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TermsreparationsSaar/RhinelandKellogg-Briand Pact (1928)Treaty of Rapallo (1922)Locarno Pact (1925)Gustav Stresemann (1878-1929)Maginot Linehyperinflation of 1923invasion of RuhrDawes Plan (1924)Young Plan (1929)Smoot-Hawley Tariff (1930)gold standardGreat DepressionfascismBenito Mussolini (1883-1945)Black Shirts/SquadristiMarch on RomeMatteoti incidentConcordat with Vatican (1929)National SocialismAdolf Hitler (1889-1945)corporate statePaul von Hindenberg (1847-1934)Weimar Republiclegality strategy"stab in the back"S.A. (Stormtroopers)S.S. Beer Hall Putsch (1923)Mein Kampf"Lost Generation"Pablo Picasso (1881-1973)dadaismsurrealism (Salvador Dali)James Joyce (Ulysses)motion picturesannexation (Anschluss) of Austria Battle of BritainBattle of StalingradNeville Chamberlain (1869-1940)appeasementWinston Churchill (1874-1965)atomic bomblend-lease programPearl HarborFranklin Roosevelt (1882-1945)Harry Truman (1884-1972)LebensraumautarkyMunich ConferencePotsdam ConferenceYalta Conference

Rome-Berlin AxisNazi-Soviet Non-Aggression PactSudetenlandPopular FrontSpanish Civil WarFrancisco FrancoFalange GuernicablitzkriegFinal SolutionWannsee Conferencetotalitarianisminvasion of Ethiopiaremilitarization of RhinelandTriumph of the WillNuremburg ralliesNuremburg Laws (1935)Ernst Rohm (1877-1934)Reichstag fireEnabling ActHitler Youth"race/space and feed/breed"VolkJohn Meynard Keynes (1883-1946)VichyCharles De Gaulle (1890-1970)LuftwaffeMarshal Tito (1892-1980)KristallnachtWarsaw ghetto uprisingZyklon BHolocaustGreat Patriotic War

AP Euro Unit 12 Study Guide Crisis of Democracy, Totalitarianism, and WWIIUnit OutlineCrisis of Europe--Interwartheme: democ. fight for survival w/economic breakdown, challenge by fascism & communism; resentment of postwar settlement leads to conflict/lack of coop.Postwar settlement

E. Europenot unified internally/nationality problemsunderdeveloped indust. baselittle experience w/democ.

U.S.withdraw from pol/dipl. after Versaillesonly nation able to lead--refuses to narrow pursuit of econ. interests

FranceMaginot LineE. European allies/G.B. and U.S. fail to guarantee

Germany--a stung bear, still strong (demographics)weakness of Weimar Republic (Gustav Stresemann)

Economic Nationalism and DiplomacyTreaty of Rappallo (1922)--Germany/Russia to avoid isolationinvasion of Ruhr (1923)

outcry against Frenchpassive resistance and hyperinflation

econ. problemsreparations

drained German economycaused currency fluctuationscreated circular flow of capital (dep. on U.S.)

trade--needed to pay off reparations/debt, yet tariffs (esp. by U.S.)low commodity pricesdisrupted markets (colonies advance)currencies--devalued

Locarno Pact (1925)--spirit of compromise at mid-decadeKellogg-Briand Pact (1928)--no political commitment

Fascismideology

glorification of state, leader, militarismstruggle among nations (based on race)anti-democ., anti-comm., anti-modern

Italy--at end of WWI, MussoliniMussolini and March on Romeconsolidation of power

corporate state/deal w/ industrialistsBlack Shirts/SquadristiMatteoti incidentConcordat w/Church (Lateran Treaty)

WeimarHitler--Beer Hall putsch, Mein Kampf (anti-Semitism, Lebensraum)breakdown by 1930

Cultural Experimentation"Lost Generation"--alienation amid noise of funphysics--Einstein and Heisenberg

AP Euro Unit 12 Study Guide: 2

AP Euro Unit 12 Study Guide Crisis of Democracy, Totalitarianism, and WWII

functionalist architecture (Bauhaus)dadaismliterature--James Joyce, Brecht (Threepenny Opera), Virginia Woolffilm, radio, jazz, promiscuity (Cabaret and Berlin)

Great Depression--stock market crash, bank failures, unemployment, tariffsWorld War IIfocus: caused by unresolved issues of WWI, belief in state power, econ. collapse, Hitler's policies; most costly in history, technology Totalitarianism (only 5 democ. of 40 nations)

Soviet Union--successful model of econ. development (appeal of Comm.)Italy

"trains run on time"stagnation, so invasion of Ethiopia in 1935 (weak League response)

Nazi Germanylegality strategy--H. appt. by Pres. Hindenberg, Brownshirtsrearm, recover, Lebensraumautarky (prepare for war), corporate statesocial/pol policies

Hitler Youthwomen rolepolice state, censorship

manip. of masses--rallies, prop.racism--euthanasia, Nuremburg Laws, Kristallnacht

Democracies--ineffective response to DepressionGreat Britain

National Government--off gold standard, tariffsFrance--failed Popular Front of Leon Blum

malaise and Maginot mentalitySpain

trad. elements/Falange attack Republicans Nationalists and Francobecomes continental war (USSR v. fascism)democracies too weak

Way to Warwithdraw from League (1935)remilitarize Rhineland (1936)annex Austria (1938)Sudetenland and Munich--appeasementPrague (1939)--stiffen public opinionNazi-Soviet Pact and Poland (1939)

Course of WarStage One--Nazi control

Poland, Norway, Denmark, Benelux, France (sitzkrieg)turning point--Battle of Britain (RAF v. Luftwaffe, Churchill)

Stage Two--Hitler's mistakesinvasion of USSR (Stalingrad, Leningrad)U.S. and Japan (Midway)El Alamein

Stage Three--closing ringD-DayRussian advance in Great Patriotic Warisland-hopping in Pacific



atomic bombHolocaust

stages: restriction of rights, expulsion/ghettoes, exterminationinvasion of USSRWannsee Conf.--decision to use resources for killing of Jewsdeath camps and who knew

Wartime ConferencesTeheran (1943)Yalta, Potsdam (1945)--trouble on the horizon

Possible Multiple-Choice Questions1. Which of the following areas was conceded to Hitler at the Munich Conference of 1938?

a. The Polish Corridorb. The Rhinelandc. The Saard. Silesiae. Sudetenland

2. Which of the following was NOT a policy Mussolini pursued in building a fascist dictatorship?

a. signing a treaty with the Catholic Church to gain its supportb. emancipating women from domestic duties to increase factory

productionc. establishing physical fitness programs for young peopled. dividing the economy into "corporations" of workers, employers, and

governmente. censoring the press and establishing a secret police

3. Appeasement refers to the policy of:a. pacifism that marked the 1920sb. accommodating the territorial demands of Hitlerc. arms reduction after the First World Ward. armed neutrality by the United Statese. abandoning the gold standard

4. Surrealism, an artistic genre of the twentieth century, has as a central theme the:a. accurate portrayal of a moment in timeb. exploration of dream images and the irrationalc. depiction of contemporary mass-produced goods and imagesd. idealization of cone, cube, and cylinder shapese. portrayal of ordinary people in natural settings

5. Most historians would agree with which of the following descriptions of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919?

a. A treaty that spelled out the Soviet Union's reparation obligationsb. A triumph of farsighted political and economic planningc. A treaty that dismantled the British Empired. A destructive peace dictated by the United Statese. A treaty that the defeated thought too harsh and the victors

thought too lenient


AP Euro Unit 12 Study Guide Crisis of Democracy, Totalitarianism, and WWII6. Which was NOT a weakness of the Weimar Republic?

a. economic problems of inflation and unemploymentb. lack of a democratic traditionc. lack of voting rights for womend. opposition from extreme parties on the Left and Righte. a constitution that allowed for the subversion of democratic procedures

during crisis

7. The _______________ invasion of ____________ best demonstrates the weakness of the League of Nations in the interwar period.

a. French, the Ruhrb. Italian, Ethiopiac. German, Austriad. British, South Africae. Soviet, Hungary

8. What is the term used to describe the group of intellectuals and writers who came of age during and after the First World War?

a. the Generation of Fearb. the fascist frontc. Gotterdamerungd. The Lost Generatione. the Amoral Ones

9. The painting above, Musical Forms (1931) by Georges Braque, is an example of which of the following schools of painting?

a. Romanticb. Impressionistc. Cubistd. Expressionist



e. Realist10. Which of the following developments occurred in Europe in the 1920s?

a. Devastating inflation in Germanyb. High prices paid to farmers for agricultural commoditiesc. Repudiation of the Locarno treatiesd. The widespread formation of Popular Front governmentse. Nearly full employment in Great Britain

11. Which of the following provisions affecting Germany in the Versailles Treaty was LEAST important in fostering antagonisms that led to the Second World War?

a. The loss of Germany's Pacific island possessionsb. The creation of the Polish Corridor and the establishment of Danzig as a self-governing city within the Polish tariff area.c. The payment by Germany of reparations for war damages.d. The limitation of the Germany army to 100,000 soldierse. The assignment of sole responsibility for planning and instigating the war

to Germany.

12. All of the following were factors in the Holocaust EXCEPT the:a. ability of the Nazis to secure collaborators in occupied territoriesb. long tradition of anti-Semitism in Germany and other areas of Europec. ability of a totalitarian regime to mold ideas and suppress dissentd. lack of intervention by the Allies preoccupied with the battlefield e. exclusive focus of Nazi genocidal policies on German Jews

* repression of individual liberties * control of the media * appeal to nationalism * glorification of the leader

13. The political philosophy incorporating the characteristics above is:a. socialismb. anarchismc. fascismd. democracye. Marxian communism

14. French leaders decided to occupy Germany's Ruhr Valley in January 1923 in order to:

a. counterbalance Soviet influence in Germanyb. incorporate German territory permanently into Francec. halt the rise of the Nazi party among workers in the regiond. use the region's industrial production to accelerate France's rearmamente. seize goods as payment for Germany's reparations debt

15. The most notable social effect of hyperinflation in Germany was the:a. depletion of the savings and income of the middle classb. encouragement of population shifts from cities to the countrysidec. strengthening of the position of women in the work forced. acceleration of a trend toward the establishment of cooperative pension

planse. reduction of social tensions



16. All of the following are policies to which totalitarian states have traditionally adhered EXCEPT:

a. encouragement of multiparty political systemsb. promotion of social welfare measuresc. expansion of the militaryd. economic planninge. holding of periodic elections

17. Which of the following was a major factor in German military victories in 1939-40?

a. Overwhelming German technological and numerical superiority to the French and the English

b. French insistence on continuing to fight, regardless of the costc. Britain's campaign in Norway, which diverted British troops from Western

Europed. The German army's effective use of armor and air power in the

Blitzkriege. The German defeat of the Russian army at Tannenberg in August 1939

18. The illustration above from a 1940 German magazine suggest that women should

a. bear as many children as possibleb. not be discouraged by shortages of food and consumer goodsc. not work outside the homed. support the war effort by doing their sons' and husbands' jobs



e. enlist in the army to help the war effort

19. What would one most likely conclude about the development of radio and film during the 1920s and 30s?

a. it undermined the position of high culture and led to the decline of modern art

b. it was virtually ignored by the working classesc. it was used by governments to spread propaganda and

manipulate mass politicsd. it coincided with the rise of economic prosperitye. technological developments in these fields helped the Allies win World War

II

20. Which of the following groups was harmed MOST by the policies of Stalin?a. womenb. kulaksc. workersd. intellectualse. bureaucrats

21. All of the following describe features of Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) EXCEPT:

a. State ownership of heavy industry, banks, and transport ended.b. The growth of a group of prosperous, independent peasants was

encouraged.c. There was a tactical retreat in communist economic planning.d. Industries employing fewer than twenty workers were denationalized.e. All agricultural requisitions ended and were replaced by conventional

taxes.

22. “The worth of a State, in the long run, is the worth of the individuals composing it; and a State that dwarfs its men, in order that they may be more docile instruments…will find that with small men no great thing can be accomplished.” Which of the following would agree with the statement above?

a. Benito Mussolinib. John Stuart Millc. Otto von Bismarckd. Louis XIVe. Pope Pius IX

23. Which of the following was a central part of National Socialist ideology?a. Anticommunismb. Conservatismc. Protestantismd. Utilitarianisme. Syndicalism

24. Which of the following best describes the Nazi party’s ideal role for “Aryan” women in Germany?

a. They were to be mothers, wives, and homemakersAP Euro Unit 12 Study Guide: 8


b. They were to serve in equal numbers with men in state and party bureaucracies

c. They were to enjoy economic power equal to that of mend. They were to have no political and legal rightse. They would be a reserve military force, available for frontline duty when there was a shortage of male soldiers

“No prudent master of a family ever attempts to make at home what it will cost him more to make than to buy. If a foreign country can supply use with a commodity cheaper than we ourselves can make it, better buy it from them with some part of the produce of our own industry.”

25. The quotation above was used to justify:a. the establishment of Utopian socialist communities in early nineteenth-

century Great Britainb. free trade in early nineteenth-century Great Britainc. the social legislation proposed by Bismarck in late nineteenth-century

Germanyd. European imperialism in Africa in the late nineteenth centurye. economic integration of Central and Eastern Europe in the early twentieth

century

26. Which of the following best characterizes European art and literature in the 1920s?

a. Questioning of accepted values and practicesb. A rejection of atheism and socialismc. A reaffirmation of human beauty and goodnessd. A resurrection of Victorian sensibilities and stylese. Adherence to classical rules of composition

27. The purges carried out in the Soviet Union during the 1930s resulted in:a. the protection of ideological diversity with in the Communist partyb. improvements in military preparednessc. a decrease in the size of the bureaucracyd. elimination of the old Bolshevik elitee. an enhanced Soviet image abroad

28. In the 1930s one of the effects of the Great Depression in Europe was:a. a reconciliation between communists and fascists in Franceb. a strengthening of efforts to facilitate international tradec. a rise in the production of consumer goodsd. the increased effectiveness of the League of Nations in international

relationse. the broadening of popular support for the Nazi party in Germany

29. The constitution of Weimar Germany helped to undermine republican government by:



a. providing for rule by a single individual in cases of national emergency

b. favoring the Left over the Right in the political spectrumc. committing Germany to support all decisions made by the World Courtd. denying some citizens the basic civil rights of a modern democracye. using complicated legal language that few people could understand

30. Which of the following best describes Lenin’s New Economic Policy?a. The first systematic application of Marxist principles to the economic life of

a state.b. The First Five-Year Plan for Soviet economic development.c. A state plan for the collectivization of agriculture.d. A compromise with capitalist economic principles.e. An important element of Lenin’s “April Theses.”

31. The French and British policy of appeasing Mussolini and Hitler can be partly explained by:

a. France and Britain’s eagerness to cooperate with the Soviet Unionb. France and Britain’s confidence in the League of Nationsc. France and Britain’s desire to maintain foreign policies independent of the

United Statesd. the belief that some terms of the Treaty of Versailles were unjuste. a general loss of faith in the effectiveness of diplomacy

32. Which of the following is the best description of the condition of Great Britain’s national economy in the 1920s?

a. A renewed prosperity in the traditional manufacturing industriesb. Increased national wealth as a result of mounting export of British goodsc. A stagnant manufacturing sector and a widening gulf between rich

and poord. Dislocation brought about by a shift from manufacturing to agriculturee. A resurgent national prosperity caused by increased working-class wealth

33. Which of the following best summarizes Nazi aims in the systematic killing of millions of Jews along with large numbers of communists, disabled people, Gypsies, homosexuals, Jehovah’s Witnesses, and Russian POWs?

a. To fulfill the terms of the Nazi-Soviet Pactb. To eliminate allegedly inferior and undesirable peoplesc. To prevent these people from collaborating with the Alliesd. To meet the demands of the German electoratee. The prevent the rest of the civilian population from defecting to the Allies

“…it must be love of fatherland that governs the state by placing before it a higher object than the usual one of maintaining internal peace, property, personal freedom, and the life and well-being of all. For this higher object alone, and with no other intention, does the state assemble an armed force.”

34. The quotation above best reflects which of the following?a. Nationalismb. Feudalismc. Democracyd. Imperialism



e. Deism

35. The 1921 German drawing by George Grosz shown above reflects the:a. reaction against capitalism and war profiteering following the

First World Warb. cooperation between industrialists and the working classes during the First

World Warc. high level of support for the Nazis among German capitalistsd. efforts by government to provide assistance to the elderly and those

unable to find worke. high level of self-consciousness and solidarity among the European working classes after the First World War

36. Which of the following had the greatest influence on the work of French Surrealist painters in the period between the First and Second World Wars?

a. Freudian psychologyb. Rules of painting developed during the Renaissancec. Seventeenth-century Dutch landscape paintersd. Nineteenth-century theological speculatione. The clean, sharp lines of African art

37. Which of the following occurred during Stalin’s First Five-Year Plan?a. The execution of the Romanovsb. The introduction of women’s suffragec. The establishment of the New Economic Policyd. The liquidation of the kulaks as a class



e. The Soviet invasion of Poland

38. Which of the following resulted from the Spanish Civil War?a. Agrarian reform was carried out in the Spanish countryside.b. The forces of the Spanish Second Republic were victorious.c. The borders of Spain were redrawn to include territory formerly held by

France.d. Spain’s territories in Africa were lost.e. An authoritarian regime was established in Spain.

39. Women’s suffrage was first achieved at the national level in Germany and Great Britain in the period:

a. 1848-1870b. 1871-1885c. 1886-1900d. 1901-1913e. 1914-1930

40. All of the following resulted from the First World War (1914-1918) EXCEPT:a. increased government regulation of the economyb. the entrance of large numbers of women into the work forcec. a decline in the use of mass political propagandad. the democratization of society through shared sufferinge. an increase in the power and prestige of labor unions

41. A major economic impact of total war in the twentieth century has been to:a. ensure wage equality for women in the workplaceb. increase the involvement of the state in the economyc. produce a higher standard of living in the short-termd. produce a labor shortage as a result of military lossese. undercut the influence of trade unions

42. A major consequence of World War I (1914-18) for Eastern Europe was:a the widespread adoption of communism on the Soviet modelb. the creation of independent republics and kingdoms out of former

empiresc. a revival in commerce and economic prosperityd. its dismemberment between Germany and Russiae. the emergence of peasants and workers as the major political force

43. All of the following were major cultural developments in the interwar years (1918-39) EXCEPT:

a. increased production and consumption of movies as a popular entertainment

b. paintings that reflected despair and disillusionment with western culturec. increased consumption of household goods such as kitchen appliancesd. literature which experimented with concepts of time and consciousnesse. a return to classical styles and Renaissance motifs in public

buildings

44. The Weimar Republic (1918-33) in Germany was weakened by all of the following EXCEPT:



a. a president who believed in hereditary monarchyb. heavy reparations due to the Alliesc. the Great Depressiond. hyperinflatione. invasion by the Soviet Union

45. The cartoon above by the British caricaturist David Low was published:a. just after the seizure of power by the Nazis in 1933 in Germanyb. at the outset of the Spanish Civil War in 1936c. after the 1939 nonaggression pact between the USSR and

Germanyd. after the defeat of France in 1940 by the German invaderse. in response to the German invasion of Russia in 1941

46. The “Kristallnacht” of November 9-10, 1938 in Germany involved:a. the assassination of President Hindenburgb. the abolition of all political partiesc. the failure to take over Austriad. destruction of Jewish propertye. massive book burning

47. Which of the following was a major new consumer item that gained wide popularity in European between the First World War and the Second World War?

a. Bicyclesb. Coffeec. Radiosd. Televisionse. Woolen clothing

48. The collectivization of agriculture in the Soviet Union in the 1930s had all of the following results EXCEPT:

a. an increase in the domestic food supplyb. greater mechanization of production



c. movement of surplus rural labor to citiesd. destruction of the rural middle classe. an increase in the power of the Communist Party

49. The graph above of the voting (by party) in the German elections from 1928 to 1932 shows which of the following?

a. The percentage of persons voting for the Nazi Party grew in every election.b. The Nazi Party enjoyed a substantial share of the German vote even before

the Depression began.c. The Depression saw an increase in the percentage of votes for

Communist and Nazi parties.d. Social Democrats voted increasingly for Nazi candidates.e. By the end of 1932, the Nazi Party had an absolute majority in the

Reichstag.

50. Which of the following best describes the effect of the Great Depression (1929-1939) in Europe?

a. It resulted in increased government economic intervention and control in many nations.

b. It strengthened the trend toward popular democracy in central and eastern Europe.

c. It was more severe in France than in Germany.d. It encouraged the development of a global economy based on free trade

and private enterprise.e. It strengthened the influence of the League of Nations.

51. In the first quarter of the twentieth century, women replaced men most rapidly in which of the following pairs of occupations?

a. Domestic service and agricultural workb. Textile production and agricultural work



c. Textile production and clerical workd. Teaching and clerical worke. Teaching and agricultural work

52. The Soviet Second World War poster shown above gives which of the following messages?

a. Soviet weapons are superior to German equipment.b. Stalin has transformed the Soviet Union into a modern industrial state.c. The German invaders are primitive barbarians.d. The Soviet army will spread the doctrines of Communism across Europe.e. Soviet soldiers defend the Motherland like heroes from Russian

history.

“The Italian nation is an organism endowed with a purpose and a life transcending those of the individuals composing it.”

“Labor unions legally recognized and subject to State control alone have the right to represent the whole category for which they are constituted.”

“The collective labor contract conciliates the opposing interests of employers of workers, subordinating them to the higher interests of production.”

Mussolini’s Charter of Labor, 1927

53. Which of the following is best supported by the excerpts above?a. Wages and working conditions were ultimately to be determined by

collective bargaining between labor and management.AP Euro Unit 12 Study Guide: 15


b. Italian business firms and factories belonged to the state.c. Any group could organize a union and negotiate binding contracts with

management.d. The state’s highest priorities were the individual liberty and economic

freedom of its citizens.e. Any agreement was subject to the state’s interpretation of the

national interest.

54. In the period after the First World War, the British economist John Maynard Keynes argued that

a. price inflation was the primary threat to economic growthb. military spending should remain high even in peacetimec. governments should respond to economic downturns by

increasing spendingd. the best ideas of Adam Smith and Karl Marx could be reconcilede. government interference with the market created economic inefficiencies

55. The political cartoon above from the 1930s illustratesa. the perceived problem of European over-populationb. British indifference to aggression by the Axis powersc. France’s dependence on goods from the British Empired. Austria’s role as a buffer between the Soviet Union and the new states of

central Europee. Britain’s system of military alliances

56. In the years immediately after the First World War, which of the following was the most important change affecting the status of German women?

a. Married women were encouraged to have only one child.b. Women were invited to join the military.



c. Women received the right to vote.d. Women’s clothing became less constricting.e. Many women gained equal pay with men.

57. All of the following developments during the 1930s contributed to improved relations between the Soviet Union on one hand and Great Britain and France on the other EXCEPT

a. Stalin’s purge of Bolshevik leadersb. capitalist desires for new marketsc. Soviet desires for technology and marketsd. the fear of fascism in Germany and Italye. the rise of Popular Front governments

58. Which of the following was originally part of German Nazism but not of Italian fascism?

a. anti-communismb. anti-Semitismc. political violenced. the replacement of a democratically elected governmente. a single charismatic figure

59. During the Spanish Civil War, the Nationalist forces led by General Franco received military assistance from which of the following pairs of states?

a. France and Italyb. France and the Soviet Unionc. Germany and Great Britaind. Germany and Italye. the Soviet Union and the United States

Essay Questions

’78: “Every successful revolution puts on in time the robe of the tyrant it has deposed.” Evaluate this statement with regard to the English Revolution (1640-1660), the French Revolution (1789-1815), and the Russian Revolution (1917-1938).

’82: Why did Germany’s experiment with parliamentary democracy between 1919 and 1939 fail?

’93: “Dictators in twentieth-century Europe have had much greater control over culture and society than had divine right monarchs of earlier centuries.” Assess the validity of this statement, using specific examples from each era to support your position.

’99: Compare and contrast the degree of success of treaties negotiated in Vienna (1814-1815) and Versailles (1919) in achieving European stability.

’04: Analyze the ways in which technology and mass culture contributed to the success of dictators in the 1920s and 1930s.

’10 DBQ: Weimar Republic


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