Civil Rights “Through Pictures”Vocabulary14 th Amendment (to the Constitution): – says that former slaves now have the right to be citizens (1868).15th Amendment (to the Constitution) – says that African-American men have the right to vote (1870).Boycott: A form of protest in which a group refuses to buy goods or services in order to force a company to change things they disagree with.Discrimination: Treating people differently because of their gender, race, or religion.“Equal, but Separate” – started with Plessy v. Ferguson case in 1896 (railroad cars) which will also stretches to include buses, restaurants, bathrooms, hotels. As long as a separate “area” is provided for people of “color,” this is following the 14th amendment. Freedom Rides: groups of people that will ride across the country standing up for the rights of all people. Most will take place during the 1960’s.Integrate: Allow Blacks and Whites to live, work, go to school, eat, ride the bus, and use facilities together as equals.Jim Crow Laws: Laws that kept black people from being treated as equals to Whites. Used primarily through the Southern part of the United States.NAACP: (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) A group that works to end discrimination against Blacks and other minority groups.Prejudice: Hatred of a particular group, race, or religion.Segregate: Separate people because of differences of religion, race, gender, culture, or wealth.Sit-in: A form of protest in which groups of people enter and remain seated for a long period of time in a public place.. (i.e.Woolworth's Dept. Store in Greensboro, NC)Unconstitutional: Illegal according to the Constitution

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14th Amendment to the Constitution – says “No state can deny any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.”

Q: What economic group of people wrote the Constitution? What group of people were the “writers” talking about in this document?

In 1890, the state of Louisiana passed what was called the Separate Car Act, which said that “all railway companies carrying passengers in their coaches in this state, (LA) shall provide equal but separate accommodations for the white, and colored races.” In 1892, Homer Plessy (7/8 Caucasian, 1/8 African American) went by train from New Orleans to Covington, LA and wanted to sit in the “white only” section. He was arrested. His case (Plessy v. Ferguson) would go to the Supreme Court in 1896. The court would rule that “equal, but separate” was provided and did not break the 13th or 14th Amendments to the Constitution.

Q: Are there any examples of how the “equal, but separate” shows up today?

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“Brown v. Board of Education” (1954) – 3rd grader Linda Brown (African American) lived 2 blocks from the closest school in Topeka, Kansas. Her father wanted her to be able to attend this school instead of having to walk 1 mile to the segregated school. Her father tried to enroll her, but was turned down. He would go to the Topeka NAACP and ask for their help. After 3 years of struggling, the US Supreme Court decided that segregation in public schools needed to stop. This became known as “Brown vs. Board of Education” No “time table” was put on the idea of “desegregating” the schools though.

Q: How would you feel sitting in this classroom? Explain.

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December 1, 1955 - Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat on a Montgomery, Alabama bus to a white passenger. Mrs. Parks was found guilty of "disorderly conduct" and fined $14. A boycott of the Montgomery, Alabama Bus System would go on for 381 days before the law was changed and African-American would ride the buses again.

Q: What do you think is going through Mrs. Parks mind when this picture was taken?

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September, 1957 – 9 African-American students in Little Rock, Arkansas, coming to attend Central High School that had been segregated until this point. The Governor of Arkansas, Orval Faubus, refuses to let the students in the building. President Dwight Eisenhower sends soldiers to help the students pass through the crowds. The nine students will later become known as the “Little Rock 9.”

Q: What do you think Governor Faubus was thinking when he refused to let the students into the school?

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In the late 1950s, on the heels of the Brown vs. Board of Education ruling on desegregation, the Holt family attempted to enroll their son, Joe, first into Daniel's Junior High and then Broughton High School, both all-white institutions, in Raleigh, N.C. Joe Holt was denied admission, but he and his family's struggles inspired many.

Q: If you could ask Mr. Holt a question, what would it be?

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On February 1, 1960, four African American college students sat down at a lunch counter at Woolworth’s in Greensboro, North Carolina, and politely asked for service. Their request was refused. When asked to leave, they remained in their seats. Their passive resistance and peaceful sit-down demand helped ignite a youth-led movement to challenge racial inequality throughout the South. In Greensboro, hundreds of students, civil rights organizations, churches, and members of the community joined in a six-month-long protest. Their commitment ultimately led to the desegregation of the F. W. Woolworth lunch counter on July 25, 1960

Q: Do you think you would have the courage to join these students?

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Organized in 1960 at Shaw University, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee stood at the forefront of the Civil Rights Movement. SNCC participated in the Freedom Rides, Freedom Summer and the March on Montgomery and included former members John Lewis and Julian Bond.

Q: Shaw University is in downtown Raleigh. What kind of a role do

you think Raleigh, N.C. played during the Civil Rights Movement?

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“Freedom Rides” – in 1947, a law was passed that said “segregated seating of interstate (state to state) passengers was unconstitutional.” Well, in 1961, a group of both Caucasians and colored people boarded buses (starting in Washington, D.C.) and then travelled through the “South,” on their way to New Orleans, LA. They planned for the Caucasians to ride in the back and the coloreds to ride in the front. At rest stops, the colored would go into “white only” bathrooms and vice versa. This group of “freedom riders” expected some people in the South to “make trouble.” Slashed tires and firebombs were some of the “troubles” they encountered.

Q: Looking at this map, what can you figure out about Civil Rights and the “South”? The first Freedom Ride took place on May 4, 1961 when seven blacks and six whites left Washington, D.C., on two public buses bound for the Deep South. They intended to test the Supreme Court's ruling in Boyntonfrom the sheriff's office. With the intervention of the U.S. Justice Department, most of CORE's Freedom Riders

Dr. King, Jr. and the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) came to Birmingham, Alabama, on April 3, 1963, to practice “non-violent direct action”. The group planned sit-ins, demonstrations and marches around the city with the goal of mass arrests. Dr. King was arrested on April 12th (Good Friday) and placed in solitary confinement, where he had no mattress or linen and slept on a metal slat frame bed.

As the demonstrations continued, “Project C” would grow to include thousands of college, high school, and even elementary children in Birmingham. More than 600 students were arrested (the youngest being 8 years old) and taken to the jail in town.

Q: Do you think it was wise to ask children to demonstrate?

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Dr. King, Jr. at “March on Washington, D.C.” August, 1963. The march was organized to stress to the politicians that more jobs and laws were needed to help the African-American community. After, Dr. King met with President John Kennedy and President Kennedy assured Dr. King that laws would be put in place shortly. It was July 2, 1964 when the Civil Rights Act was signed into law.

Q: Do you think that Dr. King, Jr. would be happy to see how things have turned out now for people of color? Explain.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 signed by President Lyndon Johnson makes it...“unlawful for an employer to "fail or refuse to hire or to discharge any individual, or otherwise to discriminate against any individual with respect to his compensation, terms, conditions or privileges or employment, because of such individual's race, color, religion, gender, or national origin."

Q: Do you think that there are still people that did not agree with the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

Other Important people of Civil Rights Movement

Ida Wells – born a slave in Mississippi, she will go on to become a founder of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) to help African Americans gain freedoms.

Reverend William Barber – current leader of the NAACP in North Carolina. He is very active in fighting for equality for all, especially with the issue of providing all students in Wake County schools with adequate resources and opportunities for success.

Thurgood Marshall – born in Maryland, he will go on to help with the case of “Brown v. the Board of Education” (1954), which calls for integration of all people in public education. Will become the 1st African American Supreme Court Justice.

Medgar Evers – born in Mississippi, will go on to work closely with the NAACP to fight for the rights of African Americans. After being killed in his front yard, President Kennedy was so inspired by his courage that he pushed Congress to start writing the Civil Rights Act.

Jesse Jackson – born in South Carolina, ran for President twice (1984 and 1988). Stood with Dr. King for many protests, including the sanitation workers strike in Memphis, TN, where Dr. King was killed on April 4, 1968. Is still very involved with fighting for the rights of all people.

Manassa Thomas Pope – born in NorthHampton County (NC). Attends Shaw University (downtown Raleigh) and becomes a doctor (first African-American doctor in NC). Will run for Mayor of Raleigh in 1919 to fight for equal rights for women and to stop violence against minority groups.

James Farmer (“Freedom Riders”) – CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) leader who organizes the “Freedom Rides” during the summer of 1961. A group of college students ride through the Deep South to bring attention to the fact that Segregation and Jim Crow Laws need to be stopped. President JFK will be forced to get involved after their bus is firebombed while travelling through Alabama.

Jackie Robinson breaks the “color barrier” of Major League Baseball and integrates the league in 1947. Robinson palyed 10 seasons in MLB and had a career batting average of .311 and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1962. Although a stand out athlete, he always thought his greatest contributions came during the Civil Rights Movement and getting equality for all people.