APUSH Review Important Events and People in

Chronological OrderFirst Great Awakening (1730’s& 1740’s)French and Indian War (1754—1763)Albany Congress (1754)Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)Proclamation Act (1763)Sugar Act (1764)Currency Act (1764)Stamp Act (1765)Quartering Act (1765)Stamp Act Congress (1765)Virginia Resolves (1765)Declaratory Act (1766)Townshend Act (1767)Boston Massacre (1770)Committee of Correspondence (1771)Tea Act (1773)Boston Tea Party (1773)Intolerable Act (1774)Quebec Act (1774)First Continental Congress (1774)Lexington & Concord (1775)Second Continental Congress (1775-1781)Olive Branch Petition (1775)Prohibitory Act (1775)Common Sense (1776)Declaration of Independence (1776)Franco American Alliance (1778)Articles of Confederation (1781-1788)Treaty of Paris (1783)Newburgh Conspiracy (1883)Spain Closes Mississippi River (1784)

Land Ordinance of 1785Annapolis Convention (1786)Shay’s Rebellion (1786)Northwest Ordinance of 1787Constitutional Convention (1787)Assumption Bill (1790)Bill of Rights (1791)Neutrality Proclamation (1793)Whiskey Rebellion (1794)Jay’s Treaty (1794)Farewell Address (1796)XYZ Affair (1797)Quasi War (1798)Alien & Sedition Acts (1798)Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (1798)Revolution of 1800Judiciary Act of 1801Marbury vs. Madison (1803)Second Great Awakening (1800-1830’s)Barbary War 1803-1805Louisiana Purchase 1803Lewis & Clark (1804-1805)Burr Conspiracy (1806)Chesapeake & Leopard Affair (1807)Embargo (1807)War hawks Elected (1810)War of 1812 (1812-1814)Hartford Convention (1814Battle of New Orleans (1814)Tariff of 1816Recharter of Bank of US (1816)National Road (1818)McCulloch vs Maryland (1819)Era of Good Feeling (1820)

1

APUSH Review Missouri Compromise (1820)Monroe Doctrine (1823)Erie Canal Completed (1825)Corrupt Bargain (1825)American Temperance Society (1826)First Organized Strike (1828)Tariff of Abominations (1828)South Carolina “Exposition” (1828)Webster Hayne Debate (1829)Indian Removal Act (1830)

Leads to Trail of TearsThe Liberator Founded (1831)Peggy Eaton Affair (1831)Charles Finney (1831)Nat Turner Rebellion (1831)

Leads to Slave CodesWorchester vs Georgia (1832)Tariff of 1832Anti-Masonic Party (1832)Force Bill (1833)Pet Banks (1833)American Anti-Slavery Society (1833)Compromise of 1833Democracy in America (1835)Specie Circular (1836)Texas Independence (1836)Birthday of the Whig Party (1836)Panic of 1837Caroline Affair (1837)Independent Treasury (1840)Nativism (1840)Telegraph (1840)Liberty Party (1840)Webster Ashburton Treaty (1842)

Commonwealth vs Hunt (1842 Labor Unions are OK

Texas Annexation (1845)Oregon Treaty (1846Mexican War (1846-1848)Wilmot Priviso (1846)Free Soil Party (1848)Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)California Gold Rush (1849)Compromise of 1850Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)Ostend Manifesto (1854)“Bleeding” Kansas (1855)Sumner-Brooks (1856)Dred Scott Decision (1857)Panic of 1857Lincoln-Douglas Debate (1858)John Browns Raid (1859)Hinton Rowan Helper (1859)

Impending Crisis of the SouthElection of 1860Crittenden Compromise (1861)Secession (1861)Fort Sumter (1861)Emancipation Proclamation (1862)Civil War (1861-1865)Reconstruction (1865-1877)Credit Mobilier (1872)Compromise of 1877Greenback Labor Party Homestead Act (1862)Dawes Severalty Act (1887)Wounded Knee (1890)

2

APUSH Review Homestead Strike (1892)Pullman Strike (1894)Alfred Mahan (1890)Sherman Anti-Trust (1890)Sherman Silver Purchase (1890)McKinley Tariff (1890)Populist PartyAnti-Saloon LeagueFrontier ThesisRepealed Sherman Silver PurchaseDepression (1893-1897)Coxey’s Army (1894)Pullman (1894)Venezuela Boundary Dispute (1895)“Cross of Gold Speech” (1896)Plessy vs Ferguson (1896)Spanish American War (1895)Sinking of USS Maine (1898)DeLorne Letter (1898)Teller Amendment (1898)Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902)John Hay “Open Door Notes” (1899)Boxer Rebellion (1900)McKinley Assassination (1901)Platt Amendment (1901)Insular Cases (1901)Pennsylvania Cal miners Strikes (1902)Roosevelt Corollary (1902)Hay Bunau-Varilla Treaty (1902)Wright Brothers (1903)Taft-Katsura Agreement (1905)Hepburn Act (1906)Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)Meat Inspection Act (1906)

Panic of 1907Gentlemen’s Agreement (1907)Great White Fleet (1907)Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy (1909)Payne-Aldrich (1909)Bull Moose Party (1912)16th and 17th Amendments (1913)Federal Reserve Act (1913)Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)Mexico (Huerta) (1914)Lusitania (1915)Mexico (Poncho Villa) (1916)Child Labor Act (1916)Sussex Pledge (1916)Zimmerman Telegram (1917)Wilson’s 14 Points (1918)Senate Rejects Treaty of Versailles (1919)Race Riots (1919-1920)Palmer Raids (1919-1920)18th & 19th AmendmentsKKK Popular (1920-1925)Volstead Act (1920)Washington Conference (1920)Return to Normalcy (1921)Harlem Renaissance (1921)Marcus Garvey (1921)

Universal Negro Improvement Association

Emergency Quota Act (1921) – 3%Fordney-McCumber Tariff (1922)National Women’s Party Era (1923)Teapot Dome Scandal (1923)National Origin’s Act (1924) – 2%Scopes Trial (1925)

3

APUSH Review Revenue Act of 1926Lindbergh’s Flight (1927)“The Jazz Singer” (1927)Kellogg Brand (1928)Stock Market Crash (1929)Hawley Smoot Tariff (1930)RFC (1932)Bonus Army (1932)Farm Holiday Association (1932)21st Amendment (1933)Bank Holiday (1933)100 Days (1933)Home Owners Loan Corp (1933)FERA (1933)CCC (1933)PWA (1933)AAA (1933)NIRA (1933)TVA (1933Dust Bowl (1934)SEC (1934)American Liberty League (1934)Share Our Wealth Society (1934)Townshend Plan (1934)Good Neighbor Policy (1934)Senator Nye Committee (1934)WPA (1935)Wagner Act (1935)Social Security (1935)Neutrality Act (1935)(munitions)Neutrality Act (1936) (No Loans)Court Packing (1937)Roosevelt Recession (1937)Quarantine Speech (1937)

Neutrality Act (1939) (Cash & Carry)Destroyers for Bases (1940)Embargo on Japan (1940) (Steel)Lend Lease Act (1941)Atlantic Charter (1941)Shoot on Sight (1941)Embargo on Japan –oil (1941)Pearl Harbor (1941)US enters WWII (1941-1945)Yalta Conference (1945)Potsdam Conference (1945)A-Bomb on Japan (1945)Iron Curtain Speech (1946)Containment (1946)Truman takes over the Coal Mine (1946)Taft Hartley (1946)Military is Desegregated (1946)Boomers (1946)Truman Doctrine (1947)Marshall Plan (1941)National Security Act (1947)Loyalty Review Boards (1947)Levittown (1947)Berlin Airlift (1948)Hess Case (1948)NATO (1949)Lost China (1949)Truman’s “Fair Deal”Korean War Begins (1950)Rosenberg Case (1950)McCarthyism Begins (1950-1954)US H Bomb (1952)Dien Bien Phu (1954)Geneva Conference (1954)

4

APUSH Review Brown Vs Board of Education (1954)Rosa Parks (1955)Montgomery Bus Boycott (1956)SCLC (1956)Suez Crisis (1956)Beatniks (1956)Sputnik (1957)Central High Little Rock 9(1957)Eisenhower Doctrine (1957)NASA (1958)National Def Ed Act (1958)Castro in Cuba (1959)Sit in at Woolworth (1960)SNCC (1960)U-2 (1960)Bay of Pigs (1961)Freedom riders (1961)Berlin Wall (1961)Alliance for Progress (1961)Peace Corps (1961)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)James Meredith Univ of Miss (1962)“I Have a Dream” 91963)Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963)Feminine Mystique (1963)Gulf of Tonkin (1964)Civil Rights Act (1964)Great Society (1964)Economic Opportunity Act (1964)Free Speech Movement (1964)

Whites out of Civil Rights Movement (1964)Medicare Act (1965)Voting Rights Act (1965)Watts Riot (1965)NOW (1966)Miranda (1966)Assassination of M.L. King (1968)Assassination of Bobby Kennedy (1968)Tet Offensive (1968)Wood Stock (1969)Vietnamization (1969)Cambodianized War (1970)Kent State (1970)Wage Price Freeze (1971)ERA (1972)Roe vs Wade (1972)New Federalism (1972)Pentagon papers Watergate (1972-1974)War Powers Resolution (1973)US out of Vietnam (1975)Nixon Resigns (1974)Mayaguez (1975)Panama Canal Treaty (1978)Camp David Accords (1978)Iranian Hostage Situation (1978)SALT 1 (1975)Reagan Elected President (1980)

5

APUSH Review About the AP US History Exam

Section 1 – Part A Multiple choice – 55 question in 55 minutes (40% of exam score)

o Questions will appear in sets of 2 to 5o You will have to analyze historical documents (primary, secondary, images, graphs,

etc.)

Section 1 – Part B Short Answer Questions – 3 questions in 40 minutes (20% of exam score)

o Question 1 (required): Periods 3-8o Question 2 (required): Periods 3-8o Choose between Question 3 (Periods 1-5) or Question 4 (Periods 6-9)

Section 2 – Part B Documents Based Question – 1 question in 60 minutes (25% of exam score)

o Question will focus on topics from Periods 3-8

Section 2 – Part B Long Essay Question – 1 questions in 40 minutes (15% of exam score)

o You’ll select from one of three essay choices: Option 1: Periods 1-3 Option 2: Periods 4-6 Option 3: Periods 7-9

Period 1 (1491-1607)Native Americans Pre-Contact

Maize (corn) was a significant food source in present day Mexico and South West US Northwest US – Natives hunted, fished, and foraged Great Basin and Plains – Predominantly hunting (lack of natural resources) Northeast US – mix of agriculture and hunting

European Exploration Reasons: wealth, power and status, and spread of Christianity Columbian Exchange: exchange of goods, ideas, people, and diseases between Europe,

Africa, and the Americas o Impact:

Population growth Shift from feudalism to capitalism Diseases killed many natives Horse and guns transformed way of life (hunting and warfare) Slavery

Spanish Contact: o Encomienda System: Royal grants of land from Spanish crown to Spaniards,

promised to Christianize natives, Spanish gained tributeo Natives treated harshly and system eventually replaced with African slave labor

Bartolome de Las Casas – writes about treatment of natives 6

APUSH Review

7

APUSH Review Period 2 (1607-1754)

Were the American Colonies settled primarily for economic or religious reasons?Religious Motivation:

1. Plymouth Colony (1620) Settled by Separatists (Pilgrims) Mayflower Compact – Extend rights to a representative government to all settlers

regardless of religious affiliation William Bradford—Governor of Plymouth Colony Never prospered. 7,000 people in 1691 merged with Massachusetts Bay in 1691

2. Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630) Well-equipped 11 ships, 1,000 settlers Great Puritan Migration John Winthrop “City on a Hill” Bible Commonwealth---Theocracy

3. Maryland (1634) Lord Baltimore Set up feudal domain---failed Permitted religious toleration Protestant Majority

4. Rhode Island (1636) Roger Williams—Established 1st Baptist Church in America

o Providence R.I.o Complete Religious Freedom

No oath regarding religious affiliation No compulsory attendance at worship No taxes to support church Sheltered Quakers

o “Rogues Island”5. Pennsylvania

William Penn “Holy Experiment” Sanctuary for Quakers Freedom to worship Catholics & Jews could not vote or hold office Liberal land policy attracted ethnic mix

American ColoniesNew England---Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island & New Hampshire

Massachusetts—Pilgrims & PuritansR.I.—Roger WilliamsConn—Thomas Hooker

Middle Colonies—New Jersey, N.Y., Pennsylvania., DelawareN.Y.—(New Netherlands)Penn.—(William Penn)

Chesapeake—Virginia, MarylandVirginia—JamestownMaryland—Lord Baltimore

Southern—North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia South Carolina—Large Rice Plantations (slave labor)Georgia—Tobacco farms, less reliance on slavery

8

APUSH Review Economic Activities

N.E. (Rocks)—Timber, Fishing, Subsistence Farming, CommercialMiddle – Bread ColoniesChesapeake – TobaccoSouth – N.C.-Tobacco, S.C.-Rice

Settlement Characteristics:NE—Puritans settled in communities “Congregationalism”Chesapeake & Middle—Indentured Servants (Headright System)South—Few cities

Ethnicity in 1790: Most Ethnically Diverse: Middle Least Ethnically Diverse: N.E.

English & Welsh: 66.3% Scotch : 5.6%German: 4.5%

Dutch : 2% Irish: 1.6% French: 1.4%

Africans: 19.3%

Religion: NE—Congregational High Mortality Rate in Chesapeake and Southern Colonies South—Anglican 5 of 8 kids died by 20 –Education is de-emphasized Middle—Diversified No Family or Community bonds Frontier--Presbyterian

Political: (Roots of Democracy)New England — Town Meetings, General Court in MassachusettsChesapeake — House of Burgesses in Virginia

Middle Colonies –Penn, N.Y., N.J., DelawarePenn –William Penn, refuge for Quakers

Holy Experiment Advertised to get settlers (sale of land was his only source of revenue) People pour into Penn. not just Quakers Wheat was its staple crop Charter of Liberties

o Assembly could conduct business w/o proprietary interferenceo Delaware was politically separated.

N.Y.—New Netherlands had been settled by the Dutch In 1664 the Dutch accepted England’s Articles of capitulation (allowed Dutch national

to keep property) 1680’s governor of N.Y. drew up the “Dukes Laws” guaranteed religious toleration &

local gov.N.J.—Very diverse colony

1677 Quakers controlled N.J. East Jersey & West Jersey. 1702 N.J. became a royal colony

9

Social Stratification/Structure:Aristocrats (Leading Planters, Merchants,

Clergymen)Craftsmen

Yeoman Farmers (Biggest Group)Landless Workers

Indentured ServantsSlaves

APUSH Review Roots of Colonial Self-RuleHouse of Burgesses (Virginia 1619)

First Representative Government in AmericaMayflower Compact (Plymouth Colony 1620)

Government would be based on the consent of the governedMassachusetts General Court

Governor, Governor’s Assistant, & Representative Assembly Voting initially was limited to Freemen & was based on religious membership In the 1690’s when Mass. Bay became a Royal Colony voting was based on property

ownership Town Meetings

Fundamental Orders of Connecticut First written Constitution in America

Maryland Act of Toleration (1649) guaranteed Religious and Political rights to all Christians

Pennsylvania William Penn as an inducement to settle in Penn granted settlers a representative

assembly without proprietary interference.

Salutary Neglect--- Note: Great Britain ignored American colonies for much of the 1600’s & early 1700’s.

Colonists experienced a great deal of freedom (local political decisions)

Royal Colonies----Mass, NH, NY, NJ, Virg, NC, SC, Georgia

Proprietary Colonies--- Maryland, Penn & Delaware

Independent Colonies---Rhode Island & Connecticut

Royal ColoniesGovernor---Veto power & Dismiss Judges

Commander-in-chiefCouncil---Wealthy Colonists- advisor to the Governor.

They were selected by the Board of Trade.Colonial Assembly---Most American colonists who owned even a small parcel of land could

vote.Power of the Purse—no reason to cooperate with Royal GovernorNote: Colonial Assemblies decided “local” issue & determined taxes

Puritans Cambridge Agreement (1629)

Great Puritan migration—14,000 settled in Massachusetts Bay Colony by 1640.Whole communities moved from England—People received land to build a house & farmJohn Winthrop 1st Governor “City on a Hill”

Created Church/Government called “Congregationalism”Local Control over religious and political affairs.

Why did the Puritan Theocracy End?1. By 1634 a General Court Consisting of the Governors, the Assistants & deputies elected by

the towns had the power to make laws (clergy could hold no office) 10

APUSH Review By 1631 –The category of freemen was extended to all adult males who were members of the church

2. Roger Williams & Anne HutchinsonRW— (1636)Civil authority should not punish settlers for their religious beliefs—responsibility of GodAH— (1637) “Antinomianism” Divine inspiration independently of clergy a “Saint” did not need a church at all Faith alone is sufficient for salvation.

3. Quaker Martyrs (1657)4. Edmund Andros (1686-1689) Dominion of New England - Abolished General Court5. Half-Way Covenant (1657) Baptism of children of pious parents/grandparents6. Mass. Bay Colony becomes a Royal Colony in 1691

Representative Assembly –property requirement for voting Religious Freedom for Protestants

7. Salem Witch Trials (1692) Separation of Church and State.

Puritan Achievements1. Stable, Prosperous Settlement.

Well organized. Whole British Communities were re-created in Mass Bay Colony2. Concept of Mission

John Winthrop “City on a Hill” Beacon of Righteousness for the rest of the world.3. Puritan Work Ethic

Work hard & succeed—perhaps it was a sign from God4. Town meeting

Local Democracy. Citizens gather to discuss concerns & freemen vote.5. Congregationalism

Local control over religious & community affairs.6. Following the downfall of Puritan Theocracy & Salem Witch trials, there will be an

emphasis placed on separating Church & State (re: Legal system)

Mercantilism 1. Exclude Rivals of British Merchants from America2. Expand Merchant fleet & Navy (Favorable Balance of Trade)3. Tax Revenue for the Crown

Navigation Act of 16601. Only ships constructed in England or America could trade in the colonies2. Crew had to be 75% English (colonists were English too)3. Enumerated goods could only be shipped to England or another American Port

Navigation Act of 1663 Nothing could be imported into American Colonies unless it went through England.

Navigation Act of 1696Expanded Customs service. Colonial governors had the task of keeping out Foreign

CompetitionManufacturing Restrictions

White Pines Act—forbade cultivating white pines without license11

Pros of Mercantilism: Protected Markets British Navy Built up American

Merchant FleetMinuses:

APUSH Review Hat Act

Limited Production Iron Act

Salutary Neglect (25% of American Exports went to West Indies)

Period 3 (1754-1800)Causes of the Revolutionary WarNOTE: It is imperative that you learn the following items in their chronological order.

1. Results of the French & Indian War (1754-1763) Eliminated the French from North America, therefore the American colonists felt less

threatened & could exhibit more independence British indebtedness 50% of budget went to pay interest on debt, therefore Parliament

needed to raise money and save money for colonial defense2. Long Period of Salutary Neglect – Great Britain allowed American colonists to experience a

high degree of local self-rule3. Economic Factors:

British Mercantile Policy & Navigation Acts.o Enumerated Goodso Shipping Restrictions

Proclamation Act of 1763o Limited Westward Expansion. o Hurt Influential land speculators

Tea Act (1773)o Gave a Potential monopoly to British East India Policy

Quebec Act (1774)o Gave Northwest Territory to Quebec

4. Political factors or motivation No Taxation without representation

o Sugar Act 1764o Stamp Act 1765o Townshend Act 1767

Stamp Act Congress (1765)o Organized Non Importation Agreements (boycotts)o Brought Colonies Together

Communities of Correspondence o 1st anniversary of the Boston Massacre helped unify colonies

First Continental Congress (1774)o Respond to Intolerable Acts

Desire for divided sovereignty which Benjamin Franklin first mentioned at the Albany Congress (1754). Most debate centered on actual vs. virtual representation.

5. Social Factors a. Discontented Population b. Frontier Thesis

6. Emotional Issues a. Boston Massacre b. Boston Tea Party

12

Pros of Mercantilism: Protected Markets British Navy Built up American

Merchant FleetMinuses:

APUSH Review c. Lexington & Concord

Impact of the Revolutionary War on AmericaIntro: Revolutions typically change societies in a dramatic fashion (ex: Russian Revolution or French Revolution). This Was Not the Case for AmericaVictory over the British forced Americans to translate abstract notions about republicanism—Liberty, Equality—into daily life.Tried to Define or Implement the concept of Equality in American Society

Judges were chided for wearing long wigs A select group of wealthy Bostonians were highly criticized for organizing an elite social

club in 1785 called the “Sans Souci Club” States abolished the Law of Primogeniture (Thomas Jefferson said it would eradicate

future aristocracy) Lowered Property Requirement for Voting---Penn. and Georgia allowed all tax payers to

vote (Note: Western Migration meant poorer Americans were allowed to participate in voting and holding office)

Several States disestablished the Anglican Church which had received tax money. Southern States believed that no church should have special privileges. (Note: Mass. & Conn retained the special status for the Congregational Church.)

Northern States Prohibited slavery in their Constitutions (Penn., Vermont) Southern States did not (Economic Reality) George Washington would free his slaves upon his death, so did Madison ( Thomas Jefferson did not) There is a contradiction over the concept of freedom & equality & the issue of slavery

During the war many women had to run farms while their husbands fought. N.J. gave women the right to vote if they owned property. (Note: they later took it back 1807) Ability to divorce had improved. Roughly equal to men.

Revolutionary War confirmed several rights: Broad Suffrage for Men Religious Toleration Freedom of Movement Social Mobility

State Governments:The People in the states concerned about their liberty severely restricted the power of the governors (Note: Penn. & Georgia abolished the office & gave most of the power to the legislative branch)States wrote Constitutions with specific “Declaration of Rights” (religion, speech, trail by jury)

U.S. GovernmentFounding Fathers (revolutionary era) created in 1777 a very weak central government under the Articles of Confederation (Note: Art. Of Conf. was not ratified until 1781) ---It had no Executive or Judicial Branch ---It could not tax, regulate currency or trade, or raise an Army

13

APUSH Review American Revolution was less radical than other revolutions because Americans had fewer problems to overcome. (Note: Constitution will be written by the more conservative Founding Fathers who will try to protect the interests of the wealthy class)

Also as an Impact of the Revolutionary War:1. Loyalists were losers—60,000 to Great Britain. 40,000 to Canada lost property.2. Quakers were harassed because they were pacifists3. Indians lost their protected Reserve West of Appalachian Mountains4. Catholics were helped – France & Spain were Catholic Nations & they were Americas Allies.5. Land Speculators were helped—opened up land in the West.

Articles of ConfederationStructure of Government:

Unicameral Legislative Branch No Executive Branch—No enforcement of Laws No Judicial Branch—can’t settle disputes

Lack of Power: Congress could not:

o Tax (Interest on debt was piling up)o Regulate Trade

Border Conflicts British dumping Cheap goods

o Regulate Currency – Several states had worthless currency o Could not raise an army

Problems: Shays Rebellion (1786) Massachusetts

o Farmers demanded relief from high taxes o No Imprisonment for debtso Scared wealthy Americans who feared lower class rising up against wealthy minority

In 1783 Penn. soldiers demanded back pay Congress had to move to Princeton, N.J. Spain was restricting access to New Orleans for Americans who used the Mississippi River

to transport goods. Congress did not have power to gain concessions from Spain.Accomplishments:

Land Ordinance of 1785—townships Northwest ordinance of 1787—3 to 5 states no slavery.

Constitution – A Reaction to the Times Problem: Republican idealism emasculated the Confederation thus not ensuring economic, social, or political

Stability.Economic Problems:

1. $ 200 million in Continental Currency was printed during the war. In 1781, congress asked states to retire currency. Several didn’t though money was worthless.

2. States printed worthless money. R.I. make it illegal for merchants to reject R.I> money even though it was worthless.

3. Government could not pay back money it had borrowed from foreign nations or from individuals.

14

APUSH Review Note: A group of Nationalists –A. Hamilton, J. Madison, etc. pushed to get a 5% tax

on imported goods, which would be used to reduce the national debt. R.I. rejected it.

4. Great Britain was dumping cheap goods into America.5. Spain closed the lower Mississippi River in 1784 to Americans6. States were restricting trade from other states.

Social Problems:1. Shays Rebellion (1786) Lower class (Farmers) threatened upper class control in

MassachusettsPolitical Problems

1. No Executive Branch2. No Judicial Branch3. No Bill of Rights4. Congress Met infrequently – Lacked Quorum

Congress Given the power to:1. Borrow money2. Coin Money & regulate the value3. Regulate Commerce4. Raise Army5. Build Navy

Created President – Commander-in-ChiefCreated Judicial Branch – settles disputesBill of Rights added onto the Constitution

Anti-FederalistsOpposed Constitution as drafted. Generally, the Anti-Federalists wished to preserve the Articles of Confederation.

Anti-Federalists Believed: The Executive was given to much power especially in regards to the Commander-in-

Chief There needed to be a greater rotation in office similar to the state Governments. Limited the control of voters. Electorate could only vote for House of Representatives

(Senators were picked by state Legislatives, President picked by Electoral College; Federal Judges were nominated by President.

Absence of any mention of Religious Freedom. No Bill of Rights in Constitution, which was dangerous. State lost power. The new central government would have exclusive power to Raise

Army, Regulate Currency.Anti- Federalists will not be able to prevent the ratification of the Constitution.

Federalists were better organized—controlled most of the newspapers in the country. Well known Americans supported Constitution---Ben Franklin, George Washington (Not

Thomas Jefferson) Federalists Promised to add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution as the First order of

business of Congress Federalists Papers written by Hamilton, Madison, and John Jay convinced people in N.Y.

that the Constitution was good.15

APUSH Review Only property owners can decide in Ratifying Conventions

Alexander Hamilton – Federalist Theorist (Secretary of the Treasury during Washington Administration)Philosophy:

Strong Central Government Rule by the Elite – Feared Democracy Loose interpretation of Constitution “Implied Powers” Economy should emphasize manufacturing & commercial development Pro-Tariff Pro-British

Financial Program Funding of National Debt (Revolutionary War) Assumption of State Debt (Assumption Bill) Establishment of National Bank Congress passed the Whiskey Tax --- Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

Washington’s Administration (1789-1796)Problem 1. French Revolution (1789)

Franco-American Alliance of 1778 Proclamation of Neutrality (1793) Great Britain seized ships & impressed seamen Citizen Genét (1793) Jays Treaty (1794) Pinckneys Treaty (1795)

Problem 2 –Whiskey Rebellion (1794)Farewell Address (1796) Adams Administration (1797-1800)XYZ Affair (1798)Quasi War (1798-1799)

Adams suspends trade with France & authorized Am. ships to attack/capture French vessels

Convention of 1800 ends Quasi War & Franco American Treaty endedAlien & Sedition ActsVirginia & Kentucky Resolutions Midnight Judges

Period 4 (1800-1848)Political Philosophy

Federalists Jeffersonian Republicans1. Strong Central Government 1. States’ Rights2. Rule by Elite 2. Expand Political Participation 3. Loose Construction 3. Strict Construction4. Pro- Industrial Development 4. Promote de-centralized

agrarian society5. Pro-U.S. Bank 5. Anti-Bank

16

APUSH Review 6. Pro-Tariff 6. Anti-Tariff7. Pro-British 7. Pro France8. Pro-Debt 8. Anti-Debt

Jefferson Administration (1801-1808)Inconsistent Consistent

1. Louisiana Purchase—No Constitutional 1. Slashed Military Spending Authority, used Implied Power 2. Repealed Whiskey

Excise Tax Note: Federalist opposed Louisiana Purchase 3. Louisiana Purchase---

add ag land As being unconstitutional, (add too many states) 4. Marbury vs.

Madison 2. Trial of Samuel Chase. Contradicts Kentucky Resolution Tried to weaken

Supreme Court3. Embargo Act

Hurts Farmers Created an intrusive federal government Reduces Tariff Revenue & increases national debt

Madison Administration (1809-1816)Inconsistent Consistent

1. Tariff of 1816 1. War of 18122. Re-chartered U.S. Bank 2. Vetoed Bonus Bill

Note: Federalists opposed $1.5 million internal improvements

Recreating the U.S. Bank

Causes of the War of 1812Pro-war group: War Hawks (Henry Clay & John Calhoun)

1. Land Hunger—Canada and Florida2. Seizure of American ships & Impressment of American Sailors3. Economic Depression in the West (Blamed British orders in Council)4. Indian Problems (Blamed British who hadn’t left American Territory)5. *National Honor

Impact of the War1. Federalist Party ceased to be a factor in America Politics

Hartford Convention (1814)2. U.S. drifted into isolationism & focused on westward Expansion

Monroe Doctrine (1823)3. Heightened Nationalism

Defeated Barbary Pirates (1815) Rechartered National Bank in 1816

o Note: Thomas Jefferson supported the recharter & federalism did not. Tariff of 1816 1st Protective Tariff.

17

APUSH Review o Note: needed to save American industry for National defense.

Henry Clay’s “American System” Judicial Nationalism – John Marshall’s Court

1. McCulloch vs Maryland (1819) 2. Fletcher vs Peck—1st time South Carolina voids state action (Georgia Land)

National Road (Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Virginia) 1819 Era of Good Feeling (Monroe Administration) Missouri Compromise (36° 30’) Maine & Missouri become states Art “Hudson River School” Literature James Fenimore Cooper

Nati onalism After the War of 1812 1. Rechartered National Bank in 1816. Note: Democratic-Republicans (Jeffersonians) had

initially opposed Bank of US. 20 year charter branches throughout the U.S.2. Henry Clay’s “American System”

Protective Tariff (20%) National Road completed in 1815 (Madison & Monroe Vetoed other trans) Note

Democrats-Republicans had been opposed to protective tariffs3. Era of Good Feeling—Monroe had an easy victory in 1816 he had no opposition 18204. Acquisition of Florida in 1819 Adams Onis Treaty

Note: by 1850’s division in country would have prevented the U.S. from acquiring additional land in the South for fear that slavery might spread (example Cuba)

5. Judicial Nationalism ---John Marshall McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) U.S. is Supreme over states. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Supreme Court ruled that N.Y. had no right to grant a

steamboat monopoly only congress can regulate interstate trade. Fletcher v. Peck (1810) Supreme Court can rule on Constitutionalism of state laws

(Georgia land deal was fraudulent but Supreme Court said it was valid)6. Hudson River School : Nationalistic Themes7. Literary Nationalism: James Fenimore Cooper

Leather stocking Tales “Last of the Mohicans” 8. Monroe Doctrine (1820) - Inward looking isolationism. Concentrate on westward expansion

Problems on the Horizon Tariff of Abominations (1828) Slavery Issue Missouri Compromise (1820) Missouri----Slave

Tallmadge Amendment fails Maine-----Free No slavery above 36°30’

Election of 1824—Adams wins but not popular vote

Rise of Democracy in America “Age of Jackson”Political Democracy

Panic of 1819 contributed to desire by common man to gain more control over government to eliminate bank privileges.

Missouri Compromise awakened Southerners to the need to get involved in politics. Examples:

1. Method on Nominating & electing president By 1828 presidential electors were elected by the people

18

APUSH Review By 1830’s national nominating conventions

2. Voter Participation went up 1824---27% 1828 –55% 1840—78%

Note: Cheap land made old property req. obsolete 3. Spoils system –rotation in office4. “Kitchen Cabinet”5. Jackson was the 1st president from the West---self made man6. Campaigning changed – parades, barbeques, stump speeches7. Universal white male suffrage

Economic Democracy Rise of Trade Union Movement Demanded redistribution of Land (Thomas Skidmore—N.Y.

workingman’s party) No imprisonment for debts Ability to move West & get a fresh start Liberated Licensing for doctors & lawyers

Social Democracy

Decline of deference Women’s Rights Movement in 1800’s Fashion did not show class distinctions example: men’s pants

Cultural Democracy Democratic genre art Neo-classical architecture James Fenimore Cooper

Problems with Democracy Treatment of Indians (Indian Removal Act & Trail of Tears) Slavery continued

Jacksonian Democracy (1829-1840)Political:

Kitchen Cabinet Spoils System Electoral College elected by voters Universal white male suffrage End of Legislative Caucuses Jackson 1st Western President Two Party System (Democrats vs Whigs)

Philosophy: States’ Rights Deemphasize urbanization & industrialization Strict interpretation of Constitution (Maysville Road Bill Veto)

Constituents: Working Class Small Merchants

19

APUSH Review Small Farmers Immigrants

Problems:1. Nullification Crisis2. Bank Issue – Nicholas Biddle vs Andrew Jackson

Pet Banks3. Indian Removal

Worchester vs Georgia (1832) Trail of Tears

Whigs: National Bank High protective tariff Federal funded internal improvements (roads & canals) Slow Expansion (especially regarding Texas)

Compare Andrew Jackson with James K. Polk “Old Hickory” vs. “Young Hickory”Jackson (1829-1836) Democratic PartyKey Events:

1. Nullification Crisis – Tariff Issue (Tariff of Abominations) Force Bill “Our Union: It must be preserved”

2. Destroyed the National Bank (Biddle’s Bank) Vetoed re charter Took government revenue out of the Bank of the US & put it into “Pet Banks”

3. Issue Specie Circular Only gold or silver would be accepted as payment of U.S. debts4. Indian Removal Act of 1830 “Trail of Tears”5. Peggy Eaton Affair6. Vetoed Maysville Road Bill

Polk (1845-1848) Democratic Party1. Favored a low revenue only Tariff (Walker Tariff)2. Supported Manifest Destiny

Acquisition of Oregon Acquisition of California

3. Independent Treasury System4. Mexican War (1846-1848)

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

Both Individuals 1. Very Aggressive Presidents2. Jackson - vindictive

Comparison of the Federalist, Whig & Republican Parties

20

APUSH Review Federalist (1792-1816) key members: Alexander Hamilton & John Adams

Strong Central Government Loose interpretation of the Constitution Pro-Tariff Pro-Bank Supported Commercial & Industrial concerns Pro-British Anti-Democratic

Whigs (1836-1852) key members: Daniel Webster, Henry Clay, William H. Harrison, Zachary Taylor

Strong Federal/Central Government Loose interpretation of Constitution (Positive Liberal State) Pro-Tariff Pro-Bank Pro-Internal Improvements especially railroad Limit Westward Expansion Anti-King Andrew Impose cultural & moral conformity (Protestant)

Republicans (1854-Present) key members: John C. Freemont, Abraham Lincoln Northern Nativists (anti-Catholic at the local level) Know-Nothings Anti-Slavery in the territories High protective tariffs Free homesteads Federal Aid for internal improvements especially trans continental railroad Eventually Pro-central bank Eventually strong central government (Lincoln)

Comparison of First & Second Great AwakeningGreat Awakening (1730’s-1750’s)

Started in Massachusetts Bay Colony by Jonathan Edwards

Message: God was omnipotent Sinners were damned Emphasized Calvinism & Pre destination

George Whitefield an inspiring minister toured the colonies from New Hampshire to Georgia message was delivered by itinerant ministers

People who listened to this new style of preaching were called “new lights” many

congregants will split between new and old lights

Impact of Great Awakening:1. New Lights organized many centers of

learning example: Princeton, Dartmouth and Brown

2. Significant number of new Protestant sects will be organized

3. Helped unify the colonies- brought scattered colonists together at revival meetings.

21

APUSH Review Second Great Awakening

(1800’s-1830’s) Started in southern frontier in the camp meetings organized by Methodists & Baptists.

Message: No Predestination Doctrine of “Free Will” A person

could chose to give up life of sin and gain salvation

Nathaniel Taylor (Yale Divinity School)Introduces Free Will

Charles Finney—held successful revivals in Western N.Y.

Impact of the 2 nd Great Awakening 1. Northern wing of 2nd Great

Awakening inspired a great movement for social reform

2. Activist Christianity—Stamp out sin in society example: stamp out dueling or prostitution or gambling

3. Temperance Crusade American Temperance

Society4. Abolitionist Movement

American Colonization Society

Second Great Awakening (1800-1830’s)1. Baptists & Methodists sent circuit riders to preach in sparsely populated areas (first in the

south)2. Reverend Timothy Dwight organized a series of Revival meetings at Yale to counter impact

of Unitarians3. Message—Everyone is a “free agent’ who has the ability to overcome sin4. Itinerant minister Charles Finney preached in the Western part of New York.

Sinners can be saved Women could pray aloud in church Camp meetings

Reform Movements After the Second Great Awakening*Second Great Awakening gave rise to a significant reform movement between 1820 & 1850

Education Horace Mann – Secretary of Massachusetts Board of Education Tax – Supported schools Taught Morality: Longer school days Punctuality

Compulsory attendance IndustryExpanded curriculum Frugality

SobrietyTemperance

American Temperance Society (1826) emphasis was on educationProhibition – Neal Dow “Maine Law” by 1857 12 states had prohibition

Penal Institutions Gradually abolished debtors prison Dorothy Dix

Cleaner Prisons Mental Institutions

22

APUSH Review Women’s Rights

Cult of Domesticity vs. Women’s Rights Movement Lucretia Mott

Elizabeth CodyStantonSusan B. AnthonySeneca Falls (1848) – “Declaration of Sentiments”

AbolitionAmerican Colonization SocietyAmerican Anti-Slavery Society

William Lloyd GarrisonUtopian Societies

New Harmony Oneida Brook Farm Shakers

Economic Development (1800-1850) New England becomes the center of commercial & industrial development

1. Dense population – potential workers2. Shipping brought in necessary capital ($)3. Seaports - easy to bring in raw materials (cotton)4. Stony Soul prevented development of commercial Agriculture Activities5. Rapid Rivers—Water Power

“Cottage Industry” 1814 Waltham Massachusetts First time that cotton thread & fabric will be produced in

one factory By 1850, Northeast will produce 2/3 of America’s manufactured goods

General Incorporation Law (N.Y 1848) Companies could apply for corporate status if they met standards. They did not have to

apply directly to state legislationWorkers –

initially workers were forbidden to join Labor Unions, which were considered a “criminal conspiracy”

Instead workers joined “working man’s parties “ and demanded 10 hour days, higher wages, better working conditions & free public education

In 1835 Patterson, New Jersey textile workers became the first workers to strike for shorter hours

23

APUSH Review Commonwealth vs Hunt (1842) Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that unions were not

illegal

Agricultural Technology Cyrus McCormick Reaper/ Mower 1834 reduced time by 60% it took to harvest wheat John Deere – Steel Plow 1837

Note: American Economy will be stimulated by the Embargo (1807-1809) & War of 1812

Development in transportation is key to the expansion of the American Economy (1800-1850)Different Modes of Transportation will;

1. Connect all regions of the country2. Enable the U.S. to develop a national economy3. Force regions to specialize because of competition4. Moved immigrants & goods West5. Moved crops & Livestock to markets in the East

Turnpike EraLancaster Turnpike (1790) Penn.National Road (1811-1852) – Eventually connects Maryland to Illinois

SteamboatsRobert Fulton (1807) Fulton’s Folly N.Y. City to Albany 150 miles1820 60 steamboats on Mississippi River --- by 1860 1,000 on Miss. RiverCut shipping times & rates dramatically

Canal Boom Erie Canal (1817-1825) 364 miles long Buffalo to AlbanyTurns N.Y. into the financial capital of the U.S.

Railroads (1820)By 1836: 1,000 miles of track --- by 1860 30,000 miles

Nativism America is a land of immigrants but the welcome mat has not always been out. Before 1840’s about 60,000 immigrants per year arrived, but it tripled in the 1840’s &

quadrupled in the 1850’s

Irish & German’s (1840’s & 1850’s) Irish potato famine (2 million died in Ireland) “Biddies & Paddies” NINA German Catholics “48ers’s” Farm failures & lack of democratic reform in Germany Irish settled in urban areas in the East (Boston, N.Y.) Germans settled in the Midwest & Penn.

Order of the Star Spangled Banner (1849) Know-Nothings (800,000 to 1.5 million) American party

1. Literacy test for voting24

APUSH Review 2. Ban Catholics from holding office

Controlled in 1850’s Maryland, Kentucky, Texas, Mass.

“New Immigrant” (1880’s – 1910’s) illiterate, poor Southern & Eastern Europe Settled in urban areas

Negative ReactionAmerican Protective Association (1857)

Vote against Roman Catholic Candidates End Immigration

Immigration Restriction League (1894) Literacy Test

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) 10 years and (1902)

Positive Reaction Jane Addams – Hull House Salvation Army Social

1920’s 800,000 immigrants in 1920-21 Emergency Quota Act 1921 – 3% of group who lived in U.S. in 1910 National origins Quota Act 1924 – 2% of 1890 census Ku Klux Klan – 5 million members Harding was a member

Westward Expansion Louisiana Purchase (1803) $15 million to France Florida (Adams–Onis Treaty 1819) $5 million to Spain Maine Boundary Dispute (Webster Ashburton Treaty 1842 Great Britain) Texas Annexation (1845)

o War for Texas Independence 1836 – Republic of TexasAlamo Davey CrockettSanta Anna

Election of 1844 – James K. Polk “young hickory” vs. Henry Clay (Whig)o Polk’s Campaign: Annexation of Texas & Oregon

Manifest Destiny was one aspect of the “young American movement”(also aggressive foreign policy and technological advance like the Railroad)

1. God was on the side of American Exploration2. Our Culture & Democracy followed flag3. American population needed an outlet

Oregon Country (1846)o 54° 40’ or fighto 49°

25

APUSH Review Mexican Cession (1848)

o Mexican War (1846-1848) U.S. offered to buy New Mexico $5 million & California $25 million John Slidell Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to Rio Grande River Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

o New Mexico & California $15 milliono Rio Grande is bordero U.S. pays claims of $3.5 million

Gadsen Purchase (1853) – $10 million “All Mexico Movement”

o Nativism in 1840’so Anti- Slavery sentiment

1850’s Slaveocracy wanted Cuba, Nicaragua, Panama Polk had offered $ 100 million for Cuba Ostend manifesto $120 million for Cuba or U.S. would take it (1854) Northern States wanted Canada

26

APUSH Review Period 5 (1844-1877)

What impact did the Mexican War (1846-48) have as a cause of the Civil War (1861-65)

1. Territorial Acquisitions obtained in the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo will eventually help dissolve the ties between North & South

2. “All Mexico Movement” – Attempt to extend slavery (fails)3. California comes in as a free state

Free States control Senate South desperate to acquire additional states Cuba—Ostend manifesto (fails) Kansas-Nebraska Act (1954) Bleeding Kansas (popular sovereignty)

4. Debate over New Mexico Territory Wilmot Proviso—no slavery (rejected) Free Soil Party Extension of 36° 30’ line (Rejected) Allow Slavery ---(Rejected) Popular Sovereignty—Compromise of 1850

Causes of Sectionalism (Division between the North and the South)1. Tariff Issue

Tariff of Abominations (1828) Nullification Crisis – Force Bill “States Rights” vs. Strong Central

Government2. Economic Subservience of the South

Dependent on North for Manufactured goods Southern Economy was one-dimensional

3. Slavery Issue Mexican War (1846-148)

North-Wilmot Proviso (1846) prohibited slavery in lands obtained from Mexico(failed) South-“All Mexico Movement” Free-Soil Party will be created

Compromise of 1850California became a free stateFugitive Slave Law is unenforceable

Importance of Slavery to the South1. Racial Superiority2. Social Mobility –Buy a few slaves & social status improves3. Must have slave labor—Cotton exports accounted for 50% of American

Exports4. Slavery controlled blacks—prevented chaos5. Slaves better off than northern wage—slaves

NOTE: Only 25% of Southerners owned slaves or belonged to families which owned slaves

4. Abolitionist Arguments Harsh, Cruel treatment of slaves Using slave labor was less profitable Emancipation would hurt few Southerners Slavery handicapped Economic Development of the South Western Countries had abolished slavery

27

APUSH Review American Colonization Society (1817) Liberia was founded in 1822 – 15,000 African-Americans sent by 1860 William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator (1831) American Anti-Slavery Society (1833)David Walker Appeal to the Colored Citizens

of the World (1829) – bloody end to white supremacy Frederick Douglas Liberty Party – 1840 Free Soil Party-1845 Republican Party – 1856 Gag Resolution (1836): John Quincy Adams (Member of House of Representatives)

waged in eight-year campaign to end it5. Slavery Emotionalism Secession Civil War (1861-1865)

Key Events that contributed to the Emotionalism of the 1850’s Publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe (1852) Ostend Manifesto (1854) If Spain would not sell Cuba then U.S. had a right to take

it by force (Pierce had offered $120 million) Kansas- Nebraska Act (1854) Popular Sovereignty in Kansas “Bleeding Kansas (1855-1861)-sacking of Lawrence, Kansas by pro-slavery group

will lead to a guerilla war Sumner-Brooks Incident (1856) Dred Scott (1857) Supreme Court allowing slavery in U.S. territories Panic of 1857: Economic Recession which hurt the North. South felt Superior Lincoln-Douglas Debates (1858) Senate Race in Illinois

o Lincoln was accused of believing in racial equality even though he vigorously denied this. The South perceived that Lincoln was a threat to the Institution.

John Browns Raid – Harper’s Ferry, Virginia (1859) Election of 1860 Failure of Crittenden Compromise

Why did the Civil War occur in 1861 rather than earlier?1. Willingness to compromise was over—

Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, John C. Calhoun were dead. Missouri Compromise (1826) Tariff Compromise of 1833 – nullification crisis Compromise of 1850

1. Popular Sovereignty in new Mexican territory 2. Fugitive Slave Law3. California –Free State4. No Slave Trade in Washington D.C.5. Texas Boundary settled

Crittenden Compromise—John Crittenden, Kentucky1. Extend Missouri Compromise line to Pacific 2. Federal Compensation for run-away slaves3. Constitutional Amendment prohibiting Federal Government from

abolishing slavery Opposed by Lincoln

1. Violate Principles of Republican Party2. Reform minded Northern Abolitionists convinced many in the North that slavery was

evil 1860’s.3. No Unifying forces eg. External threat – Mexican War or Indians

28

APUSH Review 4. Secessionists controlled South5. After Election of 1860 North controlled: House of Representatives, Senate, Presidency

Why did the North Win the Civil War?1. Larger Population

Union (23 States) 22 million people Confederacy (11 States) 5 ½ million whites 3 ½ million slaves North could generate a larger army

2. North had a varied Economy North had 92 % of nations industry North had 10 times more industrial workers than the South South had an agricultural economy—however Southerners were reluctant to shift

from staple crops to foodstuffs3. Transportation System

¾ of the Railroads were located in the North4. Stable Currency

North issued $450 million in Greenbacks (Not backed by Gold) South issued $1 billion worth of Confederate Currency

o by 1863 it was worth 8 cents per dollaro by 1865 1.6 cents / $1.00

5. Naval Blockade Union forces prevented the South from exporting cotton from its ports

6. “King Wheat” and “King Corn” Great Britain had a surplus of cotton at the beginning to the war but needed

America foodstuffs. U.S. sent captured cotton to Great Britain7. Stable, Powerful, Central Government w/Lincoln as President

U.S. gov passed several necessary billso National Banking Act –banks issue treasury notes as currency. Taxed

state bank notes out of existenceo Homestead Act

o Lincoln Arrested several Peace Democrats or Copperheadso Emancipation Proclamation – Kept Great Britain out of War

Emancipation Proclamationo Lincoln declared that all slaves in areas still in rebellion as of January 1, 1863 would be

freeo Slaves located in the states remaining in the Union were not freed (Missouri, Kentucky, &

Maryland)o Lincoln waited to deliver the official Emancipation Proclamation until after a Union Military

Victory, which came at Antietam (Sept, 1862)

Why Did Lincoln issue the Emancipation Proclamation?1. Lincoln was under severe pressure within the Republican Party. There was talk of

replacing him as the Party’s Presidential Nominee2. By issuing the Emancipation proclamation Lincoln created an issue—freedom for slaves –

which might keep Great Britain out of the war. Great Britain had provided ships to the

29

APUSH Review Confederacy (Alabama) & were in the process of building Laird Rams. Great Britain was the #1 Anti-Slavery nation in the world

3. Freeing the slaves may have hurt the military effort of the Confederacy. More white Southerners would be needed at home to watch the slaves.

4. Give a cause to the North other than “Union Preservation” or “Revenge for Fort Sumter”

Note: Emancipation Proclamation will cost Republican at the polls more Democrats elected to Congress.Significance of the Civil WarSocial Impact:

1. Ended Slavery --- Emancipation Proclamation 13th amendment – Dislocates 3 ½ million slaves

2. Freedman’s Bureau – “40 Acres Mule”3. Civil Rights Act of 1866-----14th amendment (Response to the Black Codes)4. Women are allowed more freedom5. Ends Nativism

Political Impact:1. Dominance of Republican Party

Higher Tariffs Internal Improvements (Railroad) National Bank Act Homestead Act

2. Radical Regimes Black Participation Scalawags & Carpet Baggers

3. Strengthened Presidency Lincoln Suspended Habeas Corpus Copper heads arrested (13,000)

4. Ended States Rights5. Disenfranchisement—poll tax, literacy test, grandfather clause6. Constitution – 13th, 14th, 15th Amendments.

Economic Impact:1. Inflation “Greenbacks” Greenback-Labor Party2. Stimulated Railroad industry & Steel Production3. Government ended Laissez Faire – Promoted Business interests

High TariffsNational Bank Act

4. Freedman–sharecroppers5. Southerners lost $2 billion dollars in property –No Investment/Capital to rebuild

American Indian Policy1. Originally one Big Reservation—land west of the Mississippi2. Policy of Concentration

Pressure caused by settlers going to Oregon and California brought an end to the one big reservation. U.S. assigned boundaries to Indians. Settlers moved into vacated areas causing Indian resentment & Indian Wars.

3. Small Reservation policyo Peace Commission in 1867 suggested

30

APUSH Review Isolating the Indians on distant lands, Teach them to farm, Gradually

civilize them4. Assimilation (1870’s & 1880’s)

o Sent Indian youth to Carlisle Indian school & others (Cut hair, speak English)o Dawes severalty act (1887)

Divided tribal land up eg. Family head 160 acres, Citizenship given in 25 years

5. Extermination of the Buffalo Herds by 18856. Wounded Knee Massacre (1890) – Sitting Bull, Ghost Dance

Western Boom Periods after the Civil WarMining Bonanza

California Gold Rush 1849 Pikes Peak in Colorado 1859 Unlike other frontiers the mining frontier moved west to east Foreign Miners tax $20 per month (by 1860 1/3 of the miners in the west were Chinese) Chinese Exclusion 1882 Mining Bonanza helped pay for the Civil War & provided capital for industrialization

Cattle Boom Texas in the 1860’s had an abundance of cattle but no railroad Open-Range Cattle Industry

o Long Drive (Texas to Kansas Cattle Towns) Problems Open-Range Cattle Industry

o Farmers used barbed wire to protect cropso Farmers began growing wheat in and around Kansaso Foreign Capital entered the business & invested in ranches in Northern Plains 4 ½

million cattle grazed in Wyoming, Montana etc.o Drought in 1886 – dried waterholes in prairie grass

Land Boom U.S. gave 128 million acres to Railroad, sold 100 million to private citizens, gave away 48

million citizens Homestead Act: 160 acres for a $10 fee: Between 1862-1900 600,000 families claimed

homesteads

Period 6 (1865-1898)Industrialization in Late 1800’s

1. Abundance of natural Resources (Coal, Iron Ore, Timber, Oil)2. Growing supply of labor3. Growing population = more demand for goods4. Markets were protected by high tariffs5. Inventions

Bessemer process Telephone Typewriter Cash Register

6. Marketing Techniques Department Stores Mail Order Business

31

APUSH Review 7. Railroad Construction Stimulated Economy

1865--35,000 miles of track by 1900--193,000 miles8. Entrepreneurs (Big Businessmen or “Robber Barons”)

Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroad) Andrew Carnegie (Steel) – Gospel of Wealth J.D. Rockefeller (Oil) J.P. Morgan (Finance)

Examples of the Gov’t abandoning Laissez-faire and helping out Big Business in the mid to late 1800’s

1. Specie Resumption Act (1875) – President Grant will gradually remove Greenbacks (Greenback Party will form to protest action)

2. Railroad Subsidies — Federal Government will provide $ and Land to encourage construction of transcontinental railroads

3. Federal and State Governments assists Big Business against striking workers Homestead Strike (Pennsylvania, Carnegie Steel Mill)

o Cut wages 20% - Workers went on strikeo Government of Pennsylvania orders in militia

Pullman Strike (1894)o Federal Courts issued an injunction against Eugene Debs and the American

railway workers union.o Supreme Court ruled that the government can use injunctions to end strikes

4. Courts ruled in favor of Big Business Wabash Case—States cannot regulate railroads U.S. v. E.E. Knight & Co. (1895) Sherman Antitrust Act only applies to commerce not

manufacturing5. Interstate Commerce Act & Sherman Antitrust Act were weak6. Tariffs are increased in the 1800’s7. Imperialistic Activity

Markets in Asia Philippines—Open door Policy Panama Canal (20th century)

Farm Problems (1865-1900)1. Farming was expensive2. Falling Farm prices

Wheat 1.69/bushel 1860.49/bushel 1890

Cotton .65/ lb in 1868.05/lb in 1890

3. Persistent Indebtednesso Crop Lien Systemso Farm Loans = high Interest 10% -25%

4. Problems with Railroadso Charged high rateso Long haul/short haulo Higher rates in the Westo Railroads controlled the elevators and warehouses

32

APUSH Review o Malaise (Depression-Lonliness)

5. Unresponsive Government

National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry (Grange)o Formed to provide social outleto Granger Laws – Strict regulation of Railroad rates (Wabash Case declared granger

Laws unconstitutional)Farm Alliances (Northern & Southern)

CooperativesRetail StoresMarketing Association

Ocala Demand1. Sub-treasury system – store crop, wait for better price borrow up to 80% of

value.2. Free, unlimited coinage of silver3. No Protective tariffs4. Direct Election of U.S. Senators5. Regulate Railroads

Populist Party in 1892 Silver IssuePlatform: Ocala Demands plus Crimes of ‘73

Graduated Income Bland-Allison Act 1878 coin $2-4 million/mo

Secret Ballot Sherman Silver Purchase Initiative & Referendum brought 4 ½ million oz per month

Election of 1896 (same in 1900)William Jennings Bryan v. William McKinley“Cross of Gold Speech”

Labor UnionsProblems for Workers Reason Employers could demand so much & pay so little

1. Low Wages 1. Large supply of workers--immigrants2. Unsafe working conditions 2. Expensive to move West3. Child Labor 3. Periodic Recession eg. 1893 –20% unemployed4. Company Towns

National Labor Unions1. National Labor union 1866

o Lasted 6 years w/600,000 memberso Skilled & Unskilled workerso Goals: 8 hour day (succeeded for federal employees)o Depression in 1870’s killed this labor union

2. Knights of Labor (1869) Terence Powderly Organized all workers: skilled/unskilled, women & blacks Demanded: 8 hour day

o End to child laboro No Strikes (cooperation)

Succeeded: Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)o Abolish Contract Labor Law (1885)

33

APUSH Review Downfall: Tried to organize too many groups

o Haymarket incident (1886) – 8 anarchists tried --- 4 hanged3. American Federation of Labor (1881)

Goals: 8 hour day 6 day work week Skilled Craft Union Higher wages & better conditions

What hindered labor union organization? 1. Haymarket Incident (1886)2. Immigrants were antiunion3. Blacklist, yellow-dog contract, lockout4. Lost strikes: Homestead & Pullman

African Americans (1890-1920’s)Booker T. Washington (1880’s-1900)

Atlanta Compromise described his philosophyFavored manual/vocational training for blacksDon’t fight for civil rightsBecome economically productive & rights will eventually be given (gradualism)He did believe in equalityTuskegee Institute (1881)

W.E.B. Du Bois (1890-1920)Demanded civil & political rightsIntegrated schoolsTalented tenth should be educated to lead African AmericansHelped organize the NAACPAlso would participate in Harlem Renaissance in 70’s

Marcus Garvey (1920’s)UNIA (1920) United Negro Improvement AssociationWanted Africa to become independent, controlled by BlacksEmphasized Black PrideSupported the notion of Economic self-reliance but with an element of impatience

NOTE: The South was deeply divided along racial lines when these three individuals emphasized their message. Jim Crow Laws & Political Disenfranchisement

Urban Problems in Late 1800’s1. Problems caused by rapid industrialization

a. No consumer protectionb. Trustsc. Child Labord. Poor working conditions & low wagese. Railroad abused

2. ImmigrationNew immigrants were generally poor & settled in Urban centers in tenement

districts3. Machine politics e.g. “Boss Tweed in N.Y.

34

APUSH Review

35

APUSH Review Period 7 (1890-1945)

Roots of Progressive Reform1. U.S. government attempted to control the trusts

a. Interstate Commerce Act (1887)Created the ICCProhibited pools & rebatesRailroad must publish rates

b. Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)Forbade combinations which restrained tradeActually hurt labor unions more than businesses

2. Influential books advocated reform of the economic systema. Henry George Progress and Poverty (1879)

Gulf between rich & poor was widening Recommend a single tax on land equity—100%Replace all other forms of taxation

b. Edward Bellamy Looking Backward (1887)Government owns major means of production in 2000Cooperation rplaces economic comptetitionNationalize public utilitiesBellamy Clubs

3. Social Gospel Movement Church members should remedy societal problemsSalvation Army

4. Settlement Houses Jane Addams’ – Hull House in Chicago Bridge the gap between the rich & the poor. They provided:

Education Courses—cooking, English, Sewing, Shakespeare, Cultural Activities

Provided College educated Women with another professional opportunity 5,000 were graduating from colleges/year

Collected very valuable data regarding groups living around settlement houses4. Local Reformers who pressured government to create better parks, kindergartens, &

community servicesNOTE: Progressivism began in the urban areas, moved to the state level and by 1901 started at the National level.

Wisconsin Plan—Robert La Follette (1901) Florence Kelley – Illinois Factory Act: Prohibited employment of children under

the age of 14 for more than 8 hours a day5. Social Justice Movement Advocates included ministers, social reformers, women’s groups such as the General

Federation of Women’s Clubs, which had 2 million members They wanted:

Women’s Suffrage Safer Conditions for female workersProhibition Improved SchoolStringent Child Labor Laws Safer Food

6. Feminists or SuffragettesNational American Women’s Suffrage Association (1890)Carrie Chapman Catt

36

APUSH Review Give women the right to vote in order to protect home & community

7. Populists Party PlatformNote: Populism was an agrarian movement

Progressivism was an urban movementPopulists were a minority of populationProgressives were a majority

These two movements had similar objectives: (Although there were significant differences)

a. Control trustsb. Regain control of government

Proposals suggested by populists, which were also supported by progressivesa. Direct election of U.S. Senatorsb. Initiative & referendumc. Graduated income tax

8. Muckrakers –Nationalized the concerns. They made the Am middle class aware of the problems

Lincoln Steffens “Shame in the Cities” Ida Tarbell “History of Standard oil”Upton Sinclair “The Jungle”

What is Progressivism ? Progressive Era (1901-1917)White Middle class, Urban movement. A majority of the American people supported ProgressivismThree Goals

1. Curb Trusts2. Prevent Socialism from gaining support – Progressives wanted to preserve capitalism

with some government regulation3. Remedy many societal problems

Methods used to Achieve Goals1. Progressives wanted to regain control of local, state and national government. They

believed that the wealthy businessmen too easily manipulated governmenta. Direct Election of U.S. Senators (17th Amendment) b. Initiative, Referendum & Recallc. Secret Ballotd. Women’s Suffrage

2. Progressives wanted to control trustsa. Elkins Act 1903 Restrict Railroad No Rebatesb. Hepburn Act 1906 practices No Free passes for politicians

c. Trust busting e.g. Standard Oild. Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914)

o Labor Unions Exempto No Interlocking directorates

3. Remedy Abuses caused by unregulated business practicesa. Pure food and Drug Actb. Theodore Roosevelts conservation efforts (1902-1908)c. Child labor Act (1916) forbade shipment of goods across state lines if kids under

14 were employed supreme court declared it unconstitutionald. Workman’s compensation Act (1916) – Federal Employees

37

APUSH Review

Compare Populist Movement with Progressive MovementPopulism (1890’s) Progressivism (1890’s -1917)Problems: Problems:1. Economic Depression (1890’s) 1. Rapid Industrialization caused

problems2. Government is not responsive to farmers 2. Big Business Controlled government3. Problems with the railroad & banks 3. Socialism

Characteristics CharacteristicsFarmer Movement Urban, Middle Class movement

Suggested Solutions Suggested Solutions1. Free, unlimited coinage of silver 1. Trust Busting2. National Warehouse 2. Women’s Suffrage3. Graduated Income tax 3. Child labor Laws4. Public ownership of Railroad 4. Direct Elections of U.S. Senators5. Direct Election of Senators 5. Initiative, Referendum & recall6. Initiative & Referendum 6. Conservation of Natural Resources7. Secret Ballot 7. Regulation of Railroad

Populist Party will fail Progressives are very Successful at Local, state McKinley defeats Bryan in 1896 election and National levelsGold discovered in Alaska Wisconsin Plan-Robert La FolletteProsperity returns in late 1890’s Theodore Roosevelt 3 C’s

Woodrow Wilson –New Freedom

Presidents during the Progressive Era (1901-1917) Theodore Roosevelt—Republican

William H. Taft---RepublicanRoosevelt Administration (1901-1908) Woodrow Wilson ---Democrat

Three C’s -------- Control of Corporation Consumer Protection Conservation of Natural Resources

Square Deal---Pennsylvania Coal Miners’ Strike

Hepburn Act (1906)—Set Railroad ratesElkins Act (1903)—Heavy fines for rebatesTrust BustingMeat Inspection Act (1906)Pure Food & Drug Act (1906)

Taft Administration (1909-1912)38

APUSH Review Trustbusting – 99 lawsuits compared to Roosevelt’s 44 lawsuitsTaft may not have been a true progressive reformer

1. Dollar Diplomacy—foreign policy was designed to aid wall street2. Ballinger-Pinchot Controversy – Secretary of the Interior Ballinger opened up

public lands in Wyoming & Alaska to corporate development. He was criticized by Gifford Pinchot, head of the Division of Forestry. Taft will fire Pinchot thus alienating conservationists.

NOTE: As a conservationist Taft did set aside more land than Roosevelt Taft established Bureau of Mines to control mineral resources

3. Taft Campaigned against progressive Republicans in 1910 election

1912 Election Woodrow Wilson –DemocratW. H. Taft –RepublicanT. Roosevelt –Progressive or Bull Moose

Roosevelt’s New Nationalism1. Activists Government in solving economic & social problems2. Supported women’s suffrage3. Business consolidation was OK if federal government regulated it4. Supported minimum wage laws5. Supported direct election of U.S. Senators6. Prohibited child labor

Wilson’s “New Freedom”1. Break up all monopolies2. Exempt labor unions from Sherman Anti-trust Act3. States’ Rights Democrat4. Graduated income tax5. Hesitant regarding Women’s suffrage6. Lower tariffs7. Supported independence of Philippine Islands

Wilson Administration (1913-1920)Wilson will abandon New Freedom & support New Nationalism by 1916

Underwood-Simmons Tariff dropped rates from 40% to 29% Graduated Income Tax was part of Underwood Tariff Bill Federal Reserve Act—1913 Creates a central bank which is entrusted with the task of

regulating money supply. Clayton Anti-trust Act -1914 Prohibits interlocking directorates Could charge less in one area of country to undercut competition Exempts labor unions Federal Trade Commission Act—Advises companies that they are violating anti-trust

laws. Child Labor Act-1916- Prohibits interstate shipment of goods if kids under 14 years old

are working Appoints Louis Brandeis to Supreme Court –Very Progressive Adamson Act 1916 mandates 8 hour work day for railroad workers on interstate lines

39

APUSH Review Kerr-McGillicuddy Act 1916 mandates workman’s compensation for federal workers,

supports women’s suffrage

Imperialism (1890’s) Why was the U.S. late getting involved in imperialism?

1. Anti-Colonial mentality2. U.S. had a frontier region until 18903. Civil War & Reconstruction occupied America’s attention

What caused the U.S. to begin looking outward? 1. Analysis of Fredrick Jackson Turner’s thesis described in “The Significance of the

Frontier on American History” (1890)Note: Labor Unrest, Populist movement

2. Belief that the U.S. needed additional markets for its goods Depression in 1893-1896Senator Albert Beveridge in 1899 “we are raising more than we can consume”

3. Alfred Mahan Influence of Sea power upon HistoryForeign Commerce = Larger merchant Marine = need for navy for protection = navy needs refueling locations (Colonies)“Great White Fleet”

4. “White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling5. Josiah Strong Our Country: Its Possible Future and its Present Crisis

Mission & social Darwinism “Survival of the fittest”6. Spanish-American War. (1898) “Splendid Little War”—John Hay Secretary of

StateYellow Journalism Hearst v. PulitzerDe Lome Letter (1898)Sinking of the Maine (1898)

Importance: U.S. obtains colonies Puerto Rico, Guam, Philippines Protective over Cuba (Teller Amendment & Platt Amendment) Philippine Insurrection Insular Case—Constitution doesn’t follow the flag

Hawaii in 1898Open Door PolicyBoxer Rebellion (1900)

Presidencies During ImperialismTheodore Roosevelt (Note: he was not president during the Spanish American War)

Roosevelt Corollary (1904)Dominican Republic Receivership (1905)Cuba (U.S. landed troops – stayed 3 years) 1906Panama Canal “I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate”Russo-Japanese Treaty (Noble Peace prize)Taft –Katsura Memo 1905

Japan Recognizes U.S. control of Philippines U.S. recognizes japans control of Korea Both continue to support Open Door

40

APUSH Review William Howard Taft (1909-1912)

“Dollar Diplomacy” U.S. Foreign policy will help businessU.S. Business will help U.S. foreign policy

U.S. sends marines into Nicaragua to help rebels who had been encouraged to revolt by an American Mining Company.

U.S. will land troops in Columbia, Costa Rica & Guatemala to protect American Investments,

Woodrow Wilson (1913-1920)“Missionary Diplomacy”

Haiti – Marines land to stop Revolution. Kill 2,000 & then build schools, sewage plants, hospitals, etc (1915)

Dominican Republic – U.S. establishes a protectorate until 1940 Mexico – 1. Wilson doesn’t like Huerta lands troops in Vera Cruz

2. General Pershing is sent into Mexico after poncho Villa

WWI – Why does the U.S. get involved?1. British propaganda “Rape of Belgium” trans-Atlantic cable2. Economic – loans to allies & munitions manufacture pressure Wilson to get involved3. Submarine Warfare and National Honor

Lusitania (1915)Sussex Pledge (1916) Stop unrestricted sub warfareResume unrestricted warfare in 1917

4. “Make the World Safe for Democracy” Wilson’s 14 points

5. Zimmermann Telegram (1917)

Impact of World War I on U.S. 1. Opportunities for women to work in defense plants. Wilson will eventually support

women’s suffrage after a series of protests in front of White House.2. Anti-German Sentiment3. Sedition Act (1918)

Espionage Act (1918): Eugene Debs will be jailed for denouncing capitalism & the war4. Increased size of Central Government

War Industries Board (Bernard Baruch) allocated raw materials & fixed pricesFood Administration (Herbert Hoover)War labor Board (Felix Frankfurter)

5. U.S. will enter WWI as a debtor nation ($3 billion) Exited as a creditor nation ($10 billion)

Why didn’t U.S. ratify the Treaty of Versailles?1. Wilson alienated Republicans and henry Cabot Lodge

Did not include them in U.S. delegation Campaigned against Republicans in 1918 election

2. Wilson was unwilling to compromise on treaty termsLoyal democrats will vote against treaty both times

41

APUSH Review

1920’s “New Culture”Cultural Conflict:

Traditional, Rural America v. Modern, Urban America1. Role of Women (Feminism/flappers)

Defeat ERA2. Religious Modernism

Scopes Trial – Anti- Evolution Laws (1925): Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan

3. Anti-urban Immigration Restriction –

o Emergency Quota Act 1921o National origins Act 1924

Rise of KKK Prohibition-18th amendment Volstead Act

4. Anti-Labor union Boston Police Stirke Seattle General Strike Viewed as Radicals Palmer Raids Sacco-Vanzetti Case (Nicola Sacco and Bartalomeu Vanzetti executed in

1927)

Comparison of the 1920’s and 1950’s1920s 1950s

Impact of Media

Radio/Movies TV

Role of Women

Flappers Strong prejudice against working women

Social/ Literature Criticism

“Lost Generation” – F. Scott Fitzgerald, Sinclair Lewis

Catcher in the Rye, J.D. Salinger, Beats, Jack Kerouac

Red Scare Palmer Raids McCarthyismEconomic Prosperity

Roaring 20s Happy Days

Cultural Conflict

Anti-Jazz, Anti-Charleston Anti-Rock & Roll

Foreign Policy Isolationism (After WWI) Intervention (Cold War)Racial Race Riots, Marcus Garvey – Back to

Africa MovementBrown v. Board of Education, Little Rock Nine, Protests in Montgomery

Alabama

Causes of the Great Depression 1. Lack of diversity in the American Economy

Relied on the automobile & construction sectors Between 1926-1929 expenditures on construction went down by 18%($2

billion)42

APUSH Review Automobile sales slumped by 1/3 in 1929

2. Over production Factory production up 43% in the 1920’s Wages only went up 11% in the 1920’s

3. High Tariffs Hawley-Smoot tariff (1930) Provoked other nations to enact trade restrictions

4. Corporations weren’t committing money to wage increases. Many were loaning money out to investment brokers for loans to by stock on margin. Example: Standard Oil loaned out $69 mil per day.

5. Farmers had experienced hard times since the early 1920’s6. Banks were not sound. Invested in stock market. 9,000 banks failed between 1930-

1933. Depositors lost over 2 & 1/2 billion dollars7. Misdistribution of wealth: Top 1% of the population controlled 75% of wealth.

The Gross National Product (GNP) drops from $104 billion in 1929to $74 billion in 1932.

New Deal Programs:Relief:

FERA--Federal Emergency Relief Administration-“Dole”CWA--Civil Works Administration– 4 million in 1933-1934Farm credit – refinanced 1/5 of all farm mortgagesCCC--Civil Conservation Core

Recovery:AAA – Agriculture Adjustment ActNIRA—National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA)—National Recovery AdministrationTVA—Tennessee Valley Authority improve dams built 20 more

Reform:FDIC—Federal Deposit insurance CorporationSEC—Securities Exchange Commission

Court packing scheme hurt New Deal

Legacy:1. FDR Save the free enterprise system he could have nationalized banks, Railroad etc.2. African-Americans switch parties—separate CCC camps, NRA pay Af. Am lower wages,

TVA-no black workers3. Wagner Act—in 1937 4,720 strikes 80% settled in favor of unions

Critics of The New Deal & FDR’s Response:1. Fiscal conservatives considered the New Deal programs as being “ reckless spending &

socialistic”Northern Republicans (Wealthy Industrialists) will form the American Liberty League.

2. Father Charles E. Coughlin (Catholic Priest) National Union for Social JusticeNationalize Banks

43

APUSH Review Re monetization of silver

3. Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana Share-Our-Wealth Plan “Every Man a King”Limit income to $1 million per yearLimit inheritance to $5 million per yearGuarantee every family:

A homestead $5,000 Annual wage $2,500 Free college education

Roosevelts Second New Deal:1. Raised taxes on Rich 75% income 70% inheritance2. Social Security $15/month for destitute, $10 to $85/ month beginning in 1942,

unemployment insurance3. Takes U.S. off the Gold Standard4. Works Progress Administration (Total of 8 ½ million will be employed)5. In 1937 FDR cuts government spending

Impact of the New Deal ---Was it Revolutionary?Social:

1. Role of women drastically changedDe-emphasized women’s rights“Make-do” on meager budgetsDiscouraged from working if husbands had jobFrancis Perkins Secretary of Labor

2. African-American AAA hurt Share croppersAfrican American excluded form TVASeparate CCC campsFDR seemed to fear alienating South so did little to enhance African American civil

rightsMany African Americans were helped by relief programs

3. Native AmericansRepeated Dawes severalty Act & Passed Indian reorganization Act ’34 (Restored

tribal land & tried to preserve culture)4. Mexican Americans

Difficult to get a job—population dropped 40%

Economic:1. Unions will get a boost with NIRA & Wagner Act which established the right of collective

bargaining. 2. New Deal relieved human suffering, but did not end the Great Depression3. FDR never supported the notion of massive government spending, instead he believed

in the need to balance the budget4. Validates the theories of John Maynard Keynes “Demand-Side”5. FDR did not attempt to create a socialist Economic System, he preserved capitalism.

Example: he did not nationalize banks ---Bank Holiday

44

APUSH Review 6. Ends notion of Laissez-Faire

Political:1. FDR because of the popularity of the New Deal will create a “Grand Coalition”2. African Americans become loyal Democrats3. Creation of the pluralist state

Isolationism in the 1920s and 1930s Why did the US drift into isolationism after World War I?

1. “Return to Normalcy” – US was cycling into a non-reform period. Americans had grown tired of the high energy reform period. They no longer wanted

to reform the world 2. Anti- European Sentiment

US tried to make the “world safe for democracy,” but the clueless Europeans began drifting toward authoritarianism and militarism

Mussolini – 1922, Stalin – 1924, Hitler – 1933, Franco – Spanish Civil War 1920s – Rise of Nativism, KKK, Immigration restriction

3. World War I was a mistake Henrique Remarque All Quiet on the Western Front

4. Collective Security did not work Japan invades Manchuria (‘31) President Hoover refuses to take action Italian forces invade Ethiopia (’35) League fails to take action “Fortress America” Will keep the U.S. safe Germany will send troops into Rhineland (’36)

5. Great Depression –U.S. will attempt to reduce commitment & save money.6. Senator Gerald Nye will investigate the causes of World War I. His committee will deduce

that American businesses profited greatly by the war. Nye’s Committee investigation will lead to the neutrality laws

7. Neutrality Laws: Neutrality Act (’35)—embargo arms shipments for 6 months U.S. ships can’t

transport arms to belligerents. U.S. citizens warned not travel on belligerent ships

Neutrality Act (’36) – President could ban all loans & credits to belligerents Neutrality Act (‘370 –Civil war was covered by neutrality laws allow cash & carry of

nonmilitary goods.

Examples of Isolationism:1. Kellogg-Brian Pact 1928 –Coolidge—Outlaws war as a means of settling disputes2. Good Neighbor Policy 1933—FDR

a. American troops will be pulled from Haiti, Dominican Republic & Nicaragua.b. U.S. gives up the right to intervene in Panama & Cuba (Platt Amendment)c. FDR did not intervene when Mexico nationalized American oil Property

3. Quarantine Speech 1937 –Outcry against FDR when he suggested U.S. needed to help “quarantine” international aggressors.

4. America First Committeeo Charles Lindbergho Norman Thomas—Socialisto Senator Robert A. Taft—Ohio

45

APUSH Review Franklin Roosevelt –Erosion of NeutralityFDR will officially declare U.S. neutrality in September 1939

Neutrality Act 1939o Cash & Carry of Armso Short term loans to Belligerentso U.S. ships could not trade with belligerentso Americans could not travel on belligerent ships

*Following the fall of France in May 1940 FDR will try to provide as much assistance to Great Britain as possible—short of war

1. Destroyers (50) for bases (8) Newfoundland, Bermuda etc2. FDR campaigns in 1940 Presidential Election “Your boys are not going to be sent into any

foreign wars”3. Lend-Lease Program-March 1941

o Congress appropriates $7 billion o U.S. ceases being neutral & becomes a non-belligerent ally

5. Atlantic Charter (August 9, 1941)o Post war would be based on self-determination of all nationso Mini –14 points

FDR’s Pre-World War II Policy –Japan Japan invaded Manchuria & China U.S. will employ an embargo in July 1940 when Japan obtains permission from Vichy

Government to build airbases in South East Asia First Embargo ---Aviation Fuel, Lubricants, Scrap iron & steel (July 1940) Second Embargo—Iron ore, Chemicals, Machine Tools (December 1940) Japan joins The Axis Powers (Sept 1940) Japan gains control of Indochina U.S. will freeze Japanese Assets “close Panama Canal to Japanese ships” Third Embargo---Oil Secretary of State Cordell hull will demand Japan:

1. Withdraw from Indochina & China2. Promise not to attack any other area in Pacific3. Drop out of the Tripartite Pact (Axis Powers)

Japan attacks Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941 December 8 FDR asks for declaration of War December 11 Germany & Italy declare War on the U.S.

Impact of World War II on the US 1. U.S. 295,000 dead 671,801 wounded

(Note U.S.S.R. 18,000,000 dead which included 11,000,000 soldiers)2. Ends the Great Depression

1939 Budget = $9 billion1945 Budget = $100 billion

3. National Debt 1941=$49 Billion1945=259 Billion

46

APUSH Review 4. “Rosie the Riveter”—6 million women joined the work force5. African-Americans

Migration out of the south—300,000 west, 530,000 mid-west, 500,000 northeast.6. New Deal Ends—Congress Eliminates WPA, CCC in 1943 7. Japanese Relocation (120,000)8. Roosevelt is re-elected for the 3rd & 4th times9. Baby Boomers at the end of the War10.G.I. Bill of Rights11. U.S. will not drift into isolationism after war

After the WarTruman proposes the Fair Deal

Raise minimum wage 65¢ Public Housing Slum Clearance Government health Insurance Executive Order Desegregate:

1. Military2. Banned race discrimination in hiring federal employees

Republican control both houses in Congress Taft –Harley (1947)

Truman Wins Election of 1948 Minimum wage 75¢ Increased Social Security Benefits 75% Public housing 800,000

Period 8 (1945-1980)Early Cold WarRoots of Cold War:

1. Antagonism between Communism & Capitalism2. Nazi-Soviet Pact 19393. Yalta Agreement (also SU will enter 3 months after war in Europe ends)

U.S.S.R. agrees to have “free unfettered” elections in Poland (They Don’t)4. U.S. & Great Britain keep the Manhattan Project secret from Stalin (He knows anyway)5. U.S.S.R. wants to control the nations on its borders—U.S. would like to see democracy

spread to Eastern Europe6. U.S. won’t loan $ to Russia in August 1945

-Winston Churchill “Iron Curtain” speech 1946-George Kennan-Expert on Soviet Union –warned that they could not be trusted & advocated a policy of containment

47

APUSH Review Containment:

1. Truman Doctrine $400 million to Turkey & Greece (1947)2. Marshall Plan (1947)3. Berlin Airlift (1948-49) reaction to a plan for the reunification of West German zones

(10 months, 2 ½ million tons)4. NATO (1949) Eisenhower 5. National Security Act (1947) Department of Defense6. Chinese Civil War (1949) Jiang Jieshi Mao Zedong7. Korean War (1950-53)

Rise of McCarthyism (1950—1954)-Post- World War II Red Scare-In introductory paragraph briefly mention First Red Scare 1919-1920

o A Mitchell Palmer—Attorney Generalo Palmer Raidso Red Round-upo Trial of Sacco & Vanzetti

1. House of un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) Investigated Hollywood and other aspects of govt

2. Loyalty Review Boards (1947)o In response to criticism from Republicans Truman will establish Loyalty Review

Boards to investigate government employees.3. Alger Hiss Case (1950)

o Whittaker Chambers testified that A. Hiss had given to him secret state department documents Hiss denied allegations before HUAC. Charged with perjury after Pumpkin Papers found.

4. Rosenberg Case (1950)o Klaus Fuchs, British Physicist revealed that he had given the S.U. secrets related to

the atomic bombo Note: Russia had detonated an atomic bomb in 1949 o Julius and Ethel Rosenberg will implicate along with Harry Goldo Rosenberg’s were convicted and executed in 1953

5. Joseph McCarthy:o List of 205 State department employees that were known commieso As chairman of a Senate Sub-Committee he conducted investigationso Army-McCarthy Hearings

Cold War Presidents: Truman Administration (1945-1952)

1. Domestic Policy Fair Deal – continuation of the New Deal

o Raise minimum wage from 40 cents to 75 centso Increased social security benefits by 75%o Public housing 800,000 units by 1972o Ended segregation in the military

Truman tried to get oNational Health Insurance

48

APUSH Review o Federal Aid to Education o Repeal of Taft-Hartley o Abolition of Poll Taxo Federal Voting Rights Laws

2. Foreign Policy Policy of containment Truman Doctrine (1947) Marshall Plan (1947) Berlin Airlift (1948-49) NATO (1949) National Security Act (1947) Chinese Civil War (1949) Korean War (1950-53)

3. Social/ Cultural/ Economic Major Labor Strikes

o Truman Seized Coal mineso Threatened to draft striking railroad workers

Red Scare:o Loyalty Review BoardsoHUAC –HollywoodoHiss Case (1948)o Rosenberg Case (1950)o Beginnings of Joseph McCarthy

Eisenhower Administration (1953-1960)1. Domestic Policy

“Dynamic Conservatism”o Reduced Farm price supportso Extended Social Security to 10 million more peopleo Raised Minimum wage 75¢ to $1.00oOpposed Expansion of TVAo Interstate Highway System 42,000 milesoNASA and National Defense Act – Response to Sputnik

2. Foreign Policy Secretary of State John Foster Dulles

o “Massive Retaliation” Nikita Khrushchev leader of Russia Geneva Conference—1954 Ends Korean War –1953 Promises to defend Taiwan Suez Crisis –1956 U.S. puts Shah in control in Iran (1953) U-2 incident (1960) Berlin Crisis

3. Social/ Cultural/ Economic 1950’s Boom Period Pro-Business environment Television Cultural Conformity Continuation of Red Scare Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

49

All failed

APUSH Review Beatniks in 1950’s Rock & Roll

Kennedy Administration (1961-1963) 1. Domestic Policy

“New Frontier”oMin wage up $1.25o Area Redevelopment Act

2. Foreign Policy Bay of Pigs 91961) Berlin Wall (1961) Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Peace Corp (1961)

3. Social/ Cultural/ Economic Optimism about government

Johnson Administration (1963-1968) 1. Domestic Policy

“War on Poverty” “Great Society” Office of Economic opportunity

o Job Corps & Head Start Medicare, Food Stamps, Vista, Affirmative action

2. Foreign Policy Major escalation of Vietnam Tet Offensive

3. Social/ Cultural/ Economic Split in civil rights movement Student anti-war movement Counter-culture Feminism

Civil Rights Movement 1940s, 1950s, & 1960sTruman Administration (1945-1952) – Truman was the first president to attempt to alter the historic pattern of segregation

o 1946 – Appointed a presidential commission on civil rightso They recommend: Reinstate fair employment practices commission, established

permanent Civil Rights Division of Justice Department o Southern conservatives will block Truman’s effortso So Truman will unilaterally (Executive Order):

Ban discrimination in the military (desegregate military) & federal hiringo 1948 – Democratic Party has a strong Civil Rights Plank in their platform. This will cause

the southern Democrats to split & form the States Rights Party or Dixiecrats.o 1947 – Jackie Robinson joins Brooklyn Dodgerso 1954 – Brown v. Board of Education –Supreme Court ruled that segregation in the public

schools was unconstitutional (they overruled Plessy v. Ferguson decision of “Separate but Equal”

o 1957 – Little Rock, Arkansas - Central High was the 1st attempt at desegregation:o Governor Orval Faubus called out the National Guard to prevent the Little Rock Nine

from entering the school. 50

APUSH Review o President Eisenhower was forced to send in federal troops to force the students into

the school.o In the 1950’s There will be a shift from litigation(NAACP) to peaceful protest (SCLC)o 1955 – Rosa Parks Montgomery, Alabama. M.L.K. will organize a bus boycotto M.L. King will develop a technique of passive resistance o Eisenhower will propose Civil Rights Act—permanent Civil Rights Divisiono 1960 – Four black students will refuse to leave a “white only” Woolworths lunch counter

o Precipitate sit-ins and kneel-ins o SNCC (Students Non-Violent Coordinating Committee) will be founded

Kennedy Administration (1961-1963)o 1961 – Freedom Riderso 1963 – University of Alabama is desegregated

Wallace shouts “segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever”

o 1963 – Kennedy sends a recommendation for Civil Rights protections to Congress –It Stallso 1963 – M.L. King is arrested in Birmingham “Letters from Birmingham Jail”o 1963 – I Have a Dream Speech in D.C.

Johnson Administration (1963-1968) o 1964 – Civil Rights Act of 1964o 1965 – Voting Rights Act of 1965o 1964 – Civil Rights movement Splits:

NAACP & SCLC v. SNCC, “Stokley Carmichael, Black Power v. Black Muslims, Black Panthers

o 1968 M.L. King is assassination (race riots across the country)

Compare the New Deal and the Great Society New Deal (1933-1938) Great Society (1964-1968)

First New Deal (1933-1935) Second New Deal (1935-1938)

First Hundred Days

Relief and Employment Programs o FERA – Federal Emergency Relief Act

$500 Million for aid to the pooro CCC – Civilian Conservation Corps

Employed 250,000 men 18-24 years old

o PWA – Public Works Administration $3.3 Billion “pump priming”

o WPA – Works Progress Administration

Recovery o Emergency Banking Relief Act

o “Banking Holiday”o AAA--Ag Adjustment Act

o Reduce Production – paid subsidyo NIRA--National Ind. Recovery Act

o Prevent over production

War on Poverty1. Economic Opportunity Act (20%-25% of

Am. Families living below poverty level) a

o Job core o Vista

2. Medicare & Medicaid3. Head Start4. Appalachian Regional Development Act

o $1.1 billion Food Stamps Rent Subsidize

Civil Rights /Equalityo Civil Rights Act of 1964o Voting Rights Act of 1965o Affirmative Action

Different from the New Deal:o G.S. permanent Redistribution of

wealth – 1960’s was a prosperous time.

o G.S. concerned about Equality issues FDR did not want to alienate

51

APUSH Review o Prevent Labor Mgmt. disputeso Min. wage & max hourso Collective Bargaining (Wagner Act)

o TYA—Tennessee Valley Authority

Responding to the Great Depression

New Deal Ends –Momentum for ReformCourt Packing Scheme 1937WWII

Note: Truman’s Fair Deal (1949-1952)

southo New Deal is an Econ. Policyo G.S. is a Social Policyo Neither one is completely successful

War would end reform period

Election of 1968Richard Nixon (Republican) Note: M.L. King is assassinated in 1968 (race riot)Hubert Humphrey (Democrat)George Wallace (American Independent)New Hampshire Primary

Eugene McCarthy 42%Lindon B. Johnson 47%

Johnson drops out of the race for democratic nomination

Compete for Democratic nomination:Bobby KennedyEugen McCarthyHubert Humphrey

Kennedy wins all the primaries except Oregon, but is assassinated in California.

Democratic national Convention in Chicago –Riots in the street

Platforms:Humphrey—initially is stuck defending LBJ’s Vietnam policies—eventually says he will achieve peace with honorNixon---Law & Order Secret plan to end Vietnam WarWallace—Against Great Society, against Protestors, against integration, pro-states rights

Nixon wins Narrow victory

Nixon’s Foreign Policy (Nixon Administration 1969-1974)Vietnam:

1. Vietnamization—turn the war over to South Vietnam Army. Pulls out 60’000 troops in 1969, only 60’000 are left in Vietnam in 1972

2. Institutes a Lottery draft system3. Cambodianizes the War – U.S. troops cross into Cambodia in 1970 after they topple the

government of Norodom Sihanouk. Student Protest movement is re-energized (Kent State 1970)

4. Kissinger (Sec of State) announces “peace is at hand” in 19725. Christmas Bombing6. Paris Accords in 1973

China:52

APUSH Review 1. In 1971 Henry Kissinger secretly travels to China 2. Nixon goes to China in 1972 & recognizes China in 1973. U.S. intends to use its

relationship with China to get Russia to be more cooperative.Soviet Union: Détente SALT I

Impact of the Vietnam War1. Rejuvenates the Republican party after the Goldwater fiasco (political analysts had

suggested that the republican party would never be a significant contender for the White House after Goldwater lost to LBJ in 1964).

2. Divides the Democratic Party—Eugene McCarthy (42%)v LBJ (49%) in New Hampshire Primary

LBJ Drops out of the race to get the Democratic Nomination—a victim of the Vietnam war.

3. Restrains the development of Johnson’s “Great Society “Johnson will try to pursue both “guns & Butter”. Johnson “That Bitch of a war would destroy the woman I really loved—The Great Society”

4. Divides M.L. King and L. Johnson in their common interest regarding civil rights after King criticizes Vietnam policy.

5. Helps destroy the optimistic attitude, which the American people had in the U.S. government. Many Americans will develop a cynical attitude, which will become more pronounced after Watergate Scandal. Turns the media against politicians

6. The Vietnam War will give rise to a counter culture in the U.S.a. “Make Love, Not Warb. Flower Children—love beadsc. Folk Singers –Joan Baez, Bob Dylan etc.d. Woodstock 1969

7. Protest movement which will originate on the college campuses. Draft Card burning, burning of ROTC buildings, Kent State 1970.

8. Americans pre-occupation in Vietnam allows Soviet Union to gain influence in Middle East e.g. Egypt

9. Congress will try to regain last power & fail. e.g. War Powers Resolution (1973)10.Nixon Doctrine—Help our friends but not send troops

Women’s Rights MovementCult of Domesticity

Domestic FeminismReform movements of late 1820’s-1850 gave women the opportunity to escape the confines of the home

Dorothea Dix –mental illnessTemperance movement (1826-Abolitionism

Women’s Rights movement:Lucretia MottElizabeth Lady StantonSusan B. Anthony

1948 Seneca Falls N.Y. “Declaration of Sentiments”All men and women are created equalNational American Women’s Suffrage Association (1890) Carrie Chapman Catt. By Late 1800’s women were being allowed to vote in local elections.

53

APUSH Review WWI Women were encouraged to participate in Industrial work and Ag.

Feminists will pressure President Wilson to drop opposition to suffrage—19th amendment in 1920

1920’s Margret Sanger –Championed Birth ControlNational Women’s Party in 1923 ERA failedFlapper Image

WWII “Rosie the Riveter’

Feminine Mystique --Betty Friedman 1963 Birth Control PillNational Organization of Women (1966)Women’s Libbers (1960’s-1970’s)Affirmative Action ERA 1972Roe v. Wade (1973)

54