AQA A Level Revision Guide Democracy and Nazism: Germany 1918-1945

Section 1: The Establishment

and Early Years of the Weimar

Republic, 1918-24

Test 1 – The Impact of War and the Political Crises of October to November 19181 What were the October Reforms?

Name 2 ideas created.-Recommendations by Ludendorff that ended autocratic rule-Appointed Max of Baden as Chancellor-Armed forces put under government’s control

2 What was the Peace Note? A letter Prince Max wrote to President Wilson in October asking for an armistice.

3 What impact did the Peace Note have on soldiers and sailors?

Many soldiers and sailors lost respect for their officers and the beginning of naval mutiny.

4 What actions did the SPD take during the November Revolution? Name 1.

-9th November, SPD called for workers to join a strike against the Kaiser-SPD threatened to withdraw support from Prince Max’s government unless the Kaiser abdicated

5 What actions did Prince Max take in reaction to the SPD?

Prince Max had announced the abdication and resigned himself.

6 Who gained the role of Chancellor from Prince Max and when?

Friedrich Ebert, leader of the SPD, on the 9th November – the day it was announced that Germany was a republic.

7 What is the Reichstrat? The second chamber of German parliament, each state represented in proportion to its population and could provide advice on laws but overridden by Reichstag.

8 What was the Ebert-Groener Pact? Groener told Ebert that the army leadership would support the government in return Ebert should resist demands of soldier’s councils to democratise the army.

9 Name 3 strengths of the constitution

-Provided a wider right to vote (women can vote)-System of proportional representation-Full democracy in local government-Clearly set out rights of the individual-Referendums could be called by the president, reichstrat or by people’s request.

10 Name 3 weakness of the constitution

-System of proportional representation (small parties)-Coalition governments-Presidential decrees-Survival of undemocratic institutions-The existence of Article 48

11 Who became the new Commander in Chief of the army in 1920?

General Hans von Seeckt.

12 What was Article 48? The power of the President to rule by decree in exceptional circumstances.

Test 2 – The Peace Settlement1 What expectations did Germany

have of the Peace Treaty?They expected that they would be allowed to negotiate, and believed it would be based on Wilson’s 14 points

2 What percentage of land did Germany lose?

Germany lost 13% of land.

3 Name 3 military restrictions under the disarmament of Germany.

-German Army was limited to 100,000 men-German Navy limited to 15,000 men-Forbidden from having an air force-Conscription banned-Rhineland demilitarised

4 What article is the ‘war guilt clause’ under? What is the clause about?

Article 231 – Germany had to accept responsibility for starting the war and they were liable to pay reparations

5 What was final amount for reparations decided in 1921?

£6.6 billion.

6 Name 2 things the German citizens found humiliating about the peace treaty.

-Exclusion from the League of Nations-The ‘war guilt clause’ which justified reparations-Being denied national self-determination-The high amount of reparations

7 When were the terms of the Treaty May 1919.

revealed to the German government?

8 Which Chancellor’s government had to sign the treaty?

Chancellor Bauer as Chancellor Scheidemann resigned due to the treaty.

9 What reactions did the SPD have towards the signing of the treaty? Name 2.

-The SPD believed it was best to comply-SPD had to ask their main opponents to state those who signed the treaty were not unpatriotic -Some former supporters of the Republic turned against it due to the humiliation of the treaty

10 What did the Right wing name those who signed the treaty?

They named the politicians that signed the treaty the ‘November Criminals’.

11 What myth did Ludendorff create? He created the ‘stabbed in the back’ myth.12 Who were the Freikorps? A group of violent soldiers cut from the army who

couldn’t/ unwilling to adjust to civilian life.13 How did Britain react to the Peace

Treaty? Give 1 way.-British public opinion was satisfied that Germany couldn’t disrupt Europe’s peace. -Lloyd George believed that Germany shouldn’t be so weak

14 How did France react to the Peace Treaty? Give 1 way.

-The French people believed they suffered the most and wanted revenge-Many believed the treaty was too lenient!

15 How did the United States react to the Peace Treaty? Give 1 way.

-Widespread opinion that the treaty was very unfair-Believed Britain and France were trying to enrich themselves- Caused the USA to refuse to join the League of Nations

Test 3 – Economic and Social Issues in Germany, 1919 – 19241 Why did Germany finance the war by

printing more money? They believed they would win the war and then enforce high reparations on their enemies.

2 How much debt did the Weimar Republic face in 1919?

1.5 billion marks.

3 Give a reason why the Republic didn’t increase taxes or reduce spending.

-Alienated support for republic as anti-republicans would claim the tax is for reparations-Civil servants needed to be paid, and they didn’t want to make them redundant

4 Compare Germany’s unemployment figures in 1921 to Britains.

1921 – 1.8% compared to Britain’s 17%!

6 What was the time limit given to accept the terms of the Treaty of Versailles?

6 days.

8 When did the French-Belgian troops occupy the Ruhr? Why?

January 1923 – because Germany fell seriously behind in its payment of reparations to France in the form of coal.

9 What was Chancellor Cuno’s plan in retaliation to the occupation of the Ruhr? Give 2 ways.

-Responded by stopping reparation payments-Ordered passive resistance (no one in the area would cooperate with the French) -Paramilitary groups to sabotage the French

10 How many Germans were expelled from the Ruhr or shot by the French? Name 1.

150,000 expelled132 shot and killed

11 Name two ways the Ruhr occupation led to hyperinflation.

-Paying wages or providing goods for striking workers drained government finances-Tax revenue lost from closed businesses and unemployment-Germany had to import coal and pay for it from limited foreign currency reserves-Shortages of goods pushed prices up

12 What was the effect of rising food prices? Give 2 examples.

-There were food shortages as supplies were hoarded-Breakdown of law and order as there were food riots-Gangs began to steal from farmers-People bartered their possessions in exchange for vital supplies

14 Describe 2 Weimar reforms made for social welfare and employment rights.

-Law passed limiting the working day to a maximum 8 hours-State health insurance system extended from employed workers to wives, daughters and the disabled-Aid for war veterans incapable of working because of injuries-Aid for war widows and orphans-National Youth Welfare Act required local authorities to set up youth offices for child protection and a right to education

15 Who were the winners of hyperinflation? Give 2 examples.

People in debt, renters, black-marketeers, most farmers.

16 Who were the losers of hyperinflation? Give 2 examples.

Pensioners, war widows, landlords, artisans and small business owners, unskilled workers, the sick.

Test 4 – Political Instability and Extremism, 1919-241 Give one reason why it was difficult to

form a stable Weimar coalition.-No party would ever have a majority due to the number of parties in the Reichstag and proportional representation-Fragmentation of political parties became more pronounced as German society became more divided-Burden placed on Moderate Parties, as they were blamed for problems

2 How many coalitions and chancellors were there February 1919 – November 1923?

10 coalition cabinets and 8 chancellors

3 Name 3 chancellors during this turbulent time and if possible, an issue they faced.

Scheidemann – Treaty of VersaillesBauer – Kapp PutchMuller – Poor election ResultsFehrenbach – Reparation payment faultWirth – More uprisingsCuno – Economic CrisisStressemann – SPD left his coalition

4 When were the Spartacist Uprisings? January – March 19195 What were the aims of the Spartacist

Uprisings?To establish a communist regime.

6 What risk did continued working class rebellion have for the Republic?

There was a fear of a ‘Red Revolution’ that frightened the law abiding middle class and led them to support the right wing.

7 When was the Kapp Putsch? February 1920.8 What was the cause of the Kapp Putsch? Under the Treaty of Versailles, the army had to be reduced and

Germany was supposed to get rid of the Freikorps groups.9 How did the Republic handle the Kapp

Putsch?Failed to gain civilian support as Ebert’s government called for a general strike.

10 How many assassinations were there in 1919-23?

Nearly 400.

11 How many assassinations did the left and right commit as a fraction?

Left – Just 1/17Right – 16/17

12 How were left wing and right-wing assassins punished differently?

Judges lenient to the right but harsh to left.

13 When was the Beer Hall Putsch? November 192314 What was the plan for the Beer Putsch

Hall? Explain.SA march into Beer Hall to hold Kahr & Lossow at gunpoint to persuade them to agree to a march into Berlin to install Ludendorff as Commander-in-Chief

15 Why did the Putsch fail? Support of Kahr and Lossow lost overnight and SA unable to gain control over Munich army barracks.

16 How long did Hitler serve in prison? Sentenced to 5 years but only served 9 months!

Section 2: The ‘Golden Age’

of the Weimar Republic,

1924-1928

Test 5- Economic Developments1 What happened to Chancellor Cuno in

August 1923 at the height of the hyperinflation crisis?

The government of Cuno collapsed and was replaced by the new coalition lead by Gustav Stresemann.

2 Why was the coalition referred to as the ‘grand coalition’?

It was the first in the history of the Weimar Republic to include parties from both the right and the left.

3 What was the name of the new currency that replaced the worthless Reichsmark?

The Rentenmark, and it was introduced in August 1924.

4 Who was the person in charge of Germany’s economic transition?

Hjalmar Schacht.

5 What did Germany do to stabilise the In November 1923 Stresemann asked the Allies’ Reparations

economy? Committee to help with the repayments and give Germany a loan.

6 Who was the head of the Allies’ Reparations Committee?

Charles Dawes.

7 In what ways were the payments made more manageable?

The amount Germany had to pay each year was reduced until 1929 and took into consideration Germany’s industrial output.

8 How much money did the Dawes Plan lend Germany?

800 million marks.

9 When did living standards and wages begin to improve due to the Dawes Plan?

Very quickly- the same year in 1924.

10 What did Stresemann do in 1929 after his coalition government collapsed?

He continued to serve as Foreign Minister.

11 Who was the American Businessman in charge of the 1929 Young Plan?

Owen Young.

12 What were some of the terms of the Young Plan?

What was the biggest achievement of the Young Plan for Germany? The reparation bill was cut down to 1/3!

13 Was the reaction the Young Plan positive? Not entirely, Alfred Hugenberg launched a nationwide campaign against the plan.

14 What was this response known as and how many signatures did Hugenberg’s petition receive?

I was referred to as the ‘freedom law’ and it received 4.1 million signatures.

15 In what ways was the “golden age” of Weimar Germany a myth? Give 3 examples regarding the economy.

-Welfare benefits for the unemployed and sick actually resulted in several businesses being saddled with debt-By 1929, German agricultural production was less than three quarters of its pre-war levels-By 1926, unemployment was up to over 3 million of the population.-The Mittlestand (middle class) gained very little during the Golden Age only the lower incomes were raised.

16 What did Stresemann say about the danger Germany was putting itself in through foreign loans?

“Germany is dancing on a volcano”.

Test 6- Social and cultural developments in Germany, 1924-281 Why was the German social welfare reform

very expensive?It supported over 2 million war widows, orphans and war disabled.

2 Why did the position of women in Germany improve due to WW1? Give 1 example.

-Over 2 million German soldiers had been killed in the war and there were less opportunities for young women to get marriage.-The war had brought many more women into paid employment- many wanted to stay in work.

3 What was the viewpoint of the League of German women (BDF), which was the most popular women’s group in the 1920s?

The group, who had 900,000 members promoted traditional family values and maternal responsibilities.

4 Give 3 pieces of evidence to demonstrate there were more rights for Weimar women, one for each topic: -employment-sexual freedom-politics and public life.

Employment -36% of the Weimar German workforce were women-By 1933, there were 100,000 women teachers and 3,000 women doctorsSexual Freedom -Birth control was more widely available-Divorce rates increased-There was a rise in the number of abortionsPolitics and public life -Women gained equal voting rights-41 women were elected to the new Reichstag

5 Give 3 pieces of evidence to demonstrate Weimar women’s rights were NOT as perfect as often thought, one for each topic: -employment-sexual freedom-politics and public life.

Employment -Women were required to give up their employment when they married-Women were paid less than me doing the same work-Married women who continued to have paid jobs were blamed for male unemploymentSexual Freedom -Abortion was still a criminal offence and was performed unsafely-Catholic and Protestant churches vigorously opposed birth control, divorce and abortionPolitics and public life -No woman became a cabinet member during the Weimar Republic-Only the KPD made gender equality a key element in its programme-None of the other parties gave support to feminist issues.

6 Name two popular German youth groups in the Golden Age.

-Wandervogel: Highly nationalistic and enjoying the outdoors-Church Youth Groups: Both for Catholic and Protestant children. -Political Youth Groups: E.g. The Social Democratic Youth movement, The Bismarck Youth, Hitler Youth.

7 How many Jewish people lived in Germany under the Weimar Republic?

More than 500,000 (but less than 1% of the population). Over 80% of the Jews were well educated.

8 What percentage of banks did Jewish families (such as the Rothschilds) own?

50%. They also owned 18% of the whole banking sector in Germany.

9 How did Berlin’s nightclubs change during this time period?

They adopted American styles of jazz music and liberation. Nudity was featured strongly and individuals did not need to conceal their sexuality any longer.

10 What is the name of the predominant movement in German art, music and literature?

Expressionism. Many believed that forms of art should express meaning or emotion rather than reality.

11 What is Jewish Bolshevism? A term used by anti-Semites in the Weimar period to imply that Jews and communists were closely associated.

12 What is the name of the best-known film of the Weimar Era which happens to be directed by a Jewish director?

The Blue Angel.

Test 7- Political Developments and the Workings of Democracy, 1924-281 What were the NSDAP results of the May

1924 election?The NSDAP achieved 6.5% of the vote.

2 What declined during the 1928 elections and why?

Support for extremist and anti-republican parties. This is because people are less likely to turn towards extremism when the economy is thriving.

3 How many coalition governments were there during the Golden Age?

7.

4 Why were there so many coalitions? They were weakly led and each coalition contained so many squabbling parties.

5 Which political party was involved in the most coalition governments?

The SPD.

6 Discuss the support and ideas of the KPD during Weimar Germany. Give 2 facts.

-The largest communist party outside Russia-Had support in industrial areas such as the Ruhr and Berlin-Dedicated to the overthrow of the Weimar Republic

7 Discuss the support and ideas of the SPD during Weimar Germany Give 2 facts.

-They remained the largest single party in the Reichstag-The SPD had close links with trade unions and appealed mainly to industrial workers-It had limited appeal to young people, agricultural workers and

the Mittlestand8 Discuss the support and ideas of the

Catholic Centre Party during Weimar Germany. Give 2 facts.

-Established to defend the interests of the Roman Catholic Church.-Supported by all classes as made up of Catholics in general-No coalition government was formed without the participation of the Centre Party

9 Discuss the support and ideas of the DDP during Weimar Germany. Give 2 facts.

-Appealed to academics and professional groups-Comprised of intellectuals with limited political experience-Committed to the success of parliamentary democracy and participated in all the coalition governments of this period

10 Discuss the support and ideas of the DVP during Weimar Germany. Give 2 facts.

-Had support among the academics and the industrialists-Provided the leading politician, Gustav Stresemann-Drifted more to the right after Stresemann’s death in 1929

11 Discuss the support and ideas of the DNVP during Weimar Germany. Give 2 facts.

-Attracted support from industrialists, professional groups and industrial workers-Anti-democratic and nationalistic, with aims including restoring the monarchy-Refused to join coalitions most of the time.-Hugenberg became party leader in 1928 -Later went into an alliance with the Nazi party

12 Discuss the support and ideas of the NSDAP during Weimar Germany. Give 2 facts.

-Leader, Adolf Hitler was banned from public speaking until 1927 and focuses on asserting control over the Nazi Party-Rural areas in the North showed the most political support for the Nazis-The Golden Age allowed Hitler to make a name for himself as a talented politician within the Reichstag-Took a dip in votes during the Golden Age

13 How many members did the Nazi party have at the end of 1927?

Only 75,000 members.

14 What was the name of Hitler’s 1925 autobiography?

Mein Kampf, which translates to ‘my struggle’.

15 Who was voted to become the next President of the Weimar Republic in 1925?

Paul von Hindenburg.

16 Why did the German people vote in favour of Hindenburg?

Hindenburg was a symbol of the past, a war hero and had authoritarian views.

Test 8- Germany’s International Position, 1924-281 What were the ideas surrounding the

Policy of Fulfilment that Stresemann put forward?

They involved Germany cooperating with the Allies on issues such as reparations payments and removing allied occupation forces from Germany territory.

2 What were some of the terms of the 1925 Locarno Pact? Name 2.

-Germany, France and Belgium promised to respect the western frontier-All countries would support each other if any of them were attacked.-Germany agreed that any dispute between them would be settled by a committee.

3 What were the League of Nations? A permanent forum established after WW1 to meet and resolve disputes without resorting to war; most states joined but USA declined and Germany and Russia were initially excluded.

4 What year was Stresemann awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?

Stresemann was awarded for his work with the Locarno Pact, regarded as his greatest achievement and was awarded in 1926.

5 How did right winged individuals react to Stresemann’s achievements?

They attacked Stresemann for appeasing the Allies and giving too much away.

6 Name 2 terms of the 1922 Treaty of -Germany and communist Russia resumed trade

Rapallo. -Diplomatic relations between the two countries were restored-All outstanding claims for compensation for war damage were dropped (Russia owed Germany money as they sought peace in 1917 when they turned communist)-Germany was allowed to develop new weapons and train pilots in Russia, (away from the scrutiny of the Allies)

7 How did the allied forces react to the Treaty of Rapallo?

They were angered, especially France, as the treaty showed Germany’s intention to get around the disarmament terms of the TOV!

8 Did Germany stick to the disarmament clauses of the Treaty of Versailles?

Not really, the Treaty of Rapallo with Russia allowed Germany to keep up with military training. They also had similar arrangements with other countries such as Spain and Sweden.

9 How did the Reichswehr (the German military) get around the limit of the size of the army?

Most army recruits were enlisted for a short period of time whilst having their military training (so therefore they never technically joined the army). This ensured that there was a reserve of highly trained men who could be called into battle at short notice!

10 Who was the Reichswehr’s leader? General von Seeckt.11 Did leading politicians highlight the

number of unofficial paramilitary groups that had close relationships with the army?

No- they turned a blind eye to the extent of military cooperation.

12 What were the terms of the 1928 Kellogg- Briand Pact?

Many counties agreed to not use war to resolve disputes. Germany was one of the first states to sign.

13 Who succeeded in completing the withdrawal of allied forces in Germany?

Gustav Stresemann.

14 What are some interpretations of Stresemann’s involvement during the Golden Years?

It could be argued that his commitment to ‘fulfilment’ was no more than a devious policy to cover up his nationalist agenda!

Section 3: The Collapse of Democracy,

1928-33

Test 9- The Impact of the Depression of 19291 What was the Wall Street Crash? It was the collapse of the stock market in New York

in October 1929.2 Why did this affect Germany? They took loans from America, which were recalled

so the German economy suffered too as they didn’t have enough to give back to them.

3 What happened to Germany’s export trade?

It declined by about 60% after the crash.

4 Was Germany in a greater position than Britain or worse?

Worse- industrial production fell by about 60% in Germany but by only about 10% in Britain.

5 What happened to banks and businesses? Many became bankrupt as they lost investors and customers.6 How many people in 1932 were

registered as unemployed?A third of German workers-but many like women were not even counted in this figure.

7 What is the estimated number of unemployed people in 1933?

Around 8 million.

8 How did farmers suffer? Prices of food fell as well as exports of their produce causing their income to decline.

9 What happened to welfare benefits? They had to be limited as too many people now needed them.10 Name one way the government tried to

regulate this.-The unemployed were paid only temporarily-Women were given less than men

11 Name 2 conditions of living during the Depression.

-Diseases linked to poor living conditions thrived-Increase of shanty towns-Poverty and malnutrition

12 Why did the rates of juvenile crime increase?

Rates of unemployment increased so young people had nothing else to do other than join gangs and steal or fight.

13 What sort of organisations did they join? Political extremist organisations like the KPD, Hitler Youth and the SA.

14 What did the government try to do to help the youth? Give 2 examples.

-They established day-centres with activities -Emergency Labour Schemes meant unemployed youths could be paid a small amount to work -Voluntary labour schemes to send people to residential work camps for training

15 How was women’s employment affected by the depression?

Married women were dismissed from Civil Service jobs.

16 Why did the Grand Coalition collapse? Give 2 reasons.

-It was too broad-was made up of 5 political parties-The Wall Street Crash divided left-wing and right-wing members-The army became (undemocratically) involvement in politics-Hindenburg had to rule by decree- no democracy

17 Why were the results of the September 1930 election a concern?

Extremist parties gained more seats. The KPD had 77 seats but the Nazis had 107, making then them the second largest party.

18 Describe what political violence was like during this time.

There were frequent riots, assassinations and uprisings, particularly between the Nazi SA and the Communist Red-Front.

19 What did Bruning do to control the violence?

He issued a decree to outlaw the SA and ban the wearing of political uniforms.

20 How did the SA get around their ban? They wore white shirts and continued!

Test 10- The Appeal of Nazism and Communism1 Who was attracted towards the Nazis?

Name 3 groups giving a brief reason .-Farmers (Nazis promised they wouldn’t import foreign food) -Middle-class (frightened of communism)-Anti-Communists (chose the next most likely winners to KPD)-Youth (feeling angry and promised employment by the Nazis)-Women (traditional women promised a return to their values) -Protestants (not obliged to vote for one party unlike the Catholics- so most Nazis voters were protestant)

2 Who wanted to join the communists? Name 2 groups.

-Working – Class-Unemployed-People from very industrial areas -Non-nationalistic people

3 How many votes did Hitler get in the 1932 Presidential campaign?

37%

4 What was Hitler’s idea on ‘struggle and war’?

He stated that the struggle between races was part of the natural order. So war was needed to rebuild a greater Germany.

5 What were Hitler’s views on a racial He wanted to establish Volksgemeinshaft, where only Aryans

community? could live as equals to each other.6 Why was the ‘National socialism’ policy

contradictory depending on the audience?

They changed their message for different audiences. They advocated socialist policies that could relate to those of the Communists, but advocated strong capitalist ideas when speaking to businessmen/ middle class.

7 What was the ‘Fuhrerprinzip’? The idea that the democracy should be destroyed and replaced with a dictatorship and one-party state under the leader.

8 What was ‘aggressive nationalism’? To restore Germany but also expand territory establishing a Greater Reich and securing Lebensraum (living space).

9 Who became the Nazis key scapegoats in their campaign?

Jewish people, who were seen as responsible for all of Germany’s problems.

10 Did anti-Semitism help to gain electoral support?

Anti-Semitic people expressed their opinions more freely but most Germans weren’t particularly anti-Semitic and the Nazis often had to tone down their anti-Semitism to win many audiences.

11 Why was Hitler an important factor in gaining support?

He was a great public speaker and he tailored his speeches to his audience.

12 How successful was propaganda in winning over Germans?

It was very successful as Hitler could travel personally to different parts of Germany. They had their own plane, newspapers, posters, leaflets, rallies and marches.

13 Name 2 ideas the KPD campaigned with. -End to cuts in wages-Unemployment benefits for all needing them-Legalisation of abortion-Equal rights for women-Establish a Communist regime

14 How were the KPD successful in gathering support?

Their most successful ideas were their appeals to the unemployed.

15 How were the KPD unsuccessful? Give both key reasons.

1) They didn’t have enough funding2) Most people (even women) were not really fussed by women’s rights (due to other economic issues)

Test 11- The Appointment of Hitler as Chancellor1 What type of government did

Hitler have initially?He had formed a coalition government with von Papen.

2 Why was Bruning important to Hitler coming to power?

His failed employment policies meant more support from the unemployed.

3 What did Schleicher do during Bruning’s time as Chancellor?

He pushed for him to rule by presidential decree.

4 When and why did Bruning’s government collapse?

May 1932 as Hindenburg refused to pass more laws by decree.

5 What kind of government did Chancellor von Papen form?

He made his government on a non-party political basis, so it was known as the ‘cabinet of barons’

6 How did Papen show his support for the Nazis?

He lifted the ban that Bruning imposed on the SA in 1932 and imposed more on left-wing press.

7 How many seats did the Nazi Party get in the July 1932 elections?

They gained 230 seats, which made them the largest party in the Reichstag.

8 How did this change in the November 1932 elections?

They lost 2 million votes and 34 seats as many middle class voters grew tired of Hitler’s refusal to join the coalition.

9 Why did Papen resign in Dec 1932?

He was unable to pass any laws and he had lost support of the army so he no longer had the power to control the government.

10 Who did Hindenburg put in charge after Papen resigned?

Kurt von Scheicher, his good friend.

11 How was the ‘backstairs intrigue’ created?

Schleicher wished to form a coalition government with the Nazis.

12 How did Schleicher try to weaken Hitler’s position during this time?

He tried to bypass Hitler by negotiating with the organisation leader, Gregor Strasser.

13 What happened to Strasser? He was immediately purged from the party after this.

14 How did Schleicher try to save his failing position as Chancellor?

He asked Hindenburg to suspend the constitution and give him emergency dictatorial powers.

15 How many emergency Presidential decrees did Hindenburg have to use between 1929 and 1933?

Over 100.

16 How did Papen become re-involved at this point?

He began to separately negotiate with both Hitler and Hindenburg’s inner circles to form a coalition with Hitler as Chancellor.

17 What did Papen say to Hindenburg to reassure him to go with his plan?

That with himself as Hitler’s deputy they could, “Box him in”.

Test 12- The Establishment of the Nazi Dictatorship, Jan 1933- March 19331 When was Hitler appointed as

Chancellor?30th January 1933

2 How many of the cabinet of 12 were Nazis due to Hindenburg’s terms of agreeing to have Hitler as Chancellor?

Just 3.

3 Name each of the 3 Nazi ministers and their respective roles.

Hitler (Chancellor) Wilhelm Frick- Minister of the Interior Hermann Goering- Minister without portfolio/

Prussia

4 How was the role of Minister of the Interior helpful to the Nazis?

He controlled the police.

5 How was the role of Minister without They don’t have a specific government department, so

portfolio/ Prussia helpful to the Nazis? they can be involved in many policy areas, plus they are in charge of Prussia which is the largest state in Germany.

6 How many people attended Hitler’s torchlight procession when he became Chancellor?

Around 100,000 people.

7 Which paramilitary organisation had 500,000 members in 1933?

The SA.

8 What was the Stahlhelm? (steel helmet)

A large paramilitary group of ex-servicemen aiming to restore the monarchy and the military power of Germany.

9 How were they given full freedom to do whatever they wished?

The Nazis classified the SA and Stahlhelm as ‘auxiliary police’ so they had powers above the regular police.

10 What did they use this freedom to do?

They launched an attack upon the KPD and SPD. This resulted in deaths, banning of newspapers and concentration camp arrests.

11 How did the Reichstag Fire help the Nazis?

A Communist, van der Lubbe, was found guilty and it allowed them to form the idea of a Communist plot, sparking the decline of the KPD.

12 After this the ‘The Decree of the Protection of the People and State’ was passed by Hindenburg giving Hitler emergency powers. Name 3 things this meant.

-Police had increased powers to arrest-They could detain without charge-They could enter and search private premises-The government could censor information-Central governments could take over state governments if they didn’t comply

13 Why did Hitler ask for fresh elections in March 1933?

He hoped with the KPD banned the Nazis would now have their majority.

14 How many seats in the March 1933 election did the Nazis gain?

They achieved about 44% of the votes.

15 When was the Enabling Act passed? 24th March 1933, 3 weeks after the disappointing election. 16 What did this mean? Hitler could make laws and foreign treaties without the

President and Reichstag’s approval for a period of four years.

17 How did he get it passed? He needed 2/3 of the Reichstag to approve and he managed to get the DNVP and Centre Party on his side.

Section 4:

The Nazi Dictatorship,

1933- 39

Test 13- Consolidation of Power, March 33- Aug 341 What did Hitler do with the SPD Party

after the Enabling Act as passed? He banned them and its leaders went into exile.

2 What did Hitler do with the other right wing parties?

They were told to join the Nazis or disband.

3 Why did Hitler ban non-Nazi trade unions in May?

He had seen what happened during the Kapp Putsch in 1922 and he didn’t want to let workers have any power to legally react.

4 How did Hitler convince the Catholic Centre to disband?

He promised them that he would not interfere with the Catholic Church. He also made a ‘Concordat’ with the Pope in July which

made the disbandment acceptable to all Catholics. 5 When did Germany become a One Party

State?July 1933

6 How many votes did the Nazis win in the Reichstag election in November 1933?

They won 92% votes.

7 What happened to the other 8% of votes? Since there were no other parties to choose from, this means that 8% of people did not mark their ballot papers despite SA presence in ballot rooms.

8 When was the Reichsrat abolished? February 1934.9 How much did membership to the SA

increase from 1933 to 1934?Jan 1933- 500,000 by Jan 1934- 3 million members.

10 Give 2 causes of the Night of the Long Knives.

-Hitler was unable to control the SA properly-The members were no longer stark Nazi supporters like the original members, they were more interested in the SA itself-The SA wanted the second revolution but Hitler didn’t -SA units began taking weapons and supplies from the army

11 What was the aim of The Night of the Long Knives (TNOTLK)?

To eliminate the leadership of the SA and many other political opponents of the Nazis.

12 How many people were killed or arrested in TNOTLK.

It’s hard to know due to censorship but likely between 100-400 killed, and about 1000 arrested.

13 Name 2 significant figures who were executed on TNOTLK.

-Ernst Rohm-General von Schleicher-Gregor Strasser-Gustav von Kahr

14 How much did the membership of the SA decline after the Night of the Long Knives?

It declined by about half.

15 When did President Hindenburg die? August 2nd 193416 How was Hitler’s power consolidated after

Hindenburg’s death?The army took an oath of allegiance to Hitler personally.

17 When and how did the public agree to make Hitler their Fuhrer and Reich Chancellor?

The Plebiscite (a direct question asked to the voters) -19th August 1934.

18 How many people agreed of this change? 90% (10% voted no/ blank).19 What was the title given to Hitler after his

consolidation? Führer and Commander-in- chief of the armed forces

Test 14- The ‘Terror State’1 Name 3 of the key individual state

authorities of the German police system under Hitler’s rule.

-The SS-The SD-The SA

-The Gestapo The People’s Court

2 What was the main function of the SS? They were Hitler’s personal bodyguards. After TNOFTL they became the main Nazi branch of police (although there was also a police force).

3 Who was the appointed chief of the German police and leader of the SS?

Heinrich Himmler

4 Name 2 of the requirements needed to be part of the SS.

-Strictly disciplined-Racially pure-Unquestionably obedient -No disabilities

5 What was the role of the SD? They were the internal security service of the Nazi Party.6 Who were the SD staffed by? Amateurs who were committed Nazis. 7 What was the role of the Gestapo? They were the secret state police.

8 How many Gestapo officers were there in 1939?

Just 20,000 for the whole country.

9 Name 2 disadvantages the Gestapo actually had?

-Small in numbers-Agents were mostly office based -They relied on information supplied by informers -Most informers were motivated by personal grudges

10 Who presided over the Nazi People’s Court?

Three Nazi judges and no juries.

11 What nickname were People’s Courts secretly given?

Kangaroo courts- since the trail was over so quickly before the next trial began.

15 What was the name of the Protestant resistance group?

Pastors Emergency Group (1933) which developed into the Confessional Church (1934).

14 Why did some protestant churches refused to follow the requests of the Nazi church? Give 2 reasons.

-They were trying to protect the independence of the Protestant Church from the Nazi regime-They were resisting the attempt to impose the Aryan paragraph on the church (preventing Jewish conversions)-They were trying to defend Lutheran theology, which was based purely on the Bible

19 Name two factor which allowed the Nazis to control the newspapers?

- Many newspapers were closed after the Reichstag Fire Emergency Decree

- The Nazi brought out 27 daily newspapers - News agencies that supplied the press with information

were all merged into one controlled by the state20 Name 3 methods the Nazis used as

propaganda.- Newspapers- Radios- Films- Parades

- Art- Book burnings- Posters

22 What was the Hitler myth? The way in which propaganda was created in order to present Hitler in a flattering light and as the savour of Germany.

23 Name 3 characteristics that the Hitler myth presented to the public?

-Hard working -Uncompromising in fighting the nations enemies-A political and military genius-Dynamic and forceful-Lived a simple traditional life -Almost god-like

24 In reality, name 3 negative facts about Hitler’s leadership.

-Hitler liked people to compete for his attention-He was usually never involved in decision making-He was very lazy and slept in- often through meetings-He disliked reading official documents-His official often had difficulty in getting him to make decisions

Test 15- Economic Policies1 What is ‘economic autarky’? The economic independence or self- sufficiently. 2 Name 3 factors under Schacht which

helped the regime stimulate economic recovery?

-Pumping money into the economy to build homes and autobahns (motorways)-Giving tax concessions and grants to particular groups-Giving subsidies to private firms to encourage them to take on more workers-Putting controls on wages and prices to control inflation -Introducing the ‘New Plan’ to control Germany’s foreign trade -Taking the first steps towards rearmament, using an ingenious methods for financing the expenditure: The Mefo Bill

3 Name 2 ways the Nazis tried to reduce unemployment (battle for work)?

-Spent money on building autobahns and public buildings -The Reich Labour service was introduced in 1935 for young, unemployed men to train and receive a small salary

-Reintroduced conscription in 19354 What were the genius Mefo bills and how

did were they work? Companies could be paid with a ‘guaranteed promise’ and (after a delay) when they chose to exchange the bill for real money, they made a small amount of interest. This gave the Nazis time to re-arm as they didn’t have to ‘pay’ for the service right away.

5 What was the conflict of priorities known as between the Nazis and Workers?

‘Guns or butter’

6 What was Goering’s 4 year plan? The aim to make Germany ready for war within 4 years.

7 Was Goering a good choice of Minister for Economics by Hitler?

No. He didn’t really understand the economy very well and he was more concerned in making his Goering Steelworks business profit for himself.

8 Then why did Hitler choose him? Hitler liked him and he was a war hero.

9 How did the Nazis creatively prevent the shortage of raw materials? Give 2 examples.

-Collected scrap metal form people’s homes/ public spaces-Park railing and lampposts were removed and melted down-Pots and pans were collected by the Hitler Youth

10 Did they achieve their goal of the 4 Year Plan?

No, in 1939, Germany still imported one third of its raw materials.

11 What propaganda tools did the Nazis use to encourage workers? Give 3 examples.

-Advertising campaigns for products such as the ‘people’s receiver’ (radio) and the ‘people’s car’ (Volkswagon)-Cruise ship and other holidays to the best workers/ managers-Paid time off to compete in company sports teams-Free shows (e.g. dance/ music) for workforces and their families

12 Why was there a flaw in the statistics stating that unemployment had decreased? Give 2 examples.

-Economic recovery had actually begun before the Nazis took power in Jan 1933.-The reduction of employment may have been due to policies forcing women to leave their jobs-The DAF wasn’t really a ‘job’ but whilst in it you didn’t count as unemployed-The reintroduction of conscription in 1935, meant that young men were technically employed -Jews, women and other undesirables were excluded from the workforce

13 Name a food item that declined in consumption and an item that increased.

High values items decreased: E.g. Meat, fruit and eggsCheaper foods increased: E.g. Rye Bread and potatoes

Test 16- Social Policies1 Name 2 ways in which the Nazi gained

control over teachers?-Under the Law of re-establishment of a Professional Civil service ‘non-desirable’ teachers were fired-Teachers had to join the National Socialist Teachers League -Vetting of textbooks was undertaken by local Nazi committees so teachers couldn’t choose their own textbooks-Central directives were issued by the Ministry of Education controlled what should be taught

2 What percentage of women and Jews were accepted to university in Nazi Germany?

Women were restricted to 10% of the available universities places, while Jews were restricted to 1.5%.

3 Name 3 ways in which the Nazis tried to increase birth rates?

-The Law for the Encouragement of Marriage, gave newlywed couples a loan of 1,000 marks, and allowed them to keep 250 marks for each child they had-Women were awarded medals for having children

-Abortion was restricted, while birth control was discouraged-Women were publically encouraged to adopt a healthy lifestyle, with no smoking or drinking-Young women were discouraged from going to university and were therefore more likely to ‘settle down’ quicker

4 Name an organisation which helped this sexist ideology?

-The German’s Women’s League -The National Socialist Women’s Organisation-The Reich Mother’s Service

5 Was this policy for women a success? Not really. The number of women in the workforce actually increased between 1933 and 1939. The number of births actually slightly decreased!

6 When was membership to the Hitler Youth made compulsory?

1936, then again in 1939.

7 How did the Nazis try to control young people’s fun?

All non-Nazi sports teams, organisations and even religious groups were banned. Therefore if you wanted to ‘be part’ of something, it would have to be Nazi-approved.

8 Name 3 activities that were carried out by the Hitler Youth?

-Military drills-Singing Nazi songs -Reading Nazi political pamphlets

-Hikes and camping trips-Sports competitions

9 What was the negative effect of the Hitler Youth becoming stricter on members?

Boys resented the harsh punishment imposed for minor infringements of the rules and attendance dropped.

10 What was the girl’s equivalent to the Hitler Youth? What was their motto?

The League of German Girls (BDM)- ‘Be faithful, be pure, be German’

11 What activities were carried by the League of German Girls? Name 3.

-Taught about hygiene, cleanliness and healthy eating-Dancing and group gymnastics

-Flag waving and saluting -Baby care (unpaid babysitting)-‘Home evenings’ taught sewing and cooking

12 Who was the leader of the DAF (Nazi trade union)?

Dr Robert Ley.

13 In what year did the DAF started to provide free vocational training courses?

1936

14 Name 2 ways in which the Nazis campaigns persuaded parties’ members to renounce their church membership?

-Party member weren’t allowed to hold any office in the Protestant or Catholic Churches. -SA and SS members were forbidden to wear uniforms to church services -Priests and pastors were forbidden from playing any parts in the Nazi Party

Section 5:

The Racial State,

1933-1941

Test 17- The Radicalisation of the State1 What is Social Darwinism? A theory that adapted Darwin’s concept of ‘Survival of the

Fittest’- the Nazis linked this to race.2 What were Hitler’s views on races? He believed humanity was a hierarchy of races, with the master

race being Aryan. Also wished to ‘purify’ this race by eliminating the ‘germs’ of the inferior races.

3 What was Hitler’s concept of the Volksgemeinschaft (‘people’s

A community of true Germans, in terms of loyalty and racial purity.

community’)?4 Name 3 groups excluded from the

Volksgemeinschaft.- Political enemies- ‘Asocials’- Racial enemies- Jews

- Gypsies- Homosexuals- Those with hereditary

defects5 What was the Nazi ideal of Lebensraum? Expanding territory for the natural development of a country.6 How did the Nazis use sterilisation as a

racial tool? They introduced sterilisation for the mentally ill, those with deformities, and in extreme cases, homosexuals.

7 What was the T4 programme? The T4 programme was a euthanasia programme introduced in 1939.

8 Which group in particular opposed the T4 programme and what did this lead to?

The Catholic Church. In fact, Archbishop Galen preached an attack on euthanasia, and copies of his sermon were widely distributed. This led the T4 programme to be halted by Hitler in August 1941.

9 Name 2 groups considered to be ‘asocial.’ - Criminals- The ‘work-shy’- Tramps

- Beggars- Alcoholics- Homosexuals

10 Name 1 policy against ‘tramps and beggars’.

-In 1933, the regime began a mass round-up to concentration camps of ‘tramps and beggars’ which intensified before the 1936 Olympic Games.-‘Tramps and beggars’ caught more than once could be sterilised.-Some ‘tramps and beggars’ were also killed in the T4 Euthanasia Programme

11 Why did the Nazis oppose homosexuality?

They believed homosexuals to be degenerate and a threat to the racial health of German people. Homosexuals also did not contribute to the production of children.

12 How many men were arrested for homosexuality overall?

100,000 men, of whom 50,000 were imprisoned.

13 How did the Nazi regime deal with lesbians?

Lesbians could choose to ‘reform’ and produce children with an Aryan man. Those who refused were sent to concentration camps.

14 Which religious group continued to show hostility to the Nazi state and why?

The 30,000 Jehovah’s Witnesses in Germany at the time held a belief that they could only obey Jehovah (God), so they refused to obey rules such as conscription or the Hitler salute.

15 Why did the Nazis persecute the Roma and the Sinti (Gypsies)?

Gypsies live free, nomadic lifestyles. This type of lifestyle is not co-operative to the Volksgemeinshaft. Gypsies are also usually not Aryan.

16 What was introduced against Gypsies? The SS set up Reich Central Office for the Fight Against the Gypsy Nuisance. The SS began locating, arresting, sterilising and classifying Gypsies.

Test 18- Nazi Policies Towards the Jews, 1933-371 What were the Civil Service Laws

of 1933 and what did they lead to?

It forced Jews to be dismissed from the Civil Service. It had a devastating economic impact on middle class Jews, leading 37,000 to leave Germany.

2 What did the Nazis impose against Jews in April 1933 and why?

A boycott of Jewish shops and businesses.

3 Did the boycott go to plan? No, most members of the public didn’t know what a ‘Jewish business’ was and many though the

whole thing was a cover up for food shortages so panic brought goods.

4 How were Jewish professionals attacked in 1933?

Many Jewish lawyers, judges, doctors and university lecturers were subject to rough treatment by the SA.

5 When did it become illegal for a Jewish doctor to treat a non-Jew?

April 1933.

6 What legislation was passed regarding Jews in higher education?

The Law against Overcrowding of German Schools and Universities was passed in April 1933 to restrict the number of Jewish children attending schools and universities.

7 When were Jewish children ‘expelled’ from German schools?

1937.

8 What two ‘declarations’ did the Nuremburg laws 1935 introduced?

1. Jews were no longer German citizens2. Marriage and sexual relations between Aryan

and non-Aryans persons were outlawed.9 What were Aryan women who

were married to Jews forced to do?

They were pressured into leaving their husbands, those who remained in these relationships would be reported to the Gestapo.

10 What was a ‘full Jew’? In 1935, a ‘full Jew’ was someone who had three Jewish grandparents and were married to a Jew.

11 What was a ‘Mischlinge’? Meaning ‘crossbreed’ in German, referring to people with both Aryan and Jewish ancestry.

12 Why did anti-Semitic policy ‘quiet down’ in 1936?

The Berlin Olympic Games brought the international press and Hitler didn’t want to publicise his anti-Semitic policies.

Test 19- The Development of Anti-Semitic Policies, 1938-401 What was the March 1938 Anschluss

with Austria?A union between Germany and Austria into a greater Germany, despite it being prohibited by the TOV.

2 When did the regime begin to adopt more anti-Semitic policies and why?

In 1938, as the Anschluss meant Nazis in Austria were able to act against Jews without constraint. Austrians were more anti-Semitic than Germans.

3 What is ‘Aryanisation’? Nazi policy of removing all Jews and other non-Aryans from key aspects of Germany’s cultural and economic life.

4 What was the Reichkristallnacht? The Night of the Broken Glass, which took place from 9-10 November 1938. Jewish homes and businesses were looted and vandalised, synagogues set ablaze as well as Jews being arrested, beaten up and killed.

5 What is a pogrom? An organised massacre of an ethnic group.6 Who orchestrated Reichkristallnacht, Nazi leadership, with the majority of those involved in the

despite the contrasting view that it was a result of anti-Semitic public opinion?

violence being SA and SS men without uniforms.

7 How many Jews suffered from the violence?

91 Jews were killed and thousands injured. The SS were also ordered to place 20,000-30,000 Jews in ‘preventative detention.’

8 Did ordinary Germans approve of the attack?

No, and most people knew the attack had been organised by the state. Hence, the newspapers stopped reporting the incident on the second day as it had not achieved public approval.

9 How many Jews left Germany under ‘voluntary emigration’?

150,000 Jews overall between 1933 and 1938.

10 Name two reasons many Jews remained in Germany.

- Many German Jews felt thoroughly German, and wanted to stay.

- It was difficult/ impossible to find countries willing to accept large numbers of Jews.

- Jews were being stripped of the wealth needed to emigrate easily due to Nazi policies against Jewish business etc.

11 Name two advantages the war against Poland provided the regime with.

- A national emergency that enabled them to act with more dictatorial power and in greater secrecy

- A more rigorous propaganda machine to whip up patriotism and hatred of Germany’s enemies

- New lands for the Reich bringing wealth and living space

- A way to increase anti-Semitic policy under the cover of war

12 What was the so called ‘General Government’?

Area of Poland used as a dumping ground for Jews deported from the Reich. Most death camps were located in the General Government.

13 How many people did the Nazis intend to send to Madagascar?

4 million.

14 For what reason did the Madagascar plan not go through?

The war with Britain was ongoing and the plan would cost lots of money. There were also more than 4 million Jews under Nazi possession after the invasion of Poland.

Test 20- Policies Towards the Jews, 1940-411 How many Jews did Nazi

Germany ‘gain’ when they invaded the USSR in 1941?

3 million more Jews.

2 Name one new measure taken against Jews in the first years of war.

-Radio sets were confiscated from Jews.-Jews were excluded from the wartime rationing allowances for clothing and shoes-Police permits were required for Jews to travel.

3 What is a ghetto? A controlled area of a town or city.4 Where was the first ghetto to be

set up by the Nazis?Lodz, the second biggest city in Poland.

5 Name two aspects of life in the - Most Jews had to sell valuables to survive

Ghettos. - 6 people shared an average room- Few homes had running water- Lice infestations were common- Basic necessities such as food were scarce- Diseases spread quickly

6 Name two ways Jews might defy Nazi regulations in the Ghettos.

- There was a black market for food smuggled in from the outside.

- Jewish leaders organised prayers and religious festivals

- They had illegal schools- They had illegal printing presses

7 How many Jews were concentrated in the massive Warsaw Ghetto?

400,000 Jews.

8 Overall, how many Jews died from starvation and disease in the ghettos?

500,000.

9 Who were the Einsatzgruppen (‘Special Groups’)?

Temporary units made up of police and regular troops, sent in to deal with Jews. E.g. move Jews into Ghettos.

10 When were the Einsatzgruppen used extensively?

In support of military operation in the invasion of Poland in 1939 and Russia in 1941.

11 What were the key responsibilities of the Einsatzgruppen?

The mass shooting of Jews and forcing Jews into ghettos in the cities.

12 How do the Einsatzgruppen show the Anti-Semitism of the time?

Local, eager volunteers were often recruited to assist them.

Section 6:

The Impact of War,

1939-45

Test 21- The Impact of War on German Society 1 When did WW2 begin? September 1939.2 Why were the Nazis adamant

not to limit food too much at the beginning of the war?

They knew food rationing had been the biggest problem for the Kaiser during WW1 and had turned the public against him.

3 For how long did the Nazis not For the first two years of the war.

change rationing rules?4 What caused food rationing to

be reduced after 2 years? The invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941.

5 Who were mainly in charge of monitoring the public’s mood during the war?

The SD.

6 Why did the German invasion of the Soviet Union halt by winter 1941?

The weather was too cold for the Germans who were not used to the conditions- this allowed the Russians to stop them and launch a counter-attack.

7 Why did things get worse for Germany on 7th Dec 1941?

America declared war on Germany because the Japanese (Germany’s allies in Asia) attacked Pearl Harbour in Hawaii.

8 Why did anti-Semitism get worse by winter 1941?

Hitler said that the Jews were internationally ‘puppeteering’ the USA, the USSR and Britain to destroy the Germans and their Aryan race.

9 What propaganda could the Nazis not control coming out of Russia?

The letters home for soldiers who described the hideous conditions.

10 What homefront campaign did Goebbels declare by Feb 1943?

‘Total War’.

11 What did ‘total war’ mean for Germany?

All non-war related workplaces (e.g. pubs) had to be shut down so the workforce could be re-allocated into the war effort.

12 When were the American and British D-Day landings in Normandy?

June 1944.

13 By what point did the SD report that the mood had turned completely against the Fuhrer?

By the D-Day landings the German public knew it was over and only a matter of time.

14 What did British Bomber Harris famously say?

“Turn their cities to rubble and their rubble to dust”.

15 How did the Nazi propaganda machine report public morale during the terrible civilian bombing campaigns by the British?

They said the German people were very resilient and were completely behind the regime.

16 How many German civilians were killed due to bombing raids by the allies?

600,000 civilians (1/3 more than British killed by German raids).

17 How many ethnic Germans fled their homes due to Russian westward advances in the later part of the war?

Between 500,000 to 1 million- all homeless and essentially refugees.

18 Give 3 examples of turning against the regime as the war progressed.

-Taking down swastika flags-Privately criticising the regime (known as ‘defeatism’)-Listening to the BBC (etc) on radios-Not giving the ‘hail Hitler’ greeting

19 List 2 things which happened to worker’s rights in August 1944.

-Holidays were banned-The working week was increased to 60 hours-Overtime pay was abolished-Workers were often paid for the amount they produced rather than hourly

20 What was the percentage change in women workers from 1939-1945?

From 37%- 60%.

21 What was the Women’s Auxiliary Corps?

By late 1944 the Nazis had created a women’s unit of the army to support the men. They began in secretarial roles for the army but by 1945 they were fighting on the front lines.

22 By what age were the Hitler Youth able to be conscripted into the regular army in 1945?

By just 16.

23 What were 12 years olds having to do by the end of the war?

Dig ditches (etc) with the German Homeguard.

Test 22- The Wartime Economy and the Work of Speer 1 Who was in charge of the 4

Year Plan launched in 1936?Hermann Goering; he was a war hero during WW1.

2 What was Goering more interested in than the whole German economy?

His own business empire.

3 What shortages did the German economy suffer from in the first 2 years of war?

Weapon and equipment shortages.

4 Why was Hitler shocked at Britain and France in Sep

He didn’t anticipate invading Poland would cause them to declare war on him.

1939?5 Who took over from Goering

in 1942? Albert Speer.

6 Name 2 policies Speer introduced to help the German economy.

-Centralisation of command of the entire production industry-Less factories and fewer choice in products-24 hour a day operated factories via shift work

7 How do people often describe what Speer achieved?

As a ‘production miracle’.

8 Give an example of Speer’s increase in war production.

-Aircraft increased by 200%-Tanks increased by 250%

9 Why did production slow toward the end of the war?

The allied bombing campaign focused mainly on the Rhineland which had the most factories.

10 How was a shortage in labour fixed? Give 2 examples.

-By paying for foreign labour by occupied countries (mostly cheaper eastern Europeans)-By making more and more women join the labour force-By using slave labour from concentration camps

11 What percentage was the foreign labour force?

About a quarter of the labour force (7 million workers).

Test 23- The ‘Final Solution’ 1 How many Jews and other

‘undesirables’ were murdered during the Holocaust?

About 6 million Jews and about 5 million others.

2 Where and when was the Final Solution agreed upon?

At the Wannsee Conference in Jan 1942.

3 Who chaired the meeting at Wannsee?

Reinhard Heydrich- second in command of the SS.

4 Which was given a higher focus when the war turned against Germany: the killing of the Jews or military needs?

The killing of the Jews.

5 Which event caused Goebbels to give his ‘total war’ speech?

The German defeat at Stalingrad in Feb 1943.

6 After Stalingrad, which other 2 events caused the Jews to be targeted more so?

1- The heightened Allied bombing campaign in 1943.2- The D-Day landings in 1944.

7 At what late point did the Nazis start trying to conceal what they had been doing to the Jews?

Nov 1944 (e.g. the crematorium at Auschwitz was blown up).

8 What is the difference between a concentration camp and a death camp?

Not all concentration camps became places of extermination. But a death camp’s purpose was to kill the inmates.

9 Which gas was settled upon as the favoured method of gassing inmates?

Zyklon B- a rat poison.

10 Name 1 other death camp besides Auschwitz.

-Treblinka-Belzec-Sobibor-Chelmno

11 Which Jewish brothers fought from within Polish forestland and saved 1200 Jews from the Nazis?

The Bielski brothers.

12 Which Jewish uprising lasted from Jan 1943 to May 1943?

The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising- the Germans required massive military firepower to crush this uprising.

13 How many people died on the death marches as the Nazis began to move the camp inmates westward in 1944?

Between 250,000 and 400,000.

14 Who do you find most to least responsible for the Holocaust?

Decide on your order:-Hitler-Other leading Nazis (Heydrich/ Himmler/ Goebbels/ Speer)-The Death Heads Units who carried out the killings-Ordinary Germans who did nothing

Test 24- Opposition and Resistance in Wartime1 What types of people tended to join

groups like the Edelweiss Pirates?Disgruntled working-class/ 14-18 year olds/ mostly boys.

2 Were pirate groups usually political? Not usually, they were more about being anti-Hitler Youth. 3 Why were the Cologne Pirates

different?They attached military depots and helped a range of prisoners escape from concentration camps.

4 What happened to the Cologne Pirates?

They were executed when caught.

5 What types of people tended to join groups like the Swing Youth?

Disgruntled middle-class youth/ late teens-early twenties/ boys and girls.

6 Name 3 types of non-Nazi activities the Swing Youth took part in.

-Listening to Jazz etc (foreign music) -Wearing ‘English’-style clothing-Girls/ women wore heavy make-up (very American)

-Arranging parties/ gatherings to dance and drink 7 Who led the White Rose Group? Siblings: Sophie and Hans Scholl.8 What type of activities did the White

Rose Group partake in?Creating and distributing anti- Nazi leaflets and painting anti-Nazi slogans on buildings.

9 Who influenced the White Rose Group?

The Catholic Church, particularly, Bishop Galen.

10 What happened the group’s leaders? They were caught and executed by guillotine. 11 Who was the most widely outspoken

member of the Catholic Church?Bishop Galen.

12 Which programme did the Galen manage to temporarily shut down?

The T4 Euthanasia Programme.

13 What happened to Galen? He was too publically important for the Nazis to arrest. While other Catholic priests etc were imprisoned, Galen managed to avoid this.

14 What was the percentage split of Catholics to Protestants in Germany?

40% Catholic to 60% Protestant (give or take e.g. about 1% of the population were Jewish).

15 What was the name of the Protestant anti-Nazi organisation?

The Confessional Church.

16 Which Protestant minister spoke out against the Nazi treatment of the Jews amongst other things?

Bonhoeffer.

17 Why did the Protestant Church not make more protest against the Nazis?

The Nazis had merged elements of itself into the Protestant Church knowing that most people were Protestant- therefore the church was never really under attack from the regime.

18 Who were the Kreisau Circle? They were mostly members of the elite, army high command and leading Protestant churchmen such as Bonhoeffer.

19 List 3 facts about Operation Valkyrie. -It occurred in July 1944-It was a plot to assassinate Hitler during a meeting-It was led by Colonel Staffenburg-They planted a bomb under a table, it went off but only slightly injured Hitler-Over 5,000 people (most involved, many not) were executed as a result of the plot

20 How many Jewish people were saved by ordinary people in the Berlin area?

About 22,000 Jewish people.