Lucknow Public SchoolQUESTION BANK

LESSON-1Geography Class - X

RESOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT

Q.1 Give one difference between renewable and non-renewable resources.

Ans. Renewable : Replenished by nature and may be overused. Ex. Crops and Plants.

Non-Renewable : Which get exhausted after years of use. Ex. Fossil fuels.

Q.2 Give one example of non-renewable resources.

Ans. Coal, Petroleum.

Q.3 What are resources which are found in a region but have not been utilised called ?

Ans. Potential resources.

Q.4 Give examples of abiotic resources

Ans. Rocks and minerals.

Q.5 Give examples of biotic resources.

Ans. Flora, fauna, human beings, livestock, fisheries.

Q.6 Which cold desert is relatively isolated from the rest of the country ?

Ans. Ladakh.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.1 What is agenda 21? List its two principles.

Ans. Agenda 21 was adopted at first International Earth Summit held in 1992 at Rio de Janerio.

Two Principles :

(1) To combat environmental damage, poverty, disease, through global cooperation.

(2) Every local government should draw its own Agenda 21.

(3) It aims at achieving global sustainable development.

Q.2 What is meant by the term “resource”? List the types of resources classified on the

basis of its ownership.

Ans. Resource : Everything available in our environment, which can be used to satisfy our

needs, is known as Resource.

On the basis of Ownership

(i) Individual (ii) Community

(iii) National (iv) International.

Q.3 Distinguish between the renewable and non-renewable sources.

OR

Explain the types of resources on the basis of exhaustibility with the help of examples.

Ans. Renewable resources: Resources which can be renewed, reproduced by mechanical,

physical or chemical processes.

Ex. : Solar energy, wind energy, forests.

Non-Renewable Resources : -These occur long geological times.

It take million of years in their formation.

Ex. Fossil fuels.

Q.4 Distinguish between

Stock and potential resource. Give one example of each.

Ans. Stock :Material in the environment, which have the potential to satisfy human needs.

-Due to lack of technology.

Example - Water is compound of two inflammable gases hydrogen and oxygen, can be used

as rich source of energy.

Potential :

(a)These resources are found in a region.

(b)They have not been utilised or developed.

(c)Example. : Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind

and solar energy.

Q.5 Why is it essential to have resource planning ? Explain any three reasons.

Ans. -Resources are limited.

-Resources are unevenly distributed.

- Take care of future needs.

Q.6 What are the three stages of resource planning in India ?

Ans. -Preparation and inventory of resources.

-Evaluation in terms of availability and development.

-Planning for exploitation of resources.

Q.7 “In India some regions are rich in certain types of resources but deficient in some

other resources”. Do you agree with the statement ? Support your answer with any

three examples.

OR

“India has enormous diversity in the availability of resources”? Explain.

Ans. Yes, there are regions which are rich in certain types of resources, but are deficient in some

other resources.

(1)Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and M.P. are rich in minerals and coal deposits.

(2)Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water resources, but lacks in infrastructure.

(3)Rajasthan is endowned withsolar and wind energy but lacks in water resources.

(4)Ladakh has rich cultural heritage but lacks in water resources and infrastructure.

Q.8 Explain the resources on the basis of origin and exhaustibility.

Ans. On the basis of origin :-

(a) Biotic :Resources are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human being, flora

and fauna.

(b) Abiotic :Composed of Non-living things. Ex. Rocks, Metals.

On the basis of Exhaustibility :

Renewable resources :- The resources which can be renewed are renewable resources.

Example : Water, forest, wind etc.

Non Renewable Resources

They occur over a very long geological time and get exhausted. Example fossil fuels.

Q.9 Which regions of India have well-developed terrace farming ?

Ans. Western and Central Himalayas.

Q.10 Which soil types in made up of lava flows ?

Ans. Black soil.

Q.11 In which states has mining caused severe land degradation ?

Ans. Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, M.P. and Odisha.

Q.12 What is the percentage share of plains in the total land area ?

Ans. 43%.

Q.13 What is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab ?

Ans. Over – Irrigation.

Q.14 Which soil is ideal for growing cotton ?

Ans. Regur soil, or Black soil.

Q.15 Distinguish between Khadar and Bangar soil.

OR

How are alluvial soils formed ? How is Bangar different from Khadar ?

Q.16 Which is the main cause of land degradation is Gujarat, Rajasthan and Madhya

Pradesh ? How can it be checked ? Explain.

OR

Describe any three measures of controlling land degradation. Explain any three steps

taken to solve the problem of land degradation in India.

Khadar Bangar soil

1 It is new alluvial soil It is old alluvial soil.

2 It is more fertile It is less fertile.

3 It has more fine particles. It has less fine particles.

4. It is found near the bank of rivers It is found away from the river.

Ans. Main cause :- Over grazing.

Measures to check include :

(a)Afforestation.

(b)Proper Management of wasteland.

(c)Planting of shelter belts.

(d)Control on over grazing.

(e)Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.

(f)Control on mining activities.

(g)Contour ploughing is another step to conserve land.

Q.17 Mention any three features of Arid soil.

Ans. (1)Arid soil range from red to brown in colour.

(2)Generally sandy in texture.

(3)Saline in nature.

(4)Evaporation is faster and lack in humus and moisture.

(5)Lower horizons of the soil are occupied by Kankar because of the increasing

calciumcontent.

Q.18 Enumerate any three features of “Regur soil”.

Ans. (1)It is also known as “Black cotton soil”.

(2)It is ideal for growing cotton.

(3)It develops cracks in hot weather.

(4)Rich in soil nutrients, potash, lime, and magnesium.

(5)It can hold moisture.

(6)Regions : Maharashtra, Saurashtra, M.P.

Q.19 Explain any three factors responsible for soil formation.

Ans. (1)The parent rock is the first factor which provides the basic material.

(2)Climate breaks the parent rock into small pieces.

(3)Various forces of nature such as –Change in temperature, actions of running water, wind

and glaciers etc.

Q.20 State any three physical factors as well as three human factors which determine the

use of land in India.

Ans. Physical factors - Topography, Climate, soil types etc.

Human factors - Population density, technological capability cultural and traditions etc.

Q.21 “Land is a natural resource of utmost importance”. Justify the statement with

appropriate arguments.

Ans. (1)All economic activities are performed on land.

(2)It supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, transport and communication

system.

(3)It is an assets of a finite magnitude.

(4)Most of the minerals are formed in land.

Q.22 Which geographical factors are responsible for the evolution of black soil ? Why is it

considered the most suitable fo

r growing cotton ?

Ans. Climatic conditions along with present rock material are important factors for making of

black soil.

-The parent rock is volcanic rock.

(ii) It is ideal for growing cotton because :

(a)It has capacity to hold moisture.

(b)Rich in soil nutrients such as – calcium carbonate, potash, lime.

(c)Deep cracks in the soil, help in aeration.

Q.23 Mention any two human activities which are responsible for the process of soil

erosion. Explain the two types of soil erosion mostly observed in India.

Ans. Two human activities:

(a) Deforestation (b) Over grazing

(c) Mining (d) Construction.

Types of soil Erosion :

(A) GULLY EROSION : (i) Running water cuts through the clayey soil and make

deepchannels.

(ii) Unfit land caused by Gullies is called bad land or ravines.

(B) SHEET EROSION : (i) Water flows as a sheet over large area as down a slope.

(ii) Top soil is washed away.

(iii) WIND EROSION : Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land.

Q.24 What does the term “suistainable economic development” mean ? How can we

eradicate irrational consumption and over utilisation of resources ?

Ans. -It means development should take place without damaging the environment.

-Development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future

generations.

-We can eradicate irrational consumption and over-utilisation resources through

conservations.

-Over utilisation of resources lead to many socio-economic problems.

-Over utilisation of resources lead to environmental problems.

-To preserve resources for future generation.

-Proper management and conservation of resources is essential.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS

Q.25 Why is soil considered as a resource? Explain with five arguments.

Ans. (i)Soil is considered as a resource because it is used to satisfy our needs.

(ii)Renewable and natural resource.

(iii)It supports different types of living organism on earth.

(iv)Base of our life.

(v)Medium of plant growth.

Q.26 What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast ? Give four main

features of this type of soil.

OR

Describe alluvial soil under the following heads :-

(i) Formation (ii) Distribution (iii) Nutrients

OR

Which is the most widely spread and important soil of India ? State four characteristics of

this type of soil.

Ans. Alluvial Soil

-Alluvial soil is found in the eastern coastal plains.

-Deltas of the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri.

Main Features :-

(1)Alluvial is highly fertile.

(2)Transported and deposited by rivers.

(3)Consists of sand, silt and clay.

(4)Rich in potash, phosphoric acid and lime.

(5)Alluvial soil is divided into - Khadar and Bangar.

(6)It forms the Northern plains and Eastern coastal plains.

(7)Examples : Paddy, (rice) sugarcane, wheat etc.

(8)Alluvial soil are agriculturally most productive and densely populated.

Q.27 Explain resource planning. What are the steps involved in resource planning ?

OR

Why is resource planning essential in India ?

OR

What is resource planning ? Why is resource planning essential ? Explin it with three

reasons.

Ans. Resource planning : It is a technique or skill for proper utilisation of resources.

-As resources are limited.

-Resources are unevenly distributed.

-Take care of future needs.

-Keep the environment pollution free.

-Reduce wastage.

Q.28 Provide a suitable classification of resources on the basis of ownership. Mention

main features of any three types of such resources.

Ans. Classification of resources of the basis of ownership :

(1) Individual Resources :They are privately owned by individuals like – ponds, plots,

houses, property.

(2) Community Resources :These are accessible to all the members of the community. Ex.

Grazing grounds, picnic spots, public parks.

(3) National Resources :All the resources belong to the nation. Example – Water resources,

forests, wildlife within the country. An economic area upto 12 nautical miles from the coast.

(4) International Resources :These are international institutions which own and regulate

some resources like – crude oil. which may be beyond exclusive economic zone.

Q.29 Define the following terms :-

(i)Current fallow land : Left uncultivated for 1 or less than one agricultural year.

(ii)Other than current fallow : Left uncultivated for past 1 to 5 agricultural years.

(iii)Gross cropped area : Area sown more than once in a agricultural year plus net sown

area.

Q.30 In which states overgrazing is responsible for land degradation ?

Ans. M.P. Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra.

Q.31 In whch states laterite soil in found ?

Ans. Karnataka, Kerala, T.N., M.P., Hilly areas of Assam.

Q.32 Name the land with deep channels that is unfit for cultivation.

Ans. Bad Land.

Q.33 Which state has the largest area under black soil ?

Ans. Maharashtra.

Q.34 What are the methods of checking soil erosion ?

Ans. Strip cropping, Terrace farming, contour ploughing.

Q.35 Gully erosion is common in which basin ?

Ans. Chambal Basin.

Q.36 Which relief features of India has 30% of the total surface area of country ?

Ans. Mountain.

Q.37 Suggest any three methods of soil conservation suitable to Indian conditions.

Ans. -Construction of terraces farming.

-Afforestation

-Control of overgrazing

-Control of mining activities.

Q.37 “Indiscriminate use of resources had led to numerous problems”. Justify this

statement.

Ans. -To satisfy the greed of few individuals, depletion of resources has continued.

-Due to the accumulation of resources in few hands i.e. rich and poor.

-Indiscriminate use of resources has led to ecological crisis – land degradation,

globalwarming, environmental pollution ,ozone layer.

Q.38 What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in hilly areas ?

Ans. (i)Contour Ploughing :Ploughing along the contour lines.

(ii) Check the flow of water down the slopes.

Ex. Practised on the hills.

(2) Terrace Cultivation :It restricts soil erosion.

Practised in Western & Central Himalayas.

(3) Strip Cropping :Large fields can be divided into strips.

This breaks up the force of wind.

(4) Shelter Belts :Rows of such trees are called shelter belts.

This also breaks up the force of wind.

(5) Afforestation :Planting of trees in hilly regions.

Q.39 What are the main advantages of India’s land under a variety of relief features

Ans. Land is plain - Provides facilities for agriculture and industry.

Land is mountains : Provides facilities for tourism and ecological aspects.

Land is plateaus : Rich in minerals – fossil fuels.

Q.40 Distinguish between red soil and Laterite soil stating any three points

of distinction.

Red soil Laterite soil Develops on crystalline Igneous rocks

in areas of low rainfall. Develops in areas with high

temperature and heavy rainfall It is found in parts of Orrisa,

Chhattisgarh. It is found in Karnataka, Kerala and

hilly areas of Assam. It is formed due to weathering. It is formed due to leaching.

LESSON – 7

LIFE LINES OF NATIONAL ECONOMY

Q.1 What is the major objective to develop super highway ?

Ans. To reduce the time and distance between the Mega cities.

Q.2 What is a new arrival on the transportation map of India ?

Ans. (i) Pipeline Transport Network :

(ii) To transport liquids as well as solids in slurry form.

Q.3 Why was Jawahar Lal Nehru Port developed ?

Ans. To decongest Mumbai Port that serves as a hub port.

Q.4 Why was Haldia seaport set-up?

Ans. Developed as a subsidiary port to relieve pressure on Kolkata Port.

Q.5 What are known as lifelines of the National Economy ?

Ans. Transport and Communications.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTION :

Q.1 Explain four advantages of road transport in India.

OR

“Roadways have an edge over the railways in India”. Support the statement.

Ans. -Low construction cost.

-Easily transverse.

-Ideal for short distances.

-Door to door services.

-Negotiate higher gradients of slopes.

-Provide a link between railway stations, air and sea ports.

Q.2 What are Golden Quadrilateral super highways ? Mention any two objectives of this

project. The North-south and East-West corridor join which terminal cities.

Ans. Golden Quadrilateral super highways linking- Delhi – Kolkata – Chennai – Mumbai and

Delhi by six lane super highways.

(2) To reduce the time and distance between the mega cities of India.

North – South Corridors: - Srinagar to Kanyakumari

East – West Corridor: - Silcher (Assam) and Porbander (Gujarat)

(3) Maintained by NHAI (National Highway Authority of India)

Q.3 Describe the rural roads in India ?

Ans. - Links rural areas and villages with towns.

-These road received special impetus under the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojna.

-Linked to a major town in the country by all weather motorable road.

Q.4 Why are metalled roads better than unmetalled roads ? What is the role of border

roads and national highways in transportation ?

Ans. Metalled RoadsUnmetalled Roads

Made of concrete, cement, bitumen of coal Made up of soil.

All weather roads They go out of use in the rainy season.

Broad and smooth Rough and narrow

Border Roads

(1)Development of the roads of strategic importance in the northern – north eastern border

areas.

(2) Helped in the economic development of the area.

(3) They supply military equipment to the borders.

(4) National highway and primary road system which links extreme parts of the country.

Q.5 Describe three major problems faced by the road transport in India.

Ans. -Road Network is inadequate

-Half of the roads are unmetalled.

-Inadequate National Highways.

-Roadways are highly congested in cities.

-Bridges and culverts are old and narrow.

Q.6 Elaborate any three advantages of railways in India.

Ans. -It is convenient.

-Travel long distances.

-Multifarious activities possible – business, sightseeing, pilgrimage.

-Transportation of goods over longer distances

-Employment to a large number of people.

Q.7 Explain the importance of railways as the principal mode of transportation for freight

and passengers in India.

Ans. To conduct multifarious activities like business, sightseeing, pilgrimage, transportation of

goods.

-Great integrating force.

-Bind the economic life.

-It accelerates the development of the industry and agriculture.

-Travel long distance.

-It plays an important role in national integration.

Q.8 Explain any three major problems faced by Indian Railways.

Ans. -It lacks maintenance and repair of tracks and bridges.

-Passengers travel without tickets.

-Damaging of railway properties.

-Unreasonable chain pulling, stoppage etc.

-Old tracks are not able to carry the increased load.

-Rail accidents due to negligence of authorities.

Q.9 What is pipeline transportation ? Write two merits and demerits of the same.

Ans. In the past pipelines were used to transport water to cities and industries .

-Today for transporting crude oil, petroleum, natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to

oil refineries.

MERITS

-Transporting liquids and solid (converted into slurry)

-Running cost are minimal.

- It rules out trans-shipment losses and delays.

DEMERITS

-Cost of pipelines is high.

-Pipelines can burst or leakage leading to wastage of valuable resource.

Q.10 Describe any three features of water ways in India.

OR

Name the longest National Water way of India. Write any three points of importance

of waterways.

Ans. Longest National Waterway :-

Ganga River between Allahabad and Haldia.

Features or Importance of Waterways :

-Cheapest means of transport.

-Carrying heavy and bulky good over long distance.

-Fuel efficient.

-Environment friendly.

-95% of the country trade volume is moved by sea.

They are thenatural routes which do not involve cost of construction.

Q.11 Describe any three factors that accord prominence to airways as a mode of

transportation.

Ans. Fastest mode of transportation.

-Best means of Transport for remote and in accessible areas.

-Play a vital role in the event of – natural and human made calamities like floods,

earthquake, epidemics etc.

Q.12 Why is air travel preferred in the north-eastern states of India ? Explain.

Ans. Big Rivers -Presence of big rivers like Brahmaputra, it is difficult to construct roads and

railways lines.

Dissected Relief - Uneven surface is not suitable for the construction of roadways.Laying

down railway line is a costly.

Dense forests -Creates many difficulties in construction of Railway lines and roads.

Q.13 Explain the importance of border roads in India.

Ans. -Border roads organisation was established in 1960.

-It constructs and maintain roads.

-Developments of the roads of strategic importance in north-eastern border areas.

-Helped in economic development of border areas.

-Improved accessibility in areas of difficult terrain.

Q.14 What is the importance of transport? Mention the various means of transport

available in India.

Ans. Means of Transport

(i) Roadways (ii) Railways

(iii) Pipelines (iv) Waterways (v) Airways

Importance of Transport

-Connects the people.

-Sense of belonging in the people living at far places.

-Helpful for business activities.

-Helpful in the period of crisis.

Q.15 Describe any two merits of railways any two problems being faced by the railways.

Ans. -Principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers.

-Useful in conducting business, sightseeing and pilgrimage.

-Transportation of goods over long distances.

-Binding the economic activities.

Following problems are being faced by the Railways.

-Passengers travel without ticket

-Theft and damaging railway property.

-Old tracks.

Q.16 Explain any five characteristics of Kandla sea port.

Ans. -First port developed soon after Independence.

-Free Trade Zone.

-Tidal port

-Exports and imports of highly productive granary.

-Reduced the volume of trade on Mumbai port.

Q.17 What is the difference between personal communication and mass communication?

Stateany two points of importance of mass communication.

Ans. Personal communication :- Communication between two persons either through oral, letter,

telephone etc.

Mass communication :- It Includes :-Radio, television, press, films etc.

Communicate with several people at the same time.

Importance of Mass Communication :

-Provides entertainment.

-Creates awareness among people.

Q.18 “Advancement of international trade of a country in an index to its prosperity”.

Explain the statement.

Ans. Leads to its economic prosperity.

-Provides jobs to workers.

-Foreign Trade helps in transfer of technology.

-Foreign Trade leads to culture heritage.

-No country can survive without international trade because resources are space bound.

Q.19 Explain with examples the conditions responsibilities for uneven distribution pattern

of the railway network in India.

Ans. Distribution of Railways.

Influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors.

Northern Plains

-Level land.

-High population density.

-Rich agricultural resources.

OBSTACLES

Large number of rivers require numerous bridges.

Hilly terrain, Peninsular regions

Railway tracks are laid through low hills, gaps and tunnels.

Himalayas unsuitable for railways tracks due to –

-High Relief

-Sparse population

-Lack of economic opportunities.

Other Unfavourable areas

-Sandy plains of Western Rajasthan

-Swamps of Gujarat

-Forested track of M.P., Orissa and Jharkhand.

-The contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be crossed only through passes.

-Konkan railways were developed along the west coast in spite of problems of sinking of

tracks and landslides..

Q.20 Elaborate any two important networks of pipeline transportation in India along with

their branches.

Ans. Commodities transported by pipelines

: Crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas and even solids (form of slurry) .

Network

(i)From upper Assam to Kanpur (via Guwahati, Barauni)

(ii)From Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab via Mathura, Panipat, Delhi

(iii)Hazira in Gujarat to Jagdishpur in U.P. via vijaypur Kota in M.P., Kota in Rajasthan.

LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS :

Q.21 What is trade ? Explain the importance of international trade ?

Ans. Trade :-Exchange of goods among people, states and countries.

Importance :-An index to its economic prosperity.

-Economic barometer for a country.

-No country can survive without international trade.

-Exchange of commodities and goods, superseded by the exchange of information and

knowledge.

- Trade relations with the major trade blocks.

Q.22 Compare and contrast the merits and demerits of roadways with those of railways.

Ans. Roadways V/s Railways

-Construction cost of roads is lesser than railway lines.

-Roads can traverse more dissected and undulating topography in case of railways.

-Roads can negotiate higher gradients of slope and as such can traverse mountain like the

Himalayas, whereas Mountainous regions unfavourable for the construction of railways.

-Roadways provides door-to-door service, whereas railways cannot provide door to door

service.

-Cost of loading and unloading is much lower than railways.

-Road transport is also used as a feeder to other modes of transport – Example A link

between railway stations, seaports.

-Railway work as a lifeline for the economic growth of a country.

-Road transportation is more suitable for short distances and smaller amount of goods,

whereas railways are suitable for long distance travel and transport of bulks goods.

Q.23 What is meant by international trade ? State any one feature of India’s international

trade.

Ans. International trade : Trade between two countries.

Feature : Information Technology.

Q.24 Define the following terms :

(i) Trade : Exchange of goods among people, states and countries.

(ii) Favourable Balance of trade : Value of exports is more than the value of imports.

(iii) Unfavourable Balance of Trade : Value of imports is more than value of exports.

Q.25 Define the term “Tourism”. Why is tourism known as a trade ? Explain.

OR

Describe the significance of tourism as a trade in India.

Ans. Tourism : The cultural, recreational and commercial visit to internal places.

-Tourism in India has grown over the last three decades.

-Foreign tourists arrival in the country, contributing Rs 64889 crore of foreign exchange

(2010).

-More than 15 million people are directly engaged in the tourism industry.

-Promotion of National Integration.

-It supports to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits.

-Help in the growth of national income.

- Foreign tourist visit for :-

Heritage tourism, Eco tourism, Medical tourism, Business tourism, Cultural tourism.

Q.26 Classify communication services in two categories explain main features of each.

Ans. Classification of communication –

(i)Personal communication

(ii)Mass communication

Personal communication

(1)Communication between two or more persons at personal level.

(2)Cards, envelopes, telegraph e-mail.

(3)Indian postal network handles parcels as well as personal written communication.

(4)Telephone services like STD, ISD, provide easy and comfortable network to a large

number of people.

Mass communication

-Communicate with several people at the same time.

-Provides entertainment.

-Create awareness among people

-Various means like - Newspapers, books, magazine etc.

-Electronic Media like – Radio, T.V. etc.

-Largest producer of films in the world – Ex. Short films, video short films.

-It brings all classes of people together.

-Source of education.

Q.27 “Transport and trade are complementary to each other”. Justify in three points.

OR

Examine with example the role of means of transport and communication in making

our life prosperous and comfortable for Local, national and global trade :

Ans. Transport and communication for local, national and global trade:

-Development in science and technology the area of influence of trade and transport

expanded far and wide.

-Today, India is well linked with the rest of the world.

-Contributing to its socio–economic progress in many ways- Railways, airways,Waterways,

radio, T.V. etc.

-Therefore, trade, transport and communication are complementary to each other.

-It has enriched our life.

Q.28 “Indian Railways binds the economic life of the country as well as accelerates

thedevelopment of industry and agriculture”. Justify the statement.

Ans. Principal mode of transportation-

-Carry huge loads.

-Bulky goods to long distances.

-Multifarious activities like business, sightseeing.

-Binding the economic activities.

-Great integrating force.

-Development of the industry and agriculture.

Q.29 Classify roads into six classes according to their capacity. What is the role of National

Highway Authority of India ?

Ans. (1) Golden Quadrilateral Super highways

-Links Delhi – Kolkata, Chennai, Mumbai, Delhi by six lanes super highways.

-To reduce the time and distance between the mega cities.

-These highway projects are being implemented by the NHAI (National Highway Authority

of India).

(2) National Highways

-Links - extreme parts of the country.

-Connect - States, Capitals, big cities and important ports.

-Maintained by Central Public Work Department (CPWD).

-The historical Sher Shah Suri Marg is called national highway(NH-1) between Delhi

andAmritsar.

(3) State Highways –

-Link - State, capitals with district headquarters.

-Constructed and maintained by PWD.

(4) District Roads –

-Connects the district centres with the major roads.

-Constructed and maintained by Zila Parishad.

(5) Other Roads –

-Link - rural areas, villages with towns.

-These road received special impetus under the PradhanMantri grameen Sadak Yojna.

(6) Border Roads –

-Accessibility in areas of difficult terrain.

-Border roads organisation was established in 1960.

-Development of roads at north and north-eastern border areas.

-Defence system in these areas.