1

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

2

1.1 Introduction

Electric power distribution only became necessary in the 1880 when electricity started being

generated at power stations. Before that electricity was usually generated where it was used. The

first power distribution systems installed in European and US cites were used to supply

lighting: arc lighting running on very high voltage (usually higher than 3000 volt) alternating

current (AC) or direct current (DC), and incandescent lighting running on low voltage (100 volt)

direct current. Both were supplanting gas lighting systems, with arc lighting taking over large

area/street lighting, and incandescent lighting replacing gas for business and residential lighting.

Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries electricity

from the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the

transmission system and lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between

2 kV and 35 kV with the use of transformers. Primary distribution lines carry this medium

voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer's premises. Distribution

transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage of household appliances and

typically feed several customers through secondary distribution lines at this voltage. Commercial

and residential customers are connected to the secondary distribution lines through service drops.

Customers demanding a much larger amount of power may be connected directly to the primary

distribution level or the subtransmission level.

1.2 Bangladesh Power Sector at a Glance

Bangladesh's energy infrastructure is quite small, insufficient and poorly managed. The

per capita energy consumption in Bangladesh is one of the lowest (321 kWh) in the world.

Noncommercial energy sources, such as wood fuel, animal waste, and crop residues, are

estimated to account for over half of the country's energy consumption. Bangladesh has small

reserves of oil and coal, but very large natural gas resources. Commercial energy consumption is

mostly natural gas (around 66%), followed by oil, hydropower and coal.

Electricity is the major source of power for most of the country's economic activities.

Bangladesh's installed electric generation capacity was 10289 MW in January, 2014; only three-

3

fourth of which is considered to be ‘available’. Only 62% of the population has access to

electricity with a per capita availability of 321 kWh per annum. Problems in the Bangladesh's

electric power sector include corruption in administration, high system losses, and delays in

completion of new plants, low plant efficiency, erratic power supply, electricity theft, blackouts,

and shortages of funds for power plant maintenance. Overall, the country's generation plants

have been unable to meet system demand over the past decade.

Power Sector at a glance-2016

Electricity Growth: 12 %

Generation Capacity (including captive): 14,077 MW (Sep. 2016)

Total Consumers: 19.8 Million (Sep. 2016)

Transmission Line: 9,695 Ckt. km

Distribution Line: 3,41,000 km

Distribution Loss: 11.36%

Per Capita Generation: 371 kWh

Access to Electricity: 74%

Parameters 2015 (At present) 2021 2030

Consumers (Mill.) 17.8 24.2 36.3

Line Constr (Thou KM) 341 481 641

Sub-Station (MVA) 24,720 35,700 66,500

Peak Demand (MW) 8,177 18,800 33,700

Distribution System Loss 11.36% 9.50% 8.70%

Table 1.1-Power Distribution: Future Plan

1.2.1 Generation Expansion Plan Up to 2021

Based on the primary fuel supply ability and Government`s limited ability to finance power

generation projects, an aggressive midterm generation expansion plan and a long term generation

plan was prepared to meet the growing demand of electricity to cope with accelerated economic

4

growth under the present govt. Revised generation plan prepared in 2015 targeting about 17,300

MW generation additions from 2015 to 2021 which is proved in the table below:

Year 2015

MW

2016

MW

2017

MW

2018

MW

2019

MW

2020

MW

2021

MW

Total

Public 848 885 202 1397 1611 1000 1900 9661

Private 1110 328 130 630 1152 1811 612 5773

Power

Import

100 500 1300 1900

Total 1958 1313 2027 2027 2763 2811 3812 17334

Table 1.2-Year wise generation projects to be completed (From 2015 to 2021)

1.2.2 Annual Development Program for BPDB’s Own Distribution Projects

A total of 9 distribution projects were undertaken in the Revised Annual Development Program

(RADP) in the FY14-FY15. Original Allocation, Revised Allocation and Expenditure incurred in

the FY14-15 are shown in the flowing table

Sub-sector Original ADP

FY14-15

RADP

FY14-15

Expenditure Incurred

FY14-15

Local Foreig

n

Total Local Foreig

n

Total Local Foreig

n

Total

Distributio

n

34,04

1

27,410 61,45

1

27,59

2

17,535 45,12

7

27,37

7

17,599 44,97

6

Table 1.3- FY14-15of ADP, RADP and EI

1.2.3 Future Distribution Project Up to 2018

From the view point of continuous improvement in retail sales performance and

consumer’s service and satisfaction, BPDB has under taken the following projects

that are at the various stages of approval and procurement process:

5

Sl.

no

Name of the Project

Project costs Year of

Complit

ion

Cumu

Progres

s (%)Local

(lakh tk)

Foreign

(lakh tk)

Total

(lakh tk)

1

10-Town power system dev.

Project (Rajshahai, Pabna,

Dinajpur, Bogora, Joypurhat,

Gaibandha, Nilfamari,

Shirajgonj, Thakurgoan &

Rangpur)

23,788 26,901 50,689 June`20

16

97.22

2

Emergency rehabilitation &

expansion of urban areas

power dist. system under

Chittagong zone

17,862 17,862 Dec

2015

96.60

3

Emergency rehabilitation &

expansion of urban areas

power dist. system under

Rajshahi zone

11,001 11,001 Dec

2014

99.50

4

Prepayment metering project

for dist. southern zone, Ctg

(Phase-1)

13,736 13,736 Dec

2016

1.07

5

Greater Chittagong power

Distribution project, SCADA

rehabilitation

1,817 8,589 10,405

Dec

2015 87.00

6

Central zone power

distribution project,

Mymensing

43,113 1,00,831 1,43,943

June

2015 90.38

7

Chittagong hill-tracts power

distribution project,

Rangamati

18,079 18,079

Dec

2015 89.66

Solar Street-Lighting

programmed in city

Dec

6

8 corporation 8,002 23,659 31,661 2015 27.17

9

Pre-payment metering project

for distribution Comilla and

Mymensing zone

2,844 10,405 13,249

Dec

2015 0.74

10

Chittagong zone power

distribution system

development project,

Chittagong

1,09,970 1,09,970

June

2018 6.65

Table 1.4 Future project up to 2018

1.3 Distribution System

Distribution system serve as the link from the distribution substation to the customer. This

system provides the safe and reliable transfer of electric energy to various customers throughout

the service territory. Typical distribution system being as the medium-voltage three-phase

circuit, typically about 33-66 KV, and terminate at a lower secondary three or single-phase

voltage typically below 1 KV at the overhead and underground circuits in a mix of branching

laterals from the station to the various customers. The circuit is design around various condition

such as terrain, visual regulations, or customer requirements. These various branching lateral can

be operated in a radial configuration or as a looped configuration, where two or more parts of the

feeder are connected tougher usually through a normally open distribution switch. High- density

urban areas often connected in a complex distribution to customer to customer. Most three-phase

systems are for larger loads as commercial or industrial customer. The three-phase system are

often drawn as one line in the following distribution circuit drawing (Fig. 1.1)

7

Fig. 1.1 Power Distribution System

1.4 Transmission and Distribution Losses

We have seen the static of Bangladesh Power system as standard distribution losses are 11.96%

(2014-2015) and 12.03% (2013-2014). And 7.919% (2015) power system losses of WZPDCL.

8

Energy losses occur in the process of supplying electricity to consumers due to technical and

commercial losses. The technical losses are due to energy dissipated in the conductors and

equipment used for transmission, transformation, sub-transmission and distribution of power.

These technical losses are inherent in a system and can be reduced to an optimum level. The

losses can be further sub grouped depending upon the stage of power transformation &

transmission system as transmission losses (400KV/220KV/132KV/66KV) as Sub-transmission

losses (33KV/11KV) and Distribution losses (11KV/0.4KV). The commercial losses are caused

by pilferage, defective meters and errors in meter reading and in estimating unmetered supply of

energy.

1.5 Objective

The objective of this thesis are:

The Brief description distribution system.

Losses of distribution system.

System losses degeneration in innovative ways.

Preparing signal line diagram.

Estimation and implementation of 1 MW grid connected solar system

1.6 Research Methodology

We have been done our field work by visiting Sub-Station of West Zone Power Distribution

Company Limited and advised by executive Engineers of WZPDCL.

9

CHAPTER TWO

VOLTAGE LEVEL WISE POWER

SYSTEM LOSS OF WZPDCL,

SATKHIRA

10

2.1 Introduction

We have been that the static of Bangladesh Power system, the standard distribution losses are

11.41% (2014-2015) and 12.03% (2013-2014) and 7.91% (2015) power system losses of

WZPDCL.

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-160

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1614.3

12.311.66

12.311.38

11.9511.41

12.45

system loss 2008-2016

Fig. 2.1 Standard Distribution Loss

2.2 11KV Voltage Level Loss Calculation

2.2.1 Commercial Operation Statics

Sl.

No

Name

of

Feeder

Jul-2014 Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Aug-2014 Sep-2014

Energy (KWH) Energy (KWH)

Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Energy (KWH)

Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Import Sale Import Sale Import Sale

1 TOWN 1806907 1591291 11.93 1836153 1605207 12.58 1733708 1535548 11.43

11

2 KATIA 1245590 1039474 16.55 1260836 1062337 15.74 1221160 1011481 17.17

3 OLD

SATKHI

RA

1048489 799981.5 23.70 1057988 857357 18.96 951772 845974 11.12

4 TEXTILE 280516 276099 1.57 283949 277986 2.10 332860 326280 1.98

5 SULTANPU

R1194145 977106.5 18.18 1178385 1043688 11.43 1082900 966867 10.72

6 LABSHA 566022 510885 9.74 575851 519522 9.78 540362 492942 8.78

7 HOSPITA

L58083 56424 2.86 51933 49840 4.03 57545 56400 1.99

8Total

6199752 5251261 15.30 6245095 5415937 13.28 592030

7

523549

2

11.57

Sl.

No

Name

of

Feeder

Oct-2014 Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Nov-2014 Dec-2014

Energy (KWH) Energy (KWH)

Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Energy (KWH)

Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Import Sale Import Sale Import Sale

1 TOWN 1614471 1432131 11.29 1210503 1172577 3.13 1141555 1052867 7.77

2 KATIA 1140222 930083 18.43 816009 753697 7.64 779748 683202 12.38

3 OLD

SATKHI

RA

893738 734218.5 17.85 653344 591955 9.40 610006 522929 14.27

4 TEXTILE 284950 281093 1.35 323048 318862 1.30 294580 290102 1.52

5 SULTANPU

R1022804 904135.5 11.60 768612 703311 8.50 799153 720121 9.89

6 LABSHA 486910 459945 5.54 385517 369754 4.09 370323 353675 4.50

7 HOSPITA

L46384 45696 1.48 33717 33279 1.30 28858 28419 1.52

8 Total 5489480 4787302 12.79 4190750 3943435 5.90 402422 365131 9.27

12

3 5

Sl.

No

Name

of

Feeder

Jan-2015 Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Feb-2015 Mar-2015

Energy (KWH) Energy (KWH)

Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Energy (KWH)

Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Import Sale Import Sale Import Sale

1 TOWN 1211214 1127737 6.89 1176449 1139691 3.12 1773841 1546430 12.82

2 KATIA 820531 724822 11.66 810942 741846 8.52 1031823 863649 16.30

3 OLD

SATKHI

RA

672819 581199 13.62 680939 599309.5 11.99 887063.9 763757 13.90

4 TEXTILE 280498 272448 2.87 257602 249616 3.10 356298.7 348104 2.30

5 SULTANPU

R850021 762449.5 10.30 807217 741615.5 8.13 1055998 875620 17.08

6 LABSHA 392231 373949 4.66 394228 374534 5.00 529914.1 498861 5.86

7 HOSPITA

L29640 28789 2.87 30587 29639 3.10 41509 40554 2.30

8Total

4256954 3871393 9.06 4157964 3876251 6.78 567644

8

493697

5

13.03

Sl.

No

Name

of

Feeder

Apr-2015 Syste

m

Loss

(%)

May-2015 Jun-2015

Energy (KWH) Energy (KWH) Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Energy (KWH) Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Import Sale Import Sale Import Sale

1 TOWN 1715663.9 1556520 15.55 2365484 2041161 13.71 2163502 1868808 13.62

2 KATIA 1120229 946053 18.24 1462871 1121347 23.35 1386066. 1181977 14.72

13

3

3 OLD

SATKHI

RA

928484.94 759142.5 1.05 1183134 971628.5 17.881110449.

2986842 11.13

4TEXTILE 321400.5 318032 14.70 312394.4 308896 1.12

304481.1

5301071 1.12

5 SULTANPU

R1062062.3 905916.5 3.91 1398735 1144782 18.16

1273507.

81051100 17.46

6LABSHA 525642.93 505087 1.05 679322.3 646288 4.86

630217.7

7593391 5.84

7 HOSPITA

L44140 43678 15.55 56371 55740 1.12 53649 53048 1.12

8Total

5717624 5034429 11.95 745831 6289842 15.67 692187

2

603623

7

12.79

Sl.

No

Name

of

Feeder

Jul-2015 Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Aug-2015 Sep-2015

Energy (KWH) Energy (KWH)

Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Energy (KWH)

Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Import Sale Import Sale Import Sale

1 TOWN 1764507 1532964 13.12 1924266 1590592 17.34 1841861 1649214 10.46

2 KATIA 1276149 1057870 17.10 1362030 1080658 20.66 1329172 1078628 18.85

3 OLD

SATKHI

RA

1022486 871827 14.73 1120442 907440.5 19.01 1065478 926154 13.08

4 TEXTILE 285616 282418 1.12 350064 346178 1.11 313160 309402 1.20

5 SULTANPU

R1128083 914848 18.90 1203636 961780.5 20.09 1194286 1004693 15.88

6 LABSHA 563500 530217 5.91 605568 563806 6.90 585717 553069 5.57

7 HOSPITA

L45899 45386 1.12 54424 53820 1.11 50558 49951 1.20

8 Total 6086240 5235530 13.98 6620430 5504275 16.86 638023 557111 12.68

14

2 1

Sl.

No

Name

of

Feeder

Oct-2015 Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Nov-2015 Dec-2015

Energy (KWH) Energy (KWH)

Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Energy (KWH)

Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Import Sale Import Sale Import Sale

1 TOWN 1796839 1593617 11.31 1320254 1273008 3.58 1294772 1205206 6.92

2 KATIA 1266535 1052555 16.89 898377 823498 8.33 890066 786475 11.64

3 OLD

SATKHI

RA

1033110 892498 13.61 753783 684035 9.25 713447 623845 12.56

4 TEXTILE 333674 330437 0.97 306714 298402 2.71 259722 255826 1.50

5 SULTANPU

R1164807 990290 14.98 882676 765315 13.30 875262 767900 12.27

6 LABSHA 561671 530135 5.61 408032 389489 4.54 433132 414268 4.36

7 HOSPITA

L50504 50014 0.97 34945 33998 2.71 29476 29034 1.50

8Total

6207140 5439546 12.37 4604781 4267745 7.32 449587

6

408255

4

9.19

Sl.

No

Name

of

Feeder

Jan-2016 Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Feb-2016 Mar-2016

Energy (KWH) Energy (KWH)

Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Energy (KWH)

Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Import Sale Import Sale Import Sale

1 TOWN 1350543 1260055 6.70 1436151 1370561 4.57 1479562 1329551 10.14

15

5 3

2KATIA 909329 807059 11.25 989738 801458 19.02

1015642

68519288 16.12

3 OLD

SATKHI

RA

738159 648997 12.08 784998 656881 16.32 8268607 7093134 14.22

4 TEXTILE 254136 251188 1.16 260148 255283 1.87 2711504 2672494 1.44

5 SULTANPU

R914917 820616 10.31 952078 834151 12.39 9497260 8048521 15.25

6 LABSHA 430264 410979 4.48 452991 432855 4.45 4605859 4359929 5.34

7 HOSPITA

L26844 26533 1.16 29470 28919 1.87 366728 361634 1.39

8Total

4624191 4225427 8.62 4905574 4380108 10.71 504020

10

443505

13

12.01

Sl.

No

Name

of

Feeder

Apr-2016 Syste

m

Loss

(%)

May-2016 Jun-2016

Energy (KWH) Energy (KWH)

Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Energy (KWH)

Syste

m

Loss

(%)

Import Sale Import Sale Import Sale

1 TOWN 2066432 1820296 11.91 2213720 1969296 11.04 2457273 2165617 11.87

2 KATIA 1235030 1031087 16.51 1486075 1169791 21.28 1495432 1226964 17.95

3 OLD

SATKHI

RA

1036705 881457 14.98 1171501 1000980 14.56 1235907 1064997 13.83

4 TEXTILE 348270 343360 1.41 312162 307917 1.36 289713 285947 1.30

5 SULTANPU

R1181516 988927 16.30 1365547 1147334 15.98 1312294 1078005 17.85

6 LABSHA 564984 535111 5.29 660637 633433 4.12 670988 640661 4.52

7 HOSPITA 44608 43979 1.41 55782 55023 1.36 58018 57264 1.30

16

L

8Total

6477545 5644217 12.86 7265424 6283774 13.51 751962

5

651945

5

13.30

Table 2.1- Total Energy (watt) and System Loss

2.3 Improving the Existing Condition Of 11KV and .4KV Voltage

Level in innovative way

2.3.1 Line loss

Loss in conductors where lower size conductors are used. This causes temperature rise in

conductors which further aggravate the loss.

Loss in higher loaded phase wires due to unbalanced loading.

Losses due to current in neutral for cases of unbalanced where neutral wire of lower size

used (like 3/2 core cables, and neutral wires of size lower than phase wires).

Lessening of strands in multi-strand conductors like ASCR, AAC, AAA).

2.3.1.(a) Losses In Mid-Span Joints (Or Any Joint) At Terminations

Contacts of joints due to improper installation and looseness.

Contacts of joints due to inadequate surface area of contact.

2.3.2 Losses in Transformers (Typically DT)

Loose connection at brushing.

Bend in jumpers at connectors where the strands are not tightly held.

High no-load loss depending on type of core used.

High no-load loss in repair transformers, where the core has not been properly tighten.

No-load loss in case a large number of lightly loaded DTs.

17

High copper loss for transformers operating at sub-optimal loading which is not

commensurate with designed optimal loading.

2.3.3 Losses In Service Cables And Connections

Under sized service cables.

Loss in joints of service cables at the poles or junction boxes.

Use of inappropriate fasteners without spring washer at the crimped joints.

2.3.4 Loss Due To High Impedance Faults

Tree touching, creepers, bird nesting.

Insulator breakages and tracking on the surface of the insulator.

2.3.5 Losses in Re-Wired Fuses/Jumpers

Loose connection.

Inadequate size of fuse wire-open a source of hot spots.

2.3.6 Loss at Consumer end Meter

Poor accuracy of meters.

Large error in capital CTs/PTs.

Voltage drop in PT cables in huge distance.

Loose connection in PT wire termination.

Over headed line.

2.3.7 Tampering/ Bypass of Meters

Where meter without tamper-proof-temper-deterrent/tamper-evident meters are used.

18

Poor quality sealing of meters.

Lack of seal issue, seal monitoring and management system.

Shabby installation of meters and metering systems.

Exposed CTs/PTs where such devices are not properly securitized.

2.4 Improve Existing System Losses in Innovative Way

2.4.1 Network Reconfiguration

It gives an option to handle the increased demand and increases system reliability. It is effective

when voltage drops between the nodes to be linked is rich and the distance between the nodes is

short. Within a feeder it is effective only when the zigzag factor is high.

2.4.2 Network Reconductoring

The size of conductor/ cable determines the current density and the resistance of the line. A

lower conductor size can cause high 12R losses and high voltage drop which causes a loss of

revenue as consumer’s consumption and hence revenue is reduced. The recommended practice is

to find out whether the conductor is able to deliver the peak demand of the consumers at the

correct voltages that is the voltage drop must remain within the allowed limits.

2.4.3 Automatic Voltage Booster

It is similar to that of the series capacitor as on-load tap changer it boosts the voltage at its point

of location in discrete steps. This in turn improves the voltage profile and reduces the losses in

the section beyond its point of location towards the receiving end. It has a total voltage boosts of

10% in four equal steps and the loss reduction is directly proportional to voltage boosts.

2.4.4 Facts Devices

Flexible ac transmission system, or EACTS is a family of power electrons devices provides a

verity of benefits for increasing transmission efficiency. Perhaps the most immediate is their

ability to allow existing AC lines to be loaded more heavily without increasing the risk of

disturbance on the system. Actual results vary with the characteristics of each installation, but

19

industry experience has shown FACTS devices to enhance transmission capacity by 20-40%.

FACTS devices stabilize voltage, and in so doing remove some of the operation safety

constraints that prevent operation from loading a given line more heavily. In addition to the

efficiency gains, these devices also deliver a clear reliability benefit.

2.4.5 Energy Management System (EMS)

An energy management system (EMS) is a system of computer-aided tools used by operators of

electric utility grids to monitor, control and optimize the performance of the distribution system.

The EMS monitoring and control functions are referred to as the supervisory control and data

acquisition (SCADA). This intelligent of the system, increase reliability, and predict electricity

system performance as well as optimize energy usage to reduce costs.

2.4.6 Power Factor Correction

Certain customer inductive loads, distribution line, and transformers require reactive power to be

supplied the electric grid. Addition of reactive power (VAR) increases the total line current,

which contributes to additional losses in the system.

2.4.7 Load Balancing and Load Management

If the loads on each of the three phase of a distribution lines or among feeders are redistributed,

the losses will be reduced, the best method to identify load balance is to construct current

duration curves for all three phase. In the scenario of overload distribution system, load

management plays a very important role for reduction of technical losses. Distribution

automation along with CADA is important tool for load management which should be

introduced.

2.4.8 Capacitor Installation

The use of capacitor to correct for poor power factor is a well-established and cost effective

means of reducing distribution system losses and maximizing the revenue. In most LT

distribution circuits, it is found that the power factor (PF) ranges from 0.65 to 0.75. for low PF

the amount of current drawn increases to meet the same KW demands of load. Overall

improvement in the operating condition can be brought about by reducing the system reactance.

20

This can be done by the application of shunt capacitor in the following ways-across individual

customers, advantage points on LT and 11 KV feeders, at distribution transformers and 33/11

KV sub stations.

Figure 2.2- Capacitor with Insulation

2.4.9 Increase in HT/LT Ratio

It is well known that for high HT/LT ratio, the losses will be low. The losses for a given quantum

of power supplied by a line are inversely proportional to the square of its operating voltage.

Higher the operating voltage, lower will be line losses. Therefore, by increasing the HT lines the

losses will be reduced.

2.4.10 Additional Feeders

Adding an additional feeder can reduce loading losses in two ways. First, the current in the

existing feeder could effectively be cut in half, resulting in a reducing in a reduction in 12*R

losses, net of the losses in the new feeder. There could be a net loss reduction in the substation

transformers if the new feeder is fed from another substation transformer and the transformer

losses serving the new feeder do not increase more than the loss reduction in the original

transformer. It is important to calculate total system losses for the existing configuration and for

the new feeder configuration. In general, adding feeder cannot be cost-justified by loss

reductions alone. Many factors need to be considered when adding transmission and distribution

feeders, including cost analysis, reliability issues, growth estimates and load diversity.

21

2.4.11 Gas-Insulated Substation

Gas-insulated substations are a possible solution to help reduce losses. Typical substations

occupy large tracts of land and are located outside of dense load areas. As a result, lower-voltage

lines from substations can go quite a distance before reaching load centers, which increases

losses. Gas insulated substations are encapsulated, with all equipment inside a metal housing,

and can be contained in a basement or building close to the load center, which would help in the

reduction of losses.

Figure 2.3- Gas- Insulated Substations

22

CHAPTER THREE

Ways of Power Loss Degeneration

23

3.1 Introduction

Using ultra-modem equipment such as underground cable, maintenance free XER, prepaid

meter, overhead cover cable etc., and synthesizing causes with expenses we can reduce power

system losses in Bangladesh from 12% to 6% and we get more benefit. Manually we can reduce

the power system losses in distribution side by doing 11KV distribution line will be longer,

0.4KV distribution line will be smaller, under sizing cable, disconnecting illegal connection.

To save the Energy we can use some innovative ideas such as:

Underground cable in distribution system.

Maintenance free XER.

Prepaid meter.

Automation in distribution.

GIS in distribution side.

Some other innovative way in distribution side.

3.2 Underground Cable

A cable so prepared that it can withstand pressure and can be installed below the ground level

and normally two or more conductors are placed in an underground cable with separate

insulation on each conductor.

24

Figure 3.1-Underground Cable

3.2.1 Parts of an Underground Cable

3.2.1.(a) Conductor Or Cor

Conductor is the main part of the underground cable. It is a conducting material generally made

up of copper, aluminum or ACSR depending on many factors like voltage rating, power to be

handled, distance between service and load point.

3.2.1(b) Insulation

Each core is provided with individual insulation and the purpose of this insulation is to separate

the conductor from the part or other conductors.

3.2.1(c) Armor

Armor is a galvanized steel layer for providing mechanical strength to the cable.

3.2.1.(d) Serving

Serving is an insulating layer protects the cable from corrosion and other chemical reaction with

soil. It prevents moisture being entered in the cable.

25

3.2.2. (a) Advantages of UG Cables Power Grid Security

Not affected by ice, snow, rain, wind, dust, smoke or fog.

Not affected by Ice stoms, Tornadoes, Hurricanes.

Nothing to be stolen.

3.2.2. (b) Advantages of UG Cables Economy

Low maintenance costs.

Land use minimized.

Value of land and building unaffected.

Low manpower cost.

High reliability and availability.

Few faults, bumps on power system.

Low shock hazard.

3.2.3 Disadvantages of UG Cables

Initial cost is high, outage time, locate fault and repair (OH one day, UG 7-10 days).

Fault location instantaneous, can have longer repair time.

Continuous teach required (sensitive areas, directional boring).

Soil thermal conditions modified.

Not possible to installed in mountain areas.

Considering insulation most of the cable are designed for 33 KV

3.2.4 Power Grid Security Continued

Quebec ice storms in the winter of 1998.

Hydro-Quebec hundreds of kilometers of EHV and HV lines collapsed.

Thousands of towers.

Blackout initiated by OH line at First Hydro in Ohio.

3.2.5 Classification of Cables

26

Cables for underground service may be classified in two ways according to:

The type of insulating material used in their manufacture.

The voltage for which they are manufactured.

However, the latter method of classification is generally preferred, according to which

cables can be divided into the following groups:

Low-tension (L.T.) cables- up to 1000V.

High-tension (H.T.) cables- up to 11,000V.

Super-tension (S.T.) cables- from 22 KV to 33 KV.

Extra high-tension (E.H.T) cables- from 33 KV to 66KV.

Extra super voltage cables- beyond 132KV.

3.2.6 Low voltage single phase cable

Single phase underground cable two types

Single core PVC cable.

Single core oil filled cables.

3.3 Prepayment Energy

Prepayment energy meters are a type of domestic energy meter that requires users to pay for

energy before using it. This is done via a smartcard, token or key that can be “topped up” at a

corner shop or via a smart phone app.

3.3.1 Different Types of Prepayment Meters

There are two main types of prepayment meters:

Key meters: A key meter uses a special electronic key with our tariff information on it.

Smart Card Meters: A smart card meanwhile sends our latest information through to our

supplier when topped up.

27

Figure 3.2 Prepayment Energy Meter

3.3.2 Advantage of Prepayment Meters

3.3.2(a) Customers Benefit Are:

Customers like the new system.

Easy and transparent.

They can control their own consumption.

They can control their budget.

No hassles with bill payment, disconnection or reconnection.

There is no minimum charge.

Require no deposit.

No more disputed bills.

Warning for low credit.

Negative credit during friendly hours/ holidays.

28

Emergency credit.

Abnormal voltage protection.

Automated record keeping.

3.3.2 (b) The Power Company’s Benefits Are

Upfront payment.

Improved cash flow.

Decreased non-technical losses.

Lower overheads expenses (no meter reading or billing).

Increased revenue.

No outstanding

Tamper protection.

Non-allowance of cover sanctioned load.

Better load management.

Better customer services.

Automated record keeping.

Create power saving attitude to the consumers.

3.3.3 Disadvantages of Prepayment Meters

Above average costs for our gas and electricity.

The best energy deals on the market aren’t available to prepayment meter customers.

We can be inconvenient because we have to go out to ‘tor up’ keys and smartcards.

If we can’t reach a shop to top up our meter energy can be switched off.

Older meters need to have their prices updated manually after price rises or falls, which

can take months. This means we could be left paying old rates and owing a lump sum or

paying too much.

3.3.4 Scheme Works of a Pre-Payment Meter

29

The basic principle of prepayment is to buy Energy in advance and inform the meter in some

ways. The credit stored is deducted as per energy usages and the meter will cut the output line as

the credit reaches zero. If the consumers buy more credit and recharges, he can enjoy energy

usage without discontinuity. Vending stations are used to sell credit to the consumers. A number

of vending stations are connected to a System Master Station (SMS). The SMS is used to process

the data centrally.

3.4 Dry-Type Transformers

To minimize environmental contamination and fire hazard, customer are specifying dry-type

transformers more frequently. These transformers meet strict parameters with respect to

electricity system demands and functioning in areas with extreme climatic conditions. ABB’s dry

and cast transformers are virtually maintenance free and are manufactured in accordance with

industry and international standards including ISO 9001. ABB offers a full range of dry-type

transformer with primary voltages through 72.5 KV built according to all major standards

including IEC and ANSI.

3.4.1 Advantages

Dry type transformer accommodates less place than any other.

This XER do not catches a fire.

Installation at any place is convenient.

Eco-friendly looks & use.

Internal inspection is possible.

No corrosion.

Side clearance is less.

Maintenance.

3.4.2 Disadvantages

Cannot be used for more than 2000 KVA.

3.5 Automation in Distribution Side

30

Grid and distribution lines experience fault by extracted trees or pole at the time of any natural

disaster as flood heavy rain fall, cyclone, birds interacting with the cables or over voltage caused

for thunder attack. It causes suffering to consumer CB Trip and interrupt causeless power supply.

To provide consumer cause less power supply, distribution automation could be used at

distribution side that detects the fault very shortly and re-establishes uninterrupted power supply.

3.5.1 Automatic Circuit Re-Closers

These are the devices similar in function to circuit breakers, except they also have the

ability to reduce after opening again, and reclose again, repeating this cycle a

predetermined number.

The faults on cables are generally not temporary.

If the temporary fault has vanished during the dead time, the auto re-closer remains

closed. If fault persists after first/second re-closer one en-closer one enclosing is

attempted. If fault persists after third/final re-closer, the auto re-closer is opened and

locked.

3.5.2 Line Sectionalizer

A sectionalized is a protective device, used in conjunction with a re-closer, or breaker and

re-closer relay, which isolates faulted sections of lines. The sectionalizer does not

interrupt fault current.

Instead, it counts the number of operations of the interrupting device upstream and opens

while the interrupting device is open.

Reclosing relays and automatic sectionalizing equipment are used together to isolate a

faulted portion of a distribution circuit. After the downstream line sectionalizer has

operated, the reclosing relay at the substation should have one auto re-closing cycle left

to re-energize the undaunted section of the circuit.

31

3.6 Electricity Distribution and GIS

The use of GIS in power system has greatly enhanced the efficiency in energy sector. Proximity

to the furthest customer and high cost to invest capital, are the reasons that make the distribution

system as an important part of electrical utility, which endeavor to improve the reliability of

general power system. Analyses such as selection of suitable areas, optimum path finding, the

profile analyses, the engineering design of wires and towers, and the cost estimation can all be

done using GIS.

Electric utilities are realizing the benefits of GIS technology in the management of facilities for

engineering, construction operation, and maintenance and services purposes. Problems of

planning in distribution system can be solved by using new methods and specific techniques.

Complexity of electrical distribution system and necessity of accurate up-to-date information of

the network assets is a reasonable intention for introducing new method of information

technology.

Figure 3.3-Operation of GIS

32

3.6.1 Aims and Objectives

The aim of the project is to generate a geospatial model for electricity consumers and facilities to

provide a better understanding towards effective distribution and conservation of electricity. The

objectives of the study are to:

Carry out an appraisal of the existing electrical distribution network in the study area.

Map the existing electricity distribution facilities in the study area.

Estimate the trend in electricity consumption pattern in the study area.

Conduct gap analysis of electricity requirement in the study area.

3.6.1 (a) The Following Recommendations Are Advanced For Efficient Electricity

Distribution Networks

More efforts must be made to bring in refined and scientific approaches such as GIS into

the management of electricity distribution network.

Training programs should be organized for technical online staff of electricity

distribution on the integration of GIS in the management of electricity distribution.

The user requirement and survey analysis conducted before implementation of electricity

projects should include spatial information system from the onset so as to forestall drop

in voltage within the distribution network.

3.6.2 Distribution System Software Key Features

Balanced and unbalanced load flow and voltage drop analysis.

Protective device coordination including extensive re-closer modeling and sequencing.

Optimal capacitor placement and sizing to minimize losses and improve voltage profile.

Comprehensive load modeling.

Advanced reliability assessment and distribution reliability analysis.

Switching sequence management for load transfer simulations.

GIS map interface.

Advanced monitoring, simulation & control.

33

Predict system response to operator actions.

Fast, optimal & intelligent load shedding and restoration.

System optimization and automation.

Demand-side management.

Intelligent one-line diagrams.

Intelligent one-line diagrams.

Multi-dimensional database.

Time domain event event playback with simulation capability.

Integrated alarm, warning and acknowledgement.

Client-server configuration.

Built-in redundancy and automatic fail over.

3.6.3 Operators

Advanced alarm management.

Flexible graphical monitoring.

Multiple access levels.

Multi-console monitoring.

Built-in redundancy and automatic fail over.

Substation automation.

Train and assist operators.

Reduce downtime.

Improve operator usability and confidence.

Avoid time-of-use penalties.

3.6.4 Managers

i. Reliable and accurate plant data.

ii. Single platform reduced maintenance and support.

iii. Optimize operation and increase reliability.

34

iv. Minimize operating costs.

v. Evaluate cost allocation.

vi. Provide data accessibility.

vii. Improve energy conservation.

3.6.5 Engineers

i. Cause and effect investigation.

ii. Minimize system losses.

iii. Extended equipment lifetime.

iv. Expand capabilities as site requirements change.

v. Inherent handling of large scale systems.

3.7 Some Innovative Way in Distribution Side

Sl.

no.

Problem Proposal

1

11 KV voltage level tapping between

WZPDCL and PBS (feeder):

Transformer and bus bar losses of 11 KV

tapping between WAZPDCL and PBS are

distributed proportionally which is actually

illogical in truth, loss increases inversely in

case of cover extended load.

In case of 11 KV voltage level tapping an

act could be enforced asserting that,

tapping issuing institute could prepare bill

in F tariff tapping issuing institute could

bear total bus bar and XER loss.

2

Establish power factor improvement

instruments for C tariff consumer:

The most benefit able way for declining

line loss and voltage drop is power factor

improvement at consumer side. Though

according to power consumption rate and

For C tariff power factor rectifying yardage

could be enacted in proper rate like F & E

tariff, besides disconnecting by notice law.

35

regulation 7.3.1 and 7.3.2 C tariff consumer

could be disconnected, failing to sustain

power factor within approved limit

consumer apathy causes much troubles in

field level. Such as:

i. Establish capacitor bank and

internationally undo the

connection.

ii. Not replace damaged capacitor

bank.

iii. Establish low quality capacitor

bank that fails to do essential

power factor development

moreover they oppugn to add extra

PFI unit etc.

iv. In this consumer incentive should

be ensured in establishing power

factor improvement instruments...

3

Pacifying the penalty collection for illegal

consumer is necessary.

Decisions could be made by forming

committee in every circle consisting

corresponding dept. head and executive

engineer to ascertain penal rate according

to power consumption and regulation act

17.00

4

Average bill of damaged meter:

In case of average bill for damaged meter it

has been noticed that, of even after many

months of average bill feeder in-charge

feeder supervisor are bot informed timely.

Proper measure should be taken as for the

meter reader supervisor could be informed

According to electricity act 1910 clause 26

sub clause 3 should any average bill

certainly committee as described below

a. 3-phase 11KV:

a. Corresponding administrative

engineer.

b. Corresponding meter reader

36

immediately before preparing average bill

and be able to take decision and initiative

according to it.

(executive engineer)

b. 3-phase 400V:

a. Corresponding executive engineer.

b. Corresponding meter reader (feeder

supervisor).

c. 1-phase 230V:

a. Corresponding feeder supervisor.

b. Corresponding feeder in-charge.

c. Corresponding feeder meter reader.

5

If some acts could be drawn to simplify

undue collection from disconnected

consumers undue collection could be

pacified.

Beside notice and case ministry of power

energy and mineral resource of people

republic of Bangladesh needs to add

following acts:

i. If disconnected defaulter consumer

uses connections against several

accounts within one premise those

should be disconnected by 10 days’

notice.

ii. If any consumer unwilling to repay

the undue, facilities himself by

using his or other consumers

construction as well as connection

in that case his or the other

consumer connection should be

under cut off by 10 days’ notice

law.

iii. If any consumers dies leaving his

undue repaid, in that case the

appropriator, resident occupier or

the buyer of his property consuming

his own or any of other

37

establishment, his or the other

providing connection should be

under cut off by 10 days’ notice

law.

Table 3.1-Some Innovative Way in Distribution Side

CHAPTER FOUR

SYSTEM PROTECTION

38

4.1 Introduction

Power system is subjected to faults and transient. These will result in over currents and over

voltages that can cause damage to conductors as well insulation. That result in equipment loss

and system failure. In distribution system the main devices for over current or fault current

protection are fuses and circuit breakers. In addition to these over voltage protection devices and

relays are also employed. The modern power system is complex and even though protection

equipment from 4 to 5% of the total cost involved in the system, they pay a very important role

in the system design for good quality and reliability.

4.2 Objectives of Distribution System Protection

Minimize the fault duration

Minimize the number of consumer effected by the fault

Eliminates the safety hazards as fast as possible

Minimize the service failure to the smallest possible branch in the distribution system

To discriminate between over loading, short circuit and very temporary fault.

4.3 Over Current Protection Devices

These include

Fuses

Relay controlled circuit breakers

Automatic circuit re-closers

39

Automatic line sectionalizes

4.3.1 Fuse

A fuse is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial device to provide over

current protection, of either the load or source circuit.

Its essential component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows

through it, interrupting the circuit that it connects.

The fuse element is generally made of materials having low melting point, high

conductivity and least detritions due to oxidation e.g. silver, copper etc.

Figure 4.1-Electrical Fuse

4.3.1(a) Advantages

Cheapest form of protection available.

Requires no maintains

Break heavy short circuit current without noise and smoke

The minimum time of operation that can be made much shorter than of the circuit

breaker

4.3.1(b) Disadvantages

40

Considerable time is required in removing and replacing a fuse after operation.

The current time characteristics of a fuse can`t be correlated that of protected apparatus.

4.4 Circuit Breakers

a. There are the devices that can carry and interrupt normal load current, like switches; in

addition, they interrupt short-circuit (fault) current.

b. Circuit breaker are always paired with a relay which senses short-circuit condition using

potential transformers (PTs) and current transformers (CTs).

c. A circuit breaker is essentially consist of fixed and moving contacts called electrodes.

d. Under normal operating conditions, these contacts remain in closed and will not open

automatically until and unless the system become faulted.

e. Circuit breaker are rated for low voltages (<1000 V), medium voltages (over 1000 V but

less than 7200 V) and high voltages (>7200 V).

41

Figure 4.2-Circuit Breaker

4.4.1 The Circuit Breakers Used In the Distribution System

Air circuit breaker

Oil circuit breaker

Minimum oil circuit breaker

Vacuum circuit breaker

4.5 Automatic Circuit Re-closers

There the devices similar in function to circuit breakers, except they also have the ability

to reclose after opening, open again, repeating this cycle a predetermined number of

times until they lockout .

The fault on cables are generally not temporary.

42

If the temporary fault has vanished during the dead time, the auto re-closer remains

closed. If fault persists after first/second re-closer one enclosing is attempted. If fault

persists after third/final re-closer, the auto reclose is opened and locked.

Figure 4.3-Re-Closer

4.6 Automatic Line Sectionalizer

A sectionalize is a protective device, used in conjunction with a re-closer, or breaker and

reclosing relay, which isolates faulted of lines. The sectionalizer does not interrupt fault

current.

Instead, it counts the number of operations of the interrupting device upstream and opens

while the interrupting device is open.

Reclosing relays and automatic sectionalizing equipment are used together to isolate a

faulted portion of a distribution circuit. After the downstream line sectionalize has

operated, the reclosing relay at the substation should have one auto reclosing cycle left to

re-energize the unfaulted section of the circuit.

4.6.1 Advantages

43

1. Automatic sectionalizes are cheaper than auto re-closers.

2. They may be employed for interrupting or switching loads within their rating.

4.7 Co-Ordination of Protective Devices

i. Protective device coordination is the process of determining the “best fit” timing of

current interruption when abnormal electrical conditions occur.

ii. The goal is to minimize an outage to the greatest extent possible.

iii. Historically, protective device coordination was done on translucent log-log paper.

Modern methods normally include detailed computer based analysis and reporting.

iv. Protective coordination is also handled through dividing the power system into protective

zones.

v. If a fault were to occur in a given zone, necessary actions will be executed to isolate that

zone from the entire system.

vi. Overlapped regions are created by two sets of instrument transformers and relays for each

circuit breaker. They are designed for redundancy to eliminate unprotected areas.

4.7.1 Objectives of Co-ordination

i. Minimize the extent of fault in order to reduce the number customers affected.

ii. Minimize the service interruption due to faults.

iii. Minimize the duration of service outages to identify the location of the fault.

iv. Types of co-ordination

a.Fuse to Fuse

b. Auto re-closers to Fuse

c.Circuit breaker to Fuse

d. Circuit breaker to Auto Re-closers

4.7.1(a) Fuse to Fuse Coordination

Fuse A is called protected fuse.

Fuse B is called protecting fuse.

44

For perfect coordination fuse B mist melt and clear the fault before fuse A is damaged.

4.7.1(b) Auto Re-closers to Fuse

If the fault F beyond the fuse B is temporary, the auto re-closer AR should clear it

without blowing of fuse B.

Figure 4.4-Recloser to Fuse Coordination

4.7.1(c) Circuit Breaker to Fuse

When fuse A is used as a main protection and circuit breaker as a backup, the operating

time is selected as 150% of total operating time of the fuse of over current relays for

phase to phase fault.

Therefore the fuse A operates first and the circuit breaker operates next only if fuse fails

to operate.

If the circuit breaker provides main protection and fuse A as a backup, the relays should

operate instantaneously and circuit breaker should isolate the before blowing the fuse.

The minimum melting time of fuse should be about 135% more than total fault clearing

time of the circuit breaker relay combination for phase to phase faults.

4.7.1(d) Circuit Breaker to Auto Re-closers

45

The circuit breaker provides a backup protection.

The auto re-closer provides main protection.

CHAPTER FIVE

Tariff, Revenue, Protocol and46

Consumer’s Participation with

WZPDCL Programs

5.1 Introduction

Electricity prices vary between countries and can even vary within a single region or distribution

network of the same country. In standard regulation monopoly markets, electricity rates typically

vary for residential, commercial, and industrial customers. Prices for any single class of

electricity customer can also very by time –of-day or by the capacity or nature of the supply

circuit (e.g. 5kw, 12kw, 18kw, 24kw, are typical in some of the large developed countries); for

industrial customers, single-phase vs. 3-phase, etc. If a specific market allows real-time dynamic

pricing, a more recent option in limited markets to date typically following the introduction of

electronic metering, prices can even vary between times of low and high electricity network

demand.

5.2 Tariff

47

A tariff is the pricing structure a retailer charges a customer for energy consumption. It’s divided

into two parts: the ‘fixed charge’ for supply of energy to your premises. The ‘variable charge’ for

the amount of energy you use.

5.2.1 Global Electricity Prices by Select Countries in 2015

(in U.S. dollar cents Per kilowatt hour)

48

Figure 5.1-Global Electricity Prices (in U.S. dollar cents per kilowatt hour)

5.2.2 New Electricity Bill Tariff in Bangladesh (PDB)

49

Table 5.1-New Electricity Bill Tariff in Bangladesh (PDB)

5.2.3 Tariff Rates in Bangladesh and Its Neighbors Country

50

Country/Region 0-100 Unit Residential (Bdt/kwh) Agriculture (Bdt/kwh)

Bangladesh 3.68 (Up to 75 Unit: 3.33) 2.51

West Bengal, India3.88 (rural),

3.90 (urban)

Off peak: 2.34,

Peak: 9.06

KESC (Karachi) 5.90 Flat: 11.00

Nepal 6.79

.50 unit: 8.00

Srilanka3.88

.90 unit: 13.25

Source: BPDP (2012) Table 5.2 Tariff Rates in Bangladesh and Its Neighbors

5.3 Revenue

In Bangladesh 2014-15 Budget subsidies for “Power and Energy Saving” was 18 Thousands and

540 core take.

2 0 0 8 - 2 0 0 9 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 - 2 0 1 1 2 0 1 1 - 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 2 - 2 0 1 3 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4

2677

2637

5968

.42 71

85.8

8795

.43

7928

2213

1030

5912

.81

5912

.81

8851

.77

7916

Total Budget (Core Taka) Achievement (Core Taka)

Figure 5.2-ADP Growth at Electricity Sector

2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2041

GDP (million 93,236 126,630 181,282 258,598 351,109 453,642 587,665

51

USD)

GDP (billion

BDT)6,071 8,245 11,804 16,838 22,862 29,538 38,265

Exchange rate

(BDT/USD)65.1

Growth rate

(p.a.)6.1% 6.3% 7.4% 7.4% 6.3% 5.3% 4.4%

[13] Table-5.3-Real GDP Revenue

5.4 Protocol

A protocol is the special set of rules that end points in a telecommunication connection use when

they communicate. Protocols specify interactions between the communicating entities.

5.4.1 Electricity Protocol

When any VIP guest like a Prime minister, minister meeting or any large function like fair,

cultural program or any kind of religions program (Milady Mikhail) is organized by consumer

then there needs to supply uncut electricity that is called electricity protocol.

In our country sometimes many programs are held by general people. When this program are

held then our electricity distribution company have to take necessary steps to hold this program

comfortably so that they should supply uncut electricity. For this program they are facing many

problems because this extra load demand is unexpected. As a result for fulfill this electricity

demand some other feeder in distribution side have to shut down for program. Shut down

feeder’s consumer have to suffer very badly. So for this program or any other VIP purpose they

have to arrange a standby generator for supporting electricity demand. On the other hand if occur

any fault in distribution line then they have to use the generator. And obviously generator should

keep in running condition. Without this generator they can also use solar power or DC supply.

52

So in any program or official work they should not only depend on power grid or distribution

line.

5.5 Consumer Help to WZPDCL

i. Un-sanctioned/Non-permitted Air conditioners, heater, Microwave, Induction heater

should be avoided.

ii. Consumer should not use illegal connection.

iii. Consumer should use smart home security system so that they can control their electricity

from any place.

iv. In electricity protocol, fair, any cultural program or religions program or VIP guest

meeting consumer have to use a standby generator.

v. Every consumer must have it use smart meter (prepaid meter) because it’s calculation

helpful for consumer and any distribution company.

vi. Consumer have to use a good wiring system.

vii. In case of post payment metering consumers should pay their electricity bill within fixed

date.

5.6 WZPDCL Helpful to Consumer

i. WZPDCL have to sure uncut electricity for consumer and they have to use good quality

electricity equipment for consumer safety.

ii. Safety purpose should be increase their concern.

iii. Need a good relation with consumer.

iv. WZPDCL have to ensure that consumer have to pay electricity bill comfortably also it

will be online system.

v. WZPDCL should be concern about prepaid meter and encourage for using it for

consumer.

53

5.7 Consumer Survey

The Question as followed bellow has been asked to Apx.500 Consumers. The Answers picked up

from the most common ones:

You any load shedding in your area? (If have) how it’s Have longer?

Ans: Yes. Almost one hour daily (two or three times).

Have you get sufficient electrical energy as your need?

Ans: Yes

Have you faced any riddle when you connected your new connection?

Ans: No.

Are you satisfy with your electricity safety?

Ans: Yes. But little bit reflected upon on ours.

How does behave a meter reader when they collect your meter reading?

Ans: Good

Have you any puzzle meter reading or electricity bill?

Ans: Yes. Sometimes we are getting confused.

Have you paid off your electricity bill timely?

Ans: Yes. Try our best.

Have you taken any steps to stop power wastage?

Ans: Yes. Like when a light isn’t need it will be shut off.

Are you satisfied with supplying electricity from WZPDCL?

Ans: Yes.

Are you satisfied with WZPDCL’s Tariff rate?

Ans: Yes. But it should be less.

54

Have you faced any equipment break down (like meter break down)? They what do you

do?

Ans: Yes. Then then we contact with officers of WZPDCL.

Did you find power management efficient during or natural danger?

Ans: No. it’s most displeasing.

What are you do when your voltage low down?

Ans: I’m try to shut down my main switch.

When you go to WZPDCL’s office, how are they behave with you?

Ans: Good. They co-operate with us.

55

CHAPTER SIX

CONCLUSION AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

56

6.1 Conclusion

Bangladesh is an energy hungry country. Power infrastructure of Bangladesh insufficient but the

demand is rapidly increasing. Our Govt. want to provide electricity to all. So first of all we

should be focused on distribution system with some new technology. Some innovative ideas we

described in this thesis that’s might be helpful to reduce system losses in distribution side and

more efficient to provide electricity in industrial area or residential area. Now Govt. want to get

10% of total consumption from renewable energy technology.

6.2 Limitations of the Work

If we want to accomplish above innovative way then it will bear more initial cost. But it is so

important to implement the above way which are innovative because it will be more convenient.

6.3 Future Scopes of the Work

There is no termination of innovative way when yoke is developed then new exploration will be

exposed and added to power system in this way power system will be reduced. Power system

will be improved with the addition of new technique.

57

References[1]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_Bangladesh

[2]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_distribution

[3]. https://www.desco.org.bd/?page=tarrif-rate-2, retired on 03.6.2016

[4]. https://dpdc.org.bd/bn/?lng=bn, retired on 5.6.2016

[5]. https://www.bpdb.gov.bd/bpdb/,retried on 5.5.1016

[6]. https://www.wzpdcl.org.bd/,retired on 13.5.2106

[7]. www.powermin.nic.in/jsp_servlets/internal.jsp retired on 13.5.2016

[8]. D. W. A. Willen et al., Test results of full-scale I-ITS cable models and plans for a 36 kV, 2 k Arms utility

demonstration, submitted for publication, Applied Superconductivity Conference, 2000.

[9]. R. L. Hughey, Development of a high temperature superconductivity power delivery system, Jicable, pp. 92-

96, 1999

[10]. M. Nassi, Latest development of HTS cable systems in Europe and the USA", Proceedings of the ISS 1999,

Tokyo, Japan, pp. 821-826, October 1999.

[11]. M. Leghissa, J. Rieger, H.-W. Neumuller, Development of HTS power transmission cables, IEEE Trans. on

Appl. Supercond., vol. 9, pp. 406- 411,1999.

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