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EMS Geography GCSE Revision FLASH CARDS:Unit 3 – Population Change

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)POPULATION CHANGE

Define the following key terms: (a) Population Distribution (b) Population Density (c) Population Explosion

Population Distribution – how a population is spread out over an area Population Density – the number of people living in a given area (people per km2) Population Explosion – a very rapid increase in population

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)POPULATION CHANGEDescribe the world’s population distribution & density (you should include named areas)

- The world’s population is unevenly distributed - Some areas have a high population density eg, Asia / Europe (75+people/km2) - Other areas of the world have a low population density e.g. Canada/Greenland and Russia (<10 people per km2)


Explain the reasons for the distribution of global population

Extremely hot or cold climates such as the Sahara Desert or Siberia will have sparse population, as will areas with infertile soils. Fertile soils where crops are grown such as river valleys, for example, the Ganges Valley will be densely populated. Temperate climates where the population can grow crops such as the UK will also be densely populated.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)POPULATION CHANGECase study: Give 3 points to describe China’s Population Distribution

- China’s population is unevenly distributed - Area of high population density in E China (greater than 25 people/km2 & in places over 1000 / km2) including major cities like Beijing and Shanghai + coastal areas- Sparsely populated area to the west of china around the Himalayas and Gobi Desert (<5 people/km2 average)


Case study: Give 3 physical factors which help explain the high population density in Eastern China

- Main area of lowland – easier for building houses / developing industry - Areas with the most fertile soils – due to fertile floodplains of major river (e.g. Yangtze) – these areas have intensive agriculture - Areas of high rainfall (in places over 1500mm /yr) – ideal for agriculture - Coastal locations enable navigation for trade



Case study: Give 2 human factors which help explain the high population density in Eastern China

- Excellent communication links which has encourage growth of industry and therefore led to growth in population due to availability of jobs - SE coastal areas – major trading ports – therefore became centre of industry – led to economic development


Case study: Give 4 reasons for the low population densities in Western China

- High mountains (over 5,000m) – e.g. Atai mountains – make settlement difficult and communications are poor. - Lower rainfall totals and in the mountains most precipitation falls as snow - A number of deserts in the west (e.g. Gobi desert) – rainfall less than 300mm / yr and temps may reach -40oC in winter and summer temps may reach +50oC - Lack of fertile soils and extreme climates in these areas make agriculture difficult

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)POPULATION CHANGE: Case study (UK)1. Give the average population density of London 2. Give the average population density of the UK 3. Give the average population density of the Scottish Highlands.

1. Average population density of London is 500 people / km2 2. Average population density of the UK is 243 people / km2 3. Average population density of the Scottish Highlands is <10 people/ km2

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)POPULATION CHANGE: Case study (UK)Give 3 reasons for the high population density of London and the SE (give place specific detail)

Flat land – excellent for building on – great road links – M25; M1; A14; M11 (attracts industry) Mild Climate – Jan 3 oC and July 18 oC – 1500mm precipitation/yr – pleasant & ideal for agriculture London – Capital city – has prestige and high status which attracts businesses (Canary Wharf) & tourism e.g. Buckingham palace

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)POPULATION CHANGE: Case study (UK)

Give 3 reasons for low population density of Scottish Highlands

Thin, acidic soils – upland soils, infertile – not good for growing crops

Lack of job opportunities – most jobs – primary industry – farming / fishing & seasonal in tourism

Remote and isolated highlands – tv/phone/ internet reception are poor.



Define the following key terms: (a) Birth Rate(b) Death Rate (c) Life Expectancy (d) Infant Mortality Rate

Birth Rate – the number of babies born per 1000 people per year Death Rate – the number of deaths per 1000 people per year Life Expectancy – the average number of years a person is expected to life forInfant Mortality Rate - the number of infants dying before the age of 1 per 1000 live births per year


Outline reasons for the changes in birth rates

Social: Education and awareness of contraception reduces birth rateEconomic: In UK, cost of raising one child to 18 years is £154,000 = ave 2 per familyPolitical: China has used policies to decrease its birth rate, for example, the ‘one-child’ policy. Whereas Singapore (‘3 or more’) has used incentives to increase its birth rate.


Outline reasons for the changes in death rates

Medical: Vaccinations reduce infant mortalitySocial: Healthier conditions – sewage systems (sanitation) & tap water reduce death ratesEconomic: In UK, areas of high poverty = higher death rates (poor diet & access to amenities)Political: Gov’ts in LICs invest in clean drinking water to reduce death rates.


How do government attitudes to population change vary from place to place and over time?

China ‘One Child Policy’: Introduced 1979 to reduce birth rate now at 1.5 per family. Planned relaxation of law from 2014 over concerns of gender imbalance and lack of workers to support ageing population.

Singapore ‘Three or more Policy’: 1970s Gov’t gave financial incentives to encourage professional couples to have more children. Now includes all the adult population.


What does DTM stand for and what does it show?

DTM stands for The Demographic Transition Model – this is a model showing population change over time in relation to changing birth and death rates and the consequent change in overall population

Cannot be applied universally: E.g. Brazil – slower fall in birth rate at Stage 3 due to religious beliefs



Define the following key terms: (a) Natural Decrease (b) Natural Increase (c) Depopulation

Natural Decrease – the fall in population caused by deaths exceeding births. Natural Increase – the rise in population caused by births exceeding deaths Depopulation – a decline in the numbers of people living in an area due to out-migration or higher death than birth rates.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)POPULATION CHANGEDescribe and explain population change shown in the DTM

Stage 1: High Stationary (UK pre-1750)BR: High WHY?: Children needed for farmingDR: High WHY?: Disease & famineNI: Stable (low popn) or slow increaseStage 2: Early expanding (UK 1750-1880)BR: High WHY?: No family planningDR: Rapidly falling WHY?: Sanitation & clean waterNI: Rapid increaseStage 3: Late expanding (UK 1880-1950)BR: Falling WHY?: Improved medical care & diet DR: Falls more slowly WHY?: Vaccinations & cleaner conditions reduces infant mortalityNI: Increase slows downStage 4: Low stationary (UK post 1950)BR: Low WHY?: Family planningDR: Low WHY?: Good health care & food supplyNI: Stable or slow increaseStage 5?: Declining? (Germany)BR: Very low WHY?: Later marriage; economic costDR: Low WHY?: Diet & exerciseNI: Slowly decreasing

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)POPULATION CHANGEName the following case studies: - A case study to show how a government has reduced the birth rate - An example of a densely populated area of the UK - A case study to show how a government has set out to increase the birth rate (pro-natalist policy) - An example of a sparsely populated area of the UK

- A case study to show how a government has reduced the birth rate – China’s One Child Policy - An example of a densely populated area in the UK – London and the South East - A case study to show how a government has set out to increase the birth rate (pro-natalist policy) – Singapore’s “3 or more Policy” - An example of a sparsely populated area of the UK – Scottish Highlands

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)POPULATION CHANGE: Case StudyWhen was China’s One Child Policy introduced? Why was it needed?

When: 1979Why: 25% of world popn in China; 66% under the age of 30 (1979) = One Child Policy to reduce popn growth, enable economic reform and improve living


standards.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)POPULATION CHANGE: Case study

Give 3 benefits / incentives which were given to people to stick to China’s One Child policy?

Benefits awarded to those who stuck to policy – e.g. priority housing, free medical care; free education; cash bonuses, longer maternity leave.

Family planning: Free contraception and sterilisation were made available.

Reduced costs of child care and better standard of living


Give 3 examples of penalties / disincentives imposed on those who failed to stick to China’s One Child Policy.

- heavy fines for those who had more than one child (fines = 4 times annual wage) - ‘granny police’ used to monitor people and check on who was pregnant and which women were using contraceptives - couples who worked for government were sacked- lose all privileges


To what extent is China’s One Child Policy a success?

Success:- Birth rate has fallen from 34 per 1000 in 1970 to 13 per 1,000 in 2008.

Problems:- A generation of ‘little emperors’ as parents have spoilt their ‘one-child’ - Have been incidents of infanticide (due to cultural preference for males and gender-selective abortion) - Gender imbalance – 32 million more men than women under 20 – shortage of women of marrying age - Lack of workers to support a future ageing population.


Why did Singapore need to increase its birth rate?

- Late 1980s, the Singapore government realised it would not have enough workers due to its very low birth rate.

- 1987 introduced the ‘Three or more’ policy to encourage people to have larger families.



Give 3 incentives offered by the Singapore government as part of their ‘3 or more policy’

May include any of the following:-$3,000 cash gift for 1st and 2nd child + $6000 for each of their next two children- 5 days of childcare paid for each year - Entitlement to buy larger flats (those with no children – flats only max of 3 rooms) - Couples with children under 12 get $95 for a maid - 2nd-4th child – have a Children Development account – savings account where any money saved will be matched -Fathers get 3 days paternity & mothers 3 months maternity leave


Give 3 penalties / disincentives by the Singapore government as part of their ‘3 or more policy’

- Couple with just one or no children could only buy a three-room flat.- They are not allowed to choose the school for their one child and so their education might suffer.- They do not receive financial packages offered by the government.

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)POPULATION CHANGE: Case Study

How successful was Singapore’s ‘3 or more’ policy?

- In 2008, the total fertility rate was only 1.28 children per woman, the 3rd lowest in the world and well below the 2.10 needed to replace the population.- In 2008, 39,826 babies were born, compared to around 37,600 in 2005. This number, however, is not sufficient to maintain the population's growth. - To overcome this problem, the government is encouraging foreigners to immigrate to Singapore. These large numbers of immigrants have kept Singapore's population from declining.


Define the following key terms: (a) Population Growth Rate (b) Population Structure (c) Population Pyramids(d) Dependent population (e) Economically active

Population Growth Rate – the increase in population over a year – normally expressed as a % Population Structure – the age and sex composition of a population Population Pyramid – a diagram used to show the age and sex of a population (also known as age-sex pyramids) Dependent population - The people who are not working and are therefore dependent on the economically active population (ages 0-15 (young dependent) and 65+ (old dependent))Economically active – Those aged 16 – 64 who can work and pay taxes to support the dependent


population

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)POPULATION CHANGEDescribe 7 characteristics of the population pyramid of a LIC

-Shape: Triangle = e.g. Philippines (LIC)-Wide base = high birth rate = youthful population-Narrowing quickly at 5-9 years = high infant mortality-Narrow top = high death rate and low life expectancy-Growth rate: Low -DTM: Stage 1-Future: More like Brazil

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)POPULATION CHANGEDescribe 7 characteristics of the population pyramid of a MIC

-Shape: Fatter triangle = e.g. Brazil-Wide base = high birth rate-Wide 5-9 years = low infant mortality-Wider top = lower death rate and improved life expectancy-Growth rate: High-DTM: Stage 3-Future: More like Germany

EMS Geography GCSE Revision: Question(s) Answer(s)POPULATION CHANGEDescribe 6 characteristics of the population pyramid of a HIC

-Shape: Concave = e.g. Germany-Narrow base = low birth rate-Wide top = low death rate & high life expectancy = ageing population-Growth rate: Low-DTM: Stage 4-Future: Continue to become wider at the top and narrower at the bottom = DTM Stage 5 (declining population)


Define the following key terms: (a) Ageing population (b) Youthful population (c) Dependency Ratio

Ageing Population - a population in which there is a high number of people over the age of 65

Youthful Population – a population with a very high proportion of young people under the age of 15

Dependency Ratio – the ratio between economically active and dependent (young & old) population – normally expressed as a %



Explain the consequences of a youthful population

(Make sure you know both + and -)

-[Health (-)] There will be a greater demand for midwives and hospital care for babies and mothers because of the high birth rate. -[Education (-)] There will be a great demand for education services.-[Pensions & workforce (+)] There will be a large workforce in the future. There are many children to look after their parents in the future so less care will be needed for the elderly in the future. There will be less demand for pensions because of the younger population.


Explain the consequences of an ageing population. Use a named example in your answer

(Make sure you know both + and -)

Japan:-[Health (-)] New health insurance scheme for over 75s nicknamed ‘hurry up and die’ scheme – after 100 days, government money to hospital goes down to try and shorten stays in hospital-[Workforce (-)] # of people of working age decreasing = economically active having to pay more taxes.-[Education (-)] There will be less money for education due to the demand for elderly services such as care homes. -[Pensions (-)] Retirement age to rise from 60 to 65 by 2030 in Japan.-[Housing (-)] More houses will be needed because people are living longer. -[Economic (+)] ‘Greying Yen’: retired people spend money on luxury goods & holidays = greater tertiary employment and economic growth.-[Technology (+)] Children concerned for pensioner parents = gadgets e.g. on-line kettle, when used e-mails up to 3 concerned relatives.

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