Portfolio of Evidence to be presented by each student for:Unit 16: Film and Video Editing TechniquesSOCIAL ACTION & THE COMMUNITY FILM ASSIGNMENT Name: Eoin GodfreyPlease provide a written comment that deals with all the italicized tasks below.  LO1. UNDERSTAND THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRINCIPLES OF EDITING In-camera editingIn-camera editing is where you film your scenes in sequence that will appear in the finished film without any editing, as they will be done in order. During this process, you will only use a camera for the shoot and when you follow the scenes that you have set out, the film will run in order. There will be no use of computers, software like Final Cut Pro or Premier Pro.

While using this in-camera editing, it is of the up most importance that the scenes run in the perfect order from beginning to end, it is important to plan each scene specifically right down to the storyboards and how they will look from beginning to end. It is very important you have the actors available for your scenes while using in-camera editing, it is impossible to shoot without the actors as you can do in conventional film, (I.e., if an actor isn’t available you can shoot another scene.) as the scenes are layout in chronological order. One of the famous directors to use In-camera editing was Alfred Hitchcock in his film rope “Rope”.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NLsbzhOEHg

Following the actionWhile filming action scenes, it is important that the camera is able to follow the action, this will not happen if the camera is static on a tripod; there is a number of ways that you can catch the action by using equipment designed. A dolly is one of them; this allows a camera to follow the action while on a track. The camera is secure on a tripod and follows the action alongside the characters. Dollies are also able

to move vertically to capture footage that is high up and can also be suspended on cranes to film higher up footage.

Multiple points of view

There are many shots that can be used while filming scenes for your movie, the actors can be show in many different ways; such as an Over the Shoulder shot

(OSS), where the camera is facing over the shoulder of one character while getting the narrative of the other; another technique like this a Point of View shot (POV), where the camera shows the perspective of the main character.

Shot variationThere are many different shots that make up any sequence in television and in film, including:

High Angle Low Angle Close-up Medium Shot Long Shot Canted Angle Eye Level Shot

Manipulation of diegetic time and spaceManipulation of Diegetic Time and Space is where the scene is edited to make it look like the environment or area is changing over any period of time, as it could be getting older or younger. It helps the audience see a time changing visibly, one example of this being used is the Time Turner scene in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban.

FilmA film is where a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the Phil phenomenon; these scenes are photographed with a film camera, the definition of cinema is the art of simulating experiences to communicate different ideas, stories or perceptions by the means of recorded moving images along with other stimulations.

VideoThis is an electronic medium for the recording and display of moving Visual Media such as Film and Television, this concept was first developed for Cathode Radio Tube TV systems; but since then, many other ways have been invented to display video.

AnalogueAnalogue refers to filming that uses a progressively changing recording medium; in a film camera that uses the gelatin sliver process; light falls upon the photographic emulsions is recorded as a latent image. While in a video camera, the signal is captured in the camera with a charge coupled device

sensor or video camera tube, which then sends the picture to be processed by the camera’s electronics.

DigitalDigital cinema refers to the use of digital technology to broadcast motion pictures as opposed to the old way of using a movie projector; these films can be distributed through Hard Drives, the Internet or optical discs such as Blu-Ray. Digital cinema is distinct from High Definition Television does not depend on using

High Definition or Television standards. In digital cinema, the horizontal pixel count, usually 2K or 4K represent the resolutions of the film.

Task 1. Provide a written report to explain your understanding of the above media terms, also provide written details about camera and audio equipment you use to record production work. P1 M1 D1 LO1.2 Purposes:

StorytellingStorytelling is at the heart of any film and is the most important part of the film process; films follow a certain structure of beginning, middle and end, traditionally, stories were passed down orally from generation to generation by the storyteller, but every film has to have a story or it wouldn’t make sense; which can either be simple or complicated for the audience to follow.

Engaging the viewerEvery script or story should have at least basic idea of that the writer wants the audience to have; the audience must be engaged in the film's story or else they will lose interest in the film.

Development of drama and Relationship to genre Developing drama in a film comes down to the way that it is shot, edited and the relation to the film; in order to create a good film, all of these must be achieved. It also requires the use of Film Genre; which will make the audience aware of what to expect from the production, which will use typical and conventional of whatever film genre is used. Genres have different themes that affect the film such as horror, sci-fi, action and drama.

Creating motivationTo create motivation in your film, you must consider what every shot does for the viewer and you must also make sure that the edits that you make correlate with the audience, scene and the story line of your film.

Combining shots into sequencesThis refers to the technique of going through all the shots of the same scene and putting them together; for example, if an actor went to sit on a chair and the director had to switch cameras, the editor would place both clips on top of

each other, they would then disable the track of the top clip on and off to make sure it matched up.

Creating paceThis is when editing is used to speed up or slow down a film, this can alter the way the audiences views the film; for example, Action Films are fast paced as this is done by editing shots so they are short; then quickly cut to another shot and drama films normally use slower shots, this editing choice allows the audience to understand the film and what is going on in the shot. Task 2. Describe how the above media terms are important to moving image productions. Give an account of you are intending to employ editing techniques and processes to tell your story? P1 M1 D1 LO1.3 Conventions and techniques:

SeamlessSeamless continuity, which is also known as "Invisible Editing"; is where the cuts between the shots in a film are matched to the action, this technique of editing was mainly used by D.W Griffiths, with this editing, it makes you not even realize that it’s been edited.

ContinuityContinuity editing is the main style of film and video editing in the post-production process of filmmaking of narrative films and television programs. This is an editing process that creates a coherent between different shots in film. This helps with the time and space between shots, which helps the audience understand which way the movie is been shown.

MotivatedMotivated Editing helps to suspend the disbelief of the audience when any production; this is where shots are carefully chosen to push along a film’s story and makes the audience believe what they are seeing on screen, this is also a good way of getting the audience involved in what they are watching and less likely to notice cuts.

MontageThis is a technique in which n which a series of short shots are edited together into a sequence to explain a certain subject; it was first used by Russian director Sergei Eisenstein in films such as “Battleship Potemkin” from 1925, this editing was both American and British filmmakers and is still used today.

Jump-cuttingA Jump Cut is when two sequential shots of the same subject are taken from different camera positions that vary only slightly; this type of edit gives the illusion of jumping forwards in time and is the manipulation of temporal space that uses the duration of one whole shot, a jump cut can also be to a completely different scene of the film like going back in time during a flashback.

Parallel editingThis is where the director alternates between two or more scenes that often happen simultaneously but occur in different locations; but if the scenes are simultaneous during the film, they will occasionally have their climax in a single place, where the relevant parties end up confronting each other. A main example of this scene being used is Silence of the Lambs, which occurs in Act 3 of the film.

180 Degree ruleThe 180 Degree rule is the basic guideline referring to the on screen spatial relationship between two characters or object within a film scene; with an imaginary axis line that connects these two characters.

SplicingFilm splicing is the technique of physically joining different pieces of movie film together; both positive and

negative film can be spliced, the machine used to do this is called a splicer, there are a few different splicers to splice films including a tape splicer.

TransitionsTransitions in film is a technique used in the post-production process of film editing by which scenes or shots are combined; this is mostly a normal shot that’s placed to the next one and many transitions are used in film to convey a certain tone or mood within the scene.

CutA cut is an abrupt, but usually trivial transition from one scene of a film to another; it is the transition that is synonymous with the film term of “edit”. However in practice, the cut does not break the suspension of disbelief that is necessary to keep an audience engaged in a TV program or film as it represents a continuous transition in space and time.

DissolveIn the postproduction stage of filming; a dissolve is a gradual transition from scene to the next, the transition happens so quickly that the viewer doesn’t get any time to notice that the transition had just taken place on screen.

FadeThe fade is the signal used to signal the beginning or end of a scene; especially if the scene is fading to or from black, this is the common way to fade in or out of the film, but there are other ways as well such as fading to white or a different color.

Wipe

A wipe is a where one shot in film is replaced another by travelling from one side of the frame to another or by using a special shape on screen; there are many different types of wipes such as the iris wipe and star wipe, a main example of the use of wipes is in the Star Wars films, which were inspired by similar wipes used in the works of Japanese Director Akira Kurosawa.

CutawaysIn film, cutaways are used by the director to move away from the action to something else and then back again, sometimes it is used to remove some unwanted shots and can be used in order to remove a jump cut, but it doesn’t necessarily contribute any dramatic content to the film of its own, helps the

editor by helping them assemble a longer sequence in a film.

Point of view shot A point of view (POV) is used in film to place the viewer in a character’s shots and to show what the character is looking at on screen, which is represented through the camera; but sometimes, the point of view can be taken from over the shoulder of the character, which remains on screen.

Shot-reverse-shotThis is where one character is shown looking at another character; that is often off screen and then it cuts to the other character that is looking at the first one.

Providing and withholding informationThis is where the narrative is made more dramatic for the audience by giving them more information or taking information away from them; a main example of this is in crime dramas, where there are subtle hints to the culprit of the crime.

Editing rhythmThe editing rhythm is film editors use in order to help them match up the pace of the film with the action; slow cuts have a calm felling to them, while fast edits have a more aggressive feeling to them; it mostly depends on the genre that the film is in.

CrosscuttingCrosscutting is used to establish action that is happening at the same time in two different locations; in this technique, the camera will cut from one location to the next and back again and creates parallels within the story line as the action might occur in the same place at the same time.

Cutting to SoundtrackThis is where the pace of the film cuts is motivated by how fast the film’s

soundtrack is; this can attract the audience of a film as it would get them interested in what the film cuts to next and would get them motivated them to watch the rest of them film. Task 3. Provide a written report to explain what the above editing conventions and techniques mean and give an account of the editing techniques you plan to use in your production. P1 M1 D1 LO2. BE ABLE TO PREPARE MOVING IMAGE MATERIAL FOR EDITING LO2.1 Preparation techniques:

Checking material for faultsIt is important for the editor to check for any mistakes as they go along, especially in longer edits; the easiest way to do this is to play the film and then correct the mistakes.

Marking up a scriptThis involves reading through a script and marking changes that the director believes that need to be made; as the director is the one with the creative input and can decide on what changes can be made.

Labeling tapesThis is processing of labeling film tapes so that the editors know what ones to use when editing of the film, each film tape would be given a number to distinguish them so that the editor can ask for that numbered tape.

Storing tapes or filmSorting tapes or film is where the tapes or film are stored away for further use when they may be needed for editing; they are normally stored away in warehouses or in a section of

the studio where the editors easily access them.

Producing an edit decision listThis is used in Post-Production process of editing; this is a list that contains a list of ordered reel and time code data that represents each video clip that needs to be obtained to conform the final cut.

Creating binsThis is process of sorting film reels into different bins for each scene, so when the editor has to put the film together for release in cinema, he doesn’t get confused between the different film reels. In more recent times, this has been changed to Libraries on editing programs such as Final Cut Pro.

Clarifying the purpose of the work with a clientThis is where a film director will clarify what the purpose of the film is with a client, this is used to make the client seem interested in what they are working on and give them the final word on a project. Task 4. Write about and describe the editing terms and processes mentioned above LO2.2 preparing to edit:

Importing clipsThis is the process of transferring film clips onto a computer from a film camera to be used in the editing software such as Final Cut Pro; it is important to make sure that all of the right clips are on the computer so that the film is edited in the right way.

BinsFilm bins are used to sort film clips into bins for each scene so when the editor has to edit them together, he knows where the right clips are and he doesn’t get confused when he has to use them for the film. For example, in Final Cut Pro, this is

now known as the Library.

TimelinesTimelines are the section in film editing software where the editor, along with the soundtrack, transitions and sound effects, assembles all of the film clips in the desired order.

Storage and folder managementThis is where the editor manages the storage and folders containing the film clips while getting rid of unwanted clips that are not needed for the film; they will also free up the folder and storage for newer clips.

Online and offline editingOffline editing refers to the post-production process of editing raw footage with affecting the original videotape or film stock; once this has been completed, the original media is then edited online; online editing is the final stage of post-production in which the final film is assembled online.

FormatsThis is the technical definition that regards the set of standard characteristics regarding the image capture of film; this can also apply to projected film, which can either be movies or slides.

ResolutionFilm Resolution refers to how clear the film footage will be when it is recorded and then edited together in the editing software such as Final Cut Pro; there are many different resolutions such as 320 pixels x 320 pixels. There are many different types of resolution in film such as MEG1 and MEG2; which are the standard resolutions for compression of video and audio. These resolutions are designed to compress raw audio and footage in film.

Task 5. Provide screen shots of the editing techniques used. Command – Shift – 4 and select the relevant material on screen.Screen shots of clips, bins, timeline, etc. LO3. BE ABLE TO EDIT MOVING IMAGE MATERIAL Editing technology, software applications and hardware, e.g. Apple Macs, keyboards and leads

Non-linearNon-Linear film refers to digital editing such as editing a film through editing softwares such as Final Cut Pro and Premier Pro; most films that are edited for cinema are made with Non-Linear editing.

LinearLinear Editing is when it the footage is arranged in an orderly fashion from beginning to end; during this process, linear editing uses Videotape and cut and spliced together as digital video cannot.

High definitionHigh Definition refers to a higher level of detail on screen, which provides more fluid video and higher picture quality. HD comes in the number of pixels that are on the screen. 720p, 1080i and 1080p are all different versions of HD.

Standard DefinitionStandard Definition refers to a format that provides a picture quality similar to the quality of DVD images; for example, there is HDTV, which stands for High Definition TV and SDTV, which stands for Standard Definition TV.

TapesThere are different types of Editing Tapes, such as the Sony Premium Digital videocassette Mini DV, and Fuji Mini DV 60; these are used for digital filming through tape based Camcorders.

Hard discA Hard Disc refers to a part of a unit, which is often called a “Disk Drive”, “Hard Drive” or “Hard Disc Drive.” these store data in different Capacities such as Gigabytes and Megabytes.

Data transfer ratesData Transfer Rates is the amount of Data that is moved from one place to another in a given time and is measured in Bytes Per Second; you can transfer Data by using Fire Wire, Thunder Bolt Cable, USB2 and USB3.

Exporting productionsWhen Exporting Productions, you would transfer the production by sharing through the Master File and labeling the film as a .MOV file and then transferring the footage; there are also Exporting files for images such as JPEG and MPEG.

File types There are many different files types that can transfer from one computer to another computer; there are many different file types such as avi, flv; compression and

H264, these formats are all known as Container Files and can transfer the data of footage over to different computers. Task 6. Describe what editing techniques you used to produce the work and provide a list of all editing equipment employed in production process. LO3.2 Editing process: use appropriate techniques, e.g. seamless, continuity, motivated, montage, jump-cutting, parallel editing

SeamlessSeamless continuity, which is also known as "Invisible Editing"; is where the cuts between the shots in a film are matched to the action, this technique of editing was mainly used by D.W Griffiths, with this editing, it makes you not even realize that it’s been edited.

ContinuityContinuity editing is the main style of film and video editing in the post-production process of filmmaking of narrative films and television programs. This is an editing process that creates a coherent between different shots in film. This helps with the time and space between shots, which helps the audience understand which way the movie is been shown.

MotivatedMotivated Editing helps to suspend the disbelief of the audience when any production; this is where shots are carefully chosen to push along a film’s story and makes the audience believe what they are seeing on screen, this is also a good way of getting the audience involved in what they are watching

and less likely to notice cuts.

MontageThis is a technique in which n which a series of short shots are edited together into a sequence to explain a certain subject; it was first used by Russian director Sergei Eisenstein in films such as “Battleship Potemkin” from 1925, this editing was both American and British filmmakers and is still used today.

Jump-cuttingA Jump Cut is when two sequential shots of the same subject are taken from different camera positions that vary only slightly; this type of edit gives the illusion of jumping forwards in time and is the manipulation of temporal space that uses the duration of one whole shot, a jump cut can also be to a completely different scene of the film like going back in time during a flashback.

Parallel editingThis is where the director alternates between two or more scenes that often happen simultaneously but occur in different locations; but if the scenes are simultaneous during the film, they will occasionally have their climax in a single place, where the relevant parties end up confronting each other. A main example of this scene being used is Silence of the Lambs, which occurs in Act 3 of the film. Task 7. Describe editing techniques used and provide screen shots of editing techniques employed 

LO3.3 Post-production tools:

On screen textThis refers to any piece of text is on screen during a film; it was mostly used during the silent film era where there was no sound, here; on screen titles were used to show the audience what the character was saying in a scene.

Image editingImage editing refers the process of alternating images on screen; such as getting them to distort or go out of focus, this is used to create a surreal effect and can be used to make the viewer think that the character is actually insane.

Assessment and grading criteria 

Task 8: What credit and title techniques, audio techniques and music clips did you use?During my fictional film, I used

different soundtracks to create a different effect in each scene; for example, in the staircase scene when the main characters run into the bullies, I used a piece of music from the soundtrack of the film “Valkyrie” to make the bullies look more sinister and dangerous.

Another piece of music that I used in my fictional film was from the soundtrack to the film “JFK” during the scene when the protagonists are hacking into Facebook, this help to create feeling of secrecy around what they were doing in order to get payback against the bullies. ASSESSMENT AND GRADING CRITERIAIn order to pass this unit, the evidence that the learner presents for assessment needs to demonstrate that they can meet all the learning outcomes for the unit.The assessment criteria for a pass grade describe the level of achievement required to pass this unit. To achieve a pass grade the evidence must show that the learner is able to: P1 Describe the development and principles of editing with some appropriate use of subject terminologyP2 Apply editing preparation techniques with some assistanceP3 Apply editing techniques working within appropriate conventions and with some assistance.[CT] To achieve a merit grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass criteria, the learner is able to: M1 Explain the development and principles of editing with reference to detailed illustrative examples and with generally correct use of subject terminologyM2 Apply editing preparation techniques competently with only occasional assistanceM3 Apply editing techniques to a good technical standard showing some imagination and with only occasional assistance. To achieve a distinction grade the evidence must show that, in addition to the pass and merit criteria, the learner is able to: D1 Critically assess the development and principles of editing with supporting arguments and elucidated examples, and consistently using subject terminology correctlyD2 Apply editing preparation techniques to a technical quality that reflects near- professional standards, working independently to professional expectationsD3 Apply editing techniques to a technical quality that reflects near-professional standards, showing creativity and flair and working independently