DESIGNING SMART CITIES: CASE STUDY OF INDIA FOR SUSTAINABLE

COUNTRY COMPETITIVENESS THROUGH ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Dr. Broto Rauth Bhardwaj, Head, Entrepreneurship Cell, BVIMR, ND

Kamaljeet Kaur, Associate Professor, IITM, New Delhi

Aakriti Jain, PhD scholar, BVDU, Pune

Abstract

Purpose: Sustainable development was defined as the “development that meets the needs of the

present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.” The

breadth of the definition was meant to capture the several dimensions of development that go

beyond the usual boundaries of economic growth in order to include both the tangible

and intangible necessities of life.

Methodology: The concept of sustainable competitiveness places more emphasis than the

concept of sustainable development does on the importance of productivity as a driver of

prosperity and long-term growth. Sustainable competitiveness can be defined the set of

institutions, policies, and factors that make a nation productive over the longer term while

ensuring social and environmental sustainability.

Findings: Social sustainability, in turn, is defined as the institutions, policies, and factors that

enable all members of society to experience the best possible health, participation, and security;

and that maximize their potential to contribute to and benefit from the economic prosperity of

the country in which they live. And we define environmental sustainability as the institutions,

policies, and factors that ensure an efficient management of resources to enable prosperity for

present and future generations. Economic sustainability can implies a of production that satisfies

present consumption levels without compromising future needs. The ‘sustainability’ that

‘economic sustainability’ seeks is the ‘sustainability’ of the economic system itself.

Keywords: sustainable development, environment, smart cities

Introduction

The notion of ‘economic sustainability’ was originated by Hicks. In his classic work Value and

Capital 1939; second edition 1946 , Hicks defined ‘income’ as ‘the amount one can consume

during a period and still be as well off at the end of the period’

Fundamental to the concept of sustainable competitiveness is the notion that, although

competitiveness can be equated with productivity sustainable competitiveness can be linked to a

broader concept that focuses on aspects that go beyond mere economic outcomes to include other

important elements that render societies sustainably prosperous by ensuring high-quality growth.

Another way of looking at the concept of sustainable competitiveness is that it aims to gauge not

only whether a country has the potential to grow over the medium and long term, but whether the

national level sustainability .

MODEL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

LITERATURE REVIEW

Concept of Smart Cities

Across the world, the stride of migration from rural to urban areas is increasing. By 2050,

about 70 per cent of the population will be living in cities, and India is no exception. It will need

about 500 new cities to accommodate the influx.

A 'smart city' is an urban region that is highly advanced in terms of overall infrastructure,

sustainable real estate, communications and market viability. It is a city where information

technology is the principal infrastructure and the basis for providing essential services to

residents. There are many technological platforms involved, including but not limited to

automated sensor networks and data centres. Though this may sound futuristic, it is now likely to

become a reality as the ‘smart cities’ movement unfolds in India.

In a smart city, economic development and activity is sustainable and rationally

incremental by virtue of being based on success-oriented market drivers such as supply and

demand. They benefit everybody, including citizens, businesses, the government and the

environment.

A smart city (also smarter city) uses digital technologies or information and

communication technologies (ICT) to enhance quality and performance of urban services, to

reduce costs and resource consumption, and to engage more effectively and actively with its

citizens.

A Smart City is one that uses information and communications technology (ICT) to make

its critical infrastructure, components and utilities interactive and efficient. A city can be

considered “smart” when its investment in human and social capital and communications

infrastructure actively promotes sustainable economic development and a high quality of life,

with wise management of natural resources via participatory government. A smart, safe city is an

integrated solution to challenges faced by cities worldwide. Smarter, safer cities focus on three

areas of expertise. The first is leveraging information to make better decisions. Compact, with

fairly good ‘people density’, such cities have well-connected transport infrastructure with

optimal energy and water use. The second is anticipating and resolving problems proactively.

Advanced analytics can help city leaders discover patterns and trends in structured or

unstructured data efficiently and cost effectively. The third is coordinating resources to operate

efficiently. The complexity and interconnectedness of city systems can often mask inefficiencies

that can be easily addressed by sharing information and collaborating in real time.

Dirks and Keeling [19] consider a smart city as the organic integration of systems. The

interrelationship between a smart city’s core systems is taken into account to make the system of

systems smarter. No system operates in isolation. In this sense, Kanter and Litow [34] consider a

smarter city as an organic whole––a network and a linked system. While systems in industrial

cities were mostly skeleton and skin, postindustrial cities—smart cities—are like organisms that

develop an artificial nervous system, which enables them to behave in intelligently coordinated

ways [42]. The new intelligence of cities, then, resides in the increasingly effective combination

of digital telecommunication networks (the nerves), ubiquitously embedded intelligence (the

brains), sensors and tags (the sensory organs), and software (the knowledge and cognitive

competence).

Urban Governance & Economic Development

A Smart City should enable participatory governance with widespread access to ICT by

improving public engagement and institutional responsiveness. ‘Connected’ citizens provide

feedback, register grievances quicker, thereby improving public accountability and service

quality. By maintaining anonymity of users, ICT can eliminate entry barriers for all. It can help

increase transparency and reduce corruption with the help of real-time monitoring of systems and

resources and simplify governance by eliminating intermediaries. By conveniently establishing

municipality e-services such as e-registration or e-permit, it can enhance the convenience of

establishing urban businesses. Smart Cities can also provide government or municipal councils

with effective revenue collection mechanisms by improving and streamlining tax collection, with

e-filing systems that are already prevalent. Automation eases monitoring of revenue collections,

improving overall compliance and regulation. Registering local businesses and compiling land

records via ICT boosts tax and revenue collections by blocking avenues for graft. ICT can also

provide detailed, real-time property information on urban housing projects – including on

existing stock, upcoming projects, time series like price and rental indices and land transaction

details. By conducting regular surveys and ICT-based monitoring, it is possible to cross-check

and validate new encroachments, distinguish between authorized or illegal construction and lead

to faster, transparent approval processes for residential and commercial projects. A Smart City

governance framework can extend public & social services by providing mobile phone-based

health applications to improve access of the urban poor to municipal medical services. Access to

phone banking, registration or municipal permits can help reduce transport costs for the poor.

Information collection, management and sharing via ICT can help cities respond to crime and

other emergency situations efficiently, especially via online mapping and Geographic

Information System (GIS).

Empowering cities, citizens

A Smart City framework also enables three major outcomes: typology that helps cities

benchmark relevant content based on hierarchy of physical city components; identify stakeholder

roles to define who does what; and build a catalogue of city content that is easily accessible. A

Smart City can formulate citizen-centric solutions to help urban communities choose among

different combinations of municipal tariff and service levels, while providing community

members with transparency in costs. ICT-enabled call centres can provide reliable customer

service to urban communities. In Hyderabad, for example, the ‘e-SEVA’ application enables

digital monitoring and metering of water consumption for each individual household in a

transparent manner. A Smart City should also improve participatory planning by making way for

an in-depth, instant understanding of infrastructure and social service needs, creating

opportunities for cities to deploy resources effectively. Citizens’ feedback aids decision-making

and is vital in devising city-planning solutions, where leadership of neighborhoods and

occupational groups, chambers of commerce, youth and NGOs are closely involved in

consultations and recommendations. ICT can enable the creation of urban information databases

for planning and naming city streets and neighborhoods. All these can lead to an online,

paperless, knowledge-based government that is transparent and accountable at each level. The

development of Smart Cities requires a pragmatic approach toward technological development,

powered by ICT as an instrument for sustainable development in all its dimensions.

Despite proclaimed advantages and benefits of ICTs use in cities, their impact is still unclear .

Indeed, they can improve the quality of life for citizens, but they can also increase inequalities

and promote a digital divide .Thus, city managers should consider certain factors when

implementing ICT with regard to resource availability, capacity, institutional willingness and

also with regards to inequality, digital divide and changing culture and habits .

The origin

The concept of smart cities originated at the time when the entire world was facing one of the

worst economic crises. In 2008, IBM began work on a 'smarter cities' concept as part of its

Smarter Planet initiative. By the beginning of 2009, the concept had captivated the imagination

of various nations across the globe.

Countries like South Korea, UAE and China began to invest heavily into their research and

formation. Today, a number of excellent precedents exist that India can emulate, such as those in

Vienna, Aarhus, Amsterdam, Cairo, Lyon, Málaga, Malta, the Songdo International Business

District near Seoul, Verona etc.

CASE STUDY METHODOLOGY

The main objective of this study is to analyse the factors of sustainable development such as

Social, Economic and Environment and how these helps in building smart cities with the help of

APP model (Momaya, 1998). This includes assets-process-performance for enhancing

competitiveness.

CASE STUDY OF INDIA

Assets: The cities with ongoing or proposed smart cities include Kochi in Kerala, Ahmedabad in

Gujarat, Aurangabad in Maharashtra, Manesar in Delhi NCR, Khushkera in Rajasthan,

Krishnapatnam in Andhra Pradesh, Ponneri in Tamil Nadu and Tumkur in Karnataka. Many of

these cities will include special investment regions or special economic zones with modified

regulations and tax structures to make it attractive for foreign investment. This is essential

because much of the funding for these projects will have to come from private developers and

from abroad. Table1 shows the assets for making the country achieve sustainable

competitiveness.

Table1: Assets for making the country achieve sustainable competitiveness

Business, Infrastructure and Employment Asset Parameters for Sustainable

Entrepreneurship for Enhancing Country Competitiveness

BUSINESS INFRASTRUCTURE EMPLOYMENT

environment

BUSINESS growth and

development

ESTABLISHED

Industries

GROWTH Industries

EMERGING Industries

E-governance and

citizen

services

needs and availability

Smart energy

management

Smart water

management

Smart waste

management

Urban mobility

Smart communications

Smart environment

Smart spaces

Smart healthcare

Smart surveillance

Affordable housing

Entertainment,

Recreation: arts, sports,

growth and opportunity

Education facilities

Incubators, skill

development centres,

Specialised business

parks, hubs, etc

PROCESS OF SUSTAINABILITY

Social Sustainability Process

Sustainability is essentially an anthropocentric concept of inter- and intra generational

justice (Grunwald 2001), claiming the right to a dignified life to humans (Littig 2001). One core

element is its commitment to the social cohesion of societies, the aversion against social

exclusion and discrimination (including gender) and the need to foster citizens’ participation in

public affairs. Access to social processes, and access to the benefits of the modern society for

most of the population most of the time is one critical orientation, including the right to a

dignified standard of living for all citizens. Social sustainability comprises every citizen’s right

to actively participate in his/her society as an essential element. The precondition for this is the

access to the respective societies’ resources, including a variety of aspects: physical access

demands the existence of the appropriate technical, social and institutional infrastructure, legal

access calls for the right to make use of it, economic access means the affordability of using it,

educational access is supported by appropriate (life-long) learning opportunities, and

participatory access stresses the influence on the evolution of such infrastructures. Access is not

a demand restricted to individuals: social groups, including minorities will claim the same right,

resulting in an unavoidable overlap of social and institutional sustainability concerns.

In the most basic sense, ‘social sustainability’ implies a system of social organization that

alleviates poverty. In a more fundamental sense, however, ‘social sustainability’ establishes the

nexus between social conditions _such as poverty. And environmental decay _see Ruttan,

1991..This theory of social organization identifies a negative linkage between sustained

colonization, sustained poverty levels, and sustained natural resource exploitation. There is a

divergence of opinion in development theory whether ‘environmental sustainability’ is a

prerequisite of economic growth and poverty alleviation, or economic growth and poverty

alleviation are needed before ‘environmental sustainability’ can even be addressed.

There is some evidence that ‘environmental sustainability’ may be a necessary pre-

condition of sustained economic growth. For example, the United States has been expanding the

amount of its land area covered by trees since the 1920s and actively managing its soils since the

1930s. These measures have greatly improved America’s productivity in paper products and

foodstuffs since the Great Depression. On the other hand, some developing countries, for

example, Costa Rica, are jeopardizing their long-term socio-economic prospects by engaging in

rapacious resource depletion. Net losses of natural capital in these nations imperil social gains

from improvements in financial, technical and human capital _see Repetto, 1992. The latter

position was defended by the late Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, on the grounds that very

poor countries must accept temporary environmental degradation in order to meet immediate

needs of food and shelter before they can pursue permanent economic and environmental

improvements. Her view was that developing countries simply cannot afford to put

environmental protection before economic development. In contrast to this view, the theory of

‘social sustainability’ posits that the alleviation of poverty need not entail environmental decline.

It aims to alleviate poverty within the existing resource base of a society.

Basic needs and equity in development have been the focus of the United Nations

development Programme ’s series of Human Development Reports. In addition to calculating

the Human Development Index, which offers a different measure of development success from

per capita GNP or GDP, the Human Development Reports focus each year on a different aspect

of social and economic development, such as democratic governance (1993), gender inequity

(1995), and poverty (1997). While the HDI does not explicitly include any environmental

measures, the 1994 report discussed the relationship between sustainability and equity, arguing

that ‘the concept of sustainable development raises the issue of whether present life-styles are

acceptable and whether there is any reason to pass them on to the next generation.

Because intergenerational equity must go hand in hand with intragenerational equity , a major

restructuring of the world’s income and consumption pattern s may be a necessary recondition

for any viable strategy of sustainable development’ (UNDP, 1994). The issue of environmental

sustainability is intertwined with that of poverty and inequity. The causative relationship runs

both ways – increased poverty and loss of rural livelihoods accelerates environmental

degradation as displaced people put greater pressure on forests, fisheries, and marginal

lands.

Lipton (1997) and Scherr (1997) emphasize the relationship between population growth,

social, conditions, and resource degradation. Reed (1997) notes that the social component of

sustainability includes issues of distributional equity, provision of social services, gender equity,

population stabilization, and political accountability and participation. The relationship of the

human development paradigm to sustainability is discussed by Haq (1995) and Chambers

(1992). Interrelationships between development, population growth, and environmental

sustainability are prominent in the exposition of human development concepts by Sen (2000).

PERFORMANCE

Environment and Sustainability Performance

In practical terms, the theory of ‘environmental sustainability’ suggests a planning process that

allows human society to ‘live within the limitations of the biophysical environment’ _Goodland,

1995.

Cities represent 75% of energy consumption and 80% of CO2 emissions on a global basis, and

represent the largest of any environmental policy challenge. Therefore, sustainability and the

environment are the most critical components in the functioning of any city.

There is a clear distinction between the two terms (i.e. sustainability and the environment) that

needs to be made. According to the Brundtland Commission (1999), sustainable development

refers to the environmental, economic and social aspects, whereas environmental aspects refer to

the physical and biological surroundings of a city.

The major attributes included under this dimension are the following:

city infrastructure and governance

energy and climate change

pollution and waste

social, economy and health

Multiple studies conducted in this field suggest that each of these attributes encompasses a series

of more granular categories and components, as described below.

Categories and components of the environment and sustainability dimension

City infrastructure and governance

Policy and management Infrastructure

• Integrated environmental management

• Strategy

• Municipal administration

• Effective conservation

• Urban planning

• Buildings and physical infrastructure

• Mobility, transportation and traffic

• Public safety

Energy and climate change

CO2emissions Energy

• CO2 from energy production

• Emissions per capita

• Energy performance

• Conservation

Pollution and waste

Waste Air Water Noise

• Waste

• Management

• Wastewater •

treatment

• Urban particulate

sand air quality

• Indoor air pollution

• Local ozone

• Regional ozone

• NOx and SOx

• Drinking water

• Water quality index

Water stress

• Water management

• Noise pollution

Economic performance and Sustainability of Enterprises

The economic dimension of the smart city argues a means to achieve urban economic growth.

Smart city approaches require robust financial planning and investments, thus need to be

informed by knowledge anchored in local context. This requires inclusive governance marked by

stakeholder engagement -- harmonizing public and private sector priorities and ensuring civil

society participation, including marginalized and vulnerable groups, in local public decision-

making processes. Financial models also need to be well designed, focused on cost-effective and

sustainable solutions and conducive to foreign investment. This aspect focuses on developing a

realistic and implementable financial plan that is crucial to the successful implementation of

planned city extensions.

In particular, the smart city is expected to “sustain the innovation economy and wealth of cities,

maintain employment and fight against poverty through employment generation” (Schaffers et

al. 2011).

Many academics associate smart cities with resilient economies and Richard Florida’s “creative

class” (2002). There is extensive literature on regional competitive advantage and what

characteristics, beyond technological capacity, make areas like Silicon Valley more resistant to

failure, including collective innovation and a culture of openness between firms and a region’s

institutions (Saxenian, 1994).

A positive correlation exists between urban wealth and the “presence of a creative class, the

quality of and dedicated attention to the urban environment, the level of education, multimodal

accessibility, and the use of ICTs for public administration” (Caragliu et al., 2011).

These elements are seen as the basis for a new strategic agenda for European cities and align

with the six-part conceptualization of the smart city—smart people, living (lifestyle), economy,

mobility, environment, and governance. There is much skepticism regarding these economic

growth possibilities, however, both from a practical and ideological point of view.

At a concrete level, Lee (2011) questions the economic feasibility of ICT-driven urban growth

due to institutional resistance to ICT, referring to the difficulty and cost of integrating existing

technologies into a single system as a barrier to the implementation of smart cities. The level of

government that will drive the knowledge-based economy is also in question because local

government often lacks the “policy tools and jurisdictional authority to effectively manage” their

new role (Coe et al., 2010). At the same time, the federal government is often too inflexible to

adapt to the dynamic economic development patterns generated by ICT (Coe et al., 2010).

The concentration of creative workers anticipated in the smart city could exacerbate existing

class divides and cater increasingly to its “smart” workers (Hollands, 2008). Hollands (2008)

sees the smart city as a neoconservative scheme that rewards entrepreneurialism at the expense

of progressive policies, pinpointing the emphasis on business-led development as a neoliberal

characteristic inherent to the smart city. Similarly, through his series on smart cities for Fast

Company, Lindsay (2010a; 2010b; 2010c; 2010d) deconstructs the rhetoric behind smart city

implementation in PlanIT Valley, Songdo, and several other “instant cities,” revealing that the

economic ambitions driving ICT companies may not seek to achieve urban growth as much as

corporate growth.

Many scholars express distrust at the focus on economic development, instead advocating for

more inclusive visions that recognize how new information networks can promote engagement

(Coe et al., 2001).

Economic Sustainability Issues for Managing Entrepreneurship

Coffs Harbour City Council has identified a number of economic issues that need addressing in

the OLC Settlement Strategy. These are itemized in the diagram (below), and are categorized

generally under the following headings:

_ Business;

_ Employment; and

_ Infrastructure.

The following section of the document explores research of the economic sustainability issues

identified by Council under these broad categories as being pertinent to this OLC Settlement

Strategy. Key economic considerations for the Coffs Harbour LGA are shown on the map (left)

Strategic Implementation and Direction and Conclusions

Creating Vision of Smarter Cities in India

According to IBM’s report from the IBM Institute for Business Value, "A Vision of Smarter

Cities", in the next 20 years, for every minute, on an average 30 Indians will migrate from rural

areas to smarter cities for their livelihood. So as per this prediction, India needs

(http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/in/en/sustainable_cities/ideas/) to create 500 new cities in

the forthcoming 20 years. In addition to this according to a study by consulting firm of Booz &

Company also an average of 30 people will move from rural areas to the city for every minute in

India, so the country is set to build 500 new cities over the next 20 years to house 700 million

more city dwellers by 2050, (www.thecitiesoftomorrow.com/news/india-smart-cities).

Establishing two smart cities in each of India's 28 states in the country under phase II of the

Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM): that is the goal of the wide-

range in project introduced by the Indian government to inject smart technology into cities home

to between 500,000 and one million people an ambition that goes hand in hand with seven other

smartcity projects already underway. The smart cities project is not meant for metropolitan cities.

It is for smaller cities with half a million to one million population cities like Ujjain, and

Jabalpur, as officially cited. Bigger cities are already covered under other schemes.

According to 2011 census, about 32% of India’s population lives in urban areas. It is projected to

grow and reach 40% in a decade and 50% in about 30 years. The JNNURM was launched in

2005 by the Government of India to last for a period of seven years. Upgrading social and

economic infrastructure in cities, provision of basic services to urban poor, introducing reforms

to strengthen municipal governance are the principal strategies adopted in this JNNURM

mission. The aim of the Mission is to encourage reforms and fast-track planned development of

identified cities. The Mission also focuses on inclusive growth of cities with safe drinking water,

improved public transport, sustainable environment, and standardized service level. Community

participation in urban local bodies is also part of the mission. One of the basic reasons for

investments flocking in to the smaller cities is available properties and affordable prices.

Moreover, the special initiatives taken by the respective governments in providing the smaller

cities with infrastructural facilities and creation of SEZs, has played a vital role in promoting

these small towns into cities of the future. Keeping in view all the congenial factors necessary for

setting up corporate infrastructure, the investing companies ranging from pharmaceuticals to

financial institutions, automobiles to the IT & ITES (IT-Enabled Services) sectors; to the retail

and real estate sector are opting for the smaller cities transforming them into India's fastest

growing cities in a matter of few years.

1. Lavasa The dream of India’s first smart city is now inching closer to reality in Lavasa. It is a

private, planned city being built near Pune. Touted as India’s first smart city, My City

Technology– a joint venture set-up by Lavasa Corporation and Wipro – signed a definitive

agreement for Cisco who is the giant of networking technology to participate in its development.

According to The Wall Street Journal, among the digital experiences, Lavasa homes will offer

are touch panel automation, occupancy-based lighting, door sensors, motion sensors, beam

detectors and on-call transport services. The city is boasting of City by assets tracking

automatically through RFID tags, all residential & buildings are connecting by secure IP,

networking technologies to help centralize management operations, logistic supply centers

boasting of roads, airport, rail, dry dock and operation centre and smart transportation and JIT

delivery.

2. GIFT (Gujarat International Finance Tec-City) Designed as modern recreation of India's

architectural past, mirrored twins of the Gateway. It will house over a million people with

millions more commuting there daily. Well placed between the political and commercial capitals

of Gujarat. GIFT is a public-private partnership, it will India's first major super tall Central

Business District project that is designed to be the focal point of both the world's and India's

booming financial services market by providing companies with all those things Mumbai is still

developing: comprehensive infrastructure, power, virtualized office space, a well designed,

planned & expandable urban form.

3. Kochi Smart City Kochi is an IT Special Economic Zone under construction in Kochi, Kerala

(Framework Agreement. kerala.gov.in, 2007), (Agreement reached on Smart City project. The

hindu.com (2011-02). Smart City (Kochi) Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. is a joint venture company

formed to develop the Kochi Smart City project. Government of Kerala (16% share), TECOM

Investments (84% share), a subsidiary of Dubai Holding are the main investors of the company.

“The four-storeyed building project of 22 lakh sq. ft. spread over 50 acres will be located on the

banks of Kadambraya at Edachira near Kakkanad. The project will be ready in two years

timeframe”. From this the NASSCOM forecast that the Indian Information Technology (IT)

industry will exceed $300 billion by 2020.

4. Bangalore Prof. em. Dr. techn. Jörg Schönharting said that Bangalore is going to be a Smarter

City through an Indo-German-Research Project mainly via Smart Mobility including (Noise,

Pollutants); (E-Mobility, Car Sharing); (Information, Traffic Management); (Walkability,

Distances, Modal Split); (High Occupation Rate); (Smart PT, Linkage with Private); (Safety,

Accessibility, Costs); (Energy Efficiency). The Government of Karnataka has inked an

agreement with networking solution provider Cisco for a pilot programme to develop the

roadmap for an intelligent, smart and sustainable Bangalore city. The pilot programme would

aim at developing replicable ICT solutions to help promote sustainable, intelligent urban

development practices in the city. The company also unveiled its blueprint for "Intelligent

Urbanization," a global initiative to help cities around the world use the network as the next

utility for integrated city management, better quality of life for citizens and economic

development. Bangalore's traffic police departments that are beginning to employ smart

technologies. They have 180 cameras around the city managed from a control room.

References

1. Esty D.C., Levy M.A., Kim C.H., de Sherbinin A., Srebotnjak T., Mara V. (2008).

Environmental Performance Index. New Haven: Yale Center for Environmental Law and

Policy.

2. Murakami S., Kawakubo S., Asamai Y., Ikaga T., Yamaguchi N., and Kaburagi S.

(2011). Development of comprehensive city assessment tool: CASBEE-City, Building

Research & Information (2011) 39(3), 195-210.

3. Lipton, Michael (1997), ‘Accelerated Resource Degradation by Agriculture in

Developing Countries? The Role of Population Change and Responses to It’, in Stephen

A. Vosti and Thomas Reardon eds., Sustainability, Growth and Poverty Alleviation: A

Policy and Agroecological Perspective, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press

4. Ruttan, V. W. _1991.. Sustainable growth in agricultural production: Poverty, policy and

science. Unpublished paper prepared for International Food Policy Research Institute

Seminar on Agricultural Sustainability, Growth, and Poverty Alleviation, Feldafing,

Germany, Sept. 23-27.

5. Repetto, R. _1992.. Accounting for environmental assets. Scientific American, June, 94-

100.

6. Scherr, Sara J. (1997), ‘People and Environment: What is the Relationship between

Exploitation of Natural Resources and Population Growth in the South?’ Forum for

Development Studies (1), 33-58.

7. Sen, Amartya, (2000), Development as Freedom, New York: Alfred A. Knopf

8. Lipton, Michael (1997), ‘Accelerated Resource Degradation by Agriculture in

Developing Countries? The Role of Population Change and Responses to It’, in Stephen

A. Vosti and Thomas Reardon eds., Sustainability, Growth and Poverty Alleviation: A

Policy and Agroecological Perspective, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press

9. Haq, Mahbub ul (1995), Reflections on Human Development, New York: Oxford

University Press.

10. Chambers, Robert (1992), ‘Sustainable Livelihoods: The Poor’s Reconciliation of

Environment and Development’, Chapter 7 in Paul Ekins and Manfred Max-Neef eds.,

Real-Life Economics: Understanding Wealth Creation, New York: Routledge.

11. Reed, David ed. (1997), Structural Adjustment, the Environment and Sustainable

Development, London: Earthscan Publications.

12. United Nations Development Programme (1990-2002), Human Development Report,

New York: Oxford University Press.

13. United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme,

14. World Bank, and World Resources Institute (2000), World Resources 2000-2001: People

and Ecosystems: The Fraying Web of Life, Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute

15. World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), Our Common Future,

New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.

16. Harris, Jonathan M. (2003) Sustainability and Sustainable Development. International

Society for Ecological Economics.

17. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/europeangreencapital/applying-for-the-award/

evaluation-process/index.html#sthash.QXukMUww.dpuf

18. www.ijird.com/index.php/ijird/article/download/42239/33737

19. Gibson, D. V., Kometsky, G., Smilor, R.W.(eds), "The Technopolis Phenomenon: Smart

Cities, Fast Systems, Global

Networks, Rowman and Littlefield", New York (1992).

20. Hall, R. E., "The vision of a smart city", In Proceedings of the 2nd International Life

Extension Technology Workshop, Paris,

France, September 28 (2000).

21. Thornley A.,"Strategic Planning in the Face of Urban Competition In", Salet, W. –

Faludi, A. (eds), The Revival of Strategic

Spatial Planning. Proceedings of colloquim. Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences,

Amsterdam (2000).

22. Giffinger, R., Fertner, C., Kramar, H., Kalasek, R., Pichler-Milanović, N., & Meijers,

E.,"Smart Cities: Ranking of European

Medium-Sized Cities. Vienna, Austria: Centre of Regional Science (SRF), Vienna University of

Technology, (2007).

23. Faisal Razzak,"Spamming the Internet of Things: A Possibility and It's probable Solution",

The 9th International Conference

on Mobile Web information Systems, Procedia Computer Science 10(2012) 658-665.

24Hafedh Chourabi, Taewoo Nam, Shawn Walker, J. Ramon Gil-Garcia, Sehl Mellouli, Karine

Nahon, Theresa A. Pardo, Hans

Jochen Scholl,"Understanding Smart Cities : An Integrative Framework", 45th Hawaii

International Conference on System

Sciences (2012).

25. Framework Agreement, kerala.gov.in, "Agreement reached on Smart City

project".Thehindu.com (2011-02-02). Retrieved on 2012-09-12.

26.IBM smart cities web sitehttp://www.ibm.co

m/smarterplanet/us/en/smarter_cities/overview/index.html

http://www.forrester.com/pimages/rws/reprints/document/82981/oid/1-LTEQ9N

27.http://euronet.uwe.ac.uk/www.sustainable-cities.org/indicators/ECI%20Final%20Report.pdf

28 .http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/focusgroups/ssc/Pages/default.aspx