the consumersrsquo hands

OR

Commerce is that branch of business which involves the buying and selling of goods the exchange of commodities and the distribution of finished products

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

CommercialStudies

Final Accounts

Today I am going to share you the format of -Balance Sheet

FORMAT OF BALANCE SHEETBalance SheetAs at helliphelliphelliphellip

Liabilities Rs Assets Rs

Capital xxx Cash in Hand xxx

Add Net Profit xxx Cash at Bank xxx

Less Drawings xxx Bill Receivable xxx

Less Income Tax xxx Sundry Debtors xxx

xxx Loose Tools xxx

Sundry Creditors xxx Investments xxx

Bills Payable xxx Furniture amp fittings xxx

Bank Overdraft xxx Plant amp Machinery xxx

Loans and Advance xxx Land amp Building xxx

Patents amp Trademarks xxx

Goodwill xxx

Closing Stock xxx

xxx xxxECONOMICS

ELEMENTARY THEORY OF DEMAND

Today let us start our class by discussing Market demand

Market demand refers to the total quantity of a commodity that all the consumers or households are willing to buy in the market at a particular price during a specific period

For exampleSuppose there are three consumers of milk

Question1 What is market demandAnswer Market demand refers to the total quantity of a commodity that all the consumers or households are willing to buy in the market at a particular price during a specific periodFor example Suppose there are three consumers of milk namely VinayakGauravPriya in the market whose individual demands at a price of Rs25 per kg are 3kg2kg and 1kg per day then market demand will be 6kg (3+2+1kg)Thus market demand is a sum total of demand made by all

namely Vinayak GauravPriya in the market whose individual demands at a price of Rs25 per kg are 3kg 2kg and 1kg per day then market demand will be 6kg (3+2+1kg)Thus market demand is a sum total of demand made by all individualsconsumers in the market

There are several factors on which the demand for a commodity depends these factors may be economic social as well a politicalThe influence of these factors on demand is called demand functionDeterminants of individual demandIPrice of the commodity Of all the factors affecting demand price is the most important factor Ordinarily demand for a commodity increases when its price falls and decreases when price rises A consumerrsquos demand for mango is just 1 kg when it is priced at 40 per kg and rises to 2kg when its price falls to Rs30 per kgIiPrice of related goods the demand for a commodity depend not only on its own price but also on the prices of related goods If a change in the price of one good affects the demand for another good it is called cross demandaSubstitute goods they are goods which can be used in place of others Eg tea coffee Coke and Pepsi The change in the price of tea has its effects on coffeersquos demand The rise in the price of tea will raise the demand for coffee and vice-versab Complementary goods they are those goods which are jointly demanded to satisfy a particular want Eg pen and ink car and petrol etc there exist an inverse relationship between the price of one commodity and the amount

individuals consumers in the market

2 What are the factors affecting demandAnswer There are several factors on which the demand for a commodity depends these factors may be economic social as well a political The influence of these factors on demand is called demand functionDeterminants of individual demandIprice of the commodity Of all the factors affecting demand price is the most important factorOrdinarily demand for a commodity increases when its price falls and decreases when price risesA consumerrsquos demand for mango is just 1 kg when it is priced at 40 per kg and rises to 2kg when its price falls to Rs30 per kgiiPrice of related goodsthe demand for a commodity depend not only on its own price but also on the prices of related goodsIf a change in the price of one good affects the demand for another good it is called cross demandasubstitute goods b complementary goodsiiiIncome of the consumerOther things being equal there is a direct relationship between the consumerrsquos income and the demand for a commodity however the effect of change in income on consumerrsquos demand upon the nature of the commodity

c Normal goodsd Inferior goods

IvTaste and preferences the amount demanded of a commodity also depends on comsumerrsquos taste and preferences when we begin to like certain commodities their demand will increase and vice -versa

demanded for other Eg if price of petrol goes up demand for cars will falliiiIncome of the consumerOther things being equal there is a direct relationship between the consumerrsquos income and the demand for a commodity however the effect of change in income on consumerrsquos demand upon the nature of the commodity

a Normal goods Normal goods are those goods the demands for which increases with increase in income of consumerseg a consumer increases his demand for milk clothes furniture as his income increases

b Inferior goods They are those goods the demands for which fall when income of consumer increases Eg a consumer may buy toned milk when his income is less because he cannot purchase pure milk

IvTaste and preferences the amount demanded of a commodity also depends on comsumerrsquos taste and preferences when we begin to like certain commodities their demand will increase and vice versa

Subject-History

TopicUnion Executive

The constitutional powers and functions of the President of India may be classified into six principal types

Executive Functions Head of the Union

The President is at the head of the Union Executive Consequently all the executive powers are exercised in his name The executive power of the Union to be exercised by the President is extended to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws and to conclude treaty and agreement

AppointmentsAs the head of the executive the President appoints the Governors of States the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts the Auditor General of India and many other high officials such as the members of Finance

Commission Election commission Union Public commission etc

Appointment of the Prime Minister and other MinistersThe President appoints the Prime Minister and with his advice the other Ministers of the Union Council of Ministers But here too as in all other appointments the President can seldom use his discretion He is ordinarily duty-bound to summon the leader of the political party which secures an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha to become the Prime Minister and form the Ministry He does enjoy some discretionary powers in the matter only under exceptional circumstances When no single political party wins a clear absolute majority and as a result no Council of Ministers can be formed without a coalition of parties the President can exercise his discretion judiciously in appointing the Prime Minister Such situations developed in the past India has entered into an age of coalition politics And it may so happen that no single party will be able to secure an absolute majority and the President may be required to exercise his discretionary power for some time to come in appointing Prime Minister

Can ask to prove majority in Lok SabhaThe Union Council of Ministers normally remains in office for five years unless dissolved earlier for any reason The President must be satisfied that the Council of Ministers enjoys the confidence of the majority of the Lok Sabha In case of any doubt he can ask the Council of Ministers to prove its majority in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Ministers Sri HD Deve Gowda was asked by the President after the official withdrawal of support by the Congress Party from Ministry The President can also dissolve the Union Council of Ministers in accordance with Article 75(2) of the constitution if he finds that the Ministry does not enjoy the support of the majorities in the Lok Sabha

Supreme Commander As head of State the President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of India and is entitled to declare war or conclude a treaty

Legislative Powers and Functions

President is a part of ParliamentThe Union Legislature or Parliament consists of the President and two Houses of Parliament The President is therefore an integral part of Union LegislatureHe shall summon from time to time either separately or jointly the Houses of Parliament The President can prorogue the Houses or either House of Parliament and if necessary can dissolve the lower Chamber of Parliament the Lok Sabha For example the President solved the twelfth Lok Sabha in early 1999 when the confidence motion in favour your of the Vajpayee government was lost in the Lok Sabha

Summons and Addresses ParliamentThe President may address either or both House of ParliamentIn such address at the first session after general election to the Lok Sabha and at beginning of a joint session of Parliament each year he may place the reasons for summoning it Apart from addressing Parliament the President may also in case of necessities send messages to either House or to both Houses [Article 86(2)] Normally the President does not send such a message unless however he has a serious disagreement with the Council of Ministers

Nomination

The President nominates a number of members in both Houses The chief purpose of the nomination is to ensure adequate representation in Parliament of all sections of population which many not always be achieved through elections

Power in respect of BillsThe President has certain functions in respect of passing of a BillA bill passed by both the Houses of Parliament requires his assent in order to become an Act He may give his assent to a bill or can withhold assent when a bill after getting approved in both the Houses is placed before the President But if Parliament acting on Presidentrsquos refusal to assent to a bill passes it again with or without amendment for the second time and presents it to the President for his approval the President shall not withhold his assent there from under Article 111 In other words it becomes obligatory upon him to give his assent In certain cases prior sanction of the President is required for initiating any legislation For instance bill for formation of a new State or altering the boundaries of the existing State or States is to be placed before Parliament with prior approval of the President Money bill is another example where obtaining of such approval of the President is a constitutional necessity

Bill passed by a State Legislature A bill passed by a State Legislature may also be reserved for the consideration of the President by the Governor of that State The President enjoys this right in relation to a bill passed by a State Legislature only in such cases where those are referred to him by the Government of a State under Article 200

Power to Promulgate OrdinancesExcept when both Houses of Parliament are in session the President may promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to require (Article 123) Such an ordinance can have the same force and effect of an Act of Parliament Such an ordinance shall cease to operate unless passed by both Houses of Parliament within the stipulated period In AK Roy vs Union of India (1982) illustrates the proposition that the satisfaction of the President must be as to the existence of a situation which makes it necessary for the President to promulgate such on Ordinance

Financial Powers and FunctionsThe President causes the annual budget of the Union Government to be laid before Parliament every year No proposal for spending money or raising revenues for purposes of government can be introduced in Parliament without previous permission of the President

Emergency Powers of the PresidentThe constitution of India empowers the President to proclaim three kinds of Emergencies

National Emergency (Art 352) Emergency for failure of Constitutional Machinery in a State (Art 356) Financial Emergency (Art 360)

Military and Diplomatic PowersThe constitution vests the supreme command of the Defense Forces in the President but he is required to exercise that power in accordance with law Parliament has exclusive Legislative Power relating to defense forces It means that though the President may have the power to take action as to declaration of war or peace or the employment of the defense forces It is Parliament that is to

regulate or control the exercise of such powers The executive power relating to foreign and diplomatic affairs is exercised by the Union Government and all diplomatic business is conducted in the name of the President Diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys to foreign countries All treaties and international agreements are negotiated and concluded in the name of the President

Diplomatic Powers of the President of IndiaThe president receives ambassadors High Commissioners and diplomatic envoys from foreign nations All treaties and international agreements are concluded in the name of the President The President represents India in International Conferences The President has the powers of appointing Indian Ambassadors to other countries

Judicial PowersThe President has the power to grant pardon reprieves respites amp remission of punishment or to suspend remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence In all cases where the punishment amp sentence is by court martial In all cases where the punishment or sentence for an offence against a law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends In all cases where the sentence is a death sentence

Execution

Answer the following question-

What are the functions of the President of India

(Homework-learn)Hindi 2nd Lang

विनय क पद तलसीदास

2जाकविय न राम दही तजिजय ताविह कोटी री सम जदयविप परम सनही तजयोविपताहलाद विभीषण बध भरत महतारी बलिल गर तजयो कत बरज बविनतविह भय मद मगलकारक नात नह राम क मनाया सहरद ससय जहा लौ अजन कहा आखजविहफट बह तक कहोकहा लौ तलसीसो सब भावित परमविहतपजय ानतपयारोजासो होय सनह राम पद एतोमतो हमारो

शबदारथ7 ndashदही ndashसीता तजिजय ndash छोड दीजिजए कत ndash पवित बविनतहिह ndash सतरिgtतरयो क दवारासहरद ndashसबधी ससय-सा या आराधना करन योगय अजन ndash सरमा या काजलसनहndash म

वयाखया तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक जिजस राम और सीता विय नही ह ह भल ही अपना विकतना ही विय कयो ना हो उस बहत बड दशमन क समान मानकर कया दना चाविहए कभी अनक उदाहरणो दवारा अपनी बात लिसदध करत ह हलाद न अपनी भलिM का विरोध करन क कारण अपन विपता विहरणयकशयप की आजञा का उललघन विकया रथा विभीषण न अपन बड भाई राण को इस कारण ही छोडा कयोविक ह राम विरोधी रथा राम को बनास दिदलान ाली भरत की माता ककई रथी ह राम विरोधी रथी इसलिलए भरत न अपनी माता का परिरतयाग विकया राजा बलिल न अपन गर का परिरतयाग विकया रथा बरज की सतरिgtतरयो न अपनी पवित का तयाग विकया शरी कषण क म क लिलए उन सभी न अपन परिरजनो को छोडा और उनका कलयाण ही हआ राम क सारथ म का नाता ही सबस बडा नाता ह सबध ह उनस जिजतना अधिधक म कर सकत हो करो उनकी जिजतनी सा कर सकत हो करो ऐस सर म को आख म लगान स कया लाभ जिजसस आख ही फट जाए अरथा7त राम और सीता क विरोधी वयलिMयो स म करन स हाविन ही होती ह तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक और अधिधक कया कह उनकी यह सममवित ह विक जिजसका ाणो स भी विय और पजय शरी राम सgtनहह उसका सबभावित परम विहत होता ह

Math(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable

Study item Some solved sums from Exercise 511) Check whether the following are quadratic equations(i)radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Solution Given radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Or 5radic3x2 ndash 10x + 3 = 0 (multiply bothside by 5 we get)

Which is of the form ax2 + bx+ c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(ii)(2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Solution Given (2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash 4x + 3x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash 2x + x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6x2 ndash 6x ndash 12 Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 ndash 6x2 + 6x + 12 = 0Or 5x + 10 = 0Which is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is not a quadratic equation(iii) (x ndash 3 )3 + 5 = x3 + 7x2 ndash 1 Solution Given (x ndash 3)3 + 5 = x3 +7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 3x23 +3x32 ndash 33 + 5 = x3+7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 9x2 + 27x -22ndash x3 ndash 7x2 + 1 = 0Or - 16x2 + 27x ndash 21 = 0Or - ( 16x2- 27x + 21 ) = 0Or 16x2 ndash 27x + 21 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(iv)x ndash 3x = 2 x not equal to zero(0)Solution Given x ndash 3x = 2Or x2ndash 3x = 2Or x2 ndash 3 = 2xOr x2 ndash 2x ndash 3 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation

English Language

Prepositions A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

1 I am fond of chocolate2 We saw a dog near the

horse

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

Fill in the blanks with preposition Exercise 41 Children are generally fond ___ playing with

fire2 Youth is full ___ hope3 The same legend is handed down ____

father ___ son4 He is proficient ___ the art ___ teaching5 He is very proud __ of his sons ability6 He takes pride __ his sons success7 I am very tired __ my work8 Are you not tired ___ him9 Be sure __ yourself 10 Your position is beset ___ difficulties

Bengali পরবোদপরবচনব যোকরণ

১) আকোসর চা োদ হোস পোওয়ো (অপর যোলি পরোলি ) --- হোরোসনো লেসসক লেপসয় মো লেন আকোসর চা োদ হোস লেপ২) আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক ( আকো পোোসর মসো লিবরোট পরসampদ) ---- আমোসদর ধনী গলিরসবর জীবন োতরো মোসন আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক৩)আনোসগোনো (আো োওয়ো ) ---- োরো লিদনই লেমস-র আনো লেগোনো চস৪) আদো জ লেসয় োগো ( দঢ় ংকলপ লিনসয় কোজ করো ) --- পরীকষো এস লেগ লিদ পো করস চোও

োহস এলিন আদো জ লেসয় লেসগ পস4ো৫) আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক (অপদোরথ9) --- রলিহসমর মসো আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক ংোসর অলপই লেদসলি ndash

লেকব বস4ো বস4ো করথো কোসজর লিক নয়৬) আকো কম ( অবোসতব কলপনো )---- বীর লেোদধো হওয়োর আকো কম কলপনো কসর োamp লেনই লেজন য চোই প যক বোহ ব আর পরসয়োজনীয় পরলিকষন

৭) উততম মধ যম ( পরচনড পরহোর ) --- পো4োর লেোসকরো লেচোরটিসক ধসর উততম মধ যম লিদ৮) উস4ো করথো (গজব) ---- লেসটি লিনরসJ হসয়স লিকনো ampোসো কসর লোোজনোও আসগ ampোসগ উস4ো করথোয় কোন লিদওনো৯) একহোস োলি বোসজনো ( এক পসকষর দবোরো কহ লিববোদ মভব নয় )----রোসজসর করথো শসন লিবনয়সক লেদোষী লেampসবোনো জোসনোসো একহোস োলি বোসজনো১০) কোন ampোরী করো ( অন লেযর লিবরসদধ লেগোপসন লিক বো )---- লিবকো আমোর অনপলিQলিস আমোর

লিবরসদধ মোসয়র কোস লিক কোনampোরী কসরসComputer Application

Chapter 2 Java programming

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screeni 1 21 321 4321 54321Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

ii 54321 5432 543 54 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=5jgt=ij--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

iii 54321 4321

321 21 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=5igt=1i--) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Structure of an ecosystem Ecosystem are composed of the biological community and the the abiotic environment

A natural ecosystem

An ecosystem is composed of two parts -

1 Abiotic components2 Biotic components

Q What are the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem

Ans ndash1 Abiotic ndash

This includes - Elements required in the material cycle that is

nitrogen Phosphorus carbon sulphur Climate of the given region Amount and distribution of inorganic chemicals

like chlorophyll and organic matter such as protein carbohydrates fats

2 Biotic ndash This includes -

Autotrophic components which are mainly in the green plants concerned with fixation of light energy and use of simple inorganic substances to make complex organic ones

Heterotrophic components are concerned with utilisation rearrangement decomposition of matter

Physics Vectors Q a b c are three vectors where a b = a c and ax b = ax c then prove that b = c

Ans a b=iquest ab cosθ a c = ac cosα So ab cosθ = ac cosα =gt b cosθ = c cosα --------- (1)

Also ax b = ab sinθ and ax c = ac sin αSo ab sinθ = ac sin α b sinθ = c sin α ------- (2)

So dividing (2) by (1) we get tanθ = tanα Or θ=α so from equation (1) (2) we have b = c (proved)

HW 1 If a + b + c = 0 show that ax b =bx c = c x a

Biology Topic ndash Chapter ndash06Kingdom Fungi

Today we will discuss about classification of Fungi which is based on i) Thallus organisationii) kinds of asexual sporesiii) presence and absence of sexual reproductioniv) nature of Lifecycle

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1 Zygomycotina ( The conjugation Fungi)

These fungi of terrestrial habitat invade the soil or decaying organic matter

They usually produce asexual spores Zygospores are formed by the fusion of adverse two

compatible gametangia usually an adverse conditions Rhizopus a very common saprotroph grows on bread

jellies syrups leather etc commonly known as bread mould

2 Ascomycotina Sac - fungi is the largest group

Yeast are economically important in the brewing and baking industries

Penicillium are the source of the antibiotic penicillin Aspergillus are used in various industries especially in the

production of organic acids enzymes fats vitamins and minerals and antibiotics

A flavus contaminates ground nuts and other dry foodstuffs and produce aflatoxins whichare carcinogenic in nature

3 Basidiomycotina Club fungi includes over 25 000 species of higher fungi Puccinia and Ustilago are two responsible for

destructive diseases in cereals Agaricus bisporous are used as food as they are rich in

proteins vitamins carbohydrates mineral and amino acids

4 Deuteromycotina Imperfect fungi are considered as the conidial stages of ascomycotina or more whose sexual stages either have not been discovered or not present The parasitic species cause early blight and tikka diseases in

plants and athletes foot skin diseases and pulmonary infection in animals

English Literature

Salvatore Part-1-Salvatore is a man of few words and simple gestures He lives with his fisherman father mother and two younger brothers on an island Italy The story sketches his personality and how he overcomes odds and difficulties in his life with calmness self- control and resilience

At fifteen years of age Salvatore is already a responsible adult and takes care of his younger siblings He enjoys his time at the sea with his father He also finds a beautiful island girl and they get engaged to be married Soon he gets enlisted in the Kingrsquos navy and leaves home with the fleet

Salvatore is homesick and yearns for his beloved o his journeys with the navy On one such journey to China he suffers from rheumatic fever Seemingly an incurable disease he is removed from the navy and returns home He remains upbeat and waits eagerly to have a reunion with people he loves back home

HISTORY TOPIC ndash TERMS AND 1 QUESTION Name the place where the Permanent

EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC ndash TERMS AND CONDITION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793 This was basically an agreement between the Company and Zamindars to fix the land revenue At first it was enacted in Bengal Bihar and Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi

1 Land lords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land They were given hereditary rights

2 The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land

3 The Zamindarrsquos proprietorship would stay as long as they paid the fixed revenue

settlement was enactedAnswer Permanent settlement was first enacted in Bengal Bihar Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi 2 QUESTION Mention the terms and conditions on the basis of which the Permanent Settlement was made with the ZamindarsAnswer Lord Cornwallis made the Permanent settlement on the following terms and condition

1 The Zamindars would hence forth enjoy ownership of land on hereditary basis

2 They could sell mortgage or make a gift of Zamindary right of land

3 So long they would pay the land revenue regularly the authority of their Zamindari rights would be unpeachableTo be continuedhellip

English Language

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

3 I am fond of chocolate

4 We saw a dog near the horse

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions Exercise 21 His condition is deteriorating _____ yesterday2 The fire was still blazing ___ the hill3 When I came my mother was standing ___ the gate4 The soldiers drove ___ the gate5 The judge absolved him ___ any blame6 Are you acquainted ____ those people7 She has adorned her room ___ colourful lights8 The crow flew ___ her head9 It is six oclock ___ my watch10 She has spent all her life ___ Chennai

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

MEANING OF INDUSTRY Industry means the production of products with the help of human beings and other resources It involves application of men machinery materials and money Industry refers to that part of business which produces want satisfying goodsMEANING OF COMMERCE Commerce is defined as an activity which is concerned with the exchange of goods with all that is involved in the buying and selling of goods at any stage in their progress from raw materials to finished goods in the consumersrsquo hands

OR

Commerce is that branch of business which involves the buying and selling of goods the exchange of commodities and the distribution of finished products

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

Class XSubject Topic Summary Execution

CommercialStudies

Final Accounts

Today I am going to share you the format of -Balance Sheet

FORMAT OF BALANCE SHEETBalance SheetAs at helliphelliphelliphellip

Liabilities Rs Assets Rs

Capital xxx Cash in Hand xxx

Add Net Profit xxx Cash at Bank xxx

Less Drawings xxx Bill Receivable xxx

Less Income Tax xxx Sundry Debtors xxx

xxx Loose Tools xxx

Sundry Creditors xxx Investments xxx

Bills Payable xxx Furniture amp fittings xxx

Bank Overdraft xxx Plant amp Machinery xxx

Loans and Advance xxx Land amp Building xxx

Patents amp Trademarks xxx

Goodwill xxx

Closing Stock xxx

xxx xxxECONOMICS

ELEMENTARY THEORY OF DEMAND

Today let us start our class by discussing Market demand

Market demand refers to the total quantity of a commodity that all the consumers or households are willing to buy in the market at a particular price during a specific period

For exampleSuppose there are three consumers of milk

Question1 What is market demandAnswer Market demand refers to the total quantity of a commodity that all the consumers or households are willing to buy in the market at a particular price during a specific periodFor example Suppose there are three consumers of milk namely VinayakGauravPriya in the market whose individual demands at a price of Rs25 per kg are 3kg2kg and 1kg per day then market demand will be 6kg (3+2+1kg)Thus market demand is a sum total of demand made by all

namely Vinayak GauravPriya in the market whose individual demands at a price of Rs25 per kg are 3kg 2kg and 1kg per day then market demand will be 6kg (3+2+1kg)Thus market demand is a sum total of demand made by all individualsconsumers in the market

There are several factors on which the demand for a commodity depends these factors may be economic social as well a politicalThe influence of these factors on demand is called demand functionDeterminants of individual demandIPrice of the commodity Of all the factors affecting demand price is the most important factor Ordinarily demand for a commodity increases when its price falls and decreases when price rises A consumerrsquos demand for mango is just 1 kg when it is priced at 40 per kg and rises to 2kg when its price falls to Rs30 per kgIiPrice of related goods the demand for a commodity depend not only on its own price but also on the prices of related goods If a change in the price of one good affects the demand for another good it is called cross demandaSubstitute goods they are goods which can be used in place of others Eg tea coffee Coke and Pepsi The change in the price of tea has its effects on coffeersquos demand The rise in the price of tea will raise the demand for coffee and vice-versab Complementary goods they are those goods which are jointly demanded to satisfy a particular want Eg pen and ink car and petrol etc there exist an inverse relationship between the price of one commodity and the amount

individuals consumers in the market

2 What are the factors affecting demandAnswer There are several factors on which the demand for a commodity depends these factors may be economic social as well a political The influence of these factors on demand is called demand functionDeterminants of individual demandIprice of the commodity Of all the factors affecting demand price is the most important factorOrdinarily demand for a commodity increases when its price falls and decreases when price risesA consumerrsquos demand for mango is just 1 kg when it is priced at 40 per kg and rises to 2kg when its price falls to Rs30 per kgiiPrice of related goodsthe demand for a commodity depend not only on its own price but also on the prices of related goodsIf a change in the price of one good affects the demand for another good it is called cross demandasubstitute goods b complementary goodsiiiIncome of the consumerOther things being equal there is a direct relationship between the consumerrsquos income and the demand for a commodity however the effect of change in income on consumerrsquos demand upon the nature of the commodity

c Normal goodsd Inferior goods

IvTaste and preferences the amount demanded of a commodity also depends on comsumerrsquos taste and preferences when we begin to like certain commodities their demand will increase and vice -versa

demanded for other Eg if price of petrol goes up demand for cars will falliiiIncome of the consumerOther things being equal there is a direct relationship between the consumerrsquos income and the demand for a commodity however the effect of change in income on consumerrsquos demand upon the nature of the commodity

a Normal goods Normal goods are those goods the demands for which increases with increase in income of consumerseg a consumer increases his demand for milk clothes furniture as his income increases

b Inferior goods They are those goods the demands for which fall when income of consumer increases Eg a consumer may buy toned milk when his income is less because he cannot purchase pure milk

IvTaste and preferences the amount demanded of a commodity also depends on comsumerrsquos taste and preferences when we begin to like certain commodities their demand will increase and vice versa

Subject-History

TopicUnion Executive

The constitutional powers and functions of the President of India may be classified into six principal types

Executive Functions Head of the Union

The President is at the head of the Union Executive Consequently all the executive powers are exercised in his name The executive power of the Union to be exercised by the President is extended to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws and to conclude treaty and agreement

AppointmentsAs the head of the executive the President appoints the Governors of States the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts the Auditor General of India and many other high officials such as the members of Finance

Commission Election commission Union Public commission etc

Appointment of the Prime Minister and other MinistersThe President appoints the Prime Minister and with his advice the other Ministers of the Union Council of Ministers But here too as in all other appointments the President can seldom use his discretion He is ordinarily duty-bound to summon the leader of the political party which secures an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha to become the Prime Minister and form the Ministry He does enjoy some discretionary powers in the matter only under exceptional circumstances When no single political party wins a clear absolute majority and as a result no Council of Ministers can be formed without a coalition of parties the President can exercise his discretion judiciously in appointing the Prime Minister Such situations developed in the past India has entered into an age of coalition politics And it may so happen that no single party will be able to secure an absolute majority and the President may be required to exercise his discretionary power for some time to come in appointing Prime Minister

Can ask to prove majority in Lok SabhaThe Union Council of Ministers normally remains in office for five years unless dissolved earlier for any reason The President must be satisfied that the Council of Ministers enjoys the confidence of the majority of the Lok Sabha In case of any doubt he can ask the Council of Ministers to prove its majority in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Ministers Sri HD Deve Gowda was asked by the President after the official withdrawal of support by the Congress Party from Ministry The President can also dissolve the Union Council of Ministers in accordance with Article 75(2) of the constitution if he finds that the Ministry does not enjoy the support of the majorities in the Lok Sabha

Supreme Commander As head of State the President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of India and is entitled to declare war or conclude a treaty

Legislative Powers and Functions

President is a part of ParliamentThe Union Legislature or Parliament consists of the President and two Houses of Parliament The President is therefore an integral part of Union LegislatureHe shall summon from time to time either separately or jointly the Houses of Parliament The President can prorogue the Houses or either House of Parliament and if necessary can dissolve the lower Chamber of Parliament the Lok Sabha For example the President solved the twelfth Lok Sabha in early 1999 when the confidence motion in favour your of the Vajpayee government was lost in the Lok Sabha

Summons and Addresses ParliamentThe President may address either or both House of ParliamentIn such address at the first session after general election to the Lok Sabha and at beginning of a joint session of Parliament each year he may place the reasons for summoning it Apart from addressing Parliament the President may also in case of necessities send messages to either House or to both Houses [Article 86(2)] Normally the President does not send such a message unless however he has a serious disagreement with the Council of Ministers

Nomination

The President nominates a number of members in both Houses The chief purpose of the nomination is to ensure adequate representation in Parliament of all sections of population which many not always be achieved through elections

Power in respect of BillsThe President has certain functions in respect of passing of a BillA bill passed by both the Houses of Parliament requires his assent in order to become an Act He may give his assent to a bill or can withhold assent when a bill after getting approved in both the Houses is placed before the President But if Parliament acting on Presidentrsquos refusal to assent to a bill passes it again with or without amendment for the second time and presents it to the President for his approval the President shall not withhold his assent there from under Article 111 In other words it becomes obligatory upon him to give his assent In certain cases prior sanction of the President is required for initiating any legislation For instance bill for formation of a new State or altering the boundaries of the existing State or States is to be placed before Parliament with prior approval of the President Money bill is another example where obtaining of such approval of the President is a constitutional necessity

Bill passed by a State Legislature A bill passed by a State Legislature may also be reserved for the consideration of the President by the Governor of that State The President enjoys this right in relation to a bill passed by a State Legislature only in such cases where those are referred to him by the Government of a State under Article 200

Power to Promulgate OrdinancesExcept when both Houses of Parliament are in session the President may promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to require (Article 123) Such an ordinance can have the same force and effect of an Act of Parliament Such an ordinance shall cease to operate unless passed by both Houses of Parliament within the stipulated period In AK Roy vs Union of India (1982) illustrates the proposition that the satisfaction of the President must be as to the existence of a situation which makes it necessary for the President to promulgate such on Ordinance

Financial Powers and FunctionsThe President causes the annual budget of the Union Government to be laid before Parliament every year No proposal for spending money or raising revenues for purposes of government can be introduced in Parliament without previous permission of the President

Emergency Powers of the PresidentThe constitution of India empowers the President to proclaim three kinds of Emergencies

National Emergency (Art 352) Emergency for failure of Constitutional Machinery in a State (Art 356) Financial Emergency (Art 360)

Military and Diplomatic PowersThe constitution vests the supreme command of the Defense Forces in the President but he is required to exercise that power in accordance with law Parliament has exclusive Legislative Power relating to defense forces It means that though the President may have the power to take action as to declaration of war or peace or the employment of the defense forces It is Parliament that is to

regulate or control the exercise of such powers The executive power relating to foreign and diplomatic affairs is exercised by the Union Government and all diplomatic business is conducted in the name of the President Diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys to foreign countries All treaties and international agreements are negotiated and concluded in the name of the President

Diplomatic Powers of the President of IndiaThe president receives ambassadors High Commissioners and diplomatic envoys from foreign nations All treaties and international agreements are concluded in the name of the President The President represents India in International Conferences The President has the powers of appointing Indian Ambassadors to other countries

Judicial PowersThe President has the power to grant pardon reprieves respites amp remission of punishment or to suspend remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence In all cases where the punishment amp sentence is by court martial In all cases where the punishment or sentence for an offence against a law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends In all cases where the sentence is a death sentence

Execution

Answer the following question-

What are the functions of the President of India

(Homework-learn)Hindi 2nd Lang

विनय क पद तलसीदास

2जाकविय न राम दही तजिजय ताविह कोटी री सम जदयविप परम सनही तजयोविपताहलाद विभीषण बध भरत महतारी बलिल गर तजयो कत बरज बविनतविह भय मद मगलकारक नात नह राम क मनाया सहरद ससय जहा लौ अजन कहा आखजविहफट बह तक कहोकहा लौ तलसीसो सब भावित परमविहतपजय ानतपयारोजासो होय सनह राम पद एतोमतो हमारो

शबदारथ7 ndashदही ndashसीता तजिजय ndash छोड दीजिजए कत ndash पवित बविनतहिह ndash सतरिgtतरयो क दवारासहरद ndashसबधी ससय-सा या आराधना करन योगय अजन ndash सरमा या काजलसनहndash म

वयाखया तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक जिजस राम और सीता विय नही ह ह भल ही अपना विकतना ही विय कयो ना हो उस बहत बड दशमन क समान मानकर कया दना चाविहए कभी अनक उदाहरणो दवारा अपनी बात लिसदध करत ह हलाद न अपनी भलिM का विरोध करन क कारण अपन विपता विहरणयकशयप की आजञा का उललघन विकया रथा विभीषण न अपन बड भाई राण को इस कारण ही छोडा कयोविक ह राम विरोधी रथा राम को बनास दिदलान ाली भरत की माता ककई रथी ह राम विरोधी रथी इसलिलए भरत न अपनी माता का परिरतयाग विकया राजा बलिल न अपन गर का परिरतयाग विकया रथा बरज की सतरिgtतरयो न अपनी पवित का तयाग विकया शरी कषण क म क लिलए उन सभी न अपन परिरजनो को छोडा और उनका कलयाण ही हआ राम क सारथ म का नाता ही सबस बडा नाता ह सबध ह उनस जिजतना अधिधक म कर सकत हो करो उनकी जिजतनी सा कर सकत हो करो ऐस सर म को आख म लगान स कया लाभ जिजसस आख ही फट जाए अरथा7त राम और सीता क विरोधी वयलिMयो स म करन स हाविन ही होती ह तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक और अधिधक कया कह उनकी यह सममवित ह विक जिजसका ाणो स भी विय और पजय शरी राम सgtनहह उसका सबभावित परम विहत होता ह

Math(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable

Study item Some solved sums from Exercise 511) Check whether the following are quadratic equations(i)radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Solution Given radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Or 5radic3x2 ndash 10x + 3 = 0 (multiply bothside by 5 we get)

Which is of the form ax2 + bx+ c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(ii)(2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Solution Given (2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash 4x + 3x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash 2x + x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6x2 ndash 6x ndash 12 Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 ndash 6x2 + 6x + 12 = 0Or 5x + 10 = 0Which is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is not a quadratic equation(iii) (x ndash 3 )3 + 5 = x3 + 7x2 ndash 1 Solution Given (x ndash 3)3 + 5 = x3 +7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 3x23 +3x32 ndash 33 + 5 = x3+7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 9x2 + 27x -22ndash x3 ndash 7x2 + 1 = 0Or - 16x2 + 27x ndash 21 = 0Or - ( 16x2- 27x + 21 ) = 0Or 16x2 ndash 27x + 21 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(iv)x ndash 3x = 2 x not equal to zero(0)Solution Given x ndash 3x = 2Or x2ndash 3x = 2Or x2 ndash 3 = 2xOr x2 ndash 2x ndash 3 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation

English Language

Prepositions A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

1 I am fond of chocolate2 We saw a dog near the

horse

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

Fill in the blanks with preposition Exercise 41 Children are generally fond ___ playing with

fire2 Youth is full ___ hope3 The same legend is handed down ____

father ___ son4 He is proficient ___ the art ___ teaching5 He is very proud __ of his sons ability6 He takes pride __ his sons success7 I am very tired __ my work8 Are you not tired ___ him9 Be sure __ yourself 10 Your position is beset ___ difficulties

Bengali পরবোদপরবচনব যোকরণ

১) আকোসর চা োদ হোস পোওয়ো (অপর যোলি পরোলি ) --- হোরোসনো লেসসক লেপসয় মো লেন আকোসর চা োদ হোস লেপ২) আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক ( আকো পোোসর মসো লিবরোট পরসampদ) ---- আমোসদর ধনী গলিরসবর জীবন োতরো মোসন আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক৩)আনোসগোনো (আো োওয়ো ) ---- োরো লিদনই লেমস-র আনো লেগোনো চস৪) আদো জ লেসয় োগো ( দঢ় ংকলপ লিনসয় কোজ করো ) --- পরীকষো এস লেগ লিদ পো করস চোও

োহস এলিন আদো জ লেসয় লেসগ পস4ো৫) আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক (অপদোরথ9) --- রলিহসমর মসো আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক ংোসর অলপই লেদসলি ndash

লেকব বস4ো বস4ো করথো কোসজর লিক নয়৬) আকো কম ( অবোসতব কলপনো )---- বীর লেোদধো হওয়োর আকো কম কলপনো কসর োamp লেনই লেজন য চোই প যক বোহ ব আর পরসয়োজনীয় পরলিকষন

৭) উততম মধ যম ( পরচনড পরহোর ) --- পো4োর লেোসকরো লেচোরটিসক ধসর উততম মধ যম লিদ৮) উস4ো করথো (গজব) ---- লেসটি লিনরসJ হসয়স লিকনো ampোসো কসর লোোজনোও আসগ ampোসগ উস4ো করথোয় কোন লিদওনো৯) একহোস োলি বোসজনো ( এক পসকষর দবোরো কহ লিববোদ মভব নয় )----রোসজসর করথো শসন লিবনয়সক লেদোষী লেampসবোনো জোসনোসো একহোস োলি বোসজনো১০) কোন ampোরী করো ( অন লেযর লিবরসদধ লেগোপসন লিক বো )---- লিবকো আমোর অনপলিQলিস আমোর

লিবরসদধ মোসয়র কোস লিক কোনampোরী কসরসComputer Application

Chapter 2 Java programming

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screeni 1 21 321 4321 54321Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

ii 54321 5432 543 54 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=5jgt=ij--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

iii 54321 4321

321 21 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=5igt=1i--) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Structure of an ecosystem Ecosystem are composed of the biological community and the the abiotic environment

A natural ecosystem

An ecosystem is composed of two parts -

1 Abiotic components2 Biotic components

Q What are the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem

Ans ndash1 Abiotic ndash

This includes - Elements required in the material cycle that is

nitrogen Phosphorus carbon sulphur Climate of the given region Amount and distribution of inorganic chemicals

like chlorophyll and organic matter such as protein carbohydrates fats

2 Biotic ndash This includes -

Autotrophic components which are mainly in the green plants concerned with fixation of light energy and use of simple inorganic substances to make complex organic ones

Heterotrophic components are concerned with utilisation rearrangement decomposition of matter

Physics Vectors Q a b c are three vectors where a b = a c and ax b = ax c then prove that b = c

Ans a b=iquest ab cosθ a c = ac cosα So ab cosθ = ac cosα =gt b cosθ = c cosα --------- (1)

Also ax b = ab sinθ and ax c = ac sin αSo ab sinθ = ac sin α b sinθ = c sin α ------- (2)

So dividing (2) by (1) we get tanθ = tanα Or θ=α so from equation (1) (2) we have b = c (proved)

HW 1 If a + b + c = 0 show that ax b =bx c = c x a

Biology Topic ndash Chapter ndash06Kingdom Fungi

Today we will discuss about classification of Fungi which is based on i) Thallus organisationii) kinds of asexual sporesiii) presence and absence of sexual reproductioniv) nature of Lifecycle

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1 Zygomycotina ( The conjugation Fungi)

These fungi of terrestrial habitat invade the soil or decaying organic matter

They usually produce asexual spores Zygospores are formed by the fusion of adverse two

compatible gametangia usually an adverse conditions Rhizopus a very common saprotroph grows on bread

jellies syrups leather etc commonly known as bread mould

2 Ascomycotina Sac - fungi is the largest group

Yeast are economically important in the brewing and baking industries

Penicillium are the source of the antibiotic penicillin Aspergillus are used in various industries especially in the

production of organic acids enzymes fats vitamins and minerals and antibiotics

A flavus contaminates ground nuts and other dry foodstuffs and produce aflatoxins whichare carcinogenic in nature

3 Basidiomycotina Club fungi includes over 25 000 species of higher fungi Puccinia and Ustilago are two responsible for

destructive diseases in cereals Agaricus bisporous are used as food as they are rich in

proteins vitamins carbohydrates mineral and amino acids

4 Deuteromycotina Imperfect fungi are considered as the conidial stages of ascomycotina or more whose sexual stages either have not been discovered or not present The parasitic species cause early blight and tikka diseases in

plants and athletes foot skin diseases and pulmonary infection in animals

English Literature

Salvatore Part-1-Salvatore is a man of few words and simple gestures He lives with his fisherman father mother and two younger brothers on an island Italy The story sketches his personality and how he overcomes odds and difficulties in his life with calmness self- control and resilience

At fifteen years of age Salvatore is already a responsible adult and takes care of his younger siblings He enjoys his time at the sea with his father He also finds a beautiful island girl and they get engaged to be married Soon he gets enlisted in the Kingrsquos navy and leaves home with the fleet

Salvatore is homesick and yearns for his beloved o his journeys with the navy On one such journey to China he suffers from rheumatic fever Seemingly an incurable disease he is removed from the navy and returns home He remains upbeat and waits eagerly to have a reunion with people he loves back home

HISTORY TOPIC ndash TERMS AND 1 QUESTION Name the place where the Permanent

EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC ndash TERMS AND CONDITION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793 This was basically an agreement between the Company and Zamindars to fix the land revenue At first it was enacted in Bengal Bihar and Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi

1 Land lords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land They were given hereditary rights

2 The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land

3 The Zamindarrsquos proprietorship would stay as long as they paid the fixed revenue

settlement was enactedAnswer Permanent settlement was first enacted in Bengal Bihar Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi 2 QUESTION Mention the terms and conditions on the basis of which the Permanent Settlement was made with the ZamindarsAnswer Lord Cornwallis made the Permanent settlement on the following terms and condition

1 The Zamindars would hence forth enjoy ownership of land on hereditary basis

2 They could sell mortgage or make a gift of Zamindary right of land

3 So long they would pay the land revenue regularly the authority of their Zamindari rights would be unpeachableTo be continuedhellip

English Language

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

3 I am fond of chocolate

4 We saw a dog near the horse

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions Exercise 21 His condition is deteriorating _____ yesterday2 The fire was still blazing ___ the hill3 When I came my mother was standing ___ the gate4 The soldiers drove ___ the gate5 The judge absolved him ___ any blame6 Are you acquainted ____ those people7 She has adorned her room ___ colourful lights8 The crow flew ___ her head9 It is six oclock ___ my watch10 She has spent all her life ___ Chennai

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

namely Vinayak GauravPriya in the market whose individual demands at a price of Rs25 per kg are 3kg 2kg and 1kg per day then market demand will be 6kg (3+2+1kg)Thus market demand is a sum total of demand made by all individualsconsumers in the market

There are several factors on which the demand for a commodity depends these factors may be economic social as well a politicalThe influence of these factors on demand is called demand functionDeterminants of individual demandIPrice of the commodity Of all the factors affecting demand price is the most important factor Ordinarily demand for a commodity increases when its price falls and decreases when price rises A consumerrsquos demand for mango is just 1 kg when it is priced at 40 per kg and rises to 2kg when its price falls to Rs30 per kgIiPrice of related goods the demand for a commodity depend not only on its own price but also on the prices of related goods If a change in the price of one good affects the demand for another good it is called cross demandaSubstitute goods they are goods which can be used in place of others Eg tea coffee Coke and Pepsi The change in the price of tea has its effects on coffeersquos demand The rise in the price of tea will raise the demand for coffee and vice-versab Complementary goods they are those goods which are jointly demanded to satisfy a particular want Eg pen and ink car and petrol etc there exist an inverse relationship between the price of one commodity and the amount

individuals consumers in the market

2 What are the factors affecting demandAnswer There are several factors on which the demand for a commodity depends these factors may be economic social as well a political The influence of these factors on demand is called demand functionDeterminants of individual demandIprice of the commodity Of all the factors affecting demand price is the most important factorOrdinarily demand for a commodity increases when its price falls and decreases when price risesA consumerrsquos demand for mango is just 1 kg when it is priced at 40 per kg and rises to 2kg when its price falls to Rs30 per kgiiPrice of related goodsthe demand for a commodity depend not only on its own price but also on the prices of related goodsIf a change in the price of one good affects the demand for another good it is called cross demandasubstitute goods b complementary goodsiiiIncome of the consumerOther things being equal there is a direct relationship between the consumerrsquos income and the demand for a commodity however the effect of change in income on consumerrsquos demand upon the nature of the commodity

c Normal goodsd Inferior goods

IvTaste and preferences the amount demanded of a commodity also depends on comsumerrsquos taste and preferences when we begin to like certain commodities their demand will increase and vice -versa

demanded for other Eg if price of petrol goes up demand for cars will falliiiIncome of the consumerOther things being equal there is a direct relationship between the consumerrsquos income and the demand for a commodity however the effect of change in income on consumerrsquos demand upon the nature of the commodity

a Normal goods Normal goods are those goods the demands for which increases with increase in income of consumerseg a consumer increases his demand for milk clothes furniture as his income increases

b Inferior goods They are those goods the demands for which fall when income of consumer increases Eg a consumer may buy toned milk when his income is less because he cannot purchase pure milk

IvTaste and preferences the amount demanded of a commodity also depends on comsumerrsquos taste and preferences when we begin to like certain commodities their demand will increase and vice versa

Subject-History

TopicUnion Executive

The constitutional powers and functions of the President of India may be classified into six principal types

Executive Functions Head of the Union

The President is at the head of the Union Executive Consequently all the executive powers are exercised in his name The executive power of the Union to be exercised by the President is extended to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws and to conclude treaty and agreement

AppointmentsAs the head of the executive the President appoints the Governors of States the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts the Auditor General of India and many other high officials such as the members of Finance

Commission Election commission Union Public commission etc

Appointment of the Prime Minister and other MinistersThe President appoints the Prime Minister and with his advice the other Ministers of the Union Council of Ministers But here too as in all other appointments the President can seldom use his discretion He is ordinarily duty-bound to summon the leader of the political party which secures an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha to become the Prime Minister and form the Ministry He does enjoy some discretionary powers in the matter only under exceptional circumstances When no single political party wins a clear absolute majority and as a result no Council of Ministers can be formed without a coalition of parties the President can exercise his discretion judiciously in appointing the Prime Minister Such situations developed in the past India has entered into an age of coalition politics And it may so happen that no single party will be able to secure an absolute majority and the President may be required to exercise his discretionary power for some time to come in appointing Prime Minister

Can ask to prove majority in Lok SabhaThe Union Council of Ministers normally remains in office for five years unless dissolved earlier for any reason The President must be satisfied that the Council of Ministers enjoys the confidence of the majority of the Lok Sabha In case of any doubt he can ask the Council of Ministers to prove its majority in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Ministers Sri HD Deve Gowda was asked by the President after the official withdrawal of support by the Congress Party from Ministry The President can also dissolve the Union Council of Ministers in accordance with Article 75(2) of the constitution if he finds that the Ministry does not enjoy the support of the majorities in the Lok Sabha

Supreme Commander As head of State the President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of India and is entitled to declare war or conclude a treaty

Legislative Powers and Functions

President is a part of ParliamentThe Union Legislature or Parliament consists of the President and two Houses of Parliament The President is therefore an integral part of Union LegislatureHe shall summon from time to time either separately or jointly the Houses of Parliament The President can prorogue the Houses or either House of Parliament and if necessary can dissolve the lower Chamber of Parliament the Lok Sabha For example the President solved the twelfth Lok Sabha in early 1999 when the confidence motion in favour your of the Vajpayee government was lost in the Lok Sabha

Summons and Addresses ParliamentThe President may address either or both House of ParliamentIn such address at the first session after general election to the Lok Sabha and at beginning of a joint session of Parliament each year he may place the reasons for summoning it Apart from addressing Parliament the President may also in case of necessities send messages to either House or to both Houses [Article 86(2)] Normally the President does not send such a message unless however he has a serious disagreement with the Council of Ministers

Nomination

The President nominates a number of members in both Houses The chief purpose of the nomination is to ensure adequate representation in Parliament of all sections of population which many not always be achieved through elections

Power in respect of BillsThe President has certain functions in respect of passing of a BillA bill passed by both the Houses of Parliament requires his assent in order to become an Act He may give his assent to a bill or can withhold assent when a bill after getting approved in both the Houses is placed before the President But if Parliament acting on Presidentrsquos refusal to assent to a bill passes it again with or without amendment for the second time and presents it to the President for his approval the President shall not withhold his assent there from under Article 111 In other words it becomes obligatory upon him to give his assent In certain cases prior sanction of the President is required for initiating any legislation For instance bill for formation of a new State or altering the boundaries of the existing State or States is to be placed before Parliament with prior approval of the President Money bill is another example where obtaining of such approval of the President is a constitutional necessity

Bill passed by a State Legislature A bill passed by a State Legislature may also be reserved for the consideration of the President by the Governor of that State The President enjoys this right in relation to a bill passed by a State Legislature only in such cases where those are referred to him by the Government of a State under Article 200

Power to Promulgate OrdinancesExcept when both Houses of Parliament are in session the President may promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to require (Article 123) Such an ordinance can have the same force and effect of an Act of Parliament Such an ordinance shall cease to operate unless passed by both Houses of Parliament within the stipulated period In AK Roy vs Union of India (1982) illustrates the proposition that the satisfaction of the President must be as to the existence of a situation which makes it necessary for the President to promulgate such on Ordinance

Financial Powers and FunctionsThe President causes the annual budget of the Union Government to be laid before Parliament every year No proposal for spending money or raising revenues for purposes of government can be introduced in Parliament without previous permission of the President

Emergency Powers of the PresidentThe constitution of India empowers the President to proclaim three kinds of Emergencies

National Emergency (Art 352) Emergency for failure of Constitutional Machinery in a State (Art 356) Financial Emergency (Art 360)

Military and Diplomatic PowersThe constitution vests the supreme command of the Defense Forces in the President but he is required to exercise that power in accordance with law Parliament has exclusive Legislative Power relating to defense forces It means that though the President may have the power to take action as to declaration of war or peace or the employment of the defense forces It is Parliament that is to

regulate or control the exercise of such powers The executive power relating to foreign and diplomatic affairs is exercised by the Union Government and all diplomatic business is conducted in the name of the President Diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys to foreign countries All treaties and international agreements are negotiated and concluded in the name of the President

Diplomatic Powers of the President of IndiaThe president receives ambassadors High Commissioners and diplomatic envoys from foreign nations All treaties and international agreements are concluded in the name of the President The President represents India in International Conferences The President has the powers of appointing Indian Ambassadors to other countries

Judicial PowersThe President has the power to grant pardon reprieves respites amp remission of punishment or to suspend remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence In all cases where the punishment amp sentence is by court martial In all cases where the punishment or sentence for an offence against a law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends In all cases where the sentence is a death sentence

Execution

Answer the following question-

What are the functions of the President of India

(Homework-learn)Hindi 2nd Lang

विनय क पद तलसीदास

2जाकविय न राम दही तजिजय ताविह कोटी री सम जदयविप परम सनही तजयोविपताहलाद विभीषण बध भरत महतारी बलिल गर तजयो कत बरज बविनतविह भय मद मगलकारक नात नह राम क मनाया सहरद ससय जहा लौ अजन कहा आखजविहफट बह तक कहोकहा लौ तलसीसो सब भावित परमविहतपजय ानतपयारोजासो होय सनह राम पद एतोमतो हमारो

शबदारथ7 ndashदही ndashसीता तजिजय ndash छोड दीजिजए कत ndash पवित बविनतहिह ndash सतरिgtतरयो क दवारासहरद ndashसबधी ससय-सा या आराधना करन योगय अजन ndash सरमा या काजलसनहndash म

वयाखया तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक जिजस राम और सीता विय नही ह ह भल ही अपना विकतना ही विय कयो ना हो उस बहत बड दशमन क समान मानकर कया दना चाविहए कभी अनक उदाहरणो दवारा अपनी बात लिसदध करत ह हलाद न अपनी भलिM का विरोध करन क कारण अपन विपता विहरणयकशयप की आजञा का उललघन विकया रथा विभीषण न अपन बड भाई राण को इस कारण ही छोडा कयोविक ह राम विरोधी रथा राम को बनास दिदलान ाली भरत की माता ककई रथी ह राम विरोधी रथी इसलिलए भरत न अपनी माता का परिरतयाग विकया राजा बलिल न अपन गर का परिरतयाग विकया रथा बरज की सतरिgtतरयो न अपनी पवित का तयाग विकया शरी कषण क म क लिलए उन सभी न अपन परिरजनो को छोडा और उनका कलयाण ही हआ राम क सारथ म का नाता ही सबस बडा नाता ह सबध ह उनस जिजतना अधिधक म कर सकत हो करो उनकी जिजतनी सा कर सकत हो करो ऐस सर म को आख म लगान स कया लाभ जिजसस आख ही फट जाए अरथा7त राम और सीता क विरोधी वयलिMयो स म करन स हाविन ही होती ह तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक और अधिधक कया कह उनकी यह सममवित ह विक जिजसका ाणो स भी विय और पजय शरी राम सgtनहह उसका सबभावित परम विहत होता ह

Math(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable

Study item Some solved sums from Exercise 511) Check whether the following are quadratic equations(i)radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Solution Given radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Or 5radic3x2 ndash 10x + 3 = 0 (multiply bothside by 5 we get)

Which is of the form ax2 + bx+ c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(ii)(2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Solution Given (2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash 4x + 3x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash 2x + x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6x2 ndash 6x ndash 12 Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 ndash 6x2 + 6x + 12 = 0Or 5x + 10 = 0Which is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is not a quadratic equation(iii) (x ndash 3 )3 + 5 = x3 + 7x2 ndash 1 Solution Given (x ndash 3)3 + 5 = x3 +7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 3x23 +3x32 ndash 33 + 5 = x3+7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 9x2 + 27x -22ndash x3 ndash 7x2 + 1 = 0Or - 16x2 + 27x ndash 21 = 0Or - ( 16x2- 27x + 21 ) = 0Or 16x2 ndash 27x + 21 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(iv)x ndash 3x = 2 x not equal to zero(0)Solution Given x ndash 3x = 2Or x2ndash 3x = 2Or x2 ndash 3 = 2xOr x2 ndash 2x ndash 3 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation

English Language

Prepositions A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

1 I am fond of chocolate2 We saw a dog near the

horse

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

Fill in the blanks with preposition Exercise 41 Children are generally fond ___ playing with

fire2 Youth is full ___ hope3 The same legend is handed down ____

father ___ son4 He is proficient ___ the art ___ teaching5 He is very proud __ of his sons ability6 He takes pride __ his sons success7 I am very tired __ my work8 Are you not tired ___ him9 Be sure __ yourself 10 Your position is beset ___ difficulties

Bengali পরবোদপরবচনব যোকরণ

১) আকোসর চা োদ হোস পোওয়ো (অপর যোলি পরোলি ) --- হোরোসনো লেসসক লেপসয় মো লেন আকোসর চা োদ হোস লেপ২) আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক ( আকো পোোসর মসো লিবরোট পরসampদ) ---- আমোসদর ধনী গলিরসবর জীবন োতরো মোসন আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক৩)আনোসগোনো (আো োওয়ো ) ---- োরো লিদনই লেমস-র আনো লেগোনো চস৪) আদো জ লেসয় োগো ( দঢ় ংকলপ লিনসয় কোজ করো ) --- পরীকষো এস লেগ লিদ পো করস চোও

োহস এলিন আদো জ লেসয় লেসগ পস4ো৫) আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক (অপদোরথ9) --- রলিহসমর মসো আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক ংোসর অলপই লেদসলি ndash

লেকব বস4ো বস4ো করথো কোসজর লিক নয়৬) আকো কম ( অবোসতব কলপনো )---- বীর লেোদধো হওয়োর আকো কম কলপনো কসর োamp লেনই লেজন য চোই প যক বোহ ব আর পরসয়োজনীয় পরলিকষন

৭) উততম মধ যম ( পরচনড পরহোর ) --- পো4োর লেোসকরো লেচোরটিসক ধসর উততম মধ যম লিদ৮) উস4ো করথো (গজব) ---- লেসটি লিনরসJ হসয়স লিকনো ampোসো কসর লোোজনোও আসগ ampোসগ উস4ো করথোয় কোন লিদওনো৯) একহোস োলি বোসজনো ( এক পসকষর দবোরো কহ লিববোদ মভব নয় )----রোসজসর করথো শসন লিবনয়সক লেদোষী লেampসবোনো জোসনোসো একহোস োলি বোসজনো১০) কোন ampোরী করো ( অন লেযর লিবরসদধ লেগোপসন লিক বো )---- লিবকো আমোর অনপলিQলিস আমোর

লিবরসদধ মোসয়র কোস লিক কোনampোরী কসরসComputer Application

Chapter 2 Java programming

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screeni 1 21 321 4321 54321Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

ii 54321 5432 543 54 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=5jgt=ij--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

iii 54321 4321

321 21 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=5igt=1i--) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Structure of an ecosystem Ecosystem are composed of the biological community and the the abiotic environment

A natural ecosystem

An ecosystem is composed of two parts -

1 Abiotic components2 Biotic components

Q What are the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem

Ans ndash1 Abiotic ndash

This includes - Elements required in the material cycle that is

nitrogen Phosphorus carbon sulphur Climate of the given region Amount and distribution of inorganic chemicals

like chlorophyll and organic matter such as protein carbohydrates fats

2 Biotic ndash This includes -

Autotrophic components which are mainly in the green plants concerned with fixation of light energy and use of simple inorganic substances to make complex organic ones

Heterotrophic components are concerned with utilisation rearrangement decomposition of matter

Physics Vectors Q a b c are three vectors where a b = a c and ax b = ax c then prove that b = c

Ans a b=iquest ab cosθ a c = ac cosα So ab cosθ = ac cosα =gt b cosθ = c cosα --------- (1)

Also ax b = ab sinθ and ax c = ac sin αSo ab sinθ = ac sin α b sinθ = c sin α ------- (2)

So dividing (2) by (1) we get tanθ = tanα Or θ=α so from equation (1) (2) we have b = c (proved)

HW 1 If a + b + c = 0 show that ax b =bx c = c x a

Biology Topic ndash Chapter ndash06Kingdom Fungi

Today we will discuss about classification of Fungi which is based on i) Thallus organisationii) kinds of asexual sporesiii) presence and absence of sexual reproductioniv) nature of Lifecycle

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1 Zygomycotina ( The conjugation Fungi)

These fungi of terrestrial habitat invade the soil or decaying organic matter

They usually produce asexual spores Zygospores are formed by the fusion of adverse two

compatible gametangia usually an adverse conditions Rhizopus a very common saprotroph grows on bread

jellies syrups leather etc commonly known as bread mould

2 Ascomycotina Sac - fungi is the largest group

Yeast are economically important in the brewing and baking industries

Penicillium are the source of the antibiotic penicillin Aspergillus are used in various industries especially in the

production of organic acids enzymes fats vitamins and minerals and antibiotics

A flavus contaminates ground nuts and other dry foodstuffs and produce aflatoxins whichare carcinogenic in nature

3 Basidiomycotina Club fungi includes over 25 000 species of higher fungi Puccinia and Ustilago are two responsible for

destructive diseases in cereals Agaricus bisporous are used as food as they are rich in

proteins vitamins carbohydrates mineral and amino acids

4 Deuteromycotina Imperfect fungi are considered as the conidial stages of ascomycotina or more whose sexual stages either have not been discovered or not present The parasitic species cause early blight and tikka diseases in

plants and athletes foot skin diseases and pulmonary infection in animals

English Literature

Salvatore Part-1-Salvatore is a man of few words and simple gestures He lives with his fisherman father mother and two younger brothers on an island Italy The story sketches his personality and how he overcomes odds and difficulties in his life with calmness self- control and resilience

At fifteen years of age Salvatore is already a responsible adult and takes care of his younger siblings He enjoys his time at the sea with his father He also finds a beautiful island girl and they get engaged to be married Soon he gets enlisted in the Kingrsquos navy and leaves home with the fleet

Salvatore is homesick and yearns for his beloved o his journeys with the navy On one such journey to China he suffers from rheumatic fever Seemingly an incurable disease he is removed from the navy and returns home He remains upbeat and waits eagerly to have a reunion with people he loves back home

HISTORY TOPIC ndash TERMS AND 1 QUESTION Name the place where the Permanent

EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC ndash TERMS AND CONDITION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793 This was basically an agreement between the Company and Zamindars to fix the land revenue At first it was enacted in Bengal Bihar and Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi

1 Land lords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land They were given hereditary rights

2 The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land

3 The Zamindarrsquos proprietorship would stay as long as they paid the fixed revenue

settlement was enactedAnswer Permanent settlement was first enacted in Bengal Bihar Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi 2 QUESTION Mention the terms and conditions on the basis of which the Permanent Settlement was made with the ZamindarsAnswer Lord Cornwallis made the Permanent settlement on the following terms and condition

1 The Zamindars would hence forth enjoy ownership of land on hereditary basis

2 They could sell mortgage or make a gift of Zamindary right of land

3 So long they would pay the land revenue regularly the authority of their Zamindari rights would be unpeachableTo be continuedhellip

English Language

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

3 I am fond of chocolate

4 We saw a dog near the horse

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions Exercise 21 His condition is deteriorating _____ yesterday2 The fire was still blazing ___ the hill3 When I came my mother was standing ___ the gate4 The soldiers drove ___ the gate5 The judge absolved him ___ any blame6 Are you acquainted ____ those people7 She has adorned her room ___ colourful lights8 The crow flew ___ her head9 It is six oclock ___ my watch10 She has spent all her life ___ Chennai

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

demanded for other Eg if price of petrol goes up demand for cars will falliiiIncome of the consumerOther things being equal there is a direct relationship between the consumerrsquos income and the demand for a commodity however the effect of change in income on consumerrsquos demand upon the nature of the commodity

a Normal goods Normal goods are those goods the demands for which increases with increase in income of consumerseg a consumer increases his demand for milk clothes furniture as his income increases

b Inferior goods They are those goods the demands for which fall when income of consumer increases Eg a consumer may buy toned milk when his income is less because he cannot purchase pure milk

IvTaste and preferences the amount demanded of a commodity also depends on comsumerrsquos taste and preferences when we begin to like certain commodities their demand will increase and vice versa

Subject-History

TopicUnion Executive

The constitutional powers and functions of the President of India may be classified into six principal types

Executive Functions Head of the Union

The President is at the head of the Union Executive Consequently all the executive powers are exercised in his name The executive power of the Union to be exercised by the President is extended to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws and to conclude treaty and agreement

AppointmentsAs the head of the executive the President appoints the Governors of States the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts the Auditor General of India and many other high officials such as the members of Finance

Commission Election commission Union Public commission etc

Appointment of the Prime Minister and other MinistersThe President appoints the Prime Minister and with his advice the other Ministers of the Union Council of Ministers But here too as in all other appointments the President can seldom use his discretion He is ordinarily duty-bound to summon the leader of the political party which secures an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha to become the Prime Minister and form the Ministry He does enjoy some discretionary powers in the matter only under exceptional circumstances When no single political party wins a clear absolute majority and as a result no Council of Ministers can be formed without a coalition of parties the President can exercise his discretion judiciously in appointing the Prime Minister Such situations developed in the past India has entered into an age of coalition politics And it may so happen that no single party will be able to secure an absolute majority and the President may be required to exercise his discretionary power for some time to come in appointing Prime Minister

Can ask to prove majority in Lok SabhaThe Union Council of Ministers normally remains in office for five years unless dissolved earlier for any reason The President must be satisfied that the Council of Ministers enjoys the confidence of the majority of the Lok Sabha In case of any doubt he can ask the Council of Ministers to prove its majority in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Ministers Sri HD Deve Gowda was asked by the President after the official withdrawal of support by the Congress Party from Ministry The President can also dissolve the Union Council of Ministers in accordance with Article 75(2) of the constitution if he finds that the Ministry does not enjoy the support of the majorities in the Lok Sabha

Supreme Commander As head of State the President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of India and is entitled to declare war or conclude a treaty

Legislative Powers and Functions

President is a part of ParliamentThe Union Legislature or Parliament consists of the President and two Houses of Parliament The President is therefore an integral part of Union LegislatureHe shall summon from time to time either separately or jointly the Houses of Parliament The President can prorogue the Houses or either House of Parliament and if necessary can dissolve the lower Chamber of Parliament the Lok Sabha For example the President solved the twelfth Lok Sabha in early 1999 when the confidence motion in favour your of the Vajpayee government was lost in the Lok Sabha

Summons and Addresses ParliamentThe President may address either or both House of ParliamentIn such address at the first session after general election to the Lok Sabha and at beginning of a joint session of Parliament each year he may place the reasons for summoning it Apart from addressing Parliament the President may also in case of necessities send messages to either House or to both Houses [Article 86(2)] Normally the President does not send such a message unless however he has a serious disagreement with the Council of Ministers

Nomination

The President nominates a number of members in both Houses The chief purpose of the nomination is to ensure adequate representation in Parliament of all sections of population which many not always be achieved through elections

Power in respect of BillsThe President has certain functions in respect of passing of a BillA bill passed by both the Houses of Parliament requires his assent in order to become an Act He may give his assent to a bill or can withhold assent when a bill after getting approved in both the Houses is placed before the President But if Parliament acting on Presidentrsquos refusal to assent to a bill passes it again with or without amendment for the second time and presents it to the President for his approval the President shall not withhold his assent there from under Article 111 In other words it becomes obligatory upon him to give his assent In certain cases prior sanction of the President is required for initiating any legislation For instance bill for formation of a new State or altering the boundaries of the existing State or States is to be placed before Parliament with prior approval of the President Money bill is another example where obtaining of such approval of the President is a constitutional necessity

Bill passed by a State Legislature A bill passed by a State Legislature may also be reserved for the consideration of the President by the Governor of that State The President enjoys this right in relation to a bill passed by a State Legislature only in such cases where those are referred to him by the Government of a State under Article 200

Power to Promulgate OrdinancesExcept when both Houses of Parliament are in session the President may promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to require (Article 123) Such an ordinance can have the same force and effect of an Act of Parliament Such an ordinance shall cease to operate unless passed by both Houses of Parliament within the stipulated period In AK Roy vs Union of India (1982) illustrates the proposition that the satisfaction of the President must be as to the existence of a situation which makes it necessary for the President to promulgate such on Ordinance

Financial Powers and FunctionsThe President causes the annual budget of the Union Government to be laid before Parliament every year No proposal for spending money or raising revenues for purposes of government can be introduced in Parliament without previous permission of the President

Emergency Powers of the PresidentThe constitution of India empowers the President to proclaim three kinds of Emergencies

National Emergency (Art 352) Emergency for failure of Constitutional Machinery in a State (Art 356) Financial Emergency (Art 360)

Military and Diplomatic PowersThe constitution vests the supreme command of the Defense Forces in the President but he is required to exercise that power in accordance with law Parliament has exclusive Legislative Power relating to defense forces It means that though the President may have the power to take action as to declaration of war or peace or the employment of the defense forces It is Parliament that is to

regulate or control the exercise of such powers The executive power relating to foreign and diplomatic affairs is exercised by the Union Government and all diplomatic business is conducted in the name of the President Diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys to foreign countries All treaties and international agreements are negotiated and concluded in the name of the President

Diplomatic Powers of the President of IndiaThe president receives ambassadors High Commissioners and diplomatic envoys from foreign nations All treaties and international agreements are concluded in the name of the President The President represents India in International Conferences The President has the powers of appointing Indian Ambassadors to other countries

Judicial PowersThe President has the power to grant pardon reprieves respites amp remission of punishment or to suspend remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence In all cases where the punishment amp sentence is by court martial In all cases where the punishment or sentence for an offence against a law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends In all cases where the sentence is a death sentence

Execution

Answer the following question-

What are the functions of the President of India

(Homework-learn)Hindi 2nd Lang

विनय क पद तलसीदास

2जाकविय न राम दही तजिजय ताविह कोटी री सम जदयविप परम सनही तजयोविपताहलाद विभीषण बध भरत महतारी बलिल गर तजयो कत बरज बविनतविह भय मद मगलकारक नात नह राम क मनाया सहरद ससय जहा लौ अजन कहा आखजविहफट बह तक कहोकहा लौ तलसीसो सब भावित परमविहतपजय ानतपयारोजासो होय सनह राम पद एतोमतो हमारो

शबदारथ7 ndashदही ndashसीता तजिजय ndash छोड दीजिजए कत ndash पवित बविनतहिह ndash सतरिgtतरयो क दवारासहरद ndashसबधी ससय-सा या आराधना करन योगय अजन ndash सरमा या काजलसनहndash म

वयाखया तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक जिजस राम और सीता विय नही ह ह भल ही अपना विकतना ही विय कयो ना हो उस बहत बड दशमन क समान मानकर कया दना चाविहए कभी अनक उदाहरणो दवारा अपनी बात लिसदध करत ह हलाद न अपनी भलिM का विरोध करन क कारण अपन विपता विहरणयकशयप की आजञा का उललघन विकया रथा विभीषण न अपन बड भाई राण को इस कारण ही छोडा कयोविक ह राम विरोधी रथा राम को बनास दिदलान ाली भरत की माता ककई रथी ह राम विरोधी रथी इसलिलए भरत न अपनी माता का परिरतयाग विकया राजा बलिल न अपन गर का परिरतयाग विकया रथा बरज की सतरिgtतरयो न अपनी पवित का तयाग विकया शरी कषण क म क लिलए उन सभी न अपन परिरजनो को छोडा और उनका कलयाण ही हआ राम क सारथ म का नाता ही सबस बडा नाता ह सबध ह उनस जिजतना अधिधक म कर सकत हो करो उनकी जिजतनी सा कर सकत हो करो ऐस सर म को आख म लगान स कया लाभ जिजसस आख ही फट जाए अरथा7त राम और सीता क विरोधी वयलिMयो स म करन स हाविन ही होती ह तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक और अधिधक कया कह उनकी यह सममवित ह विक जिजसका ाणो स भी विय और पजय शरी राम सgtनहह उसका सबभावित परम विहत होता ह

Math(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable

Study item Some solved sums from Exercise 511) Check whether the following are quadratic equations(i)radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Solution Given radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Or 5radic3x2 ndash 10x + 3 = 0 (multiply bothside by 5 we get)

Which is of the form ax2 + bx+ c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(ii)(2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Solution Given (2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash 4x + 3x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash 2x + x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6x2 ndash 6x ndash 12 Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 ndash 6x2 + 6x + 12 = 0Or 5x + 10 = 0Which is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is not a quadratic equation(iii) (x ndash 3 )3 + 5 = x3 + 7x2 ndash 1 Solution Given (x ndash 3)3 + 5 = x3 +7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 3x23 +3x32 ndash 33 + 5 = x3+7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 9x2 + 27x -22ndash x3 ndash 7x2 + 1 = 0Or - 16x2 + 27x ndash 21 = 0Or - ( 16x2- 27x + 21 ) = 0Or 16x2 ndash 27x + 21 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(iv)x ndash 3x = 2 x not equal to zero(0)Solution Given x ndash 3x = 2Or x2ndash 3x = 2Or x2 ndash 3 = 2xOr x2 ndash 2x ndash 3 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation

English Language

Prepositions A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

1 I am fond of chocolate2 We saw a dog near the

horse

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

Fill in the blanks with preposition Exercise 41 Children are generally fond ___ playing with

fire2 Youth is full ___ hope3 The same legend is handed down ____

father ___ son4 He is proficient ___ the art ___ teaching5 He is very proud __ of his sons ability6 He takes pride __ his sons success7 I am very tired __ my work8 Are you not tired ___ him9 Be sure __ yourself 10 Your position is beset ___ difficulties

Bengali পরবোদপরবচনব যোকরণ

১) আকোসর চা োদ হোস পোওয়ো (অপর যোলি পরোলি ) --- হোরোসনো লেসসক লেপসয় মো লেন আকোসর চা োদ হোস লেপ২) আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক ( আকো পোোসর মসো লিবরোট পরসampদ) ---- আমোসদর ধনী গলিরসবর জীবন োতরো মোসন আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক৩)আনোসগোনো (আো োওয়ো ) ---- োরো লিদনই লেমস-র আনো লেগোনো চস৪) আদো জ লেসয় োগো ( দঢ় ংকলপ লিনসয় কোজ করো ) --- পরীকষো এস লেগ লিদ পো করস চোও

োহস এলিন আদো জ লেসয় লেসগ পস4ো৫) আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক (অপদোরথ9) --- রলিহসমর মসো আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক ংোসর অলপই লেদসলি ndash

লেকব বস4ো বস4ো করথো কোসজর লিক নয়৬) আকো কম ( অবোসতব কলপনো )---- বীর লেোদধো হওয়োর আকো কম কলপনো কসর োamp লেনই লেজন য চোই প যক বোহ ব আর পরসয়োজনীয় পরলিকষন

৭) উততম মধ যম ( পরচনড পরহোর ) --- পো4োর লেোসকরো লেচোরটিসক ধসর উততম মধ যম লিদ৮) উস4ো করথো (গজব) ---- লেসটি লিনরসJ হসয়স লিকনো ampোসো কসর লোোজনোও আসগ ampোসগ উস4ো করথোয় কোন লিদওনো৯) একহোস োলি বোসজনো ( এক পসকষর দবোরো কহ লিববোদ মভব নয় )----রোসজসর করথো শসন লিবনয়সক লেদোষী লেampসবোনো জোসনোসো একহোস োলি বোসজনো১০) কোন ampোরী করো ( অন লেযর লিবরসদধ লেগোপসন লিক বো )---- লিবকো আমোর অনপলিQলিস আমোর

লিবরসদধ মোসয়র কোস লিক কোনampোরী কসরসComputer Application

Chapter 2 Java programming

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screeni 1 21 321 4321 54321Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

ii 54321 5432 543 54 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=5jgt=ij--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

iii 54321 4321

321 21 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=5igt=1i--) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Structure of an ecosystem Ecosystem are composed of the biological community and the the abiotic environment

A natural ecosystem

An ecosystem is composed of two parts -

1 Abiotic components2 Biotic components

Q What are the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem

Ans ndash1 Abiotic ndash

This includes - Elements required in the material cycle that is

nitrogen Phosphorus carbon sulphur Climate of the given region Amount and distribution of inorganic chemicals

like chlorophyll and organic matter such as protein carbohydrates fats

2 Biotic ndash This includes -

Autotrophic components which are mainly in the green plants concerned with fixation of light energy and use of simple inorganic substances to make complex organic ones

Heterotrophic components are concerned with utilisation rearrangement decomposition of matter

Physics Vectors Q a b c are three vectors where a b = a c and ax b = ax c then prove that b = c

Ans a b=iquest ab cosθ a c = ac cosα So ab cosθ = ac cosα =gt b cosθ = c cosα --------- (1)

Also ax b = ab sinθ and ax c = ac sin αSo ab sinθ = ac sin α b sinθ = c sin α ------- (2)

So dividing (2) by (1) we get tanθ = tanα Or θ=α so from equation (1) (2) we have b = c (proved)

HW 1 If a + b + c = 0 show that ax b =bx c = c x a

Biology Topic ndash Chapter ndash06Kingdom Fungi

Today we will discuss about classification of Fungi which is based on i) Thallus organisationii) kinds of asexual sporesiii) presence and absence of sexual reproductioniv) nature of Lifecycle

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1 Zygomycotina ( The conjugation Fungi)

These fungi of terrestrial habitat invade the soil or decaying organic matter

They usually produce asexual spores Zygospores are formed by the fusion of adverse two

compatible gametangia usually an adverse conditions Rhizopus a very common saprotroph grows on bread

jellies syrups leather etc commonly known as bread mould

2 Ascomycotina Sac - fungi is the largest group

Yeast are economically important in the brewing and baking industries

Penicillium are the source of the antibiotic penicillin Aspergillus are used in various industries especially in the

production of organic acids enzymes fats vitamins and minerals and antibiotics

A flavus contaminates ground nuts and other dry foodstuffs and produce aflatoxins whichare carcinogenic in nature

3 Basidiomycotina Club fungi includes over 25 000 species of higher fungi Puccinia and Ustilago are two responsible for

destructive diseases in cereals Agaricus bisporous are used as food as they are rich in

proteins vitamins carbohydrates mineral and amino acids

4 Deuteromycotina Imperfect fungi are considered as the conidial stages of ascomycotina or more whose sexual stages either have not been discovered or not present The parasitic species cause early blight and tikka diseases in

plants and athletes foot skin diseases and pulmonary infection in animals

English Literature

Salvatore Part-1-Salvatore is a man of few words and simple gestures He lives with his fisherman father mother and two younger brothers on an island Italy The story sketches his personality and how he overcomes odds and difficulties in his life with calmness self- control and resilience

At fifteen years of age Salvatore is already a responsible adult and takes care of his younger siblings He enjoys his time at the sea with his father He also finds a beautiful island girl and they get engaged to be married Soon he gets enlisted in the Kingrsquos navy and leaves home with the fleet

Salvatore is homesick and yearns for his beloved o his journeys with the navy On one such journey to China he suffers from rheumatic fever Seemingly an incurable disease he is removed from the navy and returns home He remains upbeat and waits eagerly to have a reunion with people he loves back home

HISTORY TOPIC ndash TERMS AND 1 QUESTION Name the place where the Permanent

EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC ndash TERMS AND CONDITION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793 This was basically an agreement between the Company and Zamindars to fix the land revenue At first it was enacted in Bengal Bihar and Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi

1 Land lords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land They were given hereditary rights

2 The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land

3 The Zamindarrsquos proprietorship would stay as long as they paid the fixed revenue

settlement was enactedAnswer Permanent settlement was first enacted in Bengal Bihar Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi 2 QUESTION Mention the terms and conditions on the basis of which the Permanent Settlement was made with the ZamindarsAnswer Lord Cornwallis made the Permanent settlement on the following terms and condition

1 The Zamindars would hence forth enjoy ownership of land on hereditary basis

2 They could sell mortgage or make a gift of Zamindary right of land

3 So long they would pay the land revenue regularly the authority of their Zamindari rights would be unpeachableTo be continuedhellip

English Language

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

3 I am fond of chocolate

4 We saw a dog near the horse

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions Exercise 21 His condition is deteriorating _____ yesterday2 The fire was still blazing ___ the hill3 When I came my mother was standing ___ the gate4 The soldiers drove ___ the gate5 The judge absolved him ___ any blame6 Are you acquainted ____ those people7 She has adorned her room ___ colourful lights8 The crow flew ___ her head9 It is six oclock ___ my watch10 She has spent all her life ___ Chennai

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

Commission Election commission Union Public commission etc

Appointment of the Prime Minister and other MinistersThe President appoints the Prime Minister and with his advice the other Ministers of the Union Council of Ministers But here too as in all other appointments the President can seldom use his discretion He is ordinarily duty-bound to summon the leader of the political party which secures an absolute majority in the Lok Sabha to become the Prime Minister and form the Ministry He does enjoy some discretionary powers in the matter only under exceptional circumstances When no single political party wins a clear absolute majority and as a result no Council of Ministers can be formed without a coalition of parties the President can exercise his discretion judiciously in appointing the Prime Minister Such situations developed in the past India has entered into an age of coalition politics And it may so happen that no single party will be able to secure an absolute majority and the President may be required to exercise his discretionary power for some time to come in appointing Prime Minister

Can ask to prove majority in Lok SabhaThe Union Council of Ministers normally remains in office for five years unless dissolved earlier for any reason The President must be satisfied that the Council of Ministers enjoys the confidence of the majority of the Lok Sabha In case of any doubt he can ask the Council of Ministers to prove its majority in the Lok Sabha as the Prime Ministers Sri HD Deve Gowda was asked by the President after the official withdrawal of support by the Congress Party from Ministry The President can also dissolve the Union Council of Ministers in accordance with Article 75(2) of the constitution if he finds that the Ministry does not enjoy the support of the majorities in the Lok Sabha

Supreme Commander As head of State the President is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of India and is entitled to declare war or conclude a treaty

Legislative Powers and Functions

President is a part of ParliamentThe Union Legislature or Parliament consists of the President and two Houses of Parliament The President is therefore an integral part of Union LegislatureHe shall summon from time to time either separately or jointly the Houses of Parliament The President can prorogue the Houses or either House of Parliament and if necessary can dissolve the lower Chamber of Parliament the Lok Sabha For example the President solved the twelfth Lok Sabha in early 1999 when the confidence motion in favour your of the Vajpayee government was lost in the Lok Sabha

Summons and Addresses ParliamentThe President may address either or both House of ParliamentIn such address at the first session after general election to the Lok Sabha and at beginning of a joint session of Parliament each year he may place the reasons for summoning it Apart from addressing Parliament the President may also in case of necessities send messages to either House or to both Houses [Article 86(2)] Normally the President does not send such a message unless however he has a serious disagreement with the Council of Ministers

Nomination

The President nominates a number of members in both Houses The chief purpose of the nomination is to ensure adequate representation in Parliament of all sections of population which many not always be achieved through elections

Power in respect of BillsThe President has certain functions in respect of passing of a BillA bill passed by both the Houses of Parliament requires his assent in order to become an Act He may give his assent to a bill or can withhold assent when a bill after getting approved in both the Houses is placed before the President But if Parliament acting on Presidentrsquos refusal to assent to a bill passes it again with or without amendment for the second time and presents it to the President for his approval the President shall not withhold his assent there from under Article 111 In other words it becomes obligatory upon him to give his assent In certain cases prior sanction of the President is required for initiating any legislation For instance bill for formation of a new State or altering the boundaries of the existing State or States is to be placed before Parliament with prior approval of the President Money bill is another example where obtaining of such approval of the President is a constitutional necessity

Bill passed by a State Legislature A bill passed by a State Legislature may also be reserved for the consideration of the President by the Governor of that State The President enjoys this right in relation to a bill passed by a State Legislature only in such cases where those are referred to him by the Government of a State under Article 200

Power to Promulgate OrdinancesExcept when both Houses of Parliament are in session the President may promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to require (Article 123) Such an ordinance can have the same force and effect of an Act of Parliament Such an ordinance shall cease to operate unless passed by both Houses of Parliament within the stipulated period In AK Roy vs Union of India (1982) illustrates the proposition that the satisfaction of the President must be as to the existence of a situation which makes it necessary for the President to promulgate such on Ordinance

Financial Powers and FunctionsThe President causes the annual budget of the Union Government to be laid before Parliament every year No proposal for spending money or raising revenues for purposes of government can be introduced in Parliament without previous permission of the President

Emergency Powers of the PresidentThe constitution of India empowers the President to proclaim three kinds of Emergencies

National Emergency (Art 352) Emergency for failure of Constitutional Machinery in a State (Art 356) Financial Emergency (Art 360)

Military and Diplomatic PowersThe constitution vests the supreme command of the Defense Forces in the President but he is required to exercise that power in accordance with law Parliament has exclusive Legislative Power relating to defense forces It means that though the President may have the power to take action as to declaration of war or peace or the employment of the defense forces It is Parliament that is to

regulate or control the exercise of such powers The executive power relating to foreign and diplomatic affairs is exercised by the Union Government and all diplomatic business is conducted in the name of the President Diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys to foreign countries All treaties and international agreements are negotiated and concluded in the name of the President

Diplomatic Powers of the President of IndiaThe president receives ambassadors High Commissioners and diplomatic envoys from foreign nations All treaties and international agreements are concluded in the name of the President The President represents India in International Conferences The President has the powers of appointing Indian Ambassadors to other countries

Judicial PowersThe President has the power to grant pardon reprieves respites amp remission of punishment or to suspend remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence In all cases where the punishment amp sentence is by court martial In all cases where the punishment or sentence for an offence against a law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends In all cases where the sentence is a death sentence

Execution

Answer the following question-

What are the functions of the President of India

(Homework-learn)Hindi 2nd Lang

विनय क पद तलसीदास

2जाकविय न राम दही तजिजय ताविह कोटी री सम जदयविप परम सनही तजयोविपताहलाद विभीषण बध भरत महतारी बलिल गर तजयो कत बरज बविनतविह भय मद मगलकारक नात नह राम क मनाया सहरद ससय जहा लौ अजन कहा आखजविहफट बह तक कहोकहा लौ तलसीसो सब भावित परमविहतपजय ानतपयारोजासो होय सनह राम पद एतोमतो हमारो

शबदारथ7 ndashदही ndashसीता तजिजय ndash छोड दीजिजए कत ndash पवित बविनतहिह ndash सतरिgtतरयो क दवारासहरद ndashसबधी ससय-सा या आराधना करन योगय अजन ndash सरमा या काजलसनहndash म

वयाखया तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक जिजस राम और सीता विय नही ह ह भल ही अपना विकतना ही विय कयो ना हो उस बहत बड दशमन क समान मानकर कया दना चाविहए कभी अनक उदाहरणो दवारा अपनी बात लिसदध करत ह हलाद न अपनी भलिM का विरोध करन क कारण अपन विपता विहरणयकशयप की आजञा का उललघन विकया रथा विभीषण न अपन बड भाई राण को इस कारण ही छोडा कयोविक ह राम विरोधी रथा राम को बनास दिदलान ाली भरत की माता ककई रथी ह राम विरोधी रथी इसलिलए भरत न अपनी माता का परिरतयाग विकया राजा बलिल न अपन गर का परिरतयाग विकया रथा बरज की सतरिgtतरयो न अपनी पवित का तयाग विकया शरी कषण क म क लिलए उन सभी न अपन परिरजनो को छोडा और उनका कलयाण ही हआ राम क सारथ म का नाता ही सबस बडा नाता ह सबध ह उनस जिजतना अधिधक म कर सकत हो करो उनकी जिजतनी सा कर सकत हो करो ऐस सर म को आख म लगान स कया लाभ जिजसस आख ही फट जाए अरथा7त राम और सीता क विरोधी वयलिMयो स म करन स हाविन ही होती ह तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक और अधिधक कया कह उनकी यह सममवित ह विक जिजसका ाणो स भी विय और पजय शरी राम सgtनहह उसका सबभावित परम विहत होता ह

Math(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable

Study item Some solved sums from Exercise 511) Check whether the following are quadratic equations(i)radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Solution Given radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Or 5radic3x2 ndash 10x + 3 = 0 (multiply bothside by 5 we get)

Which is of the form ax2 + bx+ c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(ii)(2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Solution Given (2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash 4x + 3x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash 2x + x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6x2 ndash 6x ndash 12 Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 ndash 6x2 + 6x + 12 = 0Or 5x + 10 = 0Which is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is not a quadratic equation(iii) (x ndash 3 )3 + 5 = x3 + 7x2 ndash 1 Solution Given (x ndash 3)3 + 5 = x3 +7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 3x23 +3x32 ndash 33 + 5 = x3+7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 9x2 + 27x -22ndash x3 ndash 7x2 + 1 = 0Or - 16x2 + 27x ndash 21 = 0Or - ( 16x2- 27x + 21 ) = 0Or 16x2 ndash 27x + 21 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(iv)x ndash 3x = 2 x not equal to zero(0)Solution Given x ndash 3x = 2Or x2ndash 3x = 2Or x2 ndash 3 = 2xOr x2 ndash 2x ndash 3 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation

English Language

Prepositions A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

1 I am fond of chocolate2 We saw a dog near the

horse

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

Fill in the blanks with preposition Exercise 41 Children are generally fond ___ playing with

fire2 Youth is full ___ hope3 The same legend is handed down ____

father ___ son4 He is proficient ___ the art ___ teaching5 He is very proud __ of his sons ability6 He takes pride __ his sons success7 I am very tired __ my work8 Are you not tired ___ him9 Be sure __ yourself 10 Your position is beset ___ difficulties

Bengali পরবোদপরবচনব যোকরণ

১) আকোসর চা োদ হোস পোওয়ো (অপর যোলি পরোলি ) --- হোরোসনো লেসসক লেপসয় মো লেন আকোসর চা োদ হোস লেপ২) আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক ( আকো পোোসর মসো লিবরোট পরসampদ) ---- আমোসদর ধনী গলিরসবর জীবন োতরো মোসন আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক৩)আনোসগোনো (আো োওয়ো ) ---- োরো লিদনই লেমস-র আনো লেগোনো চস৪) আদো জ লেসয় োগো ( দঢ় ংকলপ লিনসয় কোজ করো ) --- পরীকষো এস লেগ লিদ পো করস চোও

োহস এলিন আদো জ লেসয় লেসগ পস4ো৫) আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক (অপদোরথ9) --- রলিহসমর মসো আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক ংোসর অলপই লেদসলি ndash

লেকব বস4ো বস4ো করথো কোসজর লিক নয়৬) আকো কম ( অবোসতব কলপনো )---- বীর লেোদধো হওয়োর আকো কম কলপনো কসর োamp লেনই লেজন য চোই প যক বোহ ব আর পরসয়োজনীয় পরলিকষন

৭) উততম মধ যম ( পরচনড পরহোর ) --- পো4োর লেোসকরো লেচোরটিসক ধসর উততম মধ যম লিদ৮) উস4ো করথো (গজব) ---- লেসটি লিনরসJ হসয়স লিকনো ampোসো কসর লোোজনোও আসগ ampোসগ উস4ো করথোয় কোন লিদওনো৯) একহোস োলি বোসজনো ( এক পসকষর দবোরো কহ লিববোদ মভব নয় )----রোসজসর করথো শসন লিবনয়সক লেদোষী লেampসবোনো জোসনোসো একহোস োলি বোসজনো১০) কোন ampোরী করো ( অন লেযর লিবরসদধ লেগোপসন লিক বো )---- লিবকো আমোর অনপলিQলিস আমোর

লিবরসদধ মোসয়র কোস লিক কোনampোরী কসরসComputer Application

Chapter 2 Java programming

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screeni 1 21 321 4321 54321Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

ii 54321 5432 543 54 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=5jgt=ij--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

iii 54321 4321

321 21 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=5igt=1i--) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Structure of an ecosystem Ecosystem are composed of the biological community and the the abiotic environment

A natural ecosystem

An ecosystem is composed of two parts -

1 Abiotic components2 Biotic components

Q What are the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem

Ans ndash1 Abiotic ndash

This includes - Elements required in the material cycle that is

nitrogen Phosphorus carbon sulphur Climate of the given region Amount and distribution of inorganic chemicals

like chlorophyll and organic matter such as protein carbohydrates fats

2 Biotic ndash This includes -

Autotrophic components which are mainly in the green plants concerned with fixation of light energy and use of simple inorganic substances to make complex organic ones

Heterotrophic components are concerned with utilisation rearrangement decomposition of matter

Physics Vectors Q a b c are three vectors where a b = a c and ax b = ax c then prove that b = c

Ans a b=iquest ab cosθ a c = ac cosα So ab cosθ = ac cosα =gt b cosθ = c cosα --------- (1)

Also ax b = ab sinθ and ax c = ac sin αSo ab sinθ = ac sin α b sinθ = c sin α ------- (2)

So dividing (2) by (1) we get tanθ = tanα Or θ=α so from equation (1) (2) we have b = c (proved)

HW 1 If a + b + c = 0 show that ax b =bx c = c x a

Biology Topic ndash Chapter ndash06Kingdom Fungi

Today we will discuss about classification of Fungi which is based on i) Thallus organisationii) kinds of asexual sporesiii) presence and absence of sexual reproductioniv) nature of Lifecycle

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1 Zygomycotina ( The conjugation Fungi)

These fungi of terrestrial habitat invade the soil or decaying organic matter

They usually produce asexual spores Zygospores are formed by the fusion of adverse two

compatible gametangia usually an adverse conditions Rhizopus a very common saprotroph grows on bread

jellies syrups leather etc commonly known as bread mould

2 Ascomycotina Sac - fungi is the largest group

Yeast are economically important in the brewing and baking industries

Penicillium are the source of the antibiotic penicillin Aspergillus are used in various industries especially in the

production of organic acids enzymes fats vitamins and minerals and antibiotics

A flavus contaminates ground nuts and other dry foodstuffs and produce aflatoxins whichare carcinogenic in nature

3 Basidiomycotina Club fungi includes over 25 000 species of higher fungi Puccinia and Ustilago are two responsible for

destructive diseases in cereals Agaricus bisporous are used as food as they are rich in

proteins vitamins carbohydrates mineral and amino acids

4 Deuteromycotina Imperfect fungi are considered as the conidial stages of ascomycotina or more whose sexual stages either have not been discovered or not present The parasitic species cause early blight and tikka diseases in

plants and athletes foot skin diseases and pulmonary infection in animals

English Literature

Salvatore Part-1-Salvatore is a man of few words and simple gestures He lives with his fisherman father mother and two younger brothers on an island Italy The story sketches his personality and how he overcomes odds and difficulties in his life with calmness self- control and resilience

At fifteen years of age Salvatore is already a responsible adult and takes care of his younger siblings He enjoys his time at the sea with his father He also finds a beautiful island girl and they get engaged to be married Soon he gets enlisted in the Kingrsquos navy and leaves home with the fleet

Salvatore is homesick and yearns for his beloved o his journeys with the navy On one such journey to China he suffers from rheumatic fever Seemingly an incurable disease he is removed from the navy and returns home He remains upbeat and waits eagerly to have a reunion with people he loves back home

HISTORY TOPIC ndash TERMS AND 1 QUESTION Name the place where the Permanent

EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC ndash TERMS AND CONDITION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793 This was basically an agreement between the Company and Zamindars to fix the land revenue At first it was enacted in Bengal Bihar and Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi

1 Land lords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land They were given hereditary rights

2 The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land

3 The Zamindarrsquos proprietorship would stay as long as they paid the fixed revenue

settlement was enactedAnswer Permanent settlement was first enacted in Bengal Bihar Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi 2 QUESTION Mention the terms and conditions on the basis of which the Permanent Settlement was made with the ZamindarsAnswer Lord Cornwallis made the Permanent settlement on the following terms and condition

1 The Zamindars would hence forth enjoy ownership of land on hereditary basis

2 They could sell mortgage or make a gift of Zamindary right of land

3 So long they would pay the land revenue regularly the authority of their Zamindari rights would be unpeachableTo be continuedhellip

English Language

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

3 I am fond of chocolate

4 We saw a dog near the horse

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions Exercise 21 His condition is deteriorating _____ yesterday2 The fire was still blazing ___ the hill3 When I came my mother was standing ___ the gate4 The soldiers drove ___ the gate5 The judge absolved him ___ any blame6 Are you acquainted ____ those people7 She has adorned her room ___ colourful lights8 The crow flew ___ her head9 It is six oclock ___ my watch10 She has spent all her life ___ Chennai

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

The President nominates a number of members in both Houses The chief purpose of the nomination is to ensure adequate representation in Parliament of all sections of population which many not always be achieved through elections

Power in respect of BillsThe President has certain functions in respect of passing of a BillA bill passed by both the Houses of Parliament requires his assent in order to become an Act He may give his assent to a bill or can withhold assent when a bill after getting approved in both the Houses is placed before the President But if Parliament acting on Presidentrsquos refusal to assent to a bill passes it again with or without amendment for the second time and presents it to the President for his approval the President shall not withhold his assent there from under Article 111 In other words it becomes obligatory upon him to give his assent In certain cases prior sanction of the President is required for initiating any legislation For instance bill for formation of a new State or altering the boundaries of the existing State or States is to be placed before Parliament with prior approval of the President Money bill is another example where obtaining of such approval of the President is a constitutional necessity

Bill passed by a State Legislature A bill passed by a State Legislature may also be reserved for the consideration of the President by the Governor of that State The President enjoys this right in relation to a bill passed by a State Legislature only in such cases where those are referred to him by the Government of a State under Article 200

Power to Promulgate OrdinancesExcept when both Houses of Parliament are in session the President may promulgate such Ordinances as the circumstances appear to him to require (Article 123) Such an ordinance can have the same force and effect of an Act of Parliament Such an ordinance shall cease to operate unless passed by both Houses of Parliament within the stipulated period In AK Roy vs Union of India (1982) illustrates the proposition that the satisfaction of the President must be as to the existence of a situation which makes it necessary for the President to promulgate such on Ordinance

Financial Powers and FunctionsThe President causes the annual budget of the Union Government to be laid before Parliament every year No proposal for spending money or raising revenues for purposes of government can be introduced in Parliament without previous permission of the President

Emergency Powers of the PresidentThe constitution of India empowers the President to proclaim three kinds of Emergencies

National Emergency (Art 352) Emergency for failure of Constitutional Machinery in a State (Art 356) Financial Emergency (Art 360)

Military and Diplomatic PowersThe constitution vests the supreme command of the Defense Forces in the President but he is required to exercise that power in accordance with law Parliament has exclusive Legislative Power relating to defense forces It means that though the President may have the power to take action as to declaration of war or peace or the employment of the defense forces It is Parliament that is to

regulate or control the exercise of such powers The executive power relating to foreign and diplomatic affairs is exercised by the Union Government and all diplomatic business is conducted in the name of the President Diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys to foreign countries All treaties and international agreements are negotiated and concluded in the name of the President

Diplomatic Powers of the President of IndiaThe president receives ambassadors High Commissioners and diplomatic envoys from foreign nations All treaties and international agreements are concluded in the name of the President The President represents India in International Conferences The President has the powers of appointing Indian Ambassadors to other countries

Judicial PowersThe President has the power to grant pardon reprieves respites amp remission of punishment or to suspend remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence In all cases where the punishment amp sentence is by court martial In all cases where the punishment or sentence for an offence against a law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends In all cases where the sentence is a death sentence

Execution

Answer the following question-

What are the functions of the President of India

(Homework-learn)Hindi 2nd Lang

विनय क पद तलसीदास

2जाकविय न राम दही तजिजय ताविह कोटी री सम जदयविप परम सनही तजयोविपताहलाद विभीषण बध भरत महतारी बलिल गर तजयो कत बरज बविनतविह भय मद मगलकारक नात नह राम क मनाया सहरद ससय जहा लौ अजन कहा आखजविहफट बह तक कहोकहा लौ तलसीसो सब भावित परमविहतपजय ानतपयारोजासो होय सनह राम पद एतोमतो हमारो

शबदारथ7 ndashदही ndashसीता तजिजय ndash छोड दीजिजए कत ndash पवित बविनतहिह ndash सतरिgtतरयो क दवारासहरद ndashसबधी ससय-सा या आराधना करन योगय अजन ndash सरमा या काजलसनहndash म

वयाखया तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक जिजस राम और सीता विय नही ह ह भल ही अपना विकतना ही विय कयो ना हो उस बहत बड दशमन क समान मानकर कया दना चाविहए कभी अनक उदाहरणो दवारा अपनी बात लिसदध करत ह हलाद न अपनी भलिM का विरोध करन क कारण अपन विपता विहरणयकशयप की आजञा का उललघन विकया रथा विभीषण न अपन बड भाई राण को इस कारण ही छोडा कयोविक ह राम विरोधी रथा राम को बनास दिदलान ाली भरत की माता ककई रथी ह राम विरोधी रथी इसलिलए भरत न अपनी माता का परिरतयाग विकया राजा बलिल न अपन गर का परिरतयाग विकया रथा बरज की सतरिgtतरयो न अपनी पवित का तयाग विकया शरी कषण क म क लिलए उन सभी न अपन परिरजनो को छोडा और उनका कलयाण ही हआ राम क सारथ म का नाता ही सबस बडा नाता ह सबध ह उनस जिजतना अधिधक म कर सकत हो करो उनकी जिजतनी सा कर सकत हो करो ऐस सर म को आख म लगान स कया लाभ जिजसस आख ही फट जाए अरथा7त राम और सीता क विरोधी वयलिMयो स म करन स हाविन ही होती ह तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक और अधिधक कया कह उनकी यह सममवित ह विक जिजसका ाणो स भी विय और पजय शरी राम सgtनहह उसका सबभावित परम विहत होता ह

Math(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable

Study item Some solved sums from Exercise 511) Check whether the following are quadratic equations(i)radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Solution Given radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Or 5radic3x2 ndash 10x + 3 = 0 (multiply bothside by 5 we get)

Which is of the form ax2 + bx+ c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(ii)(2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Solution Given (2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash 4x + 3x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash 2x + x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6x2 ndash 6x ndash 12 Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 ndash 6x2 + 6x + 12 = 0Or 5x + 10 = 0Which is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is not a quadratic equation(iii) (x ndash 3 )3 + 5 = x3 + 7x2 ndash 1 Solution Given (x ndash 3)3 + 5 = x3 +7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 3x23 +3x32 ndash 33 + 5 = x3+7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 9x2 + 27x -22ndash x3 ndash 7x2 + 1 = 0Or - 16x2 + 27x ndash 21 = 0Or - ( 16x2- 27x + 21 ) = 0Or 16x2 ndash 27x + 21 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(iv)x ndash 3x = 2 x not equal to zero(0)Solution Given x ndash 3x = 2Or x2ndash 3x = 2Or x2 ndash 3 = 2xOr x2 ndash 2x ndash 3 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation

English Language

Prepositions A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

1 I am fond of chocolate2 We saw a dog near the

horse

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

Fill in the blanks with preposition Exercise 41 Children are generally fond ___ playing with

fire2 Youth is full ___ hope3 The same legend is handed down ____

father ___ son4 He is proficient ___ the art ___ teaching5 He is very proud __ of his sons ability6 He takes pride __ his sons success7 I am very tired __ my work8 Are you not tired ___ him9 Be sure __ yourself 10 Your position is beset ___ difficulties

Bengali পরবোদপরবচনব যোকরণ

১) আকোসর চা োদ হোস পোওয়ো (অপর যোলি পরোলি ) --- হোরোসনো লেসসক লেপসয় মো লেন আকোসর চা োদ হোস লেপ২) আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক ( আকো পোোসর মসো লিবরোট পরসampদ) ---- আমোসদর ধনী গলিরসবর জীবন োতরো মোসন আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক৩)আনোসগোনো (আো োওয়ো ) ---- োরো লিদনই লেমস-র আনো লেগোনো চস৪) আদো জ লেসয় োগো ( দঢ় ংকলপ লিনসয় কোজ করো ) --- পরীকষো এস লেগ লিদ পো করস চোও

োহস এলিন আদো জ লেসয় লেসগ পস4ো৫) আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক (অপদোরথ9) --- রলিহসমর মসো আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক ংোসর অলপই লেদসলি ndash

লেকব বস4ো বস4ো করথো কোসজর লিক নয়৬) আকো কম ( অবোসতব কলপনো )---- বীর লেোদধো হওয়োর আকো কম কলপনো কসর োamp লেনই লেজন য চোই প যক বোহ ব আর পরসয়োজনীয় পরলিকষন

৭) উততম মধ যম ( পরচনড পরহোর ) --- পো4োর লেোসকরো লেচোরটিসক ধসর উততম মধ যম লিদ৮) উস4ো করথো (গজব) ---- লেসটি লিনরসJ হসয়স লিকনো ampোসো কসর লোোজনোও আসগ ampোসগ উস4ো করথোয় কোন লিদওনো৯) একহোস োলি বোসজনো ( এক পসকষর দবোরো কহ লিববোদ মভব নয় )----রোসজসর করথো শসন লিবনয়সক লেদোষী লেampসবোনো জোসনোসো একহোস োলি বোসজনো১০) কোন ampোরী করো ( অন লেযর লিবরসদধ লেগোপসন লিক বো )---- লিবকো আমোর অনপলিQলিস আমোর

লিবরসদধ মোসয়র কোস লিক কোনampোরী কসরসComputer Application

Chapter 2 Java programming

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screeni 1 21 321 4321 54321Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

ii 54321 5432 543 54 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=5jgt=ij--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

iii 54321 4321

321 21 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=5igt=1i--) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Structure of an ecosystem Ecosystem are composed of the biological community and the the abiotic environment

A natural ecosystem

An ecosystem is composed of two parts -

1 Abiotic components2 Biotic components

Q What are the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem

Ans ndash1 Abiotic ndash

This includes - Elements required in the material cycle that is

nitrogen Phosphorus carbon sulphur Climate of the given region Amount and distribution of inorganic chemicals

like chlorophyll and organic matter such as protein carbohydrates fats

2 Biotic ndash This includes -

Autotrophic components which are mainly in the green plants concerned with fixation of light energy and use of simple inorganic substances to make complex organic ones

Heterotrophic components are concerned with utilisation rearrangement decomposition of matter

Physics Vectors Q a b c are three vectors where a b = a c and ax b = ax c then prove that b = c

Ans a b=iquest ab cosθ a c = ac cosα So ab cosθ = ac cosα =gt b cosθ = c cosα --------- (1)

Also ax b = ab sinθ and ax c = ac sin αSo ab sinθ = ac sin α b sinθ = c sin α ------- (2)

So dividing (2) by (1) we get tanθ = tanα Or θ=α so from equation (1) (2) we have b = c (proved)

HW 1 If a + b + c = 0 show that ax b =bx c = c x a

Biology Topic ndash Chapter ndash06Kingdom Fungi

Today we will discuss about classification of Fungi which is based on i) Thallus organisationii) kinds of asexual sporesiii) presence and absence of sexual reproductioniv) nature of Lifecycle

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1 Zygomycotina ( The conjugation Fungi)

These fungi of terrestrial habitat invade the soil or decaying organic matter

They usually produce asexual spores Zygospores are formed by the fusion of adverse two

compatible gametangia usually an adverse conditions Rhizopus a very common saprotroph grows on bread

jellies syrups leather etc commonly known as bread mould

2 Ascomycotina Sac - fungi is the largest group

Yeast are economically important in the brewing and baking industries

Penicillium are the source of the antibiotic penicillin Aspergillus are used in various industries especially in the

production of organic acids enzymes fats vitamins and minerals and antibiotics

A flavus contaminates ground nuts and other dry foodstuffs and produce aflatoxins whichare carcinogenic in nature

3 Basidiomycotina Club fungi includes over 25 000 species of higher fungi Puccinia and Ustilago are two responsible for

destructive diseases in cereals Agaricus bisporous are used as food as they are rich in

proteins vitamins carbohydrates mineral and amino acids

4 Deuteromycotina Imperfect fungi are considered as the conidial stages of ascomycotina or more whose sexual stages either have not been discovered or not present The parasitic species cause early blight and tikka diseases in

plants and athletes foot skin diseases and pulmonary infection in animals

English Literature

Salvatore Part-1-Salvatore is a man of few words and simple gestures He lives with his fisherman father mother and two younger brothers on an island Italy The story sketches his personality and how he overcomes odds and difficulties in his life with calmness self- control and resilience

At fifteen years of age Salvatore is already a responsible adult and takes care of his younger siblings He enjoys his time at the sea with his father He also finds a beautiful island girl and they get engaged to be married Soon he gets enlisted in the Kingrsquos navy and leaves home with the fleet

Salvatore is homesick and yearns for his beloved o his journeys with the navy On one such journey to China he suffers from rheumatic fever Seemingly an incurable disease he is removed from the navy and returns home He remains upbeat and waits eagerly to have a reunion with people he loves back home

HISTORY TOPIC ndash TERMS AND 1 QUESTION Name the place where the Permanent

EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC ndash TERMS AND CONDITION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793 This was basically an agreement between the Company and Zamindars to fix the land revenue At first it was enacted in Bengal Bihar and Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi

1 Land lords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land They were given hereditary rights

2 The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land

3 The Zamindarrsquos proprietorship would stay as long as they paid the fixed revenue

settlement was enactedAnswer Permanent settlement was first enacted in Bengal Bihar Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi 2 QUESTION Mention the terms and conditions on the basis of which the Permanent Settlement was made with the ZamindarsAnswer Lord Cornwallis made the Permanent settlement on the following terms and condition

1 The Zamindars would hence forth enjoy ownership of land on hereditary basis

2 They could sell mortgage or make a gift of Zamindary right of land

3 So long they would pay the land revenue regularly the authority of their Zamindari rights would be unpeachableTo be continuedhellip

English Language

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

3 I am fond of chocolate

4 We saw a dog near the horse

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions Exercise 21 His condition is deteriorating _____ yesterday2 The fire was still blazing ___ the hill3 When I came my mother was standing ___ the gate4 The soldiers drove ___ the gate5 The judge absolved him ___ any blame6 Are you acquainted ____ those people7 She has adorned her room ___ colourful lights8 The crow flew ___ her head9 It is six oclock ___ my watch10 She has spent all her life ___ Chennai

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

regulate or control the exercise of such powers The executive power relating to foreign and diplomatic affairs is exercised by the Union Government and all diplomatic business is conducted in the name of the President Diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys and consular agents are accredited to him and he sends diplomatic envoys to foreign countries All treaties and international agreements are negotiated and concluded in the name of the President

Diplomatic Powers of the President of IndiaThe president receives ambassadors High Commissioners and diplomatic envoys from foreign nations All treaties and international agreements are concluded in the name of the President The President represents India in International Conferences The President has the powers of appointing Indian Ambassadors to other countries

Judicial PowersThe President has the power to grant pardon reprieves respites amp remission of punishment or to suspend remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence In all cases where the punishment amp sentence is by court martial In all cases where the punishment or sentence for an offence against a law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the Union extends In all cases where the sentence is a death sentence

Execution

Answer the following question-

What are the functions of the President of India

(Homework-learn)Hindi 2nd Lang

विनय क पद तलसीदास

2जाकविय न राम दही तजिजय ताविह कोटी री सम जदयविप परम सनही तजयोविपताहलाद विभीषण बध भरत महतारी बलिल गर तजयो कत बरज बविनतविह भय मद मगलकारक नात नह राम क मनाया सहरद ससय जहा लौ अजन कहा आखजविहफट बह तक कहोकहा लौ तलसीसो सब भावित परमविहतपजय ानतपयारोजासो होय सनह राम पद एतोमतो हमारो

शबदारथ7 ndashदही ndashसीता तजिजय ndash छोड दीजिजए कत ndash पवित बविनतहिह ndash सतरिgtतरयो क दवारासहरद ndashसबधी ससय-सा या आराधना करन योगय अजन ndash सरमा या काजलसनहndash म

वयाखया तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक जिजस राम और सीता विय नही ह ह भल ही अपना विकतना ही विय कयो ना हो उस बहत बड दशमन क समान मानकर कया दना चाविहए कभी अनक उदाहरणो दवारा अपनी बात लिसदध करत ह हलाद न अपनी भलिM का विरोध करन क कारण अपन विपता विहरणयकशयप की आजञा का उललघन विकया रथा विभीषण न अपन बड भाई राण को इस कारण ही छोडा कयोविक ह राम विरोधी रथा राम को बनास दिदलान ाली भरत की माता ककई रथी ह राम विरोधी रथी इसलिलए भरत न अपनी माता का परिरतयाग विकया राजा बलिल न अपन गर का परिरतयाग विकया रथा बरज की सतरिgtतरयो न अपनी पवित का तयाग विकया शरी कषण क म क लिलए उन सभी न अपन परिरजनो को छोडा और उनका कलयाण ही हआ राम क सारथ म का नाता ही सबस बडा नाता ह सबध ह उनस जिजतना अधिधक म कर सकत हो करो उनकी जिजतनी सा कर सकत हो करो ऐस सर म को आख म लगान स कया लाभ जिजसस आख ही फट जाए अरथा7त राम और सीता क विरोधी वयलिMयो स म करन स हाविन ही होती ह तलसीदास जी कहत ह विक और अधिधक कया कह उनकी यह सममवित ह विक जिजसका ाणो स भी विय और पजय शरी राम सgtनहह उसका सबभावित परम विहत होता ह

Math(x) Algebra Quadratic Equation in one variable

Study item Some solved sums from Exercise 511) Check whether the following are quadratic equations(i)radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Solution Given radic3x2 ndash 2x + 35 = 0Or 5radic3x2 ndash 10x + 3 = 0 (multiply bothside by 5 we get)

Which is of the form ax2 + bx+ c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(ii)(2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Solution Given (2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash 4x + 3x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash 2x + x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6x2 ndash 6x ndash 12 Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 ndash 6x2 + 6x + 12 = 0Or 5x + 10 = 0Which is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is not a quadratic equation(iii) (x ndash 3 )3 + 5 = x3 + 7x2 ndash 1 Solution Given (x ndash 3)3 + 5 = x3 +7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 3x23 +3x32 ndash 33 + 5 = x3+7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 9x2 + 27x -22ndash x3 ndash 7x2 + 1 = 0Or - 16x2 + 27x ndash 21 = 0Or - ( 16x2- 27x + 21 ) = 0Or 16x2 ndash 27x + 21 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(iv)x ndash 3x = 2 x not equal to zero(0)Solution Given x ndash 3x = 2Or x2ndash 3x = 2Or x2 ndash 3 = 2xOr x2 ndash 2x ndash 3 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation

English Language

Prepositions A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

1 I am fond of chocolate2 We saw a dog near the

horse

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

Fill in the blanks with preposition Exercise 41 Children are generally fond ___ playing with

fire2 Youth is full ___ hope3 The same legend is handed down ____

father ___ son4 He is proficient ___ the art ___ teaching5 He is very proud __ of his sons ability6 He takes pride __ his sons success7 I am very tired __ my work8 Are you not tired ___ him9 Be sure __ yourself 10 Your position is beset ___ difficulties

Bengali পরবোদপরবচনব যোকরণ

১) আকোসর চা োদ হোস পোওয়ো (অপর যোলি পরোলি ) --- হোরোসনো লেসসক লেপসয় মো লেন আকোসর চা োদ হোস লেপ২) আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক ( আকো পোোসর মসো লিবরোট পরসampদ) ---- আমোসদর ধনী গলিরসবর জীবন োতরো মোসন আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক৩)আনোসগোনো (আো োওয়ো ) ---- োরো লিদনই লেমস-র আনো লেগোনো চস৪) আদো জ লেসয় োগো ( দঢ় ংকলপ লিনসয় কোজ করো ) --- পরীকষো এস লেগ লিদ পো করস চোও

োহস এলিন আদো জ লেসয় লেসগ পস4ো৫) আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক (অপদোরথ9) --- রলিহসমর মসো আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক ংোসর অলপই লেদসলি ndash

লেকব বস4ো বস4ো করথো কোসজর লিক নয়৬) আকো কম ( অবোসতব কলপনো )---- বীর লেোদধো হওয়োর আকো কম কলপনো কসর োamp লেনই লেজন য চোই প যক বোহ ব আর পরসয়োজনীয় পরলিকষন

৭) উততম মধ যম ( পরচনড পরহোর ) --- পো4োর লেোসকরো লেচোরটিসক ধসর উততম মধ যম লিদ৮) উস4ো করথো (গজব) ---- লেসটি লিনরসJ হসয়স লিকনো ampোসো কসর লোোজনোও আসগ ampোসগ উস4ো করথোয় কোন লিদওনো৯) একহোস োলি বোসজনো ( এক পসকষর দবোরো কহ লিববোদ মভব নয় )----রোসজসর করথো শসন লিবনয়সক লেদোষী লেampসবোনো জোসনোসো একহোস োলি বোসজনো১০) কোন ampোরী করো ( অন লেযর লিবরসদধ লেগোপসন লিক বো )---- লিবকো আমোর অনপলিQলিস আমোর

লিবরসদধ মোসয়র কোস লিক কোনampোরী কসরসComputer Application

Chapter 2 Java programming

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screeni 1 21 321 4321 54321Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

ii 54321 5432 543 54 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=5jgt=ij--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

iii 54321 4321

321 21 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=5igt=1i--) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Structure of an ecosystem Ecosystem are composed of the biological community and the the abiotic environment

A natural ecosystem

An ecosystem is composed of two parts -

1 Abiotic components2 Biotic components

Q What are the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem

Ans ndash1 Abiotic ndash

This includes - Elements required in the material cycle that is

nitrogen Phosphorus carbon sulphur Climate of the given region Amount and distribution of inorganic chemicals

like chlorophyll and organic matter such as protein carbohydrates fats

2 Biotic ndash This includes -

Autotrophic components which are mainly in the green plants concerned with fixation of light energy and use of simple inorganic substances to make complex organic ones

Heterotrophic components are concerned with utilisation rearrangement decomposition of matter

Physics Vectors Q a b c are three vectors where a b = a c and ax b = ax c then prove that b = c

Ans a b=iquest ab cosθ a c = ac cosα So ab cosθ = ac cosα =gt b cosθ = c cosα --------- (1)

Also ax b = ab sinθ and ax c = ac sin αSo ab sinθ = ac sin α b sinθ = c sin α ------- (2)

So dividing (2) by (1) we get tanθ = tanα Or θ=α so from equation (1) (2) we have b = c (proved)

HW 1 If a + b + c = 0 show that ax b =bx c = c x a

Biology Topic ndash Chapter ndash06Kingdom Fungi

Today we will discuss about classification of Fungi which is based on i) Thallus organisationii) kinds of asexual sporesiii) presence and absence of sexual reproductioniv) nature of Lifecycle

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1 Zygomycotina ( The conjugation Fungi)

These fungi of terrestrial habitat invade the soil or decaying organic matter

They usually produce asexual spores Zygospores are formed by the fusion of adverse two

compatible gametangia usually an adverse conditions Rhizopus a very common saprotroph grows on bread

jellies syrups leather etc commonly known as bread mould

2 Ascomycotina Sac - fungi is the largest group

Yeast are economically important in the brewing and baking industries

Penicillium are the source of the antibiotic penicillin Aspergillus are used in various industries especially in the

production of organic acids enzymes fats vitamins and minerals and antibiotics

A flavus contaminates ground nuts and other dry foodstuffs and produce aflatoxins whichare carcinogenic in nature

3 Basidiomycotina Club fungi includes over 25 000 species of higher fungi Puccinia and Ustilago are two responsible for

destructive diseases in cereals Agaricus bisporous are used as food as they are rich in

proteins vitamins carbohydrates mineral and amino acids

4 Deuteromycotina Imperfect fungi are considered as the conidial stages of ascomycotina or more whose sexual stages either have not been discovered or not present The parasitic species cause early blight and tikka diseases in

plants and athletes foot skin diseases and pulmonary infection in animals

English Literature

Salvatore Part-1-Salvatore is a man of few words and simple gestures He lives with his fisherman father mother and two younger brothers on an island Italy The story sketches his personality and how he overcomes odds and difficulties in his life with calmness self- control and resilience

At fifteen years of age Salvatore is already a responsible adult and takes care of his younger siblings He enjoys his time at the sea with his father He also finds a beautiful island girl and they get engaged to be married Soon he gets enlisted in the Kingrsquos navy and leaves home with the fleet

Salvatore is homesick and yearns for his beloved o his journeys with the navy On one such journey to China he suffers from rheumatic fever Seemingly an incurable disease he is removed from the navy and returns home He remains upbeat and waits eagerly to have a reunion with people he loves back home

HISTORY TOPIC ndash TERMS AND 1 QUESTION Name the place where the Permanent

EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC ndash TERMS AND CONDITION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793 This was basically an agreement between the Company and Zamindars to fix the land revenue At first it was enacted in Bengal Bihar and Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi

1 Land lords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land They were given hereditary rights

2 The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land

3 The Zamindarrsquos proprietorship would stay as long as they paid the fixed revenue

settlement was enactedAnswer Permanent settlement was first enacted in Bengal Bihar Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi 2 QUESTION Mention the terms and conditions on the basis of which the Permanent Settlement was made with the ZamindarsAnswer Lord Cornwallis made the Permanent settlement on the following terms and condition

1 The Zamindars would hence forth enjoy ownership of land on hereditary basis

2 They could sell mortgage or make a gift of Zamindary right of land

3 So long they would pay the land revenue regularly the authority of their Zamindari rights would be unpeachableTo be continuedhellip

English Language

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

3 I am fond of chocolate

4 We saw a dog near the horse

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions Exercise 21 His condition is deteriorating _____ yesterday2 The fire was still blazing ___ the hill3 When I came my mother was standing ___ the gate4 The soldiers drove ___ the gate5 The judge absolved him ___ any blame6 Are you acquainted ____ those people7 She has adorned her room ___ colourful lights8 The crow flew ___ her head9 It is six oclock ___ my watch10 She has spent all her life ___ Chennai

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

Which is of the form ax2 + bx+ c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(ii)(2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Solution Given (2x + 1)(3x ndash 2 ) = 6(x + 1)(x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash 4x + 3x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash 2x + x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6(x2 ndash x ndash 2 )Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 = 6x2 ndash 6x ndash 12 Or 6x2 ndash x ndash 2 ndash 6x2 + 6x + 12 = 0Or 5x + 10 = 0Which is not of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is not a quadratic equation(iii) (x ndash 3 )3 + 5 = x3 + 7x2 ndash 1 Solution Given (x ndash 3)3 + 5 = x3 +7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 3x23 +3x32 ndash 33 + 5 = x3+7x2 ndash 1 Or x3 ndash 9x2 + 27x -22ndash x3 ndash 7x2 + 1 = 0Or - 16x2 + 27x ndash 21 = 0Or - ( 16x2- 27x + 21 ) = 0Or 16x2 ndash 27x + 21 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation(iv)x ndash 3x = 2 x not equal to zero(0)Solution Given x ndash 3x = 2Or x2ndash 3x = 2Or x2 ndash 3 = 2xOr x2 ndash 2x ndash 3 = 0Which is of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0Therefore the given equation is a quadratic equation

English Language

Prepositions A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

1 I am fond of chocolate2 We saw a dog near the

horse

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

Fill in the blanks with preposition Exercise 41 Children are generally fond ___ playing with

fire2 Youth is full ___ hope3 The same legend is handed down ____

father ___ son4 He is proficient ___ the art ___ teaching5 He is very proud __ of his sons ability6 He takes pride __ his sons success7 I am very tired __ my work8 Are you not tired ___ him9 Be sure __ yourself 10 Your position is beset ___ difficulties

Bengali পরবোদপরবচনব যোকরণ

১) আকোসর চা োদ হোস পোওয়ো (অপর যোলি পরোলি ) --- হোরোসনো লেসসক লেপসয় মো লেন আকোসর চা োদ হোস লেপ২) আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক ( আকো পোোসর মসো লিবরোট পরসampদ) ---- আমোসদর ধনী গলিরসবর জীবন োতরো মোসন আমোন জলিমন ফোরোক৩)আনোসগোনো (আো োওয়ো ) ---- োরো লিদনই লেমস-র আনো লেগোনো চস৪) আদো জ লেসয় োগো ( দঢ় ংকলপ লিনসয় কোজ করো ) --- পরীকষো এস লেগ লিদ পো করস চোও

োহস এলিন আদো জ লেসয় লেসগ পস4ো৫) আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক (অপদোরথ9) --- রলিহসমর মসো আম4ো কোস6র লে7া লিক ংোসর অলপই লেদসলি ndash

লেকব বস4ো বস4ো করথো কোসজর লিক নয়৬) আকো কম ( অবোসতব কলপনো )---- বীর লেোদধো হওয়োর আকো কম কলপনো কসর োamp লেনই লেজন য চোই প যক বোহ ব আর পরসয়োজনীয় পরলিকষন

৭) উততম মধ যম ( পরচনড পরহোর ) --- পো4োর লেোসকরো লেচোরটিসক ধসর উততম মধ যম লিদ৮) উস4ো করথো (গজব) ---- লেসটি লিনরসJ হসয়স লিকনো ampোসো কসর লোোজনোও আসগ ampোসগ উস4ো করথোয় কোন লিদওনো৯) একহোস োলি বোসজনো ( এক পসকষর দবোরো কহ লিববোদ মভব নয় )----রোসজসর করথো শসন লিবনয়সক লেদোষী লেampসবোনো জোসনোসো একহোস োলি বোসজনো১০) কোন ampোরী করো ( অন লেযর লিবরসদধ লেগোপসন লিক বো )---- লিবকো আমোর অনপলিQলিস আমোর

লিবরসদধ মোসয়র কোস লিক কোনampোরী কসরসComputer Application

Chapter 2 Java programming

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screeni 1 21 321 4321 54321Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

ii 54321 5432 543 54 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=5jgt=ij--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

iii 54321 4321

321 21 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=5igt=1i--) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Structure of an ecosystem Ecosystem are composed of the biological community and the the abiotic environment

A natural ecosystem

An ecosystem is composed of two parts -

1 Abiotic components2 Biotic components

Q What are the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem

Ans ndash1 Abiotic ndash

This includes - Elements required in the material cycle that is

nitrogen Phosphorus carbon sulphur Climate of the given region Amount and distribution of inorganic chemicals

like chlorophyll and organic matter such as protein carbohydrates fats

2 Biotic ndash This includes -

Autotrophic components which are mainly in the green plants concerned with fixation of light energy and use of simple inorganic substances to make complex organic ones

Heterotrophic components are concerned with utilisation rearrangement decomposition of matter

Physics Vectors Q a b c are three vectors where a b = a c and ax b = ax c then prove that b = c

Ans a b=iquest ab cosθ a c = ac cosα So ab cosθ = ac cosα =gt b cosθ = c cosα --------- (1)

Also ax b = ab sinθ and ax c = ac sin αSo ab sinθ = ac sin α b sinθ = c sin α ------- (2)

So dividing (2) by (1) we get tanθ = tanα Or θ=α so from equation (1) (2) we have b = c (proved)

HW 1 If a + b + c = 0 show that ax b =bx c = c x a

Biology Topic ndash Chapter ndash06Kingdom Fungi

Today we will discuss about classification of Fungi which is based on i) Thallus organisationii) kinds of asexual sporesiii) presence and absence of sexual reproductioniv) nature of Lifecycle

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1 Zygomycotina ( The conjugation Fungi)

These fungi of terrestrial habitat invade the soil or decaying organic matter

They usually produce asexual spores Zygospores are formed by the fusion of adverse two

compatible gametangia usually an adverse conditions Rhizopus a very common saprotroph grows on bread

jellies syrups leather etc commonly known as bread mould

2 Ascomycotina Sac - fungi is the largest group

Yeast are economically important in the brewing and baking industries

Penicillium are the source of the antibiotic penicillin Aspergillus are used in various industries especially in the

production of organic acids enzymes fats vitamins and minerals and antibiotics

A flavus contaminates ground nuts and other dry foodstuffs and produce aflatoxins whichare carcinogenic in nature

3 Basidiomycotina Club fungi includes over 25 000 species of higher fungi Puccinia and Ustilago are two responsible for

destructive diseases in cereals Agaricus bisporous are used as food as they are rich in

proteins vitamins carbohydrates mineral and amino acids

4 Deuteromycotina Imperfect fungi are considered as the conidial stages of ascomycotina or more whose sexual stages either have not been discovered or not present The parasitic species cause early blight and tikka diseases in

plants and athletes foot skin diseases and pulmonary infection in animals

English Literature

Salvatore Part-1-Salvatore is a man of few words and simple gestures He lives with his fisherman father mother and two younger brothers on an island Italy The story sketches his personality and how he overcomes odds and difficulties in his life with calmness self- control and resilience

At fifteen years of age Salvatore is already a responsible adult and takes care of his younger siblings He enjoys his time at the sea with his father He also finds a beautiful island girl and they get engaged to be married Soon he gets enlisted in the Kingrsquos navy and leaves home with the fleet

Salvatore is homesick and yearns for his beloved o his journeys with the navy On one such journey to China he suffers from rheumatic fever Seemingly an incurable disease he is removed from the navy and returns home He remains upbeat and waits eagerly to have a reunion with people he loves back home

HISTORY TOPIC ndash TERMS AND 1 QUESTION Name the place where the Permanent

EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC ndash TERMS AND CONDITION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793 This was basically an agreement between the Company and Zamindars to fix the land revenue At first it was enacted in Bengal Bihar and Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi

1 Land lords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land They were given hereditary rights

2 The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land

3 The Zamindarrsquos proprietorship would stay as long as they paid the fixed revenue

settlement was enactedAnswer Permanent settlement was first enacted in Bengal Bihar Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi 2 QUESTION Mention the terms and conditions on the basis of which the Permanent Settlement was made with the ZamindarsAnswer Lord Cornwallis made the Permanent settlement on the following terms and condition

1 The Zamindars would hence forth enjoy ownership of land on hereditary basis

2 They could sell mortgage or make a gift of Zamindary right of land

3 So long they would pay the land revenue regularly the authority of their Zamindari rights would be unpeachableTo be continuedhellip

English Language

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

3 I am fond of chocolate

4 We saw a dog near the horse

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions Exercise 21 His condition is deteriorating _____ yesterday2 The fire was still blazing ___ the hill3 When I came my mother was standing ___ the gate4 The soldiers drove ___ the gate5 The judge absolved him ___ any blame6 Are you acquainted ____ those people7 She has adorned her room ___ colourful lights8 The crow flew ___ her head9 It is six oclock ___ my watch10 She has spent all her life ___ Chennai

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

৭) উততম মধ যম ( পরচনড পরহোর ) --- পো4োর লেোসকরো লেচোরটিসক ধসর উততম মধ যম লিদ৮) উস4ো করথো (গজব) ---- লেসটি লিনরসJ হসয়স লিকনো ampোসো কসর লোোজনোও আসগ ampোসগ উস4ো করথোয় কোন লিদওনো৯) একহোস োলি বোসজনো ( এক পসকষর দবোরো কহ লিববোদ মভব নয় )----রোসজসর করথো শসন লিবনয়সক লেদোষী লেampসবোনো জোসনোসো একহোস োলি বোসজনো১০) কোন ampোরী করো ( অন লেযর লিবরসদধ লেগোপসন লিক বো )---- লিবকো আমোর অনপলিQলিস আমোর

লিবরসদধ মোসয়র কোস লিক কোনampোরী কসরসComputer Application

Chapter 2 Java programming

Using nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screeni 1 21 321 4321 54321Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

ii 54321 5432 543 54 5Ans class Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=1ilt=5i++) for(j=5jgt=ij--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

iii 54321 4321

321 21 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=5igt=1i--) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Structure of an ecosystem Ecosystem are composed of the biological community and the the abiotic environment

A natural ecosystem

An ecosystem is composed of two parts -

1 Abiotic components2 Biotic components

Q What are the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem

Ans ndash1 Abiotic ndash

This includes - Elements required in the material cycle that is

nitrogen Phosphorus carbon sulphur Climate of the given region Amount and distribution of inorganic chemicals

like chlorophyll and organic matter such as protein carbohydrates fats

2 Biotic ndash This includes -

Autotrophic components which are mainly in the green plants concerned with fixation of light energy and use of simple inorganic substances to make complex organic ones

Heterotrophic components are concerned with utilisation rearrangement decomposition of matter

Physics Vectors Q a b c are three vectors where a b = a c and ax b = ax c then prove that b = c

Ans a b=iquest ab cosθ a c = ac cosα So ab cosθ = ac cosα =gt b cosθ = c cosα --------- (1)

Also ax b = ab sinθ and ax c = ac sin αSo ab sinθ = ac sin α b sinθ = c sin α ------- (2)

So dividing (2) by (1) we get tanθ = tanα Or θ=α so from equation (1) (2) we have b = c (proved)

HW 1 If a + b + c = 0 show that ax b =bx c = c x a

Biology Topic ndash Chapter ndash06Kingdom Fungi

Today we will discuss about classification of Fungi which is based on i) Thallus organisationii) kinds of asexual sporesiii) presence and absence of sexual reproductioniv) nature of Lifecycle

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1 Zygomycotina ( The conjugation Fungi)

These fungi of terrestrial habitat invade the soil or decaying organic matter

They usually produce asexual spores Zygospores are formed by the fusion of adverse two

compatible gametangia usually an adverse conditions Rhizopus a very common saprotroph grows on bread

jellies syrups leather etc commonly known as bread mould

2 Ascomycotina Sac - fungi is the largest group

Yeast are economically important in the brewing and baking industries

Penicillium are the source of the antibiotic penicillin Aspergillus are used in various industries especially in the

production of organic acids enzymes fats vitamins and minerals and antibiotics

A flavus contaminates ground nuts and other dry foodstuffs and produce aflatoxins whichare carcinogenic in nature

3 Basidiomycotina Club fungi includes over 25 000 species of higher fungi Puccinia and Ustilago are two responsible for

destructive diseases in cereals Agaricus bisporous are used as food as they are rich in

proteins vitamins carbohydrates mineral and amino acids

4 Deuteromycotina Imperfect fungi are considered as the conidial stages of ascomycotina or more whose sexual stages either have not been discovered or not present The parasitic species cause early blight and tikka diseases in

plants and athletes foot skin diseases and pulmonary infection in animals

English Literature

Salvatore Part-1-Salvatore is a man of few words and simple gestures He lives with his fisherman father mother and two younger brothers on an island Italy The story sketches his personality and how he overcomes odds and difficulties in his life with calmness self- control and resilience

At fifteen years of age Salvatore is already a responsible adult and takes care of his younger siblings He enjoys his time at the sea with his father He also finds a beautiful island girl and they get engaged to be married Soon he gets enlisted in the Kingrsquos navy and leaves home with the fleet

Salvatore is homesick and yearns for his beloved o his journeys with the navy On one such journey to China he suffers from rheumatic fever Seemingly an incurable disease he is removed from the navy and returns home He remains upbeat and waits eagerly to have a reunion with people he loves back home

HISTORY TOPIC ndash TERMS AND 1 QUESTION Name the place where the Permanent

EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC ndash TERMS AND CONDITION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793 This was basically an agreement between the Company and Zamindars to fix the land revenue At first it was enacted in Bengal Bihar and Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi

1 Land lords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land They were given hereditary rights

2 The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land

3 The Zamindarrsquos proprietorship would stay as long as they paid the fixed revenue

settlement was enactedAnswer Permanent settlement was first enacted in Bengal Bihar Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi 2 QUESTION Mention the terms and conditions on the basis of which the Permanent Settlement was made with the ZamindarsAnswer Lord Cornwallis made the Permanent settlement on the following terms and condition

1 The Zamindars would hence forth enjoy ownership of land on hereditary basis

2 They could sell mortgage or make a gift of Zamindary right of land

3 So long they would pay the land revenue regularly the authority of their Zamindari rights would be unpeachableTo be continuedhellip

English Language

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

3 I am fond of chocolate

4 We saw a dog near the horse

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions Exercise 21 His condition is deteriorating _____ yesterday2 The fire was still blazing ___ the hill3 When I came my mother was standing ___ the gate4 The soldiers drove ___ the gate5 The judge absolved him ___ any blame6 Are you acquainted ____ those people7 She has adorned her room ___ colourful lights8 The crow flew ___ her head9 It is six oclock ___ my watch10 She has spent all her life ___ Chennai

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

321 21 1Ansclass Sol27 static void main() int ij for(i=5igt=1i--) for(j=ijgt=1j--) Systemoutprint(j) Systemoutprintln()

Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution

EVS Chapter-2 Ecology

Structure of an ecosystem Ecosystem are composed of the biological community and the the abiotic environment

A natural ecosystem

An ecosystem is composed of two parts -

1 Abiotic components2 Biotic components

Q What are the biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem

Ans ndash1 Abiotic ndash

This includes - Elements required in the material cycle that is

nitrogen Phosphorus carbon sulphur Climate of the given region Amount and distribution of inorganic chemicals

like chlorophyll and organic matter such as protein carbohydrates fats

2 Biotic ndash This includes -

Autotrophic components which are mainly in the green plants concerned with fixation of light energy and use of simple inorganic substances to make complex organic ones

Heterotrophic components are concerned with utilisation rearrangement decomposition of matter

Physics Vectors Q a b c are three vectors where a b = a c and ax b = ax c then prove that b = c

Ans a b=iquest ab cosθ a c = ac cosα So ab cosθ = ac cosα =gt b cosθ = c cosα --------- (1)

Also ax b = ab sinθ and ax c = ac sin αSo ab sinθ = ac sin α b sinθ = c sin α ------- (2)

So dividing (2) by (1) we get tanθ = tanα Or θ=α so from equation (1) (2) we have b = c (proved)

HW 1 If a + b + c = 0 show that ax b =bx c = c x a

Biology Topic ndash Chapter ndash06Kingdom Fungi

Today we will discuss about classification of Fungi which is based on i) Thallus organisationii) kinds of asexual sporesiii) presence and absence of sexual reproductioniv) nature of Lifecycle

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1 Zygomycotina ( The conjugation Fungi)

These fungi of terrestrial habitat invade the soil or decaying organic matter

They usually produce asexual spores Zygospores are formed by the fusion of adverse two

compatible gametangia usually an adverse conditions Rhizopus a very common saprotroph grows on bread

jellies syrups leather etc commonly known as bread mould

2 Ascomycotina Sac - fungi is the largest group

Yeast are economically important in the brewing and baking industries

Penicillium are the source of the antibiotic penicillin Aspergillus are used in various industries especially in the

production of organic acids enzymes fats vitamins and minerals and antibiotics

A flavus contaminates ground nuts and other dry foodstuffs and produce aflatoxins whichare carcinogenic in nature

3 Basidiomycotina Club fungi includes over 25 000 species of higher fungi Puccinia and Ustilago are two responsible for

destructive diseases in cereals Agaricus bisporous are used as food as they are rich in

proteins vitamins carbohydrates mineral and amino acids

4 Deuteromycotina Imperfect fungi are considered as the conidial stages of ascomycotina or more whose sexual stages either have not been discovered or not present The parasitic species cause early blight and tikka diseases in

plants and athletes foot skin diseases and pulmonary infection in animals

English Literature

Salvatore Part-1-Salvatore is a man of few words and simple gestures He lives with his fisherman father mother and two younger brothers on an island Italy The story sketches his personality and how he overcomes odds and difficulties in his life with calmness self- control and resilience

At fifteen years of age Salvatore is already a responsible adult and takes care of his younger siblings He enjoys his time at the sea with his father He also finds a beautiful island girl and they get engaged to be married Soon he gets enlisted in the Kingrsquos navy and leaves home with the fleet

Salvatore is homesick and yearns for his beloved o his journeys with the navy On one such journey to China he suffers from rheumatic fever Seemingly an incurable disease he is removed from the navy and returns home He remains upbeat and waits eagerly to have a reunion with people he loves back home

HISTORY TOPIC ndash TERMS AND 1 QUESTION Name the place where the Permanent

EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC ndash TERMS AND CONDITION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793 This was basically an agreement between the Company and Zamindars to fix the land revenue At first it was enacted in Bengal Bihar and Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi

1 Land lords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land They were given hereditary rights

2 The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land

3 The Zamindarrsquos proprietorship would stay as long as they paid the fixed revenue

settlement was enactedAnswer Permanent settlement was first enacted in Bengal Bihar Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi 2 QUESTION Mention the terms and conditions on the basis of which the Permanent Settlement was made with the ZamindarsAnswer Lord Cornwallis made the Permanent settlement on the following terms and condition

1 The Zamindars would hence forth enjoy ownership of land on hereditary basis

2 They could sell mortgage or make a gift of Zamindary right of land

3 So long they would pay the land revenue regularly the authority of their Zamindari rights would be unpeachableTo be continuedhellip

English Language

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

3 I am fond of chocolate

4 We saw a dog near the horse

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions Exercise 21 His condition is deteriorating _____ yesterday2 The fire was still blazing ___ the hill3 When I came my mother was standing ___ the gate4 The soldiers drove ___ the gate5 The judge absolved him ___ any blame6 Are you acquainted ____ those people7 She has adorned her room ___ colourful lights8 The crow flew ___ her head9 It is six oclock ___ my watch10 She has spent all her life ___ Chennai

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

HW 1 If a + b + c = 0 show that ax b =bx c = c x a

Biology Topic ndash Chapter ndash06Kingdom Fungi

Today we will discuss about classification of Fungi which is based on i) Thallus organisationii) kinds of asexual sporesiii) presence and absence of sexual reproductioniv) nature of Lifecycle

CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI

1 Zygomycotina ( The conjugation Fungi)

These fungi of terrestrial habitat invade the soil or decaying organic matter

They usually produce asexual spores Zygospores are formed by the fusion of adverse two

compatible gametangia usually an adverse conditions Rhizopus a very common saprotroph grows on bread

jellies syrups leather etc commonly known as bread mould

2 Ascomycotina Sac - fungi is the largest group

Yeast are economically important in the brewing and baking industries

Penicillium are the source of the antibiotic penicillin Aspergillus are used in various industries especially in the

production of organic acids enzymes fats vitamins and minerals and antibiotics

A flavus contaminates ground nuts and other dry foodstuffs and produce aflatoxins whichare carcinogenic in nature

3 Basidiomycotina Club fungi includes over 25 000 species of higher fungi Puccinia and Ustilago are two responsible for

destructive diseases in cereals Agaricus bisporous are used as food as they are rich in

proteins vitamins carbohydrates mineral and amino acids

4 Deuteromycotina Imperfect fungi are considered as the conidial stages of ascomycotina or more whose sexual stages either have not been discovered or not present The parasitic species cause early blight and tikka diseases in

plants and athletes foot skin diseases and pulmonary infection in animals

English Literature

Salvatore Part-1-Salvatore is a man of few words and simple gestures He lives with his fisherman father mother and two younger brothers on an island Italy The story sketches his personality and how he overcomes odds and difficulties in his life with calmness self- control and resilience

At fifteen years of age Salvatore is already a responsible adult and takes care of his younger siblings He enjoys his time at the sea with his father He also finds a beautiful island girl and they get engaged to be married Soon he gets enlisted in the Kingrsquos navy and leaves home with the fleet

Salvatore is homesick and yearns for his beloved o his journeys with the navy On one such journey to China he suffers from rheumatic fever Seemingly an incurable disease he is removed from the navy and returns home He remains upbeat and waits eagerly to have a reunion with people he loves back home

HISTORY TOPIC ndash TERMS AND 1 QUESTION Name the place where the Permanent

EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC ndash TERMS AND CONDITION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793 This was basically an agreement between the Company and Zamindars to fix the land revenue At first it was enacted in Bengal Bihar and Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi

1 Land lords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land They were given hereditary rights

2 The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land

3 The Zamindarrsquos proprietorship would stay as long as they paid the fixed revenue

settlement was enactedAnswer Permanent settlement was first enacted in Bengal Bihar Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi 2 QUESTION Mention the terms and conditions on the basis of which the Permanent Settlement was made with the ZamindarsAnswer Lord Cornwallis made the Permanent settlement on the following terms and condition

1 The Zamindars would hence forth enjoy ownership of land on hereditary basis

2 They could sell mortgage or make a gift of Zamindary right of land

3 So long they would pay the land revenue regularly the authority of their Zamindari rights would be unpeachableTo be continuedhellip

English Language

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

3 I am fond of chocolate

4 We saw a dog near the horse

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions Exercise 21 His condition is deteriorating _____ yesterday2 The fire was still blazing ___ the hill3 When I came my mother was standing ___ the gate4 The soldiers drove ___ the gate5 The judge absolved him ___ any blame6 Are you acquainted ____ those people7 She has adorned her room ___ colourful lights8 The crow flew ___ her head9 It is six oclock ___ my watch10 She has spent all her life ___ Chennai

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

EMERGENCE OF COLONIAL ECONOMYSUB TOPIC ndash TERMS AND CONDITION OF THE PERMANENT SETTLEMENT

CONDITIONS OF PERMANENT SETTLEMENTThe permanent settlement of Bengal was brought into effect by the East India Company headed by the Governor-General Lord Cornwallis in 1793 This was basically an agreement between the Company and Zamindars to fix the land revenue At first it was enacted in Bengal Bihar and Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi

1 Land lords or Zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land They were given hereditary rights

2 The Zamindars could sell or transfer the land

3 The Zamindarrsquos proprietorship would stay as long as they paid the fixed revenue

settlement was enactedAnswer Permanent settlement was first enacted in Bengal Bihar Odisha This was later followed in Northern Madras Presidency and Varanasi 2 QUESTION Mention the terms and conditions on the basis of which the Permanent Settlement was made with the ZamindarsAnswer Lord Cornwallis made the Permanent settlement on the following terms and condition

1 The Zamindars would hence forth enjoy ownership of land on hereditary basis

2 They could sell mortgage or make a gift of Zamindary right of land

3 So long they would pay the land revenue regularly the authority of their Zamindari rights would be unpeachableTo be continuedhellip

English Language

PREPOSITIONS

A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show in what relation the person or thing denoted by it stands in regard to something elseExamples

3 I am fond of chocolate

4 We saw a dog near the horse

Fill in the blanks with appropriate Prepositions Exercise 21 His condition is deteriorating _____ yesterday2 The fire was still blazing ___ the hill3 When I came my mother was standing ___ the gate4 The soldiers drove ___ the gate5 The judge absolved him ___ any blame6 Are you acquainted ____ those people7 She has adorned her room ___ colourful lights8 The crow flew ___ her head9 It is six oclock ___ my watch10 She has spent all her life ___ Chennai

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

In sentence 1 the word of shows the relation between the objective formed and chocolateIn sentence 2 to the word near shows the relation between dog and horse therefore of and near are prepositions

COMMERCE

CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS ACTIVITIES

Now let us start our class by discussing AIDS TO TRADEAids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers

The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow a days goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk examplerisk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance

Questions1 What do you mean by aids to tradeAnswer Aids to trade refer to the activities essential for smooth flow of goods from producers to consumers2 What are the main aids to tradeAnswer The main aids to trade are given below

iTransportation It refers to the conveyance of goods and passengers from one place to another It facilitates trade by assembling and distributing goodsiiWarehousingNow dayrsquos goods are produced in anticipation of demand It is therefore necessary to store and preserve until they are sold

iiiInsurance Business involves several types of risk example risk arising from price fluctuation dishonesty of employees bad debts exchange rate fluctuations loss of goods in transit and storage fire flood etc insurance removes the hindrance of risk

ivBanking amp finance there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goods It takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

there is usually a time gap between production or purchase and sale of goodsIt takes ties time to collect money after sale of goods on creditDuring this period businessman needs finance to carry on their business activities Banks and other financial institutions provide funds and credits to businessman

v Advertising and publicityAdvertising and publicity inform the consumers about the availability Of various products and servicesThey remove the hindrance of knowledgeAdvertising educates consumers about the use of products and provides them greater satisfactionvi Packaging Proper packing of goods is essential for efficient tradePacking attract consumers to buy goodsProper packing prevents damage to good in the process of transport and warehousing

ECONOMICS

TYPES OF ECONOMIES

Now we shall start our class by discussing economies on the basis of ownership

Socialist economy or command economy

Now let us discuss

Question1 Briefly explain the merits of socialist economyAnswer the merits of socialist economy Merits of socialist economyi Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resourcesii Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

the merits and demerits of socialist economy or command economy

Merits of socialist economy1 Optimum utilization of resources Socialist Economy ensures optimum utilization of all human and natural resources2 Satisfaction of Consumersrsquo need Since production of goods and services are according to societyrsquos need and not according to the needs of the rich people the real needs of the people in the society get satisfied3Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealth4Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economy5Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

Demerits of socialist economy1 Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to

iii Equal Distribution of income and wealth A socialist Economy brings about comparative equality of income and wealthiv Elimination of economic Instability A socialist economy is able to prevent economic instability in the economyv Elimination of Class struggle A Socialist society is a classless society Therefore there is no scope for class struggle in such a society

2 Briefly explain the demerits of socialist economyAnswerDemerits of socialist economyi Loss of Efficiency A Socialist economy may not lead to attainment of maximum efficiency because there is a lack of appropriate incentive system to motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiencyii Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hardiii Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedomiv Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economyv Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

motivate people to work hard and improve their efficiency2 Loss of incentives Abolition of private property free enterprise and competition reduces the incentives to work hard3 Loss of Freedom In a Socialist set up the freedom of occupation is absent People do not enjoy political and civil freedom4 Loss of Consumersrsquo sovereignty In socialism consumer is no longer the king as he usually is in capitalist economy5 Inaccurate calculation of cost In a socialist system resources are in the hands of the government Government is not competent to correctly calculate price of factors and services

BUSINESS STUDIES

MANAGER AND MANAGERIAL ROLES

Revision

As we have finished the topic lsquomanager and managerial rolesrsquo now let us revise the chapter quickly and I want you all to solve the questions again in your exercise copies

1What do you mean by management2Explain the characteristics of management3Why is lsquomanagement is both a science and an artrsquo-explain4Explain the informational roles played by a manager5Explain the Mintzbergrsquos interpersonal roles of a manager6Explain the decisional roles played by a manager

BENGALI(2ND LANGUAGE)

পরথমঅধযায় -ঠাকরদারবীনদরনাথঠাকর

ldquoলিদও নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লিহ আমোসদর বং ম9োদোর নোই হইস পোসরনো রথোলিপrdquo- ক) বকতো লেককোসক উসJ কসর বসসন লেকন বসসন)বকতোর করথোয় উলিJষট বলিকত কী বসন

উ-ক) আসোচ গসলপর বকতো হসন গলপ করথকগলপ করথক নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোর 6োকরদো কৈকো বোবসক উসJ কসর বসসনবকতোর লেকৌকলিপরয় ো কসমর লেকোম পরোসন আ-ো কসর কসমর অলিampসোসগ বকতো লিকই বস পোসরন নো অনসোচনোয় দগধ হসয় বকতো লিনষকলি পোবোর উপোয় লিহোসব 6োকরদোর কোস কসমর জন পোলিণ পরোরথ9নো কসর বসন বসন লিদও নয়নসজোস4র জলিমদোসরর সZ া োসদর জলিমদোসরর নো হয় নো-বও লিদ 6োকরদো রোলিজ রথোসকন সব লে কমসক লিবসয় করস রোলিজ আসন

) বকতোর করথোয় 6োকরদো অলিampamp হসয় পস4ন পরসতোব লেষ হওয়োর োসরথ োসরথই 6োকরদো করথকসক আলিZন

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

কসরন এবং বসন া োর এমন লেৌampোগ হসব ো লিলিন জোনসন নো া োর কম অসনক লেৌampোগ কসরস 6োকরদো এই পররথম সবীকোর করসন লে লিলিন গরীব-করথকসক লেপসয় নয়নসজোস4র বোবসদর লেগৌরব হোলিন হয়লিন করথক ন 6োকরদোসক অপদQ করবোর চকরোনত কসরলি- লিনরীহ অহোয় 6োকরদো ন করথকসক পোতর লিহোসব পোবোর জন একোনত মসন পরোরথ9নো কসরলিসন

Hindi 2nd Lang

सारा आकाश (राजदर याद)

पा7ध7 दसरा( दसरा अधयाय) म भा स बोला ही नही ह जगल म लिसर रख खडी-खडी सो गई रथी म मन ही मन हो रहा रथा रहा नारी अधकार ह नारी मह ह नारी माया ह नारी दत की तरफ उठत परष को राकषस क गहर अध कए म डाल दती ह मरा भविषय मर हारथ म ह इस कमर म आन स पहल म सोच रहा रथा विक भा नध की तरह गठरी बनी होगी उसी साज सजजा स मरा gtागत करन को तयार होगी उस दख कर म चौक गया कपड तो स ही पहन रथ जस विाहो म पहनाई जात ह लविकन मर खाट पर बठ जान क पशचात भीह जगल म शर रख स ही खडी रही म चपचाप चारपाई पर दीार की तरफ मह करक लट गया मझ आशका हो रही रथी विक मरी इस कठोरता पर ह फट-फटकर रो पडगी ह पछगी मझ दासी स कया अपराध हआ

समय य ही गजरता गया मन न पछा म यहा आया ही कयो ना बोलना ना gtागत कया यह मरा अपमान नही ह यह तो सरासर अपमान ह मन सोचा रथा विक हम लिशकषिकषत ह पर मरा यह अपमान म यहा आया ही कयो मर घर क लोग अनपढ ह ह मदिkक तकपडी ह इसी का गमान हो गया यही आजकल की लिशकषा ह ना विकसी का लिलहाज ना हया समझती ह दसर लडको की तरह म इस मना लगा खशामद करगा कयामत तक तो यह मौका आएगा ही नही म झक लगा नही आज का झकना जिजदगी भर का बाल ए जान हो जाएगा आज तो विबलली मझ ही मारनी हयह शायद सोच रही ह विक म जाकर मनाऊगा तभी उसकी आलिशषटताकी ओर मरा धयान गया विक मर आन पर नमgtकार णाम कछ नही यही तमीज और अदब लिसखाया ह घरालो न उस समय तो बड ग7 स कहा रथा विक हमारी लडकी मदिkक तक पढी हदिदमाग हटा स परशान हो उठा रथा म भडक स विकाड खोल कर बाहर विनकल आया म सीदिढया चढकर छत पर आ गया सभी लोग सो रह रथ इस वयहार को म भल नही पाऊगा इसी वयहार न एकबरज मख को लिसदध कवि कालिलदास बना दिदया रथाअब इस अपमान का बदला म विकस रप म झकाता ह यह मर परथभरषट होन का ही दड ह कही पढा रथा अपमान स बढकर ससार म कोई ऐसी शलिM नही ह जो मनषय की सचची आतमा को खीचकर बाहर ल जा सक

शबदारथ7 ndashजयोवितरलय ndashया चमक का घरा कौतहलndashजिजजञासा लकषय ndashउददशयबपढ- अनपढ अदब-सममान बालजानndashमशकिशकल काय7नीहारिरकाओ- आकाश म चमकती तारो की हिपड रखा

Computer Science

History amp development of Java

Java is an object-oriented programming language developed by James Gosling and colleagues at Sun Microsystems in the early 1990s Java is only distantly related to JavaScript though they have similar names and share a C-like syntax History Java was started as a project called Oak by James Gosling in June 1991

Different types of Java ProgrammingJava is a robust general-purpose high-level programming language and a powerful software platform It is also object-oriented distributed portable and multi-threaded Java follows the Write-once-run- anywhere (WORA) approach All Java programs must run on the Java platform that has two components the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and the Java Application Programming Interface (API)

Java stand-alone applications The Java stand-alone applications are the programs written in Java to carry out certain tasks These applications run directly by the Java interpreter A standalone application should be delivered and installed on each computer before it is run It can have either a Command-Line Interface (CLI) or Graphical User Interface (GUI) You have already used a number of stand-alone applications such as text editors word processors and games applications

Java Applets An applet is a small Java program that is embedded in an HTML page and is executed by using a Java-enabled web browser (Eg Netscape and Hot Java) or a tool such as an applet viewer An applet is embedded in a HTML page using the ltappletgt or ltobjectgt tag and hosted on a web server When a user accesses an HTML page that contains an embedded applet the applet code is downloaded to the web browser (client) along with the requested webpage and is eventually executed there under the control of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) installed in the web browser

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

The major features of Java programming Object Oriented In Java everything is an Object Platform Independent Unlike many other programming languages including C and

C++ when Java is compiled it is not compiled into platform specific machine rather into platform-independent byte code

Simple Secure Architecture-neutral Portable Robust Multithreaded

Compiler vs Interpreter

Compiler and Interpreter are two different ways to execute a program written in a programming or scripting language

A compiler takes entire program and converts it into object code which is typically stored in a file The object code is also refereed as binary code and can be directly executed by the machine after linking Examples of compiled programming languages are C and C++

An Interpreter directly executes instructions written in a programming or scripting language without previously converting them to an object code or machine code Examples of interpreted languages are Perl Python and Matlab

Following are some interesting facts about interpreters and compilers

1) Both compilers and interpreters convert source code (text files) into tokens both may generate a parse tree and both may generate immediate instructions The basic difference is that a compiler system including a (built in or separate) linker generates a stand alone machine code program while an interpreter system instead performs the actions described by the high level program

2) Once a program is compiled its source code is not useful for running the code For interpreted programs the source code is needed to run the program every time

3) In general interpreted programs run slower than the compiled programs

4) Java programs are first compiled to an intermediate form then interpreted by the interpreter

Byte code and JVM

Java BytecodeJava bytecode is the instruction set for the Java Virtual Machine It acts similar to an assembler which is an alias representation of a C++ code As soon as a java program is compiled java bytecode is generated In more apt terms java bytecode is the machine code in the form of a class file With the help of java bytecode we achieve platform independence in java

How does it work

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

When we write a program in Java firstly the compiler compiles that program and a bytecode is generated for that piece of code When we wish to run this class file on any other platform we can do so After the first compilation the bytecode generated is now run by the Java Virtual Machine and not the processor in consideration This

essentially means that we only need to have basic java installation on any platforms that we want to run our code on Resources required to run the bytecode are made available by theJava Virtual Machine which calls the processor to allocate the required resources JVMs are stack-based so they stack implementation to read the codes

Class ndash XIDate - 1252020Subject Topic Summary ExecutionAccounts Trial Balance Question

Following balances were extracted from the books of SPal on 31st March2020 You are required to prepare a Trial Balance The amount required to balance should be entered as capital

Particulars Rs Particulars RsPurchasesStock (142019)SalesDiscount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for Depreciation on Machinery

17000024000

1050003500

700

3500124500

24200

DrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad Debts Written offProvision for doubtful Debts

77003500

52800016100

2800

1400

175002100

2450

2380

Solution

Trial Balance of S PalAs on 31st March 2020

Heads of Accounts LF DebitRs

CreditRs

PurchasesStock (142019)SalesSundry Debtors

17000024000

23800105000

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

Discount ReceivedCarriage OutwardsCash in HandMachineryProvision for DepreciationDrawingsReturns InwardPremisesSundry CreditorsDiscount AllowedCarriage InwardsCash at BankGeneral ExpensesBad DebtsProvision for Doubtful DebtsCapital (Balancing Figure)

7003500124500

77003500528000

280014001750021002450

911950

3500

24200

16100

2380760770911950

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

Note Generally in Trial Balance there will be no Balancing Figure Total of both Debit and Credit side will be equal However sometimes it may happen that the total may not match then the difference will be treated as suspense But in our question it has entered into Capital( as per mentioned in question)

Class XIISubject Topic Summary Execution

Business Studies

Staff Selection

Today we will discuss the following selection procedures in details ------

Preliminary screening

Application Blank

Selection Test Final

Interview Group

Discussion

1st stage Preliminary ScreeningIt is essentially to check whether the candidates fulfills the minimum qualifications It aims to eliminate the totally unsuitable candidates Candidates possessing the minimum qualifications and having some chance of being selected are given the prescribed application form known as application blank

2nd stage Application BlankApplication form contains columns for nameageaddresseducationjob experience etc of candidates A variety of application form should provide all the relevant information about the candidate Application blank is an important step in selection procedure since it provides a detailed and permanent record about the candidate

3rd stage Selection TestsAfter scrutinizing the application a list of those candidates is prepared who will be tested and interviewed These tests are based on the assumption that human trait and work behavior can be predicted by sampling Various types of tests are used to judge the qualities of candidates Tests are helpful in measuring a candidates suitability for the job and in establishing standard of job performance

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

4th stage Final Interview It involves a face-to-face conversion between the employer and the candidates The selectors ask job related and general questions Interview is the most widely used step in employee selection because there are some qualities which can be judged only through face-to-face talk with candidates

COMMERCE

SOURCES OF FINANCE FOR A JOINT STOCK COMPANY

As we have discussed earlier that

lsquoA joint stock company requires long term financersquo-

1lond term finance Equity shares Preference

shares Retained

earnings Debentures Loans from

commercial banks

Loans from financial institutions

Now as we have completed discussing equity shares let us discuss Preference shares in detail

Now let us start with the advantages and disadvantages of preference shares

The advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of view1Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debentures2No burden on profits preference shares donot put a

Questions1What are the advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewAnswerThe advantages of preference share from the companyrsquos point of viewi Appeal to cautious investors Preference shares greatly appeal to those inventors who look for reasonable safety of their capital along with a fixed but higher return than that obtainable on debenturesiiNo burden on profits preference shares donot put a fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profitsiii No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of controliv No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the companyv Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed

2What are the disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointAnswer Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos viewpointiCostly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debenturesiiPermanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity shareiii Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictionsiv Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

fixed burden on finances as dividends are payable only out of profits3 No interference in management Generally preference shares donot carry voting rights There is no dilution of control4 No charge on assets issue of preference shared do not involve any mortgage or charge on the assets of the company5 Trading on equity Rate of dividend on preference shares is fixed From InvestorsShareholders point of viewaInvestors get a more stable and regular dividend before payment of equity dividendb The risk involved is comparatively less because preference share capital is payable before equity share capital on the winding up of the companyc Preference shareholders can expect to get back their investment after a certain time period but preference shares cannot be issued for a period of more than twenty yearsd In case of cumulative preference shares the arrears of dividend also accumulate and are payable in future

Disadvantages of Preference shares from the companyrsquos

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

viewpoint1Costly source the cost raising finance through preference shares is greater than that of debentures2Permanent burden Dividend on preference shares has to be paid at a fixed rate before any dividend is paid an equity share3 Legal formalities Redemption of preference shares involves several legal restrictions4 Low appeal Preference shares have a little appeal to investors Cautious and conservative investors prefer debentures

From Shareholders Investors point viewpoint1Preference shares do not carry any voting rights in the normal course2 Holders of redeemable preference shares have to face yet another unpleasant prospect3 Preference shareholders do not get the benefit of appreciation in their investment4 payment of dividend on preference shares is not guaranteed Rate of dividend is generally modest

English Literature

The Sound Machine by Roald Dahl

Part-1-lsquoThe Sound Machinersquo by Roald Dahl published in his collection ldquoThe Complete Short Storiesrdquo in 1949 is about Klausner and his obsession with soundsAccording to the protagonist Klausner there are sounds which are inaudible to the human ear and he wants to develop a machine which can record these inaudible sounds he spends hours developing it At first what appeared to be an innocent wish

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

has now turned into an obsession Klausner wants to hear the sounds made by bats flies and even plants According to him the plants make painful shrieking noises when they are cutOne day he takes his machine out into the garden to test his theory He is rather pensive about the outcome What if his theory is wrong or even if it proves to be true then whatrsquos next These are the thoughts circling his mind

2nd language(hindi)

जाग तझको दर जाना( महादी मा7)

4जर का फल एक छोट अशरकण म धो गलायादख विकस जीन सधा दो घट मदिदरा माग लाया

सो गई आधी मलय की बात का उपाधान ल कयाविशव का अकषिभशाप कयाविफर नीद बनकर पासआया

अमरता सतर चाहता कयो मतय को उर म बसानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7जर- कठोर पतथर उर- हरदय अशर कण-आस की बदजीन सधा-सहारा मदिदरा-शराब मलय- दकषिकषण भारत का एक प7तात-हा उपाधान ndashसहारा अकषिभषाप- धिमथया आरोपलिचर नीद मौत अमरता सत-अमर पतर मतय कोउरम बसाना- मतय को गल लगाना

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म महादी मा7 मतय स ना डरन की रणा दत हए पछ रह ह विक कया कठोर पतथर का हदय एक आस की बद स विपघल गया कया कोई विकसी को जीन रपी अमत दन क लिलए दो घट मदिदरा बागला या कया कभी मलय विगरी की आधी कल ाय का सहारा लकर शात हो जाता ह कया ससार का बडा शौक मौत बनकर पास आया मनषयतो परमातमा का अमर पतर हह मतय को दिदल म कयो बसाना चाहता ह ह मतय स कयो डर रहा ह ह मान त जाग तझ तो अपनी मजिजल तक जान क लिलए बडी दर जाना ह

5कहन ठडी सास म अब भल ह जलती कहानीआग को उर म तभी दग म सजगा आज पानी

हार भी तरी बनगी माननीय की पताकाराख कषकषिणक पतग की ह अमर दीपक की विनशानी

ह तझ अगार सया पर मदल कलिलया विबछानाजाग तझको दर जाना

शबदारथ7 ndashठडी सास-आह जलती कहानी- मखय बाद उर- हरदयदरग ndash आख माविननी- मान ाली जय की पताका-विजय का झडाअगार शयया ndashअगारो की सज मदल कलिलयाndashकोमल कलिलया या सख

वयाखया ndash gtतत पलिMयो म कवितरी मान स कहती ह विक जीन एक सघष7 ह जिजस लोग दखो स भरा कहत ह ठडी आह भरत हए यह मत कहो विक इस भल जाओ यदिद दिदल म आग हो तो आखो म पानी अशय सजगा यदिद जीन म सफलता भी धिमली तो ह मान ाली जीत का झडा बनगी भल ही पतग का दीपक जलकर कषण भर म राख बन गया पर ह अमर दीपक म अमर तक आ गया अमर हो गया ह मान तझ भी जीन रपी आग क अगारो की सया पर कोमल कलिलया विबछान होगी जाग तझ अपनी मजिजल म पर पहचन क लिलए दर जाना ह|

Mathematics

Continuity and differentiability

Derivative of one function with respect to another functionLet u(x) and v(x) be two functions and they are differentiable wtith respect to x We need to find differentiation of u(x) with respect to v(x) Now if we take y=u(x) amp z= v(x) Then

Example Find the derivative of tan x with respect to sin x Solution Let y= tan x and z= sin xTherefore dydx=ddx(tan x) =sec2 xand dzdx=ddx(sin x) = cos xNow dydz=(dydx) (dxdz) =sec2 xcos x= sec3 x Example Find d2 ydx2 if y = x3+ tan xSolution Given that y = x3+ tan x Then dydx=3x2+ sec2xd2ydx2 =ddx(3x2 + sec2 x) = 6x + 2 sec x sec x tan x = 6x + 2 sec2 x tan x Example If y = A sin x + B cos x then prove that d2ydx2+y = 0Solution We have dydx = A cos x ndash B sin xd2ydx2 = ddx(A cos x- B sin x) = ndash A sin x ndash B cos x = ndash y

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

dydx= u(x) and dzdx=v(x) Therefore dydz= (dydx) (dxdz) = u(x) v(x) Second Order DerivativeLet y = f (x) Then dydx = f (x) (1)primeIf f (x) is primedifferentiable we may differentiate (1) again wrt x Then the left hand side becomes ddx(dydx) which is called the second order derivative of y wrt x and is denoted by d2ydx2 The second order derivative of f (x) is denoted by f Prime(x) It is also denoted by D2y or yPrime or y2 if y = f (x) We remark that higher order derivatives may be defined similarly

Therefore d2ydx2 +y=0 [proved]Example If y = sin-1 x show that (1 ndash x2)(d2ydx2 ) -x(dydx) =0Solution Given that y = sin-1 x we have y1 =1radic(1-x2 ) Or (1-x2 ) y1

2=1Or -2x y1

2 +(1-x2 ) 2y1 y2=0Hence (1 ndash x2) y2ndash xy1= 0 [proved]

History TOPIC- Cabinet Mission Plan SUB-TOPIC Proposals of Cabinet Mission Plan

The Cabinet Mission recommended a federal union to which the Indian princely states could accede laterThere was to be a division of federal and provisional powersThe Central government should be in charge of foreign affairs defense and communication The provinces should enjoy all the powers

Proposals of the Cabinet Mission Planhelliphellip4 Each group had the right to opt out of Federal Union after election of the Legislative council under the new constitution Each Group was to settle its own constitution5 For the election of the Constitution ndash making body three main communities namely General ( all persons who are not Muslims and Sikhs) Muslims and Sikhs were recognized Each Group would elect its own representatives by the method of proportional representation with the single transferable vote6 The Constitution making body would conclude a treaty with Great Britain to provide for certain matters arising out of transfer of power India would be free to decide to decide whether it would remain within British Common Wealth or secede from it7 During the Constitution making the Cabinet Mission proposed the formation of an interim Government at the Centre with the support of the major political parties of India

PHYSICS ElectricPotential Q Three point charges q2q8q are to be

placed on a 9cm stline Find the positions where the charges should be placed such that potential energy of the system is minimum

Ans 8q q 2q

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

X

(9-x)9cm

For minimum potential energy the charges of maximum magnitude should be the farthest apart So 8q2q are at the ends of 9cm st line at a distance x from q so 2q charge is at distance (9-x) from q So Potential energy due to these charges U = 1

4 πϵ [ 8q x qxlowast001 + 2q xq

(9minusx )lowast001 + 8q x2q9 x001 ]

Or U = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [ 4

x + 19minusx + 8

9 ] Now PE (U) is minimum if dUdx = 0

So dUdx = 2qlowastq4 πϵlowast001 [- 4

xlowastx - 1

(9minusx )lowast(9minusx) ] =0So x = 6 cm or 18 cmBut x=18cm is not possible as maximum distance between charges is 9cm hence x = 6cm (Ans)

HW The diameter of a hollow metallic sphere is 60cm and it carries charge of 500microC Calculate electric field and potential i) on the surface ii) at 10cm from center of sphere

Subject-Political Science

TopicFranchise and Representation

Political Parties In our country there are several political parties that stand for the election The presence of the political party is actually a healthy situation for the nation It gives people a choice to make a more evolved and effective decision Moreover it drives the other political parties to get better than their competitors to win elections and rule the nation So this is the basic backdrop of political parties But what is a political party Why do we need a political party Letrsquos find out

Introduction to Political Party A political party basically is a group of people These people come together to contest elections in order to hold power in the government It is a way to mobilize voters to support common sets of interests concerns and goals The primary role of the political party is to fix the political agenda and policies So each party tries to persuade people by claiming their policies are better thanthose of other parties In a broader perspective a political party is a means via which the people can speak to

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

the government and have a say in the governance of any country So every political party must have three key components

Leaders Active Members Followers

Functions of a Political Party Every political party has a number of functions to perform Here we have listed some of them A political party contests elections by putting up candidates In countries like the USA the candidates are selected by members and supporters of a party On the other hand in countries like India the candidates are chosen by top party leaders Every party has different policies and programmes Voters make a choice in accordance with the policies and programmes liked by them In a democratic country a large group of people that has certain similar opinions group together and form a party Then then give a direction to the policies adopted by the government

Those parties which lose elections form the opposition They voice different views and criticise the government for their failures and mobilize opposition to the government Political parties shape public opinion With the help of the pressure groups the parties launch movements for solving problems faced by the people Parties even offer access to government machinery and welfare schemes The local party leader serves as a link between the citizen and the government officer

Importance of Political Parties A democracy cannot exist without the presence of a political party This is clear from the function performed by the political parties In case there are no political parties thenEvery candidate in the election would be an independent candidate Any individual candidate does not have the efficiency to promise any major policy change to the people In such a scenario no one will be responsible for how the country is run In the long run only a representative democracy can survive Political parties are the agencies that gather different views on various issues and present them to the government

Party System There are three types of party systems One-Party System Two-Party System Multi-Party System

One-Party System In a one-party system there is no competition in this system Here the lone party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices ie Not to vote at all orwrite lsquoyesrsquo or lsquonorsquo against the name of the candidates nominated by the party Such a political system has been prominent in authoritarian regimes and communist countries such as China North Korea and Cuba Before the collapse of communism this system was also prevalent in USSR

Two-Party System In a two-party system the power shifts between two major dominant parties So for winning the elections the winner will have to get the maximum number of votes However please know that maximum number of votes is not equivalent to a majority of votes So the smaller parties tend to merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections Such a parliamentary system prevails in Canada and Great Britain in which there are two parties holding the maximum numbers of seats

Multi-Party System The third and the most common form of government is the multi-party system In such a system there are three or more parties which have the capacity to gain control of the government separately or in a coalition In case no party achievesaclear majority of the legislative seats then several parties join forces and form a coalition government Countries like India follow a multi-party system Some people are of the view that a multi-party system often leads to political instability in a country

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

Execution

Answer the following questions-

What are the functions of the Political parties of India

Homework-learn

ECO ndash12 12 5 2020Topic- MARKET MECHANISM

EFFECT OF CHANGE IN DEMAND ON EQUILIBRIUM PRICE AND QUANTITYAs demand and supply are the twin forces determining the equilibrium price of a commodity any change in either or both of them is bound to bring in some change in price We will study in this section the effect of change in demand supply held constant(i) Effect of Increase in demandWhen due to any external factor such as rise in population rise in income of people demand for a commodity increases (for every price level) the demand curve shifts rightwards As a result it now intersects the supply curve at a new higher level which causes the price to rise As shown in the figure below initial demand curve DD intersects supply curve SS at point e

Y D D` s

price (Rs) P` e`

p e

D`

s1 D

X` O X

Y` Q Q`

Demand and Supply (in units)

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied are OQ Now suppose demand increases and as a result demand curve shifts rightwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at pointt ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is higher than the earlier Price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also risen from OQ to OQrsquo

(ii) Effect of Decrease in DemandWhen due to any external event such as fall in income level demand for a commodity falls the demand curve shifts leftwards So this new demand curve intersects supply curve at a lower level which causes the price to fall As shown in the figure 228 initial demand curve DD intersects the supply curve SS at point e The equilibrium price is OP and the equilibrium quantity demaned andsupplied are OQ Now suppose demand decreases and as a result demand curve shift leftwards This new demand curve DrsquoDrsquo intersects the supply curve SS at point ersquo So the new equilibrium price is OPrsquo which is lower than the earlier price OP It may also be noted that the equilibrium quantity demanded and supplied have also decreased from OQ to OQrsquo

YD S

D`

Price(rs)

P e

P` e`

S

D` D

X` O Q```` Q X

Y` Demand and Supply ( in Units)

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree

Date 1252020

Class = xii

Subject

Topic

Summary

Execution

Bengali

বী9শলকযো

পসব9আলেোলিচ

পরশন) ldquoএটোসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরldquo---ক) কোরসো লেকোনগসলপরঅং)বকতোসক কোসকআসদকসরসন গ)rsquoএটোসকlsquoবসকোরকরথোবোহসয়স-) োসকবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসনসকনউততর) ক)অংটিরলিদনদবসনদ োপোধ োসয়রসোrsquoবী9শলকোlsquoগসলপরঅং

)বকতোরদরপরোপমকরসকসকএকরথোবসসন

গ) এটোসকবসচনডসকসবোঝোসনোহসয়স

-) চনডসকবোইসরসফসলিদসবোহসয়সকোরনোরসপধ9োরউননদষটিরোজোরকোসঔদধ বসমসনহসয়সোো4োরোজকমোরীলিমতরোসকলিবসয়করসবএকজনচোচসোহীনমোনষোলিলিনসমসনলিনসপোসরনলিনোইচনডসকampোরবোইসরলিনসকষপকরসবসসন

• ABOUT THE POEM
• Setting of the poem
• Summary of the poem The poem consists of 11 lines in total These lines are not divided into stanzas
• What does he plant who plants a tree He plants cool shade and tender rain And seed and bud of days to be And years that fade and flush again He plants the glory of the plain He plants the forestrsquos heritage The harvest of a coming age The joy that unborn eyes shall see- These things he plants who plants a tree