Word Bank : Toussaint L’Ouverture, Qianlong, Songhai, Boxer Rebellion, Sepoys, Arab, Brazil, Meiji Restoration, Russo-Japanese War, Mary Wollstonecraft

 1-   ________ is considered the founder of modern European feminism. In her treatise A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792), she argued that Enlightenment thinking took into account the ideal that reason was an innate feature of all human beings, including women. She maintained that women therefore should be entitled to equal rights with men in education, as well as political and economic pursuits.   2-   By 1793, the leader of the Haitian Rebellion was ________. Although a slave, he was literate and well-read. He was also a talented military commander who won victory after victory. By 1798, he had not only freed all the slaves in French Haiti, but he had crossed into Spanish-controlled Santo Domingo and liberated the blacks there as well. Unfortunately, the French government had no intention of allowing Haiti to go free. In 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte decided to send troops to Haiti to retake it. This great leader was captured by the French and put in chains. He died in a cold prison. However, the fight for freedom continued and in 1804, Haiti was an independent nation. 3-   In 1900, Chinese anger at foreign influence burst out of control. The ________, so called because many of the rebels were martial-arts experts, directed their rage at foreigners, especially in the capital, Beijing, where rebels attacked foreign residents and besieged foreign legations. In the end, the rebellion was put down, mainly by foreign troops. In revenge, the foreign communities in China burned a number of temples. They also forced the Qing government to pay a heavy financial penalty. 4-   The _________ of 1868 began Japan’s modern age. During this time period, Japan would adopt Western learning, economics, and military methods. In addition, the emperor himself was personally inclined toward Westernization. What followed was a revolution from above, in which the government would modernize and westernize Japan. One of the first things the new government did was to abolish feudalism. Of course, the most significant change in this period was industrialization. Huge corporations called zaibatsu, sponsored largely by the state, came to dominate much of the economic landscape.  5-   The ________ marked the first time in the modern era that a non-Western nation had defeated a Western power; resulted from the clash of imperial ambitions over Manchuria; and began with a Japanese surprise attack on the Russian-held base of Port Arthur.  Of course, that last independent clause was a gigantic clue!  6-   The last truly competent ruler of Qing China is considered to be ________. This competent ruler defended China’s long borders, kept the empire’s far-flung regions under control, improved economic growth, and sponsored art and learning. He reigned from 1736 to 1795.

 7-   Native troops who served under the British authorities were called ________. The British East India Company trained large numbers of these native troops. Using native troops made it somewhat easier for Indians to accept foreign rule. Also, reliance on these soldiers saved the British a great deal of money and kept them from having to draft large numbers of their own citizens to serve far from home for long periods of time.  8-   The largest percentage of Africans captured in the Atlantic slave trade went to _________. Roughly 37 percent of all slaves ever brought to the New World went to Brazil. There were many sugar plantations in Brazil and these plantations tragically depended on slave labor.  9-   In the late 1400s, the kingdom of _________ succeeded Mali as the primary power in West Africa. This kingdom’s most famous ruler was Askia Mohammed (1493-1528), who came to the throne by killing his uncle. A devout Muslim and skilled general, Askia Mohammed sponsored art and scholarship. He also expanded Songhai’s boundaries greatly. A fictionalized account of his reign, The Epic of Askia Mohammed, is one of the classics of the African oral tradition. Of course, the kingdom prospered as it controlled the salt for gold trade. 10- Besides the Europeans, the ________ ran a major slave trade in Africa. These traders had created a large and long-lasting slave trade that extended throughout the Sahara and southward.

Word Bank : Toussaint L’Ouverture, Qianlong, Songhai, Boxer Rebellion, Sepoys, Arab, Brazil, Meiji Restoration, Russo-Japanese War, Mary Wollstonecraft

 1-   ________ is considered the founder of modern European feminism. In her treatise A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792), she argued that Enlightenment thinking took into account the ideal that reason was an innate feature of all human beings, including women. She maintained that women therefore should be entitled to equal rights with men in education, as well as political and economic pursuits.   2-   By 1793, the leader of the Haitian Rebellion was ________. Although a slave, he was literate and well-read. He was also a talented military commander who won victory after victory. By 1798, he had not only freed all the slaves in French Haiti, but he had crossed into Spanish-controlled Santo Domingo and liberated the blacks there as well. Unfortunately, the French government had no intention of allowing Haiti to go free. In 1802, Napoleon Bonaparte decided to send troops to Haiti to retake it. This great leader was captured by the French and put in chains. He died in a cold prison. However, the fight for freedom continued and in 1804, Haiti was an independent nation. 

3-   In 1900, Chinese anger at foreign influence burst out of control. The ________, so called because many of the rebels were martial-arts experts, directed their rage at foreigners, especially in the capital, Beijing, where rebels attacked foreign residents and besieged foreign legations. In the end, the rebellion was put down, mainly by foreign troops. In revenge, the foreign communities in China burned a number of temples. They also forced the Qing government to pay a heavy financial penalty. 4-   The _________ of 1868 began Japan’s modern age. During this time period, Japan would adopt Western learning, economics, and military methods. In addition, the emperor himself was personally inclined toward Westernization. What followed was a revolution from above, in which the government would modernize and westernize Japan. One of the first things the new government did was to abolish feudalism. Of course, the most significant change in this period was industrialization. Huge corporations called zaibatsu, sponsored largely by the state, came to dominate much of the economic landscape.  5-   The ________ marked the first time in the modern era that a non-Western nation had defeated a Western power; resulted from the clash of imperial ambitions over Manchuria; and began with a Japanese surprise attack on the Russian-held base of Port Arthur.  Of course, that last independent clause was a gigantic clue!  6-   The last truly competent ruler of Qing China is considered to be ________. This competent ruler defended China’s long borders, kept the empire’s far-flung regions under control, improved economic growth, and sponsored art and learning. He reigned from 1736 to 1795.  7-   Native troops who served under the British authorities were called ________. The British East India Company trained large numbers of these native troops. Using native troops made it somewhat easier for Indians to accept foreign rule. Also, reliance on these soldiers saved the British a great deal of money and kept them from having to draft large numbers of their own citizens to serve far from home for long periods of time.  8-   The largest percentage of Africans captured in the Atlantic slave trade went to _________. Roughly 37 percent of all slaves ever brought to the New World went to Brazil. There were many sugar plantations in Brazil and these plantations tragically depended on slave labor.  9-   In the late 1400s, the kingdom of _________ succeeded Mali as the primary power in West Africa. This kingdom’s most famous ruler was Askia Mohammed (1493-1528), who came to the throne by killing his uncle. A devout Muslim and skilled general, Askia Mohammed sponsored art and scholarship. He also expanded Songhai’s boundaries greatly. A fictionalized account of his reign, The Epic of Askia Mohammed, is one of the classics of the African oral tradition. Of course, the kingdom prospered as it controlled the salt for gold trade. 

10- Besides the Europeans, the ________ ran a major slave trade in Africa. These traders had created a large and long-lasting slave trade that extended throughout the Sahara and southward.

Word Bank : Renaissance, Mongol, Hominids, Aryans, American Revolution, Male, Song, Jati, Nikolai Copernicus, "Agricultural Revolution"

 1-   _________ appeared 3 to 4 million years ago in southern and eastern Africa. These humanlike creatures were bipedal (possessed the ability to walk upright), had a sizable brain (abstract thought), and a larynx (complex speech). Mary and Louis Leakey excavated the bones of these humanlike creatures in the Great Rift Valley of Africa.   2-   Were the ________ simply migrating into the Indian subcontinent or were they invaders? It is known that they migrated south through the Hindu Kush mountain range around 1500 B.C.E. and established small communities in northern India. They replaced Harappan civilization and over time, they developed a complex caste system in the subcontinent. 3-   The four main Varnas of the caste system are priests (Brahmins); warriors and aristocrats (Kshatriyas); cultivators, artisans, merchants (Vaishyas); and landless peasants and serfs (Shudras). A later addition, untouchables, was created for individuals born outside of the four Varnas. Untouchables performed unpleasant tasks such as butchering animals and handling dead bodies. However, ________ are subcastes or divisions within every caste. This word is actually from a Sanskrit word for birth. Of course, this is logical since a person is born into his Varna and remains in his Varna until death. Only rebirth can change the soul’s Varna.  4-   The _______ combined a revival of Greco-Latin learning with a conviction that worldly human existence was worthwhile. Humanism was an important idea that developed during this period of creativity in the arts and ideas. Humanism is a rationalist outlook attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Secularism was another important idea that developed. Secularism is not connected with religious or spiritual matters. It is looking at the world through a non-religious lens. 5-   _________ is best known for mathematically proving the heliocentric theory or the idea of having or representing the sun as the center, as in the accepted astronomical model of the solar system. This clearly contradicted the Roman Catholic Church’s insistence at the time of the geocentric model or having or the earth as the center. 6-   The cost of military support for the _________ was one of the factors that caused the financial crisis that led to the French Revolution. Of course, both revolutions were influenced by the philosophical movement known as the Enlightenment. Even

the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was based largely on the ideals of the Declaration of Independence.  7-   A consequence of ________ invasions was that Russia fell under its rule for over two centuries; China was governed by Khubilai Khan; Mongol armies reached the borderlands of Poland and Hungary; and much of the Middle East came under this group’s dominance. However, the Silk Road was NOT destroyed as a consequence of this group’s rule. Indeed, trade thrived. In addition, this group NEVER conquered Japan, although it tried. 8-   Effects of the _________ of the 1700s in Europe were fewer famines and better crop yields. Due to new ideas concerning crop rotation and NO more fallow fields, selective breeding, and the enclosure system [fencing in farmlands to increase yields and profits]; Great Britain had the workforce necessary for industrialization. Without these agricultural changes, the Industrial Revolution could not have occurred. 9-   During the ________ of China, gunpowder, the magnetic compass, and a chain-driven, water powered clock were used or invented. This golden age saw many great achievements. However, during this period in China, foot binding also began popular and many Chinese women were unable to walk normally due to this practice. 10- The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen guaranteed basic civil rights and liberties for _______ citizens in France. Women did NOT get the right to vote in France until the 1940s. For French women, liberté, égalité were only for the fraternité.

Word Bank : Karl Marx, Timbuktu, Romanov, Janissaries, Neo-Confucianism, Laissez Faire, Congress of Vienna, Reconquista, Akbar the Great, Muhammad Ali

 1-   _________ was located near the Niger River and was one of the wealthiest cities in West Africa. Trans-Saharan trade (salt for gold) brought great wealth to this city and it was an important commercial and cultural center. A great university was located in this city.  2-   The __________ was held from 1814 to 1815 and attended by representatives of nations that defeated Napoleon Bonaparte. Led by Prince Metternich of Austria, representatives wanted to reestablish boundaries, restore legitimate monarchs, and negotiate a balance of power in the hope of preventing any one nation in Europe from ever gaining too much power. An unstated goal was to limit growth of nationalism, which had emerged as a strong force during French Revolution. 3-   The ideas of _________ on class struggle and the evils of capitalism influenced revolutionary movements around the world. His ideas would also be adopted by the

Bolsheviks and their leader, Vladimir Lenin, in Russia. However, this philosopher believed that a communist revolution would only occur in a fully industrialized nation. Russia in 1917 was far from fully industrialized. Indeed, its lack of full industrialization was one of the reasons for its many losses on the Eastern Front in World War I. 4-   ________ of the Mughal Empire tried to establish a new religion, Divine Faith, to unite Muslim, Hindu, and Christian tenets; despite gaining power through military might, this ruler was known for being a benevolent ruler; was religiously tolerant, and abolished the jizya or tax on non-Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. However, he did NOT order the construction of the Taj Mahal. That was the accomplishment of Shah Jahan. 5-   In _________, elements of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism are synthesized; great value is placed on education and scholarship; and women continued to have low status. 6-   A direct outcome of the __________ was the sometimes violent persecution of other religions; the Spanish invasion of northern Africa and southern Italy; the rise of Portugal as a separate European nation; and the creation of small, independent states.  7-   _________ were soldiers in the Ottoman Empire that trained to protect and serve the sultan. Many of these soldiers were young Christian boys taken from the Balkan regions and forced into the sultan’s service. They were forced to convert to Islam and pledge absolute loyalty to the sultan; in return, they gained great privileges and honor. 8-   Following a period of civil unrest in Russia, a period of Russian history known as "The Time of Troubles", a member of the _________ family was elected as czar and established a new royal family. This family ruled until 1917 when revolution in Russia led to the last czar’s abdication and eventual execution. 9-   The most celebrated exponent of _________ ("let them do") was Adam Smith (1723-1790), a Scottish economist. In The Wealth of Nations (1776), Smith explained the laws of supply and demand as well as the idea that markets fix themselves. Thus, Smith maintained that the government should refrain from interfering in business, except to protect private property. Therefore, Smith believed that government should let them [capitalist owners of businesses] do as they please. 10- _________ emerged as the ruler of Egypt following an unsuccessful invasion by Napoleon in 1798. Although Egypt was theoretically part of the Ottoman Empire, the sultans were not strong enough to prevent this leader from establishing an autonomous state. He also modernized the nation by focusing on the military and industrialization.

Word Bank : Protestant Reformation, Hellenism, Aurangzeb, Babur, Catholicism, Safavid, Black Death, Council of Trent, Devshirme, Vikings

 1-   Labor shortages in agriculture and industry in England; population decline in China; scarcity of goods throughout Europe; and high mortality rates in India are results of the __________. However, a rise of feudalism in Western Europe was NOT a result of it. Feudalism was already declining in Western Europe as trade and urbanization increased particularly after the Crusades.   2-   The Hindu Upanishad movement was similar to the _________ in that a factor behind both movements was the perceived exploitation of power by religious leaders. Martin Luther believed the sale of indulgences was a corrupt practice and the Upanishad movement believed that Brahmins focused too much on ritual and NOT substance. 3-   Non-Muslims in parts of the Ottoman Empire had to hand over some of their children as a tax under the _________ ("gathering") system, a system that was introduced in the 14th century. Children in this system were converted to Islam and served as slaves. However, it was a rather privileged form of slavery. Indeed some were trained for government service while others served in elite military corps called the Janissaries. 4-   Safi al-Din converted to Shi'ism. Followers of his religious brotherhood founded the ________ Empire. Due to the efforts of these individuals, Iran is predominantly a Shi’a nation today. This empire frequently came into conflict with its neighbour, the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims.  5-   ________ was the first Mughal Emperor and a descendant of Genghis Khan and Tamerlane. This Muslim empire dominated a Hindu majority in the Indian subcontinent. However, this founder always longed for his homeland in Central Asia. 6-   _________ was the last great Mughal Emperor. He was a very observant and religious Muslim who ended the policy of religious tolerance followed by earlier emperors. He imposed Sharia law (Islamic law) over his empire and thousands of Hindu temples and shrines were torn down as the punitive tax on Hindu subjects was restored. 7-   One similarity between the ________ and the Mamluks was both groups converted to the dominant religion of the land that they conquered. In Kiev, Prince Vladimir I, a prince of this ethnic origin, converted to Christianity, thereby fostering the spread of that religion through Eastern Europe. The Mamluks, members of one of the armies of slaves that won political control of several Muslim states during the Middle Ages, became Muslims and helped protect Islamic society and culture from attacks from Mongols and Crusaders.

 8-   An accurate example of ________ is the construction of buildings and monuments in stone in southwest Asia. This concept refers to the adoption of various elements of Greek civilization; elements that were spread by Alexander the Great. It is important to remember that Greek architecture relied heavily on using marble and other hard stones in buildings. This style of architecture spread to southwest Asia, particularly the use of columns in architecture. 9-   Monasticism is a characteristic of __________ and Buddhism. Monasticism refers to the establishment of communities, called monasteries, where monks could withdraw from the secular world to lead lives devoted to their religion. 10- The changes brought about by the _________ included outlawing the sale of indulgences; requiring each diocese to form a seminary; the commissioning of art and architecture; and the rejection of predestination. However, it did NOT include less emphasis on saints in religious ceremonies. This meeting was formed as part of the Catholic Counter-Reformation to combat the rise of Protestantism by instituting reforms in the Catholic Church. At this meeting, abuses were corrected and church doctrines were reaffirmed.

Word Bank : Magna Carta, Song, Heian, Stateless, Shi’ites, Crusades, Hanseatic League, Sufis, Monsoons, Silla

 1-   Ali was Muhammad’s son-in-law and he came to be the fourth caliph. However, his assassination in 661 set off a furious factional war. Supporters of Ali argued that legitimate caliphs could only be members of Muhammad’s family, and they resisted the authority of the caliph put in place by Ali’s enemies. Supporters of Ali came to be called ________, and they formed a significant minority within Islam that continues to the present. 2-   _________ were Islamic mystics. They believed in a life devoted to seeking individual connections to divine truth. Sufis were often successful missionaries because they recognized the mystical dimensions of other faiths. 3-   The ________ was a document that nobles forced King John of England to sign that guaranteed rights to the nobility. This medieval document limited the power of the king of England. Unlike an absolutist, the king of England had to obey certain laws. He could NOT say "L'état, c'est moi."  4-   The _________ were prompted by a request from the Byzantine emperor, Alexius I, for help in raising troops to resist Turkish incursions into his territory. In 1095, Pope Urban II called upon Christian knights to save the holy city of Jerusalem from Turkish control. A series of wars that lasted from 1095-1291 ultimately led to a "successful failure" for the Europeans. The Europeans did NOT permanently

regain the holy land but they did gain valuable ideas from their more advanced Muslim neighbors. 5-   The _________ was a trading association. Cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia formed it to facilitate trade. This organization was founded by north German towns and merchant communities abroad to protect their mutual trading interests. The league dominated commercial activity in northern Europe from the 13th to the 15th century. Indeed, part of the association's name was a medieval German word for guild. 6-   An example of female subordination during the late ______ era was the practice of foot binding. Upper-class men had developed a preference for women with unusually small feet. Foot binding involved tightly wrapping a young girl’s foot so that it could not grow normally, but instead the toes broke and usually curled under the feet. Women could not walk normally. This reinforced the low status of Chinese women; a status which was already low due to Confucian philosophy which viewed women as inferior.  7-   The ________ Dynasty ruled Korea from 668 until the late 9th century, when it was replaced by the Koryo Dynasty that ruled until 1892. It was during this period that Chinese influences peaked and Korean culture achieved its first full flowering. In theory, Korea was a tributary state to Tang China, but in reality this Kingdom operated with a great deal of independence.  8-   In the era between 794 and 1185, known as the _______ Era, the Fujiwara family was the power behind the throne in Japan, and this family very much appreciated Confucian learning and Chinese classics, painting, poetry, and interior decoration. A golden age also occurred in Japan during this era. 9-   ________ are seasonal winds. These winds were used by mariners in the Indian Ocean. Blowing predictably in one direction and then another direction, mariners could travel throughout the Indian Ocean to trading ports and still return home again. 10- A common form of social organization in Africa during and after the Bantu migrations is sometimes called the ________ society. In this society, there is no hierarchy of government officials. Instead it relies on kinship relationships or other forms of personal obligations for order. People often live in villages of extended families and tend to live fairly self-sufficient lives.

Word Bank : Cult of Domesticity, Steam Engine, Romanticism, Qin, Catherine the Great, Tanzimat Reforms, Inquisition, Self-Strengthening, Guilds, Matthew Perry’s

 1-   The period known as the "Era of Warring States" refers to the period of disorder in China before the establishment of the ________ dynasty. The Era of

Warring States occurred during the Zhou dynasty when smaller states battled each other for control. However, during this time of disorder and instability, important Chinese philosophies developed. Confucianism sought to maintain order through proper relationships whereas Daoism encouraged individuals to live naturally. 2-   Organizations of merchants and craftspeople in medieval European cities were called _________. These were early associations to which artisans and craftspeople could belong in medieval Europe. They existed partly to encourage public service, but also to act as a king of fraternity for their members. 3-   The __________ was created to track down and punish heretics and religious nonconformists. This court was established to crackdown on dissidents and heretics while censoring books. Even Galileo Galilei was punished by this court for supporting Copernicus's ideas of a heliocentric or sun-centered universe. 4-   The _________ was considered the most important invention of the Industrial Revolution. It was a substitute for energy produced by humans, animals, wind, and water. This invention could be used to power machines in many industries. 5-   __________ was a reaction to the Enlightenment’s emphasis on rational thought, and it held that emotion and impressions shaped the human experience at a very deep level. Artists and novelists sought to touch human emotions by depicting beauty, passion, or tragedy and their successors often broke the rules set during Enlightenment times.  6-   The _________ was the notion that a woman’s responsibility was to create a loving home environment for her husband and children. This idea of women as keepers of the hearth led to idealized concepts of women as paragons of virtue, and all that is good and pure in the world. The wives of middle class men during the Industrial Revolution were expected to achieve this ideal of womanhood. Lower-class women had to work in factories.  7-   The _________ in the Ottoman Empire attempted to modernize the empire to a limited degree. Tanzimat, meaning "reorganization," lasted until 1876. Reformers also substituted French legal codes for shari’a law, and the rulers issued decrees that guaranteed public trials, rights of privacy, and equality before the law for all Ottoman subjects, although marriage and divorce laws were still determined by shari’a. These reforms drew harsh criticism from the ulama. 8-   As the scholar-gentry leaders took the initiative in putting the Taiping Rebellion to an end, they organized China for the ___________ movement of the late 19th century. Its main goal was to counter the challenge from the West by modernizing China from within. However, the emperors refused to adopt the reforms that might have saved them, even after China lost a war with Japan in 1895.  

9-   _________ was considered an Enlightened Despot. This tsarina of Russia was an autocrat but she embraced some ideas of the Enlightenment like religious freedom. She continued the policies of westernization and modernization of an earlier tsar. 10- In 1853 the arrival of _________ "black ships" (as the Japanese called them) in Edo Bay near Tokyo created a crisis that forced Japan to directly tackle its problems. This American commodore delivered a letter from the president of the United States demanding that the Japanese open its ports to foreign trade, and he threatened to bombard Japan if the government did not agree. This led to discontent with the Tokugawa Shogunate and the subsequent Meiji Restoration.

Word Bank : Haitian, Taxation, Modernization, West, Mercantilism, Berlin Conference, Napoleonic, Ethiopia, Capitalism, Educated

 1-     The American and French Revolutions were both caused in part by __________ that bred discontent. After the Seven Years’ War (a conflict that can be considered the first global war because it was fought on three continents), Great Britain needed to raise more revenue. In France, King Louis XVI also needed to raise more revenue in hopes of addressing France’s war debts. He was forced to call the Estates General in hopes of increasing revenue. In France, this burden fell mostly on the Third Estate or the commoners. 2-     Independence movements in South America in the early 19th century took advantage of Spain’s involvement in the __________ Wars. When this French dictator took control of Spain in the early 1800s, advocates of independence in South America were encouraged to push for their freedom. After all, this dictator’s invasion of Spain and Portugal weakened the authority of those countries in the colonies. 3-     Private ownership of property, the dynamics of supply and demand, and upward social mobility are characteristics of _________. However, government ownership of industry is NOT a characteristic of capitalism. Government ownership of property or industry is a feature of socialism. Karl Marx believed in the abolition of private property NOT Adam Smith, the philosopher of a free market economy. 4-     __________ promoted the idea that national wealth was based on a favorable balance of exports over imports. It promoted the idea that an imperial autarky (a policy of establishing a self-sufficient and independent national economy) would create a favorable flow of wealth into the country. Raw materials would be derived from the nation’s colonies and turned into goods to sell to other nations. Money would thus flow in as goods were transported out.  In other words, colonies benefit the mother country and bullion (gold and silver) flow into the mother country. 5-     The following statements are effects of the _________ Revolution: slaves were freed, the United States refused to recognize its independence, and other

independence movements followed. However, the plantation economy did NOT continue to flourish. The plantation economy was hurt by the revolution because the newly freed slaves wanted their own smaller plots of land and did not want to work on plantations like when they were slaves. Haiti’s economy had been flourishing because of sugar plantations, but without slave labor, it steadily declined.  6-     The __________ of 1885 was able to resolve issues of European rivalry in Africa. The 1880s were a time of aggressive empire-building by rival European nations. Germany invited other nations to Berlin so that territorial issues in Africa could be resolved. Except for Ethiopia and Liberia, all of Africa was colonized by the Europeans.  7-     The American desire for a trade relationship with Japan in 1853 led to the overthrow of the shogun and the __________ of the country. The Tokugawa Shogunate was coming under increasing attack from critical daimyo when the American, Commodore Perry, arrived in 1853 to end Japan’s policy of isolationism. The insistence of the United States in making a trade agreement led to the movement to oust the bakufu (the military government of the Shogun) and restore the emperor.  8-     The 17th- and 18th century slave trade had the greatest impact on this region of Africa, ________ Africa. The Portuguese were some of the first to establish relationships with Africans that delivered captured peoples for transport to the New World. Of course, East Africa was the farthest from the Atlantic, so few slaves were shipped from there across the continent. Geographic proximity to the Americas led to this part of Africa being the source for most slaves to the Americas.  9-     Revolutionary activists seeking to overthrow the Qing dynasty in the 19th century tended to be young, _________ men who had traveled abroad. Sun Yixian traveled widely, studied Western government, and dreamed of transforming China into a modern nation. 10- The African region of _________ was able to defeat European powers in the 19th century. The Africans defeated the Italians in the battle of Dugali in 1887. This thwarted Italian designs on this region as the Europeans sought to gain colonies in Africa. Of course, Liberia was an American-sponsored haven for slaves who wanted to return to Africa. Indeed only Liberia and this region remained free after the Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa.

Word Bank : Encomienda, Angkor Wat, Buddha, Imperialism, Louis XIV, Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, Millet, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Zheng He

 1-   Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and __________ are most famous for the unification of Japan. Unification led to the last shogunate which eventually passed the Act of Seclusion in which no foreigners were allowed to enter Japan and no

Japanese were allowed to leave the islands and return. Yet these Japanese shoguns allowed the Chinese and Dutch to trade at the port city of Nagasaki. 2-   The __________ system was abolished in 1542 because of the protests of Catholic priests. In particular, Bartolomé de las Casas, a Catholic priest, wrote a letter to the King of Spain detailing the horrors of this forced labor system in the Spanish colonies. 3-   The following statements belong on a list of common _________ tenets: Rational thought is capable of gaining a full understanding of the universe and its workings; logic and proper planning can alleviate most of society’s problems; freedom of expression and freedom from arbitrary rule are political goals worth striving for; and organized religions are conglomerations of superstitious beliefs. However, human beings should be guided as much by instinct and emotion as by the intellect is NOT a belief. Indeed to be led by emotion was a belief of the Romanticism movement. 4-   The following trends are associated with Europe’s _________: urbanization, population growth, a general increase in prosperity, especially after the 1840s, and the rapid expansion of the middle class. However, a general decline in prosperity is NOT a trend associated with this transformation. 5-   The following factors helped to prompt or enable the European powers’ campaigns of _________ during the nineteenth century: economic factors, such as the need for more raw materials and new markets; military issues, such as modern weapons and the need for naval bases; a sense of cultural and racial superiority; and greater scientific knowledge. 6-   The ________ system was the Ottoman Empire’s method for grouping and governing peoples of various faiths. In the Ottoman Empire, non-Muslims were, on the whole, not treated badly. Both for political and economic reasons, the sultans practiced relative religious tolerance: non-Muslims were allowed to convert to Islam, if they wished, but were not forced to do so. However, non-Muslims did not have completely equal rights; they were not permitted to serve in the military, and they had to pay a special tax (jizya). Yet each religious group was grouped into an administrative unit, "a nation." 7-   _________ was a city built by the Khmer civilization. For many years, the two most developed states in Southeast Asia were the Khmer Empire (500s-1454 C.E.) in Cambodia and the Srivijayan Empire (500s-1100s C.E.) of Sumatra.  8-   The archetypal absolutist ruler of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe was _________ of France. This "Sun King" ruled from 1661 to 1715. He used his government to create a highly centralized bureaucracy and national economy. He broke the power of his aristocracy and made it obey him. He built up the largest

army and navy that Europe had seen in centuries. He turned Paris and his palace of Versailles into grand, impressive centers of power.  9-   The great voyager and explorer of early Ming China was ________. This explorer made seven long voyages to Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and India, then as far west as the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the East African coast. He forced fifty nations and city-states to pay tribute to China and gained a large amount of knowledge about the outside world. However, jealousy in the imperial court led the Confucian scholar-gentry to encourage the new emperor to end the voyages. After the reign of Yongle, the Ming rulers lost interest in the outside world, and these kinds of expeditions ended. 10- The following statements would fit the ORIGINAL teachings of the ________: All human suffering is caused by desire; enlightenment can most effectively be attained by coming to realize the Four Noble Truths and practicing the Eightfold Path; and Enlightenment leads to a moment of awakening and transcendent consciousness known as nirvana. However, the ORIGINAL teachings would NOT include the idea that enlightenment can most effectively be attained by venerating many gods and bodhisattvas.

Word Bank: Renaissance, Mongol, Hominids, Aryans, American Revolution, Male, Song, Jati, Nikolai Copernicus, "Agricultural Revolution" 1-   _________ appeared 3 to 4 million years ago in southern and eastern Africa. These humanlike creatures were bipedal (possessed the ability to walk upright), had a sizable brain (abstract thought), and a larynx (complex speech). Mary and Louis Leakey excavated the bones of these humanlike creatures in the Great Rift Valley of Africa.   2-   Were the ________ simply migrating into the Indian subcontinent or were they invaders? It is known that they migrated south through the Hindu Kush mountain range around 1500 B.C.E. and established small communities in northern India. They replaced Harappan civilization and over time, they developed a complex caste system in the subcontinent. 3-   The four main Varnas of the caste system are priests (Brahmins); warriors and aristocrats (Kshatriyas); cultivators, artisans, merchants (Vaishyas); and landless peasants and serfs (Shudras). A later addition, untouchables, was created for individuals born outside of the four Varnas. Untouchables performed unpleasant tasks such as butchering animals and handling dead bodies. However, ________ are subcastes or divisions within every caste. This word is actually from a Sanskrit word for birth. Of course, this is logical since a person is born into his Varna and remains in his Varna until death. Only rebirth can change the soul’s Varna.  

4-   The _______ combined a revival of Greco-Latin learning with a conviction that worldly human existence was worthwhile. Humanism was an important idea that developed during this period of creativity in the arts and ideas. Humanism is a rationalist outlook attaching prime importance to human rather than divine or supernatural matters. Secularism was another important idea that developed. Secularism is not connected with religious or spiritual matters. It is looking at the world through a non-religious lens. 5-   _________ is best known for mathematically proving the heliocentric theory or the idea of having or representing the sun as the center, as in the accepted astronomical model of the solar system. This clearly contradicted the Roman Catholic Church’s insistence at the time of the geocentric model or having or the earth as the center. 6-   The cost of military support for the _________ was one of the factors that caused the financial crisis that led to the French Revolution. Of course, both revolutions were influenced by the philosophical movement known as the Enlightenment. Even the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was based largely on the ideals of the Declaration of Independence.  7-   A consequence of ________ invasions was that Russia fell under its rule for over two centuries; China was governed by Khubilai Khan; Mongol armies reached the borderlands of Poland and Hungary; and much of the Middle East came under this group’s dominance. However, the Silk Road was NOT destroyed as a consequence of this group’s rule. Indeed, trade thrived. In addition, this group NEVER conquered Japan, although it tried. 8-   Effects of the _________ of the 1700s in Europe were fewer famines and better crop yields. Due to new ideas concerning crop rotation and NO more fallow fields, selective breeding, and the enclosure system [fencing in farmlands to increase yields and profits]; Great Britain had the workforce necessary for industrialization. Without these agricultural changes, the Industrial Revolution could not have occurred. 9-   During the ________ of China, gunpowder, the magnetic compass, and a chain-driven, water powered clock were used or invented. This golden age saw many great achievements. However, during this period in China, foot binding also began popular and many Chinese women were unable to walk normally due to this practice. 10- The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen guaranteed basic civil rights and liberties for _______ citizens in France. Women did NOT get the right to vote in France until the 1940s. For French women, liberté, égalité were only for the fraternité.

Word Bank: Karl Marx, Timbuktu, Romanov, Janissaries, Neo-Confucianism, Laissez Faire, Congress of Vienna, Reconquista, Akbar the Great, Muhammad Ali 1-   _________ was located near the Niger River and was one of the wealthiest cities in West Africa. Trans-Saharan trade (salt for gold) brought great wealth to this city and it was an important commercial and cultural center. A great university was located in this city.  2-   The __________ was held from 1814 to 1815 and attended by representatives of nations that defeated Napoleon Bonaparte. Led by Prince Metternich of Austria, representatives wanted to reestablish boundaries, restore legitimate monarchs, and negotiate a balance of power in the hope of preventing any one nation in Europe from ever gaining too much power. An unstated goal was to limit growth of nationalism, which had emerged as a strong force during French Revolution. 3-   The ideas of _________ on class struggle and the evils of capitalism influenced revolutionary movements around the world. His ideas would also be adopted by the Bolsheviks and their leader, Vladimir Lenin, in Russia. However, this philosopher believed that a communist revolution would only occur in a fully industrialized nation. Russia in 1917 was far from fully industrialized. Indeed, its lack of full industrialization was one of the reasons for its many losses on the Eastern Front in World War I. 4-   ________ of the Mughal Empire tried to establish a new religion, Divine Faith, to unite Muslim, Hindu, and Christian tenets; despite gaining power through military might, this ruler was known for being a benevolent ruler; was religiously tolerant, and abolished the jizya or tax on non-Muslims in the Indian subcontinent. However, he did NOT order the construction of the Taj Mahal. That was the accomplishment of Shah Jahan. 5-   In _________, elements of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism are synthesized; great value is placed on education and scholarship; and women continued to have low status. 6-   A direct outcome of the __________ was the sometimes violent persecution of other religions; the Spanish invasion of northern Africa and southern Italy; the rise of Portugal as a separate European nation; and the creation of small, independent states.  7-   _________ were soldiers in the Ottoman Empire that trained to protect and serve the sultan. Many of these soldiers were young Christian boys taken from the Balkan regions and forced into the sultan’s service. They were forced to convert to Islam and pledge absolute loyalty to the sultan; in return, they gained great privileges and honor. 

8-   Following a period of civil unrest in Russia, a period of Russian history known as "The Time of Troubles", a member of the _________ family was elected as czar and established a new royal family. This family ruled until 1917 when revolution in Russia led to the last czar’s abdication and eventual execution. 9-   The most celebrated exponent of _________ ("let them do") was Adam Smith (1723-1790), a Scottish economist. In The Wealth of Nations (1776), Smith explained the laws of supply and demand as well as the idea that markets fix themselves. Thus, Smith maintained that the government should refrain from interfering in business, except to protect private property. Therefore, Smith believed that government should let them [capitalist owners of businesses] do as they please. 10- _________ emerged as the ruler of Egypt following an unsuccessful invasion by Napoleon in 1798. Although Egypt was theoretically part of the Ottoman Empire, the sultans were not strong enough to prevent this leader from establishing an autonomous state. He also modernized the nation by focusing on the military and industrialization.  Word Bank: Protestant Reformation, Hellenism, Aurangzeb, Babur, Catholicism, Safavid, Black Death, Council of Trent, Devshirme, Vikings 1-   Labor shortages in agriculture and industry in England; population decline in China; scarcity of goods throughout Europe; and high mortality rates in India are results of the __________. However, a rise of feudalism in Western Europe was NOT a result of it. Feudalism was already declining in Western Europe as trade and urbanization increased particularly after the Crusades.   2-   The Hindu Upanishad movement was similar to the _________ in that a factor behind both movements was the perceived exploitation of power by religious leaders. Martin Luther believed the sale of indulgences was a corrupt practice and the Upanishad movement believed that Brahmins focused too much on ritual and NOT substance. 3-   Non-Muslims in parts of the Ottoman Empire had to hand over some of their children as a tax under the _________ ("gathering") system, a system that was introduced in the 14th century. Children in this system were converted to Islam and served as slaves. However, it was a rather privileged form of slavery. Indeed some were trained for government service while others served in elite military corps called the Janissaries. 4-   Safi al-Din converted to Shi'ism. Followers of his religious brotherhood founded the ________ Empire. Due to the efforts of these individuals, Iran is predominantly a Shi’a nation today. This empire frequently came into conflict with its neighbour, the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans were Sunni Muslims.

 5-   ________ was the first Mughal Emperor and a descendant of Genghis Khan and Tamerlane. This Muslim empire dominated a Hindu majority in the Indian subcontinent. However, this founder always longed for his homeland in Central Asia. 6-   _________ was the last great Mughal Emperor. He was a very observant and religious Muslim who ended the policy of religious tolerance followed by earlier emperors. He imposed Sharia law (Islamic law) over his empire and thousands of Hindu temples and shrines were torn down as the punitive tax on Hindu subjects was restored. 7-   One similarity between the ________ and the Mamluks was both groups converted to the dominant religion of the land that they conquered. In Kiev, Prince Vladimir I, a prince of this ethnic origin, converted to Christianity, thereby fostering the spread of that religion through Eastern Europe. The Mamluks, members of one of the armies of slaves that won political control of several Muslim states during the Middle Ages, became Muslims and helped protect Islamic society and culture from attacks from Mongols and Crusaders.  8-   An accurate example of ________ is the construction of buildings and monuments in stone in southwest Asia. This concept refers to the adoption of various elements of Greek civilization; elements that were spread by Alexander the Great. It is important to remember that Greek architecture relied heavily on using marble and other hard stones in buildings. This style of architecture spread to southwest Asia, particularly the use of columns in architecture. 9-   Monasticism is a characteristic of __________ and Buddhism. Monasticism refers to the establishment of communities, called monasteries, where monks could withdraw from the secular world to lead lives devoted to their religion. 10- The changes brought about by the _________ included outlawing the sale of indulgences; requiring each diocese to form a seminary; the commissioning of art and architecture; and the rejection of predestination. However, it did NOT include less emphasis on saints in religious ceremonies. This meeting was formed as part of the Catholic Counter-Reformation to combat the rise of Protestantism by instituting reforms in the Catholic Church. At this meeting, abuses were corrected and church doctrines were reaffirmed.

Word Bank: Magna Carta, Song, Heian, Stateless, Shi’ites, Crusades, Hanseatic League, Sufis, Monsoons, Silla 1-   Ali was Muhammad’s son-in-law and he came to be the fourth caliph. However, his assassination in 661 set off a furious factional war. Supporters of Ali argued that legitimate caliphs could only be members of Muhammad’s family, and they

resisted the authority of the caliph put in place by Ali’s enemies. Supporters of Ali came to be called ________, and they formed a significant minority within Islam that continues to the present. 2-   _________ were Islamic mystics. They believed in a life devoted to seeking individual connections to divine truth. Sufis were often successful missionaries because they recognized the mystical dimensions of other faiths. 3-   The ________ was a document that nobles forced King John of England to sign that guaranteed rights to the nobility. This medieval document limited the power of the king of England. Unlike an absolutist, the king of England had to obey certain laws. He could NOT say "L'état, c'est moi."  4-   The _________ were prompted by a request from the Byzantine emperor, Alexius I, for help in raising troops to resist Turkish incursions into his territory. In 1095, Pope Urban II called upon Christian knights to save the holy city of Jerusalem from Turkish control. A series of wars that lasted from 1095-1291 ultimately led to a "successful failure" for the Europeans. The Europeans did NOT permanently regain the holy land but they did gain valuable ideas from their more advanced Muslim neighbors. 5-   The _________ was a trading association. Cities in northern Germany and southern Scandinavia formed it to facilitate trade. This organization was founded by north German towns and merchant communities abroad to protect their mutual trading interests. The league dominated commercial activity in northern Europe from the 13th to the 15th century. Indeed, part of the association's name was a medieval German word for guild. 6-   An example of female subordination during the late ______ era was the practice of foot binding. Upper-class men had developed a preference for women with unusually small feet. Foot binding involved tightly wrapping a young girl’s foot so that it could not grow normally, but instead the toes broke and usually curled under the feet. Women could not walk normally. This reinforced the low status of Chinese women; a status which was already low due to Confucian philosophy which viewed women as inferior.  7-   The ________ Dynasty ruled Korea from 668 until the late 9th century, when it was replaced by the Koryo Dynasty that ruled until 1892. It was during this period that Chinese influences peaked and Korean culture achieved its first full flowering. In theory, Korea was a tributary state to Tang China, but in reality this Kingdom operated with a great deal of independence.  8-   In the era between 794 and 1185, known as the _______ Era, the Fujiwara family was the power behind the throne in Japan, and this family very much

appreciated Confucian learning and Chinese classics, painting, poetry, and interior decoration. A golden age also occurred in Japan during this era. 9-   ________ are seasonal winds. These winds were used by mariners in the Indian Ocean. Blowing predictably in one direction and then another direction, mariners could travel throughout the Indian Ocean to trading ports and still return home again. 10- A common form of social organization in Africa during and after the Bantu migrations is sometimes called the ________ society. In this society, there is no hierarchy of government officials. Instead it relies on kinship relationships or other forms of personal obligations for order. People often live in villages of extended families and tend to live fairly self-sufficient lives.  Word Bank: Cult of Domesticity, Steam Engine, Romanticism, Qin, Catherine the Great, Tanzimat Reforms, Inquisition, Self-Strengthening, Guilds, Matthew Perry’s 1-   The period known as the "Era of Warring States" refers to the period of disorder in China before the establishment of the ________ dynasty. The Era of Warring States occurred during the Zhou dynasty when smaller states battled each other for control. However, during this time of disorder and instability, important Chinese philosophies developed. Confucianism sought to maintain order through proper relationships whereas Daoism encouraged individuals to live naturally. 2-   Organizations of merchants and craftspeople in medieval European cities were called _________. These were early associations to which artisans and craftspeople could belong in medieval Europe. They existed partly to encourage public service, but also to act as a king of fraternity for their members. 3-   The __________ was created to track down and punish heretics and religious nonconformists. This court was established to crackdown on dissidents and heretics while censoring books. Even Galileo Galilei was punished by this court for supporting Copernicus's ideas of a heliocentric or sun-centered universe. 4-   The _________ was considered the most important invention of the Industrial Revolution. It was a substitute for energy produced by humans, animals, wind, and water. This invention could be used to power machines in many industries. 5-   __________ was a reaction to the Enlightenment’s emphasis on rational thought, and it held that emotion and impressions shaped the human experience at a very deep level. Artists and novelists sought to touch human emotions by depicting beauty, passion, or tragedy and their successors often broke the rules set during Enlightenment times.  6-   The _________ was the notion that a woman’s responsibility was to create a loving home environment for her husband and children. This idea of women as

keepers of the hearth led to idealized concepts of women as paragons of virtue, and all that is good and pure in the world. The wives of middle class men during the Industrial Revolution were expected to achieve this ideal of womanhood. Lower-class women had to work in factories.  7-   The _________ in the Ottoman Empire attempted to modernize the empire to a limited degree. Tanzimat, meaning "reorganization," lasted until 1876. Reformers also substituted French legal codes for shari’a law, and the rulers issued decrees that guaranteed public trials, rights of privacy, and equality before the law for all Ottoman subjects, although marriage and divorce laws were still determined by shari’a. These reforms drew harsh criticism from the ulama. 8-   As the scholar-gentry leaders took the initiative in putting the Taiping Rebellion to an end, they organized China for the ___________ movement of the late 19th century. Its main goal was to counter the challenge from the West by modernizing China from within. However, the emperors refused to adopt the reforms that might have saved them, even after China lost a war with Japan in 1895.  9-   _________ was considered an Enlightened Despot. This tsarina of Russia was an autocrat but she embraced some ideas of the Enlightenment like religious freedom. She continued the policies of westernization and modernization of an earlier tsar. 10- In 1853 the arrival of _________ "black ships" (as the Japanese called them) in Edo Bay near Tokyo created a crisis that forced Japan to directly tackle its problems. This American commodore delivered a letter from the president of the United States demanding that the Japanese open its ports to foreign trade, and he threatened to bombard Japan if the government did not agree. This led to discontent with the Tokugawa Shogunate and the subsequent Meiji Restoration.  Word Bank: Haitian, Taxation, Modernization, West, Mercantilism, Berlin Conference, Napoleonic, Ethiopia, Capitalism, Educated 1-     The American and French Revolutions were both caused in part by __________ that bred discontent. After the Seven Years’ War (a conflict that can be considered the first global war because it was fought on three continents), Great Britain needed to raise more revenue. In France, King Louis XVI also needed to raise more revenue in hopes of addressing France’s war debts. He was forced to call the Estates General in hopes of increasing revenue. In France, this burden fell mostly on the Third Estate or the commoners. 2-     Independence movements in South America in the early 19th century took advantage of Spain’s involvement in the __________ Wars. When this French dictator took control of Spain in the early 1800s, advocates of independence in South America were encouraged to push for their freedom. After all, this dictator’s

invasion of Spain and Portugal weakened the authority of those countries in the colonies. 3-     Private ownership of property, the dynamics of supply and demand, and upward social mobility are characteristics of _________. However, government ownership of industry is NOT a characteristic of capitalism. Government ownership of property or industry is a feature of socialism. Karl Marx believed in the abolition of private property NOT Adam Smith, the philosopher of a free market economy. 4-     __________ promoted the idea that national wealth was based on a favorable balance of exports over imports. It promoted the idea that an imperial autarky (a policy of establishing a self-sufficient and independent national economy) would create a favorable flow of wealth into the country. Raw materials would be derived from the nation’s colonies and turned into goods to sell to other nations. Money would thus flow in as goods were transported out.  In other words, colonies benefit the mother country and bullion (gold and silver) flow into the mother country. 5-     The following statements are effects of the _________ Revolution: slaves were freed, the United States refused to recognize its independence, and other independence movements followed. However, the plantation economy did NOT continue to flourish. The plantation economy was hurt by the revolution because the newly freed slaves wanted their own smaller plots of land and did not want to work on plantations like when they were slaves. Haiti’s economy had been flourishing because of sugar plantations, but without slave labor, it steadily declined.  6-     The __________ of 1885 was able to resolve issues of European rivalry in Africa. The 1880s were a time of aggressive empire-building by rival European nations. Germany invited other nations to Berlin so that territorial issues in Africa could be resolved. Except for Ethiopia and Liberia, all of Africa was colonized by the Europeans.  7-     The American desire for a trade relationship with Japan in 1853 led to the overthrow of the shogun and the __________ of the country. The Tokugawa Shogunate was coming under increasing attack from critical daimyo when the American, Commodore Perry, arrived in 1853 to end Japan’s policy of isolationism. The insistence of the United States in making a trade agreement led to the movement to oust the bakufu (the military government of the Shogun) and restore the emperor.  8-     The 17th- and 18th century slave trade had the greatest impact on this region of Africa, ________ Africa. The Portuguese were some of the first to establish relationships with Africans that delivered captured peoples for transport to the New World. Of course, East Africa was the farthest from the Atlantic, so few slaves were

shipped from there across the continent. Geographic proximity to the Americas led to this part of Africa being the source for most slaves to the Americas.  9-     Revolutionary activists seeking to overthrow the Qing dynasty in the 19th century tended to be young, _________ men who had traveled abroad. Sun Yixian traveled widely, studied Western government, and dreamed of transforming China into a modern nation. 10- The African region of _________ was able to defeat European powers in the 19th century. The Africans defeated the Italians in the battle of Dugali in 1887. This thwarted Italian designs on this region as the Europeans sought to gain colonies in Africa. Of course, Liberia was an American-sponsored haven for slaves who wanted to return to Africa. Indeed only Liberia and this region remained free after the Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa.  

Word Bank: Encomienda, Angkor Wat, Buddha, Imperialism, Louis XIV, Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, Millet, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Zheng He 1-   Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and __________ are most famous for the unification of Japan. Unification led to the last shogunate which eventually passed the Act of Seclusion in which no foreigners were allowed to enter Japan and no Japanese were allowed to leave the islands and return. Yet these Japanese shoguns allowed the Chinese and Dutch to trade at the port city of Nagasaki. 2-   The __________ system was abolished in 1542 because of the protests of Catholic priests. In particular, Bartolomé de las Casas, a Catholic priest, wrote a letter to the King of Spain detailing the horrors of this forced labor system in the Spanish colonies. 3-   The following statements belong on a list of common _________ tenets: Rational thought is capable of gaining a full understanding of the universe and its workings; logic and proper planning can alleviate most of society’s problems; freedom of expression and freedom from arbitrary rule are political goals worth striving for; and organized religions are conglomerations of superstitious beliefs. However, human beings should be guided as much by instinct and emotion as by the intellect is NOT a belief. Indeed to be led by emotion was a belief of the Romanticism movement. 4-   The following trends are associated with Europe’s _________: urbanization, population growth, a general increase in prosperity, especially after the 1840s, and the rapid expansion of the middle class. However, a general decline in prosperity is NOT a trend associated with this transformation. 5-   The following factors helped to prompt or enable the European powers’ campaigns of _________ during the nineteenth century: economic factors, such as

the need for more raw materials and new markets; military issues, such as modern weapons and the need for naval bases; a sense of cultural and racial superiority; and greater scientific knowledge. 6-   The ________ system was the Ottoman Empire’s method for grouping and governing peoples of various faiths. In the Ottoman Empire, non-Muslims were, on the whole, not treated badly. Both for political and economic reasons, the sultans practiced relative religious tolerance: non-Muslims were allowed to convert to Islam, if they wished, but were not forced to do so. However, non-Muslims did not have completely equal rights; they were not permitted to serve in the military, and they had to pay a special tax (jizya). Yet each religious group was grouped into an administrative unit, "a nation." 7-   _________ was a city built by the Khmer civilization. For many years, the two most developed states in Southeast Asia were the Khmer Empire (500s-1454 C.E.) in Cambodia and the Srivijayan Empire (500s-1100s C.E.) of Sumatra.  8-   The archetypal absolutist ruler of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe was _________ of France. This "Sun King" ruled from 1661 to 1715. He used his government to create a highly centralized bureaucracy and national economy. He broke the power of his aristocracy and made it obey him. He built up the largest army and navy that Europe had seen in centuries. He turned Paris and his palace of Versailles into grand, impressive centers of power.  9-   The great voyager and explorer of early Ming China was ________. This explorer made seven long voyages to Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and India, then as far west as the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the East African coast. He forced fifty nations and city-states to pay tribute to China and gained a large amount of knowledge about the outside world. However, jealousy in the imperial court led the Confucian scholar-gentry to encourage the new emperor to end the voyages. After the reign of Yongle, the Ming rulers lost interest in the outside world, and these kinds of expeditions ended. 10- The following statements would fit the ORIGINAL teachings of the ________: All human suffering is caused by desire; enlightenment can most effectively be attained by coming to realize the Four Noble Truths and practicing the Eightfold Path; and Enlightenment leads to a moment of awakening and transcendent consciousness known as nirvana. However, the ORIGINAL teachings would NOT include the idea that enlightenment can most effectively be attained by venerating many gods and bodhisattvas.  Word Bank: Voluntarily, Opium War, Greeks, Industrialization, Emperor, Terrace Farming, Protestant, Samsara, Religious Tolerance, Medieval 

1-   In the years between the mid-1400s and the late 1700s, the following major socioeconomic transformations occurred in Europe: _________ forms of worship emerged, Europe’s population grew considerably, and agricultural techniques improved. However, Europeans did NOT invent gunpowder. Gunpowder was a Chinese invention. 2-   As a result of the first _________, the Qing government was forced to open more ports to foreign trade; the Chinese government had to lower tariffs on British goods; Hong Kong fell under British control; and British law took precedence in designated parts of Chinese territory. 3-   _________ was related to imperialism in that it gave Europeans better weapons to use in conquering other peoples; it forced Europeans to search elsewhere for more raw materials; and it created more goods and Europeans felt they needed to open more markets abroad. However, imperialism did NOT lead to it rather it occurred first and provided the motives and means for imperialistic conquests. 4-   The following are causes or illustrations of social trauma in late _________ Europe: the Black Death, the Little Ice Age, uprisings and revolts spurred by dissatisfaction with the Church, and the rising fear of witches and witchcraft.  5-   The most remarkable aspect of the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great was his dedication to the ideal of _________. 6-   During Japan’s feudal period, the _________ was the symbolic head of the country; the shogun held effective power; and the samurai class was transformed into a new aristocracy. 7-   A major difference between slaves and indentured servants in the New World was that indentured servants placed themselves in bondage __________, whereas slaves were forced into bondage and indentured servants were set free once their debts were paid, whereas slaves could only be freed if their masters wished.  8-   The harshness and ruggedness of the terrain in the Andes Mountains forced people to cooperate with each and work out a division of labor. _________, the agricultural system necessary for farming this rugged terrain, depended on the cooperation of many individuals. 9-   The Hindu concept of ________ is BEST described as a belief that one’s soul lives, dies, and is reborn many times, until it is pure enough to escape the cycle of rebirth. 10- The following statements accurately characterize Islamic culture during the tenth through thirteenth centuries: the level of scientific knowledge was much higher than in Christian Europe; Omar Khayyám composed the poetic cycle known

as the Rubaiyat; Muslim philosophers, physicians, and architects had a great impact on the development of medieval European culture; and Muslim scholars were conversant with the learning of the ancient ________.

Word Bank: Muslims, International, Glasnost, Representative Democracy, Fascism, Apartheid, Balfour Declaration, Middle Class, Joseph Stalin, French Revolution 1-   The bicycle, newspapers, theater, and professional sports are examples of the new leisure opportunities enjoyed by the ________ in the late 19th century. However, the television was NOT an example of a new leisure opportunity for any class in the late 19th century because it was not yet invented. Indeed as wages increased and work hours decreased in the industrial age, people were given new opportunities for leisure. The use of advertising also communicated a sense of "needing things" to people. The bicycle became the "must-have" item of the 1880s. Newspapers, theaters, and professional sports all became popular in this new era of leisure and consumption. 2-   NATO, OPEC, and the EU are all examples of _________ organizations. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Oil Producing and Exporting Countries, and the European Union were formed to achieve common goals with other nations. 3-   Five-Year Plans, Collectivization, and the Great Purge were policies during the rule of _________. This individual instituted his Five-Year Plans in hopes of increasing industrial and agricultural productivity. Individual farms became collectivized (owned by the state), and those who refused collectivization were killed. The Russian people also experienced tremendous oppression during the Great Purges of the 1930s. Thousands were tried and executed, and millions imprisoned. 4-   Hindus and ________ had continuous conflicts in India in the latter half of the 20th century. This conflict dates back hundreds of years in India, but the conflict worsened after independence was granted to India (Led by Jawaharlal Nehru at independence) and Pakistan (Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah at independence). This division led to a mass migration of religious refugees and terrible violence. Tension still exists today.  5-   Since the 1980s, many countries in Latin America have moved politically toward _________. Many Latin American countries have struggled politically and economically in the 20th century, but since the 1980s, many have been moving politically toward this type of political system. 6-   The ________ system in South Africa can be described as a series of restrictive laws enacted with the goal of maintaining the separate societies of black and white. Indeed the very name of this system means separateness. In order to maintain its

power, the minority white government enacted laws to separate blacks and whites in South Africa. Under this system, 87% of the territory was designated for white citizens, with the remaining part for black citizens. 7-   In the ________ of 1917, the British government committed to support the creation of a homeland for Jews in Palestine. Following World War I, the British held a mandate in Palestine, but had made conflicting promises to Palestinian Arabs and the Jews. In this document of 1917, the British government committed to support the creation of a homeland for Jews in Palestine, and allowed Jews to migrate to Palestine during the mandate period. The Arab Palestinians, on the other hand, saw British rule and Jewish settlement as forms of imperial control.  8-   In both the ________ (18th century) and the Russian Revolution (20th century), a reign of terror occurred. Under the leadership of Robespierre, many were sent to the guillotine. The Russians experienced their own reign of terror, or Great Purge, under the rule of Stalin. 9-   Perestroika and _________ were both policies that influenced the fall of the Soviet Union. When Gorbachev came to power in 1985, he introduced a policy of perestroika ("restructuring"), which was the beginning of a market economy with limited free-enterprise and some private property. His other policy of "openness" encouraged people to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Soviet system. These changes and the weakness of the Soviet economy facilitated the fall of the Soviet Union. 10- A single party in charge of all government, ultra-nationalism and the glorification of the state, and militarism and the glorification of war as the ultimate expression of power are characteristics of _________. This system, which was used by Hitler (Germany) and Mussolini (Italy), is a form of ultra-nationalism with an absolute leader and strong central government running the show.  Word Bank: Wealth, Non-Aligned, Mohandas K. Gandhi, Treaty of Versailles, European, World War I, Industrial, Mao Zedong, Industrialization, Educated 1-   The Indian National Congress and the Pan-African Congress were important examples of nationalist organizations aimed at removing _________ control. The Indian National Congress was a group of educated Indians formed with the permission of the British in the late-19th century. This group helped to lead the nationalist movement in India under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi. The Pan-African Congress first met in 1919 after World War I. It stressed African unity and helped to create nationalist movements, which came to eventually defeat the European colonial powers. 2-   Uneven distribution of ________ was a problem in the late 20th-century in Latin America and it can be traced back to colonial times. Since the days of Spanish

colonization, Latin America has had a small percentage of people controlling most of the wealth. After independence, landed elites continued to dominate political and military life.  3-   Japan’s expansionism in Manchuria and China in the 1930s coincided with its rapid ___________. This created a need for more and more of the raw materials that Japan lacked. Indeed, the successful annexation of Manchuria in 1931 weakened the prestige of the League of Nations and encouraged the militarists who were intensely loyal to the Emperor.  4-   "For a Satyagraha brigade, only those are eligible who believe in ahimsa-nonviolence, and satya-truth. Satyagraha is a force that has come to stay. No force in the world can kill it." These are the words of __________. This individual, later known as the Mahatma, believed in the forces of nonviolence and truth. He used these ideas in the struggle against the British until India’s independence in 1947. He also used boycotts and civil disobedience in his nonviolent noncooperation campaigns.  5-   Many developing nations struggle with a weak _________ base. Lack of capital and this weak base held many nations back from developing. Many poor nations have no lack of foreign aid or natural resources, but cannot find the money or technology needed for this kind of fundamental economic change. 6-   African and Asian nationalist movements in the 20th century were usually led by the _________ class. Asian nationalists (such as Ho Chi Minh) and African nationalists (such as Jomo Kenyatta) were professionally trained in Europe before becoming leaders in the colonies from which they came. Peasants were not able to communicate their political wishes, and if any aristocracy existed, they were often in league with the ruling colonial regime. 7-   A global effect of _________ was the rise of nationalist movements in colonial areas. As a result of weakening of European power after this event and the strengthening of the ideas of self-determination, nationalist movements rose in colonial areas such as Asia and Africa.  8-   The _________ did not forge a lasting peace because the Germans were forced to accept blame for the war and were severely punished. The European allies were looking to punish Germany after World War I, and even though American president Woodrow Wilson promoted "peace without victory" in his Fourteen Points, his wishes were largely ignored. Germany was forced to accept the blame for the war and pay large war reparations. This crippled the German economy and allowed for the rise of a fascist regime seeking to restore glory to the country. 9-   _________ directed his appeals for a socialist revolution to the rural peasantry rather than the urban proletariat. He departed from classical Marxist theory, which

suggested that revolution would begin among dissatisfied urban workers. He saw the potential of revolution among the millions of downtrodden Chinese peasants. 10- During the Cold War, Cuba was a supporter of the Soviet Union, while India remained __________. During the Cold War, Cuba, a communist nation, was a strong supporter and ally of the Soviet Union, much to the disappointment of its neighbor, the United States. India, on the other hand, was one of the leaders of a movement in which nations refused to cater to one side or the other during the Cold War.

 Word Bank: Buddhism, Roman Catholic Church, Guilds, Delhi Sultanate, Bushido, Crusades, Peasant, Trade Routes, Fought, Islam 1-   The fall of the Chinese dynasties was often aided by _________ revolts. 2-   The correct chronological order of the monotheistic religions is Judaism, Christianity, and _________. 3-   Two religions that encouraged the monastic life were __________ and Christianity. 4-   Organizations of merchants and craftspeople in European cities were called _________. 5-   The Japanese adopted certain aspects of Chinese culture such as Confucian values, a system of writing, Buddhist theology, and a concept of a centralized government. However, they did NOT adopt ________ from Chinese culture. It was uniquely Japanese. 6-   During the feudal period in Western Europe, independent domains _________ regularly with one another. 7-   The one unifying institution in medieval Europe was the __________. 8-   The goal of the Christian __________ was to retake the Holy Land from the Muslims. 9-   Islam was brought into India over time by the __________. 10- The Black Death was spread along Euro-Asian __________.  Word Bank: Bering Strait, Daoist, Gender, Caliph, Diffusion, Torah, Eightfold Path, Mohammed, Gospels, Silk Road 

1-   __________ is the spread of foods, trade goods, concepts, norms, practices, and inventions among different peoples. 2-   The following is an accurate statement about _________ relations up to 1000 C.E.: In some societies, women enjoyed more rights than in others. 3-   Leading up to 1000 C.E., the __________ was the world’s most vital overland trade route. 4-   According to scientists, modern humans reached North America by crossing a land bridge spanning the ___________ sometime between 15,000 and 29,000 years ago. 5-   Monotheism, the Torah, the Tanakh, and a belief that a Messiah would appear and free believers from oppression are ideas or scriptures related to the Jewish faith but the ___________ is NOT related to the Jewish faith. 6-   _________ thought is largely antirational. 7-   After Mohammed’s death, the Muslim community began to be ruled by a _________ who was both a political and religious leader. 8-   According to Muslims, _________ received the word of Allah when an archangel delivered the word to him through a vision. 9-   Scholars largely learn about Jesus from the _________. 10- The Christians incorporated the Jewish books of the _________ as the first five books of the Old Testament.  Word Bank: Scholars, Rome, Interruption, Imperial, Reincarnation, Desertification, Chandra Gupta, Christianity, Qin, Tax Collectors 1-   Long-distance trade flourished in the classical societies because the _________ powers kept the trade routes safe and secure. 2-   One reason for the fall of both the Han and Roman Empires was that large landowners successfully avoided __________. 3-   The social hierarchies of both Hinduism and Confucianism demonstrate the value of __________. 4-   The Mauryan and Gupta Empires demonstrated India’s __________ in its political control marked by regional kingdoms. 

5-   Confucius and Laozi influenced the same region; Ashoka and Siddhartha Gautama influenced the same region; Socrates and Alexander influenced the same region; Constantine and Jesus influenced the same region; but Wu Di and __________ did not influence the same region. 6-   Hinduism and Buddhism both share a belief in _________. 7-   Buddhism and ________ both gave women access to spiritual salvation. 8-   Civilization in ________ was characterized by government participation by its citizens. 9-   The central government was strong in both the _______ and Han dynasties. 10- Population pressures, use of iron tools, spread of agriculture, and the cultivation of bananas were all factors in Bantu migration. However, _________ was not a factor.  Word Bank: Rome, Trans-Saharan, Unity, Hadith, Daoism, Failure, Mariners, Gupta, Confucianism, Abbasid 1-     During the classical period, Africa saw new technology used in ____________ travel. 2-     The decline of ________ India saw the increased power of local princes. 3-     Indian Ocean trade saw _________ utilize the geographic forces of the Indian Ocean. 4-     The decline of Han China witnessed _________, rather than Confucianism, gaining popularity. 5-     Silk Road trade established links between the empires of Han China and __________. 6-     The Five Pillars provide ________ within Islam. 7-     The _________ qualifies as a primary source on the teachings of Muhammad. 8-     The _________ dynasty proved the high point of Muslim cultural achievement. 9-     One of the weaknesses of the early Muslim empires was _________ to resolve the questions of succession. 

10-  The position of Chinese women in the post-classical era was defined by _________.

 Word Bank: Domesticate, Mauryan, Mesopotamia, Increase, Gunpowder, Indus, Gender, Buddhism, Ruler, Gradual 1-   The development of agriculture, growth in world population, the use of metal technology, and the development of writing were all characteristics of the period from 8000 BCE to 500 CE but NOT the use of ________ technology. 2-   The change to an agriculturally based economy as a result of the Neolithic Revolution was ________ as it took hundreds of thousands of years. 3-   Pastoral nomads are similar to settled farmers as they both ________ animals. 4-   The Neolithic Revolution influenced ________ roles in that work outside of the home was more highly valued. 5-   The development of agriculture led to an _________ in population because the stable food source allowed for more permanent homes and larger families. 6-   The classical society that was located in South Asia was the ________. 7-   The culture of _________ included the use of cuneiform as a writing system, city-states, and Hammurabi’s Code as a system of laws. 8-   The Chinese system of the Mandate of Heaven refers to the power granted to the ________ from the heavens. 9-   The ________ civilization is still somewhat of a mystery to archeologists because the writing system has not been deciphered. 10- Christianity and ________ are religions that use missionaries to spread their message.  Word Bank: Specialization, Oceania, Stone, Agriculture, Bipedalism, Indus, Grand Canal, Black, Subsistence, Maize 1-   The _____________ joins together the Yellow and Yangtze rivers in China. 2-   The western part of Turkey has been considered one of the most strategically and economically important places in the world because the Mediterranean and _________ seas connect at this spot. 

3-   The islands located throughout the Pacific Ocean are sometimes collectively referred to as __________. 4-   The earliest hominids and their descendants were more advanced than earlier primates due to _________, a large brain, and a larynx. 5-   Hunting and gathering societies were marked by a _________ lifestyle, limited trade, and little specialization of labor. 6-   Surplus production gives rise to the ____________ of labor and stratification of society. 7-   Based on the available knowledge, tool making, language, bipedalism, and hunting were part of Homo erectus’ world but __________ was not. 8-   ________ was a crop that was unique to the early civilizations that would later be termed the New World. 9-   The label "Paleolithic" sometimes serves as a substitute for the _________ Age. 10- The _________ civilization’s decline was most likely due to drastic environmental change.  Word Bank: Nomadism, Phoenicians, Oligarchy,Middle East, River Valleys, Africa, Europe, Cuneiform, Animals, Silk Road 1- Most scholars today agree that humans originated in _________, then migrated to other continents.  2- The longest and most vital overland trade route before 1000 C.E.was the ________________. 3- The period between 200 and 1000 C.E. is known as the "Great Age of Migrations" because a large number of Germanic and Asiatic peoples moved toward and into ___________. 4- In an ___________, a small elite group holds political power. 5- The ___________ are credited with developing the first phonetic alphabet. 6- Based on the preponderance of archaeological evidence, the _________ saw the development of the earliest civilizations. 7- While writing, formal state structures, urban life, and monument building are all common traits of early civilizations, __________ is NOT. 

8- The earliest civilizations tended to develop in ____________. 9- The name of the ancient Sumerian writing system is ___________. 10- A health impact that generally occurred when human populations abandoned nomadism and settled into a sedentary agricultural lifestyle was greater exposure to pathogens due to proximity to farm ________ and human waste which caused new sicknesses.    Word Bank: Representative, Central, Reincarnation, City-State, Qin, Irrigation, Yellow or Huang He, Stratification,Polytheism, Communal   1- Egyptian civilization was similar to Sumerian civilizaiton in its system of social ______________. 2- Shang China contributed to the development of ____________ government in China. 3- Early societies in South America relied on community cooperation to construct ___________ systems. 4- The Indus valley civilization relied heavily on __________ planning. 5- The Maya civilization was a byproduct of cultural diffusion from earlier Mesoamerican societies, had a stratified society, and developed a _____________ political structure. 6- The earliest civilizations in both the Eastern and Western hemispheres were similar in their practice of _____________. 7- ___________ government is NOT a characteristic of early civilizations. 8- The Egyptians were to the Nile as the Chinese were to the ____________. 9- The period known as the "Era of Warring States" refers to the period of disorder in China before the Qin dynasty. 10- Hinduism and Buddhism have the concept of ___________ in common.

 Word Bank: Cult of Domesticity, Steam Engine, Romanticism, Qin, Catherine the Great, Tanzimat Reforms, Inquisition, Self-Strengthening, Guilds, Matthew Perry’s 

1-   The period known as the "Era of Warring States" refers to the period of disorder in China before the establishment of the ________ dynasty. The Era of Warring States occurred during the Zhou dynasty when smaller states battled each other for control. However, during this time of disorder and instability, important Chinese philosophies developed. Confucianism sought to maintain order through proper relationships whereas Daoism encouraged individuals to live naturally. 2-   Organizations of merchants and craftspeople in medieval European cities were called _________. These were early associations to which artisans and craftspeople could belong in medieval Europe. They existed partly to encourage public service, but also to act as a king of fraternity for their members. 3-   The __________ was created to track down and punish heretics and religious nonconformists. This court was established to crackdown on dissidents and heretics while censoring books. Even Galileo Galilei was punished by this court for supporting Copernicus's ideas of a heliocentric or sun-centered universe. 4-   The _________ was considered the most important invention of the Industrial Revolution. It was a substitute for energy produced by humans, animals, wind, and water. This invention could be used to power machines in many industries. 5-   __________ was a reaction to the Enlightenment’s emphasis on rational thought, and it held that emotion and impressions shaped the human experience at a very deep level. Artists and novelists sought to touch human emotions by depicting beauty, passion, or tragedy and their successors often broke the rules set during Enlightenment times.  6-   The _________ was the notion that a woman’s responsibility was to create a loving home environment for her husband and children. This idea of women as keepers of the hearth led to idealized concepts of women as paragons of virtue, and all that is good and pure in the world. The wives of middle class men during the Industrial Revolution were expected to achieve this ideal of womanhood. Lower-class women had to work in factories.  7-   The _________ in the Ottoman Empire attempted to modernize the empire to a limited degree. Tanzimat, meaning "reorganization," lasted until 1876. Reformers also substituted French legal codes for shari’a law, and the rulers issued decrees that guaranteed public trials, rights of privacy, and equality before the law for all Ottoman subjects, although marriage and divorce laws were still determined by shari’a. These reforms drew harsh criticism from the ulama. 8-   As the scholar-gentry leaders took the initiative in putting the Taiping Rebellion to an end, they organized China for the ___________ movement of the late 19th century. Its main goal was to counter the challenge from the West by modernizing China from within. However, the emperors refused to adopt the reforms that might have saved them, even after China lost a war with Japan in 1895.

 9-   _________ was considered an Enlightened Despot. This tsarina of Russia was an autocrat but she embraced some ideas of the Enlightenment like religious freedom. She continued the policies of westernization and modernization of an earlier tsar. 10- In 1853 the arrival of _________ "black ships" (as the Japanese called them) in Edo Bay near Tokyo created a crisis that forced Japan to directly tackle its problems. This American commodore delivered a letter from the president of the United States demanding that the Japanese open its ports to foreign trade, and he threatened to bombard Japan if the government did not agree. This led to discontent with the Tokugawa Shogunate and the subsequent Meiji Restoration.  Word Bank: Haitian, Taxation, Modernization, West, Mercantilism, Berlin Conference, Napoleonic, Ethiopia, Capitalism, Educated 1-     The American and French Revolutions were both caused in part by __________ that bred discontent. After the Seven Years’ War (a conflict that can be considered the first global war because it was fought on three continents), Great Britain needed to raise more revenue. In France, King Louis XVI also needed to raise more revenue in hopes of addressing France’s war debts. He was forced to call the Estates General in hopes of increasing revenue. In France, this burden fell mostly on the Third Estate or the commoners. 2-     Independence movements in South America in the early 19th century took advantage of Spain’s involvement in the __________ Wars. When this French dictator took control of Spain in the early 1800s, advocates of independence in South America were encouraged to push for their freedom. After all, this dictator’s invasion of Spain and Portugal weakened the authority of those countries in the colonies. 3-     Private ownership of property, the dynamics of supply and demand, and upward social mobility are characteristics of _________. However, government ownership of industry is NOT a characteristic of capitalism. Government ownership of property or industry is a feature of socialism. Karl Marx believed in the abolition of private property NOT Adam Smith, the philosopher of a free market economy. 4-     __________ promoted the idea that national wealth was based on a favorable balance of exports over imports. It promoted the idea that an imperial autarky (a policy of establishing a self-sufficient and independent national economy) would create a favorable flow of wealth into the country. Raw materials would be derived from the nation’s colonies and turned into goods to sell to other nations. Money would thus flow in as goods were transported out.  In other words, colonies benefit the mother country and bullion (gold and silver) flow into the mother country. 

5-     The following statements are effects of the _________ Revolution: slaves were freed, the United States refused to recognize its independence, and other independence movements followed. However, the plantation economy did NOT continue to flourish. The plantation economy was hurt by the revolution because the newly freed slaves wanted their own smaller plots of land and did not want to work on plantations like when they were slaves. Haiti’s economy had been flourishing because of sugar plantations, but without slave labor, it steadily declined.  6-     The __________ of 1885 was able to resolve issues of European rivalry in Africa. The 1880s were a time of aggressive empire-building by rival European nations. Germany invited other nations to Berlin so that territorial issues in Africa could be resolved. Except for Ethiopia and Liberia, all of Africa was colonized by the Europeans.  7-     The American desire for a trade relationship with Japan in 1853 led to the overthrow of the shogun and the __________ of the country. The Tokugawa Shogunate was coming under increasing attack from critical daimyo when the American, Commodore Perry, arrived in 1853 to end Japan’s policy of isolationism. The insistence of the United States in making a trade agreement led to the movement to oust the bakufu (the military government of the Shogun) and restore the emperor.  8-     The 17th- and 18th century slave trade had the greatest impact on this region of Africa, ________ Africa. The Portuguese were some of the first to establish relationships with Africans that delivered captured peoples for transport to the New World. Of course, East Africa was the farthest from the Atlantic, so few slaves were shipped from there across the continent. Geographic proximity to the Americas led to this part of Africa being the source for most slaves to the Americas.  9-     Revolutionary activists seeking to overthrow the Qing dynasty in the 19th century tended to be young, _________ men who had traveled abroad. Sun Yixian traveled widely, studied Western government, and dreamed of transforming China into a modern nation. 10-  The African region of _________ was able to defeat European powers in the 19th

century. The Africans defeated the Italians in the battle of Dugali in 1887. This thwarted Italian designs on this region as the Europeans sought to gain colonies in Africa. Of course, Liberia was an American-sponsored haven for slaves who wanted to return to Africa. Indeed only Liberia and this region remained free after the Berlin Conference and the Scramble for Africa.  Word Bank: Encomienda, Angkor Wat, Buddha, Imperialism, Louis XIV, Enlightenment, Industrial Revolution, Millet, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Zheng He 

1-   Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and __________ are most famous for the unification of Japan. Unification led to the last shogunate which eventually passed the Act of Seclusion in which no foreigners were allowed to enter Japan and no Japanese were allowed to leave the islands and return. Yet these Japanese shoguns allowed the Chinese and Dutch to trade at the port city of Nagasaki. 2-   The __________ system was abolished in 1542 because of the protests of Catholic priests. In particular, Bartolomé de las Casas, a Catholic priest, wrote a letter to the King of Spain detailing the horrors of this forced labor system in the Spanish colonies. 3-   The following statements belong on a list of common _________ tenets: Rational thought is capable of gaining a full understanding of the universe and its workings; logic and proper planning can alleviate most of society’s problems; freedom of expression and freedom from arbitrary rule are political goals worth striving for; and organized religions are conglomerations of superstitious beliefs. However, human beings should be guided as much by instinct and emotion as by the intellect is NOT a belief. Indeed to be led by emotion was a belief of the Romanticism movement. 4-   The following trends are associated with Europe’s _________: urbanization, population growth, a general increase in prosperity, especially after the 1840s, and the rapid expansion of the middle class. However, a general decline in prosperity is NOT a trend associated with this transformation. 5-   The following factors helped to prompt or enable the European powers’ campaigns of _________ during the nineteenth century: economic factors, such as the need for more raw materials and new markets; military issues, such as modern weapons and the need for naval bases; a sense of cultural and racial superiority; and greater scientific knowledge. 6-   The ________ system was the Ottoman Empire’s method for grouping and governing peoples of various faiths. In the Ottoman Empire, non-Muslims were, on the whole, not treated badly. Both for political and economic reasons, the sultans practiced relative religious tolerance: non-Muslims were allowed to convert to Islam, if they wished, but were not forced to do so. However, non-Muslims did not have completely equal rights; they were not permitted to serve in the military, and they had to pay a special tax (jizya). Yet each religious group was grouped into an administrative unit, "a nation." 7-   _________ was a city built by the Khmer civilization. For many years, the two most developed states in Southeast Asia were the Khmer Empire (500s-1454 C.E.) in Cambodia and the Srivijayan Empire (500s-1100s C.E.) of Sumatra.  8-   The archetypal absolutist ruler of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe was _________ of France. This "Sun King" ruled from 1661 to 1715. He used his

government to create a highly centralized bureaucracy and national economy. He broke the power of his aristocracy and made it obey him. He built up the largest army and navy that Europe had seen in centuries. He turned Paris and his palace of Versailles into grand, impressive centers of power.  9-   The great voyager and explorer of early Ming China was ________. This explorer made seven long voyages to Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and India, then as far west as the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and the East African coast. He forced fifty nations and city-states to pay tribute to China and gained a large amount of knowledge about the outside world. However, jealousy in the imperial court led the Confucian scholar-gentry to encourage the new emperor to end the voyages. After the reign of Yongle, the Ming rulers lost interest in the outside world, and these kinds of expeditions ended. 10- The following statements would fit the ORIGINAL teachings of the ________: All human suffering is caused by desire; enlightenment can most effectively be attained by coming to realize the Four Noble Truths and practicing the Eightfold Path; and Enlightenment leads to a moment of awakening and transcendent consciousness known as nirvana. However, the ORIGINAL teachings would NOT include the idea that enlightenment can most effectively be attained by venerating many gods and bodhisattvas.  Word Bank: Voluntarily, Opium War, Greeks, Industrialization, Emperor, Terrace Farming, Protestant, Samsara, Religious Tolerance, Medieval 1-   In the years between the mid-1400s and the late 1700s, the following major socioeconomic transformations occurred in Europe: _________ forms of worship emerged, Europe’s population grew considerably, and agricultural techniques improved. However, Europeans did NOT invent gunpowder. Gunpowder was a Chinese invention. 2-   As a result of the first _________, the Qing government was forced to open more ports to foreign trade; the Chinese government had to lower tariffs on British goods; Hong Kong fell under British control; and British law took precedence in designated parts of Chinese territory. 3-   _________ was related to imperialism in that it gave Europeans better weapons to use in conquering other peoples; it forced Europeans to search elsewhere for more raw materials; and it created more goods and Europeans felt they needed to open more markets abroad. However, imperialism did NOT lead to it rather it occurred first and provided the motives and means for imperialistic conquests. 4-   The following are causes or illustrations of social trauma in late _________ Europe: the Black Death, the Little Ice Age, uprisings and revolts spurred by dissatisfaction with the Church, and the rising fear of witches and witchcraft.

  5-   The most remarkable aspect of the reign of the Mughal emperor Akbar the Great was his dedication to the ideal of _________. 6-   During Japan’s feudal period, the _________ was the symbolic head of the country; the shogun held effective power; and the samurai class was transformed into a new aristocracy. 7-   A major difference between slaves and indentured servants in the New World was that indentured servants placed themselves in bondage __________, whereas slaves were forced into bondage and indentured servants were set free once their debts were paid, whereas slaves could only be freed if their masters wished.  8-   The harshness and ruggedness of the terrain in the Andes Mountains forced people to cooperate with each and work out a division of labor. _________, the agricultural system necessary for farming this rugged terrain, depended on the cooperation of many individuals. 9-   The Hindu concept of ________ is BEST described as a belief that one’s soul lives, dies, and is reborn many times, until it is pure enough to escape the cycle of rebirth. 10- The following statements accurately characterize Islamic culture during the tenth through thirteenth centuries: the level of scientific knowledge was much higher than in Christian Europe; Omar Khayyám composed the poetic cycle known as the Rubaiyat; Muslim philosophers, physicians, and architects had a great impact on the development of medieval European culture; and Muslim scholars were conversant with the learning of the ancient ________.  Word Bank: Muslims, International, Glasnost, Representative Democracy, Fascism, Apartheid, Balfour Declaration, Middle Class, Joseph Stalin, French Revolution 1-   The bicycle, newspapers, theater, and professional sports are examples of the new leisure opportunities enjoyed by the ________ in the late 19th century. However, the television was NOT an example of a new leisure opportunity for any class in the late 19th century because it was not yet invented. Indeed as wages increased and work hours decreased in the industrial age, people were given new opportunities for leisure. The use of advertising also communicated a sense of "needing things" to people. The bicycle became the "must-have" item of the 1880s. Newspapers, theaters, and professional sports all became popular in this new era of leisure and consumption.

2-   NATO, OPEC, and the EU are all examples of _________ organizations. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Oil Producing and Exporting Countries, and the European Union were formed to achieve common goals with other nations. 3-   Five-Year Plans, Collectivization, and the Great Purge were policies during the rule of _________. This individual instituted his Five-Year Plans in hopes of increasing industrial and agricultural productivity. Individual farms became collectivized (owned by the state), and those who refused collectivization were killed. The Russian people also experienced tremendous oppression during the Great Purges of the 1930s. Thousands were tried and executed, and millions imprisoned. 4-   Hindus and ________ had continuous conflicts in India in the latter half of the 20th century. This conflict dates back hundreds of years in India, but the conflict worsened after independence was granted to India (Led by Jawaharlal Nehru at independence) and Pakistan (Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah at independence). This division led to a mass migration of religious refugees and terrible violence. Tension still exists today.  5-   Since the 1980s, many countries in Latin America have moved politically toward _________. Many Latin American countries have struggled politically and economically in the 20th century, but since the 1980s, many have been moving politically toward this type of political system. 6-   The ________ system in South Africa can be described as a series of restrictive laws enacted with the goal of maintaining the separate societies of black and white. Indeed the very name of this system means separateness. In order to maintain its power, the minority white government enacted laws to separate blacks and whites in South Africa. Under this system, 87% of the territory was designated for white citizens, with the remaining part for black citizens. 7-   In the ________ of 1917, the British government committed to support the creation of a homeland for Jews in Palestine. Following World War I, the British held a mandate in Palestine, but had made conflicting promises to Palestinian Arabs and the Jews. In this document of 1917, the British government committed to support the creation of a homeland for Jews in Palestine, and allowed Jews to migrate to Palestine during the mandate period. The Arab Palestinians, on the other hand, saw British rule and Jewish settlement as forms of imperial control.  8-   In both the ________ (18th century) and the Russian Revolution (20th century), a reign of terror occurred. Under the leadership of Robespierre, many were sent to the guillotine. The Russians experienced their own reign of terror, or Great Purge, under the rule of Stalin. 9-   Perestroika and _________ were both policies that influenced the fall of the Soviet Union. When Gorbachev came to power in 1985, he introduced a policy of

perestroika ("restructuring"), which was the beginning of a market economy with limited free-enterprise and some private property. His other policy of "openness" encouraged people to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the Soviet system. These changes and the weakness of the Soviet economy facilitated the fall of the Soviet Union. 10- A single party in charge of all government, ultra-nationalism and the glorification of the state, and militarism and the glorification of war as the ultimate expression of power are characteristics of _________. This system, which was used by Hitler (Germany) and Mussolini (Italy), is a form of ultra-nationalism with an absolute leader and strong central government running the show.  Word Bank: Wealth, Non-Aligned, Mohandas K. Gandhi, Treaty of Versailles, European, World War I, Industrial, Mao Zedong, Industrialization, Educated 1-   The Indian National Congress and the Pan-African Congress were important examples of nationalist organizations aimed at removing _________ control. The Indian National Congress was a group of educated Indians formed with the permission of the British in the late-19th century. This group helped to lead the nationalist movement in India under the leadership of Mohandas Gandhi. The Pan-African Congress first met in 1919 after World War I. It stressed African unity and helped to create nationalist movements, which came to eventually defeat the European colonial powers. 2-   Uneven distribution of ________ was a problem in the late 20th-century in Latin America and it can be traced back to colonial times. Since the days of Spanish colonization, Latin America has had a small percentage of people controlling most of the wealth. After independence, landed elites continued to dominate political and military life.  3-   Japan’s expansionism in Manchuria and China in the 1930s coincided with its rapid ___________. This created a need for more and more of the raw materials that Japan lacked. Indeed, the successful annexation of Manchuria in 1931 weakened the prestige of the League of Nations and encouraged the militarists who were intensely loyal to the Emperor.  4-   "For a Satyagraha brigade, only those are eligible who believe in ahimsa-nonviolence, and satya-truth. Satyagraha is a force that has come to stay. No force in the world can kill it." These are the words of __________. This individual, later known as the Mahatma, believed in the forces of nonviolence and truth. He used these ideas in the struggle against the British until India’s independence in 1947. He also used boycotts and civil disobedience in his nonviolent noncooperation campaigns.  

5-   Many developing nations struggle with a weak _________ base. Lack of capital and this weak base held many nations back from developing. Many poor nations have no lack of foreign aid or natural resources, but cannot find the money or technology needed for this kind of fundamental economic change. 6-   African and Asian nationalist movements in the 20th century were usually led by the _________ class. Asian nationalists (such as Ho Chi Minh) and African nationalists (such as Jomo Kenyatta) were professionally trained in Europe before becoming leaders in the colonies from which they came. Peasants were not able to communicate their political wishes, and if any aristocracy existed, they were often in league with the ruling colonial regime. 7-   A global effect of _________ was the rise of nationalist movements in colonial areas. As a result of weakening of European power after this event and the strengthening of the ideas of self-determination, nationalist movements rose in colonial areas such as Asia and Africa.  8-   The _________ did not forge a lasting peace because the Germans were forced to accept blame for the war and were severely punished. The European allies were looking to punish Germany after World War I, and even though American president Woodrow Wilson promoted "peace without victory" in his Fourteen Points, his wishes were largely ignored. Germany was forced to accept the blame for the war and pay large war reparations. This crippled the German economy and allowed for the rise of a fascist regime seeking to restore glory to the country. 9-   _________ directed his appeals for a socialist revolution to the rural peasantry rather than the urban proletariat. He departed from classical Marxist theory, which suggested that revolution would begin among dissatisfied urban workers. He saw the potential of revolution among the millions of downtrodden Chinese peasants. 10- During the Cold War, Cuba was a supporter of the Soviet Union, while India remained __________. During the Cold War, Cuba, a communist nation, was a strong supporter and ally of the Soviet Union, much to the disappointment of its neighbor, the United States. India, on the other hand, was one of the leaders of a movement in which nations refused to cater to one side or the other during the Cold War.  Word Bank: Industrialization, Serfs, Berlin Conference, Nationalism, Meiji, Belgium, Social Darwinism, China, Cult of Domesticity, Westernization 1-   The Opium War, the Taiping Rebellion, and the Self-Strengthening Movement occurred in ________ during the time period 1750 to 1914. The Opium War in 1839 was the result of British traders importing opium to China and the Chinese government’s attempt to stop this destructive trade. As a result of a humiliating defeat, the Chinese were forced to sign a series of unequal treaties. The Taiping

Rebellion (1850s) tried to introduce reforms to China but was ultimately crushed. In the 1860s and 1870s, local leaders promoted military and economic reforms in China using the slogan, "Chinese learning at the base, Western learning for use." However, the Self-Strengthening Movement only brought superficial change to China. This movement experienced resistance from the imperial government, in particular, the Empress Dowager Cixi. 2-   In the late 19th century, the growth of Japan as a world power was facilitated by _________ and military strength. This was evident in Japan’s victory in the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-05.  Factories produced better weapons.  3-   One effect of the West’s cultural influence on ________ Japan was that Japanese literature was affected by European models, and writers experimented with Western verse. As Japan was opening up to the industrialization of the West, it was also heavily influenced by Western culture. In spite of this cultural borrowing, Japan also continued to emphasize its own values. 4-   Atatürk of Turkey and Peter the Great of Russia shared a goal of __________. Both wanted to modernize their countries.  These rulers even changed the clothing styles of their respective nations.  5-   The emancipation of the _________ in Russia in 1861 caused most of them to remain desperately poor. In 1861, Czar Alexander II abolished this institution, and the government compensated landowners for the loss of land and workers. These newly liberated individuals gained their freedom and their labor obligations were gradually cancelled. Yet they won few political rights and had to pay a redemption tax for most of the land they received. Few of them prospered and most were desperately poor. 6-   _________ took advantage of the people and natural resources of the Congo. The ruler of this European country, King Leopold II, took control of this large area in central Africa known as the Congo. The native people were forced to supply him with rubber, and were subjected to brutal consequences if they did not cooperate. 7-   _________ most significantly influenced both Italy and Germany in the 19th century. Both Italy and Germany were formerly decentralized areas. In the 19th century, they were unified into new nations due to this ideology, military victories, and political planning. 8-   The _________ of 1884-1885 resulted in the division of Africa among European powers. It was a meeting of European powers called in order to avoid war. The European powers agreed to ground rules for the colonization of Africa and as a result, the map of almost all of Africa was carved up by European powers. Only Liberia and Ethiopia remained free. 

9-   _________ refers to the belief that the domination of European imperialists over subject peoples was an inevitable result of natural scientific principles. Based on the famous scientist’s theories of evolution and survival of the fittest, these individuals believed that Europeans had evolved to a higher level than those they were conquering. This was used as a justification for European imperialism. 10- During the time period 1750 to 1914, working class women in Europe labored in factories and middle-class women followed the ________. Indeed as working-class women entered the factories, middle-class women were often influenced by this new ideal. This ideal preached that the goal for women was to create a perfect household for their husbands and children.  Word Bank: Revolutionary, Taj Mahal, Napoleon’s, Ulama, Enlightenment, Peninsulares, Karl Marx, Slaves, Boxer, Industrialization 1-   A result of the political revolutions of the late 18th and 19th centuries was that they spread __________ ideas through Europe and the Americas. 2-   The following were key principles of the formation of the United States: a written constitution, a federal government based on popular sovereignty, three branches of government, and independence from Great Britain. However, equality for all was NOT a key principle of the formation of the United States. The Constitution did NOT recognize the equality of women or _________.  3-   _________ invasion of Spain aided the success of the Latin American independence movements in the 1800s. This invasion weakened Spain and Portugal and allowed the Latin American colonies to successfully fight for their independence from the European powers. 4-   Simón Bolívar, Miguel de Hidalgo, and José de San Martín are all examples of _________ leaders in Latin America.  5-   Dominant power in Latin America prior to independence lay in the hands of _________. Those born in Spain had the dominant power. However, the Creoles, descendants of Europeans, led the independence movements in the early 1800s in hopes of establishing power for themselves. 6-   __________ believed that the abuses of the capitalist system would be solved only if the system was overthrown. He wrote that the only way for the working class to overthrow the capitalist system was through a violent revolution. After the revolution, the proletariat would own the means of production, private property would be abolished, the class system would be abolished, and a dictatorship of the proletariat would come into existence but eventually wither away. 

7-   The _________ was built during the Mughal Empire as a tomb for the Emperor Shah Jahan’s beloved wife. The Islamic-style architecture can be seen in the use of the dome and minarets. The Mughal Empire was a Muslim empire that ruled a Hindu-majority in the Indian subcontinent. 8-   The following statements describe developments in the Ottoman Empire in the time period 1750 to 1914: Greece achieved independence, Europeans were exempt from following Ottoman law, Tanzimat reformers were inspired by Enlightenment thought, and the Young Turk Party promoted reforms like universal suffrage. However, the Islamic leadership, or ________, did NOT support liberal reforms. The incorporation of more Western ideas often undermined the authority of these Islamic scholars. 9-   The following were results of ________: the ability to purchase cheaper manufactured goods, greater opportunities for economic advancement, the ability to participate in leisure activities, and improvements in working conditions. However, the ability to maintain the family unit as an economic unit was NOT a result. 10- The ________ Rebellion was to China what the Sepoy Mutiny was to India. This anti-foreign rebellion in 1900 in China was forcefully put down by European powers. The mutiny was forcefully put down by the British, who then assumed full control of India as a colony. Sepoys (Indian troops who served the British) rebelled when rumors that animal fat was being used to grease ammunition cartridges for rifles. Cows are sacred to Hindus and Muslims believe pigs are unclean animals. Thus, animal fat from cows and pigs offended Hindu and Muslim sepoys.

Word Bank: Byzantium, Aztec, Isolated, Iron, Islam, Ethiopia, Viking, Olympe de Gouge, Haiti, Daoism1-    During the French Revolution, _________ wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen. 2-    Prior to its conquest by the Ottoman Turks, _________ was weakened by the political ambitions of neighboring peoples. 3-    In 1450, the Indians of the present-day countries of Mexico and the United States were ________ from the rest of the world. 4-    Confucianism and _________ emerged from political disorder, did not worship a deity, and remained primarily regional beliefs. 5-    A similarity between Arabic settlements of the eighth century and ________ settlements of the ninth century is that both groups established settlements in Western Europe – one settled in Spain while the other settled in northern France. 

6-    The following factors contributed to the fall of the ________ Empire to the Spaniards: Military assistance of Mesoamerican peoples, epidemic disease, superior weaponry of the Spaniards, and even Mesoamerican traditions like the legend of Quetzalcoatl; the Spanish expedition was received as the possible return of this god. However, the economic weakness of this Empire was NOT a factor. In fact, the Empire was rich in resources and had a vibrant economy prior to conquest. 7-    The first successful revolution of black slaves in world history occurred in _________. 8-    By 1450, _________ had spread to all of the following regions: Western Europe, the Middle East, India, and East Africa. However, it did NOT spread to East Asia during this time period. 9-    About 500 B.C.E., the metal that made Meroë prosperous was _________.  10-The oldest permanent communities of African Christians are found in present-day __________.

Word Bank: Kublai Khan, Persia, Johann Tetzel, Sultan, Indonesia, Indus, Christians, Jihad, Equality, Contractual 1-    Women associated with the palace court of the Ottoman Empire wielded power by influencing the ________ behind the scenes. 2-    All of the following statements are true about Japan during the time period 1450 to 1750: foreign trade was restricted by the government, the shogun ruled the country, and ________ were persecuted. However, it was NOT true that the economy of Japan declined during this period. 3-    Rome and _________ had road systems similar to the Incan Empire and the T’ang Dynasty. 4-    The basic ideals of Enlightenment thinkers included popular sovereignty, freedom of speech, and religious tolerance. However, these ideals did NOT include ________ for women. 5-    Islam is the main religious faith associated with Pakistan and _________. 6-    The major missing piece in our understanding of the ________ River Valley Civilization is our inability to decipher their writing. 7-    The Five Pillars of Islam include pilgrimage to Mecca, fasting during the daylight hours of the holy month of Ramadan, and giving alms to the poor. However, ________ is NOT one of the Five Pillars – although some individuals consider it a “Sixth Pillar”.

 8-    John Calvin, Martin Luther, and Ulrich Zwingli were early Protestants. However, ________ was clearly NOT an early Protestant. Indeed he sold the indulgences that angered Luther. 9-    All of the following are major political-military leaders in sixteenth-century Japan: Oda Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa Ieyasu. However, _______ was clearly not a major political-military leader in sixteenth-century Japan. Although the Mongols tried, they NEVER conquered Japan. 10-Japanese and European feudalism shared the following characteristics: loyalty to a lord, hereditary possession of lands acquired by retainers from the lord, and retainers collected fees from all persons residing on their lands. However, they did NOT share a ________ relationship between the lord and each individual retainer. Unlike European feudalism, in Japan the samurai were organized into clans whereas in Europe, vassals swore individual oaths of homage and fealty to a lord.

Word Bank: Manchus, Great Britain, Mongols, Jesuit Missionary Order, Joint-Stock Companies, Cattle, Encomienda, Chinese, Russia, Rebellions 1-    The Latin American system of ___________ is most similar to the labor system of Medieval Europe. 2-    In its global impact outside of Western Europe, the most important result of the Catholic Reform movement of the 1500s was the creation of the _________. 3-    Tobacco, Corn, and Potatoes were exchanged from the Americas to Europe. However, ________ was NOT exchanged from the Americas to Europe. 4-    In the time period 1450 to 1750, _________ demand for silver drove trade. 5-    Chinese men were forced to wear their hair in a queue (pigtail). This statement accurately describes the treatment of the Chinese by the _________. 6-    During the time period 1450 to 1750, England rose as a dominant power in the Indian Ocean primarily because of the use of _________, allowing private investors to take risks and benefit from trade in the Indian Ocean. 7-    __________ against the dynasty, corruption and intrigue within the royal court, and famine and mass migrations were all indicators of the decline of the Qing Dynasty during the 19th century. However, a decline in foreign trade was NOT an indicator of the decline of this dynasty. 8-    _________ had global hegemony by 1800. 

9-    In the later half of the 19th century, Jewish people were most persecuted in _________. 10-The _________ and Ottomans shared the following characteristics: interest in distant trading partners, autocratic leadership, and steppe diplomacy. However, they did NOT share administrative expertise.  Word Bank: West, Encomienda System, Marco Polo, Incan, Mongol, Emperor, Mali, Manorialism, Japan, Smallpox 1-   _________ Africa was greatly influenced by the Trans-Saharan trade in the way that East Africa was influenced by the Indian Ocean trade. 2-   The kingdom of __________ is associated with Mansa Musa’s pilgrimage to Mecca, the Trans-Saharan trade route, and tolls collected on trade in gold and salt. 3-   The Chinese impact on ________ included the spread of Buddhism, the importance of filial piety, the concept of the Heavenly Emperor, and the culture practice of the tea ceremony. However, the Chinese impact on this nation did NOT include the use of the civil service exam. This East Asian nation did NOT adopt the civil service exam. 4-   A significant consequence of the __________ invasions was that trade and communication along the Silk Road flourished. 5-   Ibn Battuta, ___________, and Rabban Sauma are all examples of travelers who were able to travel great distances and record their journeys. 6-   In the Roman Catholic Church, the pope was the spiritual head and leader but in the Eastern Orthodox Church, the __________ and Patriarch were co-heads of the Church. 7-   The purpose of the __________ was to supply Europeans with a steady supply of labor. 8-   The self-sufficient economic system that developed in Western Europe during the time period 600 to 1450 is known as __________. 9-   Both the _________ and Roman Empires built effective road systems that aided communication and trade throughout their empires. 10- During the period 600 to 1450, the magnetic compass originated in China and spread to Europe via Indian Ocean trade; sugarcane originated in southwest Asia and spread to Europe as a result of interaction during the Crusades; gunpowder originated in China, spread to Persia, the Middle East, and eventually Europe, by

way of the Mongols; the Black Death originated in the Mongol Empire and spread to the Middle East and Europe via Silk Road trade. However, _________, originating in Europe, did NOT spread to the Americas during the time period 600 to 1450 and did NOT during this time period cause the destruction of the Native American population. This would occur and decimate the Native American population in the Early Modern Era NOT this era.  Word Bank: Monastery, Patriarchal, Bantu, Ashoka, Abbasid Caliphate, Confucian Analects, Hammurabi’s Code, Filial Piety, Equality, Mohenjo-Daro 1-   In a __________ society, power resides with the men. 2-   Examples of _________ include taking care of one’s parents when they are ill, showing love, respect, and support for one’s parents, honoring one’s ancestors by carrying out sacrifices after their death, and ensuring that one has a male heir. However, respectfully pointing out errors one’s parents make to help them improve is definitely NOT an example. 3-   The Roman Emperor Constantine influenced the spread of Christianity in the way that the Mauryan Emperor __________ influenced the spread of Buddhism. 4-   As the _________ migrated, they spread their agriculture, culture, and language throughout sub-Saharan Africa. 5-   "He (the superior man) does not mind not being in office; all that he minds about is whether he has qualities that entitle him to office. He does not mind failing to get recognition; he is too busy doing the things that entitle him to recognition." (Analects IV.14) This quotation from the ___________ stresses the idea that the real leader focuses on work, rather than recognition. 6-   Harappa and __________ were examples of Indus River Valley cities. 7-   In Christianity and Buddhism, women had an opportunity to follow an alternative life in the __________. 8-   During the time period 600 to 1450 C.E., trade and interaction were at their height during the Pax Mongolia, the period when peace and order were established in the vast Mongol Empire; one of the worst epidemic diseases in history, the Bubonic Plague, spread due to the movement of people and their increased interaction; religions such as Islam, Christianity, and Buddhism preached the _________ of all believers, and all three spread with the help of merchants and/or missionaries; and major technological developments such as the compass, improved ship building technology, and gunpowder helped to shape the development of the world. However, European kingdoms during the period 600 to 1450 C.E. did NOT

reign supreme as the dominant power and did NOT enter and then take over the profitable Indian Ocean trade. 9-   The Twelve Tables and __________ are important examples of written laws. 10- The ___________ ruled the Middle East and North Africa at the same time that the T’ang dynasty ruled China. Word Bank: Syncretism, Crusades, Indian Ocean, Central Asia, Aztec, Dar al-Islam, Middle Passage, Italian Renaissance, Columbian Exchange, Zheng He 1-   The term _________ refers to areas that share a common Muslim culture as a basis for society. 2-   The term _________ refers to the combination of different forms of beliefs or practices. 3-   The Ming dynasty halted the voyages of _________ because the voyages were expensive and the world beyond China was deemed of little value. 4-   In the _________ during the time period 600 to 1450, trade flourished with a mix of East African, East Asian, South Asian, and Middle Eastern merchants. 5-   The religions Islam and Buddhism came into direct contact with each other during the time period 600 to 1450 in the region of ___________. 6-   Both the _________ and Mongol Empires expanded their empire by conquering and dominating neighboring areas. 7-   A major impact of the __________ on Western Europe was the exposure to Eastern goods and technology which led to an increase in trade. 8-   The works of Leonardo da Vinci, the importance of the Medici family, and wealth of Mediterranean Sea trade are all statements which refer to the ___________. 9-   The term ___________ refers to the journey on slave ships from West Africa to the Americas. 10- The __________ caused the population of China to increase, the population of Native Americans to decline, introduced American foods to Europe, and introduced European diseases to the Americas. However, it did NOT introduce African diseases to Europe. Word Bank: Invasions, Confucius, Buddhism, Greece, Succession, Islam, Song, Samarkand, Japan, Western Europe

 1-   According to _________, the most important role of the scholar-gentry was to promote harmony through the administration of the state. 2-   After the expansion of ________ into West Africa, trade increased. 3-   Korea, Tibet, Vietnam, and _________ were all tributary states of China. However, India was NOT a tributary state of China. 4-   According to Islam, Muhammad was the messenger of God, all Muslims are equal under the eyes of God, Muslims should pray five times a day, and the hajj is the pilgrimage to Mecca. However, a clear line of _________ was NOT established after Muhammad’s death. 5-   The collapse of empire was more severe in Western Europe than it was in the eastern Mediterranean or China because continual waves of nomadic ________ made recovery difficult. 6-   Advancements of the T’ang or ________ dynasties included the first use of the compass, the invention of gunpowder, the printing press with movable type, and the use of paper money. However, the decimal system was NOT an advancement of these dynasties. 7-   "The unexamined life is not worth living." This quotation was an important part of philosophy in classical civilization in _________. 8-   In the time period 600 to 1450 CE, Dunhuang, Kashgar, and _________ were examples of oasis towns on the Silk Road. 9-   Christianity spread to the Middle East, _________, East Africa, and Central Asia by 600 C.E. However, it did NOT spread to East Asia. 10- Dharma and karma are important concepts in Hinduism and _________.  Word Bank: Ottoman, Bantu, Sugar, Questioned, Reciprocal, Canary, Mongol, Reason, Scientific, Yuan 1-     ___________ rule in Russia and China differed in that the Mongols became more involved in administration in China than in Russia. 2-     Historians studying linguistic syncretism would be most interested in the __________ migrations. 

3-     The __________ dynasty was brought down by the bubonic plague, economic distress, inefficient administration, and a breakdown in internal security. However, it was NOT brought down by foreign resistance to the Mongol Peace. 4-     The influence of nomadic peoples in Eurasia created a __________ relationship between nomads and settled peoples. 5-     The __________ Empire weakened because its technology fell behind that of Europe. 6-     Historians searching for the earliest models of European plantation slavery would need to study the history of the Madeira and _________ Islands. 7-     The trans-Atlantic slave trade increased after the establishment of __________ plantations. 8-     Both the Protestant Reformation and the Enlightenment __________ political authority. 9-     During the __________ Revolution, the value of research was emphasized, the nature of the universe was described, and some of its beliefs were openly opposed by the Roman Catholic Church. However, this Revolution was NOT modeled on Chinese philosophy. Chinese philosophy was not concerned with the application of science to everyday society. 10-  The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment both held that __________ could be used to improve humanity.  Word Bank: Cash Crops, Ottoman, Magellan’s, Silver, Mongols, Declined, Akbar the Great, Local, Americas, Peter the Great 1-   The global trade in __________ strengthened and integrated the world economy, increased outside interest in the Americas, increased the power of the Spanish crown, and led to the exploitation of indigenous labor in the Americas. However, it did NOT bypass the need for China in global trade. 2-   Sugar and tobacco are important examples of __________. 3-   The Manchus and the __________ were both nomadic people who conquered China. 4-   After Columbus’s encounter with the Americas, Native American population drastically __________. 5-   ___________ was a religiously tolerant ruler of the Mughal Empire.

 6-   A major difference between slavery in the Americas and Russian serfdom is that Russian serfs were the _________ peasant population, while slaves in the Americas came from Africa. 7-   The rulers of the _________ Empire were originally seminomadic Turks, had an elite fighting force of slave troops made of Christian boys, and had Islamic religious scholars serving in administrative functions. 8-   ___________ voyage around the world in 1519 resulted in Spanish claims in the Pacific. 9-   The inclusion of the ___________ in global trade distinguished the time period 1450 to 1750 from earlier time periods. 10- __________ modernized the army and navy, encouraged western-style dress, traveled abroad to study technology, and increased trading relations with Western Europe to westernize Russia. However, he did NOT institute a parliamentary style government.  Word Bank: Counter-Reformation, Silver, Fur, Reformation, Native American, Bartolomé de las Casas, Peter the Great, Ottoman, Russia, Monoculture 1-   The main accomplishment of __________ was to help end the harsh treatment of Indians by Spanish conquistadors. 2-   The precious metal most sought by the Spanish and Portuguese in the Americas was _________. 3-   In the Americas, the Spanish and Portuguese relied on large-scale plantation _________. 4-   __________ victims of the Spanish conquest perished primarily by means of diseases such as smallpox and measles. 5-   The French were most interested in finding _________ in the New World. 6-   _________ colonized Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. 7-   The purpose of the __________ was to reorganize and reform the Catholic Church and increase its public appeal. 8-   Europeans joined Protestant churches during the _________ because many felt that the Catholic Church was too concerned with wealth and power; many people saw the Catholic Church as hypocritical and corrupt; and many people saw the

Catholic Church as too bureaucratic but they did NOT join Protestant churches because Roman Catholic priests stopped performing rituals. 9-   _________ changed Russia’s geopolitical orientation by focusing its foreign affairs more on Europe than Asia. 10- During the 1500s, the __________ leaders were fairly religiously tolerant and efficient in governing their territory.  Word Bank: Mughals, Tokugawa Shogunate, Spanish Conquistadores, Renaissance, Muslim, Mechanistic, Qing, Papal, Columbian Exchange, Enlightenment 1-   After 1603, the _________ disallowed any Japanese from traveling outside the home islands. 2-   __________ paintings were characterized by the use of perspective, realism, an emphasis on light striking the subject, and large frescoes on walls. However, these paintings were NOT characterized by epic romantic scenes from nature. 3-   __________ philosophy was a threat to European monarchies because it suggested the idea of individual liberty and rights. 4-   The _________ rulers of China segregated themselves from their subjects by forcing Chinese men to wear their hair in a long braid, disallowing marriage between Manchu and Chinese, not allowing Chinese to learn the Manchu language, and forbidding Chinese to travel to Manchuria. However, they did NOT separate themselves by not using the traditional examination system to choose government officials. They did indeed use the traditional examination system. 5-   In the late Middle Ages one of the causes of the decline of _________ authority was the massive mortality rate during the Black Death. 6-   The late ________ created discontent among their people by discriminating against Hindus and promoting Islamic law. 7-   Central to the thinking of 17th century scientists in Europe was a _________ view of the human body and the world at large. 8-   The Aztec and Inca civilizations were unable to defend themselves against the aggression and weaponry of the ____________. 9-   Renaissance interest in the Greek and Roman texts was due in large part to the reintroduction of these texts from the ________ world. 

10- A significant effect of the _________ was that American foods were introduced to European diets.

 Word Bank: Trade, Feudalism, Mongol, Venice, Muhammad, Mayan, Ming, T’ang, Turks, Chivalry 1-   The strongest basis of the _________ economy was agriculture, which produced maize, beans, and cocoa. 2-   Japanese _________ resulted in part because of the failure of the Heian to govern efficiently. 3-   The term ________ is most like bushido. 4-   Melakka and ________ are important examples of trading ports. 5-   After the fall of the Mongol Empire, the _________ dynasty reunited China. 6-   The _________ and the Mongols were pastoral nomads originally from the Central Asian steppes. 7-   During the ________ dynasty, the Grand Canal was completed, the capital city was the largest in the world, the empire expanded its territory to Tibet and Korea, and Buddhists were persecuted toward the end of the empire. However, the government did NOT discourage trade and foreign influence. 8-   The _________ Empire declined because of administrative problems owing to the large territory governed. 9-   In the period 600 to 1450 CE, long-distance _________ flourished. 10- Written evidence about the life of _________ is largely found in the Qu’ran.

 Word Bank: Ashoka, Tanzimat, Middle Class, Romanticism, Slaves, Akbar the Great, Zulu, Ferdinand Magellan, Thirty Years’ War, Indonesia 1-   Founded late in the 1600s by Osei Tutu, the Asante (Ashanti) state took part in the flourishing trade in gold and _________ on Africa’s west coast. Using their profits to buy guns, Asante became a strong military power. Not until 1900 were the British able to subdue the Asante. Next to the Zulu of South Africa, the Asante were the most challenging of the Europeans’ military foes in Africa.  

2-   The ________, a Bantu-speaking people, had been relatively quiet and peaceful before 1800. Around 1816, however, a new chieftain, Shaka, seized power and united the various Zulu clans into a single tribe. A military leader of tremendous skill, Shaka would later be thought of by many Europeans as the "Black Napoleon." He taught his people how to fight in an organized, efficient fashion. Under Shaka, this ethnic group became a warlike, conquering tribe. Even after his death in 1828, this ethnic group remained a deadly force. 3-   From 1839 through 1876, the Ottoman government introduced a wide-ranging set of changes known as the ________ reforms. These reforms emphasized greater religious tolerance for the many non-Muslims living in the empire, reform of the legal system, the creation of schools that would teach Western science and technology, the establishment of national telegraph and postal systems, and more. These reforms even included discussing the possibility of a constitution. Another effect of the reforms was to give women greater access to education. However, none of these measures solved the Ottoman Empire’s problems.  4-   Religious wars between Catholic and Protestant continued into the 1600s. They climaxed with the long, brutal _________ (1618-1648). This conflict was a huge cataclysm that began as a religious dispute between Protestant Bohemians in the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic authorities. Eventually, it drew in most of Europe’s major nations. 5-   The best-known of the Mauryan emperors was ________ (269-232 B.C.E.). A great warrior as a youth, this ruler converted to Buddhism and became an advocate of peace and tolerance after a particularly bloody battle. He was admired for his justice and wisdom, and he remains famous for his efforts to create harmony between Buddhists, Hindus, and worshippers of other traditions. He even ordered his words for peace and tolerance carved on columns to be displayed throughout his empire. These columns are sometimes referred to as the Pillars or the Edicts of this ruler. 6-   European society began to change during the eighteenth century. The vast majority of people in Europe were still peasants and the royal families and noble classes made up a very small aristocracy. However, a steadily increasing percentage of people began to make their living by some means other than agriculture. They became craftsmen, artisans, or shopkeepers. They entered the world of banking and finance or became doctors or lawyers. These people began to make up what is now referred to as the _________. 7-   _________ (sailing for Spain) led an expedition to circumnavigate the world. Hoping to cross both oceans, his ships left Europe in 1519 and traversed the Atlantic. They then rounded the tip of South America and made their way through the Pacific. Although this explorer died in the Philippine Islands, his crew reached India, sailed to Africa, then returned to Europe in 1522. This made his expedition the first to ever circumnavigate the globe and in the process led to Spain claiming

the Philippines as a Spanish colony. Indeed, the Philippines are named for King Philip II of Spain. 8-   Mughal rule reached its peak under ________ (1556-1605), the grandson of Babur. This ruler created the bureaucratic machinery and administrative structure that allowed the Mughals to govern the country efficiently. The tax codes and legal system operated fairly. Overall, his reign was one of prosperity. However, he was also famed for his religious tolerance. Not only did he allow non-Muslims to worship as they wished, but he worked actively to encourage friendly relations among Muslims, Buddhists, and Hindus. He made sure that a specific percentage of government officials were Hindu, and he himself married a Hindu princess. Near the end of his life, he attempted to create a new, inclusive religion called the Divine Faith, but it did not survive his death. 9-   The Netherlands’ chief colony in Southeast Asia was _________. Dutch rule over this colony continued to be the responsibility of the centuries-old Dutch East India Company, which handed much responsibility over to upper-class natives, trained and educated in the Western style. 10- The principal cultural movement in Western Europe in the late 1700s and early 1800s was ________. It represented a backlash against the logic- and reason-oriented outlook of the Enlightenment. It placed a premium on emotion and passion, the self-realization of the individual, heroism, and a love of the natural world. Word Bank: Local, Fieldworkers, Congo, Male, Malaria, Berlin Conference, Fashoda Incident, Ethiopia, "Scramble for Africa", Rubber 1-   One of the major consequences of colonial rule was that many African families were broken up. Husbands often went to work in mines or on plantations, while wives and children stayed behind in villages and on reserves. Women were left to grow food for their families for mere survival and to care for the sick and aged. In general, African men benefited more from the economic changes brought by colonial rule than African women did. In regions where colonial officials introduced private property rights, property was given to ________ heads of households, not women.   2-   Prior to European imperialism, although women in sub-Saharan Africa tended to be treated as subservient to men and patriarchal attitudes existed, women were often valued for their labor as ________ and for producing heirs.  3-   In 1884-1885, the influential diplomat Otto von Bismarck presided over the _________, which resulted from tension caused by conflicting European claims over pieces of Africa. This meeting set down rules by which the powers of Europe agreed to expand further into Africa. It was decided that no European nation could make

new claims in Africa without demonstrating "effective occupation." Claimants also had to make their intentions clear to all other nations who had signed the agreement. 4-   The colonial boundaries European leaders agreed on in Africa failed to take into account ________ conditions. The colonial boundaries intersected with the traditional borders of more than 177 ethnic groups, compromising the natural economic and social development of dozens of areas. The European boundaries were artificial creations that sometimes divided ethnic groups or grouped diverse ethnic groups together in one territory. These borders would create lasting problems and sometimes lead to civil wars after independence. 5-   In 1896, the Italians had attempted to conquer ________. King Menelik II had prepared well by purchasing modern rifles for his army and hiring Western mercenaries to train his troops. The Italians were prevented from taking this land by their humiliating defeat at the Battle of Adowa, which ranks as one of the most embarrassing setbacks in the entire history of European imperialism. 6-   Belgium gained control over one of the largest African colonies; the vast ________ basin. Starting in 1876, King Leopold II of Belgium, working with the Anglo-American explorer Henry Stanley as his manager, established the International Association of this region. This was a private company formed in Leopold’s name for the economic development of the region. Leopold’s exploitation of the region was brutal. 7-   The Belgium occupiers of Leopold’s African colony overexploited ________ trees and vines throughout the region. Belgian-owned plantations brutally forced villagers to meet their quotas. A particularly vile practice was the policy of Belgian overseers to chop off the right hands of workers who did not harvest enough of this natural resource. Even worse was the massacre of workers that Belgian colonists sometimes carried out. Before the Belgians arrived, the area’s population was around 20 million. By 1911, only about 8.5 million people remained. 8-   From the 1880s to the beginning of World War I in 1914, the states of Europe became caught up in a breathlessly rapid _________. Nation after nation fell, until, on the eve of World War I, only two countries in Africa - Ethiopia and Liberia - remained free. 9-   The development of effective medicines to treat tropical diseases - such as quinine for ________ - enabled large numbers of Westerners to move into the African interior after the 1840s. Prior to these medicinal advancements, Europeans stayed largely on the coast because tropical diseases threatened their health. 10- Although the Berlin Conference helped to prevent a European war over Africa, it did not keep general tensions from rising steadily. In 1896, France and Britain almost came to blows as a result of the ________, in which French troops moving

eastward into the Nile Valley encountered British soldiers who regarded the whole region as belonging to them. The French eventually withdrew, but not before a short war scare.  Word Bank:  "Eastern Question", Domestic, "Scramble for Africa", Berlin Conference, Russia, Taiping Rebellion, Hinduism, Eli Whitney, Suez Canal, Zanzibar 1-   In the period between 600 and 1450, Indian and European women were often workers in _________ industries and field workers. Indian and European women worked in producing textiles at home and in agriculture. In this time period, women did NOT have opportunities for political activism. While European women could be guild members, they could not be guild leaders. Patriarchal attitudes greatly restricted women’s roles.   2-   _________ developed many of its ideas from the Vedas. The Vedas, oral literature introduced by the Aryans, became the basis of this belief system. The caste system, which some scholars believe was based on skin color, developed shortly after the arrival of the Aryans to the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.E. Reincarnation, the rebirth of the soul, could produce movement to a higher or lower caste, depending on one’s karma. This belief system greatly affected the lives of many individuals in the Indian subcontinent. 3-   By the fifteenth century, ________ had forged the closest cultural ties with the Byzantine Empire. Indeed since the tenth century, this nation had traded extensively with the Byzantine Empire and had adopted the Eastern Orthodox religion. The conquest of Byzantium in 1453 did not diminish the cultural ties with Byzantium. From religion to the Cyrillic alphabet, the old Byzantine Empire lives in this nation. 4-   The 1793 invention of the cotton gin by American engineer ________ transformed the international textile trade. One of the factors that limited the ability of steam-driven machines such as the spinning jenny, the flying shuttle, and the power loom to speed up the textile industry was the fact that cleaning raw cotton balls by hand took a long time. The cotton gin changed this, enabling enough clean cotton to be produced to keep pace with the machines. Tragically, the cotton gin made slave-based cotton production extremely profitable, thereby prolonging slavery in the United States. 5-   For centuries, the Middle East and most of North Africa had been in the hands of the Ottoman Empire. However, the Ottoman Empire was collapsing and the ________ - how to fill in the power vacuum left behind by the Ottomans’ decline - became a central question in global politics. During the last half of the 1800s, large portions of this region were seized by Europeans, especially the French and British.

 6-   During the 1870s, Egypt, an autonomous part of the Ottoman Empire, had fallen under French and British influence. The reason was that both of these Western countries had financed the construction of the _________, which opened in 1869. This strategic waterway was a vital link between Europe and the Mediterranean and the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. In particular, Britain viewed this waterway as vital for it led to the "jewel in the crown" - the British colony of India. 7-   The character of African colonization changed considerably after 1880. From then until 1910s, European nations raced madly to take over territory in Africa. And thanks to better maps, industrial-era weapons, and medicines that were effective against tropical diseases like malaria, European armies and colonizers were able to penetrate every part of what the West thought of prejudicially as the "Dark Continent". The ________ grew so intense that it almost sparked war in Europe several times. 8-   The _________ of 1884 to 1885, presided over by Otto von Bismarck, laid down guidelines for the European colonization of Africa and played a certain role in keeping the peace. By 1914, only two nations in Africa remained free: Liberia, whose independence was guaranteed by the United States, because it had been founded by freed American slaves, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia), which had armed itself with modern weapons and driven off Italian efforts to conquer it.  9-   The ________ was started by Hong Xiuquan, a Cantonese clerk educated partly by Protestant missionaries. Having failed his civil-service examination, he began to have visions in which he became convinced that he was Jesus Christ’s younger brother. Although the movement ultimately was crushed, it was a costly and devastating civil war. 10- ________ was the center of the slave trade in East Africa. Although cloves, spices, sugar, and ivory flowed through this East African port, on a small island off the coast of Tanganyika, an even more important part of its economy was slavery. Ironically, just as the demand for slaves in the Atlantic was finally withering away, there was a major resurgence of the Arab-East African slave market. This resurgence had much to do with the growth of plantation agriculture in the area, fueled by the increased demand for sugar and spices. Indeed it took decades for the Western powers to eliminate the East African slave trade.

Word Bank: Adam Smith, Intellectuals, Class Struggle, Thomas Malthus, Textile, Bessemer Process, Britain, Abolish, Laissez-faire, David Ricardo 1-   Measuring industrial growth by major indicators such as iron, coal, steel, and cotton production, as well as railroad building, ________, the first country to industrialize, led the way for most of the 1800s. Only near the end of the century

did it start to lose ground to countries such as Germany and the United States. The parts of Europe that lagged behind were generally in the south and east. Russia remained overwhelmingly agricultural; and until 1861, economically stagnant, thanks to its reliance on the old-fashioned practice of serfdom.   2-   By the end of the 1700s, a number of economic thinkers began to argue that economies were more likely to flourish when they were left alone to function freely. These classical, or ________, economists theorized that competition, free trade, and the laws of supply and demand, operating by themselves, created greater wealth for all nations and people. 3-   The first major capitalist thinker was the Scottish philosopher ________. In his book, The Wealth of Nations (1776), he used the elegant metaphor of the "invisible hand" to describe how the laws of supply and demand naturally increased prosperity. He also demonstrated how markets when left alone will naturally fix themselves through these very laws of supply and demand. 4-   ________ wrote Essay on Population in 1799 and argued that population growth caused poverty. This economist reasoned that while population grew at a geometric rate, food supply grew at an arithmetic rate. He believed that war, disease, and starvation were natural mechanisms by which population growth was regulated. Of course, this pessimistic perspective led classical economics to be referred to as the "dismal science". 5-   A more radical form of socialism appeared later, during the 1840s. This was Marxism (also known as communism). It was originated by German philosophers and radicals, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The movement’s fundamental principles came from The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (8167-1894). Marx condemned capitalism and economic competition. Marx and Engels argued that historical development had always been driven by the _________. In the capitalist era, the bourgeoisie (factory owners, businessmen, and the middle class) exploited the proletariat (the industrial working class). Yet for Marx, this was the final stage of human history before the achievement of socialism for the workers of the world would unite and overthrow their bosses.  6-   According to Marx, after the revolution, a dictatorship of the proletariat would arise and ________ private property. This would lead to the end of social classes. With no rich and no poor, a society of complete economic equality would emerge. Over time, the dictatorship would wither away. Yet perhaps Marx had not considered that dictators generally do not forfeit their power and thus rarely do dictatorships wither away. 7-   While Marxism drew most of its strength from disgruntled workers; as a movement, it was often led by radicalized ________ who promoted communism as the way toward social equality and economic justice. Indeed most workers turned

to trade unions rather than radicalism. Over time, trade unionism led to higher wages, shorter workdays, safety regulations, and pensions. These reforms made the class struggle less of a struggle. 8-   _________ was the originator of the "iron law of wages". He stated that an employer will naturally pay his workers no more than whatever it takes to keep them at a subsistence level. If population growth expands more quickly than the economy, too many workers will compete for too few jobs. Wages will decline and those without jobs will starve. However, he believed that to interfere with this "iron law" would only lead to economic ruin. 9-   The first major trade to be fully power-driven and industrialized was the ________ industry. Indeed if the Industrial Revolution can be said to have had a beginning; it was the 1780s, when the steam engine was used to power machines in this industry in England. 10- The ________ allowed the cost-effective and reliable production of steel. It was perfected in the 1850s and created a cheap and easy way to make steel, which was stronger and more useful than iron.

 Word Bank: Lucknow Pact, Mohandas K. Gandhi, Satyagraha, British, Amritsar Massacre, Nonviolent, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Boycott, Bitter, Jawaharlal Nehru 1-   The most successful and most sustained freedom movement appeared in British-controlled India. The moving force in the subcontinent was the Indian National Congress (later the Congress Party), founded in 1885. After World War I, the dominant figure of the independence movement was ________. Because it had loyally supported Britain in World War I, mobilizing 1.2 million soldiers, India hoped it would gain greater autonomy after the war, perhaps even dominion status, like Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. But demonstrations and protests, organized largely by nationalists, led to clashes with the British. The British did not want to part with their "jewel in the crown." 2-   In 1919, British troops fired on unarmed protestors in India, killing 379 and wounding 1,137. This ________ led to chaos. The British imposed a strict crackdown on demonstrations and demonstrators while Gandhi went to prison. This event was a turning point in the Indian independence movement. Increasingly, Indians wanted independence not just greater autonomy. 3-   Whether free or in prison, Gandhi - by now known increasingly as Mahatma, or "Great Soul" - preached the policy of nonviolent resistance to British authority. Based partly on Hindu religious principles, this policy was called ________, or "hold to truth." An example of this in action came when the British imposed a high tax on the salt they sold to India. Rather than protest violently, Gandhi led 50,000 people on a 200-mile march to the seashore, where they began to make salt illegally by

drying out seawater. When the British arrived, Gandhi allowed himself to be arrested peacefully. Of course, this is also an example of civil disobedience. In civil disobedience, a protester knowingly breaks an unjust law and willing faces the consequences.  4-   Gandhi was freed in 1931. He continued to work with the Congress Party, but as a guiding force rather than a politician. The political leader of the Congress, and Gandhi’s working partner, was a young lawyer and intellectual, _________. The spiritual, traditional Gandhi and the modern, secular young lawyer pressed the British for greater reform. In 1935, the British granted a liberal constitution that was a long step forward on the path toward eventual self-rule. In 1937, Gandhi and this lawyer began their "Quit India" campaign, trying to convince the British to leave altogether. The advent of World War II delayed the British withdrawal, but India would gain its freedom in 1947, soon after the war.  5-   The Congress Party was not the only force pressing for Indian independence. Muslims had their own freedom movement. Although during World War I, with the ________ of 1916, Muslims and Hindus had pledged to work together for greater autonomy from the British, they began to go separate ways during the 1920s. 6-   By 1930, a Muslim League, led by _________, had formed. It paralleled the Congress Party’s independence efforts, but is aims were different. The Muslim League called for the creation of a separate Muslim state called Pakistan, or "land of the pure."  7-   The failure of the Muslim League and the Congress Party to resolve their differences peacefully would lead to great bloodshed when independence was finally achieved in 1947.  Rioting occurred between Hindus and Muslims when the subcontinent was partitioned. It would also lay the foundation for the _______ Indo-Pakistani rivalry that still persists. 8-   The best description of Satyagraha, Gandhi’s "soul force" or "truth force" is the policy of ________ resistance mixed with Hindu principle that was preached by Mohandas K. Gandhi. 9-   The violent suppression of demonstrators by ________ troops at Amritsar almost plunged India into full-scale civil war. 10- Mohandas K. Gandhi encouraged Indians to _______ British goods. By refusing to buy British goods, Gandhi hoped to take the profits out of imperialism. If imperialism was not profitable, the British would leave India. By using boycotts and acts of civil disobedience, Gandhi taught the British that a handful of British officers could not rule the subcontinent if the people of the subcontinent refused to cooperate. Nonviolent noncooperation encouraged the British to "Quit India."

 Word Bank: Japanese, Chiang Kai-shek, Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere, Yuan Shikai, Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), Peasant, Warlords, "Rape of Nanjing", Tiananmen Square, League of Nations 1-   Although China experienced a revolution in 1911, the government formed by Dr. Sun Yat-sen was forced to give up the presidency in 1912 to General ________, in order to gain support of the armed forces. In the face of the General’s growing traditionalism and dictatorialism, Sun and the Kuomintang found themselves in opposition to the government. In 1913, the General disbanded the Kuomintang-dominated parliament. In response, the Kuomintang began a revolution. It failed, and Sun fled to Japan. Yuan ruled until his death in 1916.  2-   By the 1920s, China had slipped into anarchy. _________ and bandits took control of vast stretches of the country. In 1920, Dr. Sun Yat-sen and the Nationalists returned to the mainland, establishing a base at Canton and throughout southern China. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), founded by radicals at Beijing University in 1921, became a major force. A deadly external threat came from Japan, whose imperial ambitions grew during and after World War I.  3-   The military government in Beijing attempted to revive Confucian principles, while younger students and intellectuals embraced progressive concepts such as democracy, technology, and science. The clearest example of popular activism came on May 4, 1919, when thousands of students came to _________ in Beijing to protest against the military government. The immediate cause of the May Fourth Movement was the government’s willingness to allow Japan to annex Shantung Province, Germany’s former concession in China. Underlying that specific issue, however, was the desire for political and social reform. As for China’s other major political parties, the Chinese Communist Party was progressive while the Kuomintang was torn between the past and the future. 4-   By the mid-1920s, the real political forces in China were the Nationalists and the Communists. From 1923 through April 1927, both parties had cooperated to drive warlords and foreign powers out of China. Sun Yat-sen had died of cancer, leaving the leadership of the Kuomintang to _________, a Western-educated officer who was also farther to the right than Sun had been. By early, 1927, the Nationalist-Communist alliance, in its Northern Expedition, had gained control of China south of the Yangtze River, including the major cities of Shanghai and Nanjing. At this point, the Nationalists turned against the Communists.  5-   In April 1927, Chiang Kai-shek murdered thousands of Communists in Shanghai. Most of the rest of the party was driven far to the north, under the revolutionary ________. Chiang completed the Northern Expedition in 1928, gaining control over Beijing. That same year, he established the Nanjing Republic, a Kuomintang-dominated regime that combined Westernization with mild authoritarianism. Chiang proclaimed his allegiance to Dr Sun Yat-sen’s Three

Principles of the People, and made some attempts to create a constitutional government and an industrial economy. However, general backwardness, the foreign threat of Japanese imperialism, and warlord anarchy hampered Chiang’s efforts. 6-   Against incredible odds, Mao Tse-tung kept the Chinese Communist Party alive, leading it on the Long March (1934-1935), far to the north. At Yenan, the Communists established a base from which they would launch military operations against the Nationalists during the late 1930s. Mao’s central strategy was to make communism appealing to China’s vast ________ masses, rather than concentrating on the small industrial working class in the cities.  7-   In 1937, _______ forces would land on the Chinese mainland, starting a three-way conflict among China’s Nationalists, Mao’s Communists, and the invading armies. 8-   In September 1931, Japan seized all of Manchuria from China, turning it into a puppet kingdom, Manchukuo, ruled by Henry Pu-yi, who had been China’s last emperor before 1911. Shortly afterward, Japan withdrew from the ________. In 1932, Japan’s prime minister was assassinated by right-wing extremists. Moderates and leftists were persecuted informally during the mid-1930s. By 1941, the Japanese military, under Hideki Tojo, had gained control of the parliamentary government. The military was able to dominate the young emperor, Hirohito, who had taken the throne in 1926. 9-   The Japanese began a full-scale war in Asia in 1937. After a military clash with Chinese forces at the Marco Polo Bridge in July, the Japanese decided to seize as much of mainland Asia as possible. Proclaiming a "New Order" in Asia, the Japanese invaded in full force, committing dreadful atrocities against the civilian population. The ________ in December 1937 included the massacre of 200,000 to 300,000 noncombatants, including women and children. The Japanese war against the Chinese would continue throughout the 1930s and all during World War II. 10- In 1938 and 1939, the Japanese clashed with the Soviets on the Siberian borderland, but were turned back. The war then spread to Southeast Asia, as Japan attempted to drive out the French and British, establishing its own empire, which it referred to as the _________.  Word Bank: Weimar Republic, Five-Year Plans, Secular, Great Depression, Collectivization, Mustafa Kemal, Benito Mussolini, Racial Purity, Fascism, World War I 1-   In general, the 1920s and 1930s were not good years for democracy in Europe. In 1920, after the conclusion of the Paris Peace Conference, there were 23 governments in Europe that could be considered democratic. By 1939, on the eve of

World War II, there were only 12. Most of the new states of central and eastern Europe fell victim to political extremism, especially during the 1930s, when inflation and especially, mass unemployment caused by the _________ made it difficult to maintain a healthy form of government. 2-   In the fall of 1917, Lenin and Trotsky overthrew the Provisional Government [the government established in Russia after the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II]. From then until 1921, Lenin and the Bolsheviks pulled out of _________, formed the Soviet government, and fought and won the terrible Russian Civil War (which pitted the Bolshevik Red Army against their anticommunist enemies, called Whites). From 1921 till his death in 1924, Lenin tightened his grip on power and attempted to modernize the Soviet Union along Marxist lines. 3-   Vladimir Lenin died in 1924. A half-decade succession struggle followed, during which Joseph Stalin defeated Leon Trotsky for control over the Soviet government. Stalin became one of the most brutal dictators of all time. Even more rapidly and intensely than Lenin had, Stalin modernized the USSR, starting in 1928. His _________ were intended to transform the Soviet Union from an overwhelmingly agricultural state into a modern industrial state. 4-   Joseph Stalin’s __________ of agriculture - the placement of all peasants on state-run farms - was meant to rationalize farming, increase governmental control over the countryside, and harness the labor of the peasants (profits generated by agriculture was used to pay for the Five-Year Plans). 5-   In Italy, dictatorship came from the right. After World War I, Italy was rocked by economic depression and political turmoil. Strikes, communist agitation, and constant turnover in the government brought the country to the edge of chaos. The middle and upper classes, frightened of social breakdown and left-wing revolution, looked for a strong leader to restore stability. They turned to _________, the right-wing anti-communist leader of the Fascist Party. 6-   _________ is a difficult political concept to define. It can best be described as right-wing radicalism or revolution from the right. This makes it different from ordinary right-wing conservatism, which seeks to prevent change. The purpose of this system is to bring about change. It is anti-communist, but also anti-capitalist and anti-democratic. It is often characterized by hyper-nationalism and a state-sponsored campaign of racial and ethnic bigotry. 7-   In Germany, from the right, there appeared Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Party: an anti-communist, anti-democratic party that, after Mussolini’s rise to power in Italy, consciously imitated fascism in many ways. The Nazi Party was also obsessed with the notion of _________. They hated all minorities, but especially Jews, whom they viewed as "subhuman" and the source of all of Germany’s troubles.  

8-   From 1919 to 1933, Germany was governed by a democratic regime, the _________, which replaced the empire of the Kaisers. This government was dogged by economic trouble (hyperinflation during the early 1920s wiped out the value of the German mark), the burden of war payments, widespread resentment of the Treaty of Versailles (which this government had been forced to sign), crushed national pride because of defeat in World War I, and the rise of extremist political parties, like Adolf Hitler’s Nazi Party. 9-   After World War I, the Turks lost most of their Middle Eastern territories to France and Britain. Greece, with Allied permission, was threatening to seize Turkey’s western provinces. In the midst of this crisis, a new leader emerged: _________, a colonel who had fought bravely against the British landing at Gallipoli in 1915. This new leader formed a new government in the city of Ankara, drove the Greeks from the Turkish mainland, and negotiated a new treaty with the Allies. In 1923, the last sultan fled the country. The Ottoman Empire was no more. In its place, this new leader established the Turkish Republic and became its first president. He took the title Atatürk, meaning "father of the Turks." 10- Atatürk ruled Turkey from 1923 till his death in 1938. He labored to create a modern, ________ state in Turkey. He wrote a constitution, and, despite the fact that he was quite authoritarian, he made the pretense of acting like a democratic ruler. Industrialization, Western dress, and Western education were encouraged. Turkish was written in the Roman alphabet. Church and state were separated, and shar’ia, the Islamic law code, was replaced by a European legal system. Women were no longer required to wear the veil. They received the right to vote in 1934, and they were encouraged to become educated and join the workforce. To this day, Turkey’s status as the most Westernized state in the Middle East, next to Israel, is a direct legacy of Atatürk’s policies.  Word Bank: Autonomy, Austria, Zimmerman Telegram, Dismantle, Vladimir Lenin, Vote, Fourteen Points, Sepoys, Spanish Flu, Treaty of Versailles 1-     Perhaps the most striking effect World War I had on the home front involved the role of women. With so many men serving in the armed forces, factories, farms, and workplaces of all types were left understaffed, just as wartime economic pressures required greater not lesser, production. In all major countries, women stepped up to take the place of men in the workplace. Thanks largely to the economic role women played during the war, in most Western nations, women gained the right to _________ after World War I.  2-     The __________ imposed the following terms on defeated Germany after World War I: A War-Guilt Clause [Germany was assigned full blame for the war in Article 231]; Germany lost approximately 13 percent of its territory [the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine were given to France and the Rhineland, the borderland

between France and Germany, was to be occupied until 1935 and then demilitarized]; Germany was stripped of all its colonies; Germany was forced to disarm; and Germany was forced to pay reparations - to pay the full cost of the war - $32 billion. 3-     France and Britain mobilized native troops in Africa during World War I. Although most of them played a support role, some saw combat in the skirmishing that took place in Africa against German colonial troops. The French also brought African troops to the Western Front. Britain also mobilized Indian _________, Sikhs, and Nepalese Gurkhas to combat in the Middle East. 4-     The most important non-European theatre in World War I was the Middle East. In 1915, the British using Australian and New Zealand troops, tried to knock Ottoman Turkey out of the war by landing at Gallipoli, southwest of Istanbul. The campaign proved to be a disaster, resulting in 50 percent casualties. More successful was the effort of T.E. Lawrence, better known as Lawrence of Arabia, who persuaded the Arab princes to rise up against their Ottoman masters. By 1917 and 1918, the British, in conjunction with their Arab allies, were able to _________ what was left of the Ottoman’s Middle Eastern Empire. 5-     After the Paris Peace Conference, Arab leaders were frustrated by the limited _________ granted them as mandate states. According to the mandate system, former Ottoman lands in the Middle East were placed under temporary French and British control and the League of Nations [an international peacekeeping organization founded at the end of World War I] would help supervise these areas, which were to be prepared for eventual independence. 6-     Besides submarine warfare, Germany’s attempt to persuade Mexico to declare war on the United States helped induce the United States to declare war on Germany. Yes, American opinion turned against Germany with the revelation of the _________, in which Germany encouraged Mexico to declare war on the United States in return for land. 7-     During World War I, Russia was collapsing. The Russian state was not prepared for war on the Eastern Front. Russia was not fully industrialized and Russian troops suffered many losses. The tsarist regime fell in March 1917, and although a new government attempted to continue the war effort, the Russian army was in full retreat. When _________ and the Bolsheviks staged their communist takeover in October-November 1917, they immediately took steps to pull their country out of war. 8-     A global epidemic of _________ struck during the closing months of World War I. This epidemic killed almost 20 million people worldwide. 9-     After World War I, peace terms were decided at the Paris Peace Conference, which lasted from 1919 to 1920. All decisions were made by the leaders of the

victorious Allied nations. All delegates from the defeated Central Powers were excluded. The major players were President Woodrow Wilson of the United States, Prime Minister David Lloyd George of Britain, Premier George Clemenceau of France, and Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando of Italy. The Allies drew up five treaties, one for each defeated power: Germany, _________, Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. 10-  In Woodrow Wilson’s famous __________, the U.S. President called for an end to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, free trade, arms reduction, decolonization, the rearrangement of European borders, and the establishment of an international dispute-resolution body called the League of Nations. However, most of the victorious leaders wanted to punish the defeated nations rather than making the world "safe for democracy."   Word Bank: Emilio Aguinaldo, Thailand, Philippines, Elite, Serbia, Archduke Francis Ferdinand, Rubber, La Mission Civilisatrice, Trench Warfare, Schlieffen Plan 1-   The last major colonial takeover in Southeast Asia was the annexation of the _________ by the United States, in 1898. Annexation was the result of U.S. victory in the Spanish-American War. Although the conflict centered on Cuba, the United States sent a fleet under Commodore George Dewey to neutralize the Spanish naval forces at Manila Bay. Dewey easily decimated the Spanish at sea. Then, with the assistance of native Filipinos (who, at first, regarded the Americans as liberators), U.S. troops landed, defeated Spanish ground troops, and occupied the islands. American victory resulted in Spain’s being stripped of all its colonies. This action raised the question of what was to be done with this archipelago in Southeast Asia. After a great deal of debate, the American government chose to turn the islands into a U.S. colony.  2-   The only state on the Southeast Asian mainland that remained independent throughout the nineteenth century was ________. This was due both to good leadership and good luck. Much like the Emperor Meiji in Japan, King Mongkut and his successor, King Chulalongkorn, were modernizing monarchs, introducing industrialization and Western-style reform into their country. This nation’s geographic setting was also fortunate. The country lay between British-controlled Burma and French-dominated Indochina, and both European powers agreed informally that it would be mutually convenient to let it serve as an independent buffer zone between their colonies.  3-   From 1857 to 1859, France pressured Vietnam’s Nguyen dynasty into accepting foreign rule. Cambodia followed in 1863, and Laos came under French control in 1893. Indochina was the source of many valuable raw materials, but most profitable to the French were chrome, oil, bauxite, tin, and _______, which were

becoming increasingly important to new industrial processes developed at the end of the century. 4-   The French model of imperialism in Southeast Asia was similar, but not identical to that of Britain’s in India and Southeast Asia. The French placed more emphasis on religious conversion than the British did. The French exploited the economy, but in accordance with their ideal of ________, they also brought modern science and technology to their colonies in Southeast Asia. 5-   The French educated and often converted to Catholicism a local _______ of upper class, Westernized natives in Southeast Asia. Ultimately, Western-educated colonial subjects would lead independence movements, particularly after reading about the ideals of the European Enlightenment! 6-   The great tragedy of America’s colonization of the Philippines was that it had to be carried out by means of a savage war in the islands’ jungles. Native Filipinos, having first thought the Americans had come to free them, now fought their new masters-to-be. A guerrilla force led by ________ resisted the American takeover until 1901, and U.S. suppression of his forces proved to be exceptionally bloody.  7-   World War I began in the Balkans, famously known as the "powder keg of Europe." The actual spark that exploded the powder keg was the assassination of the _________, heir to the Austrian throne, and his wife Sophie, on June 28, 1914, in the Bosnian city of Sarajevo. Austria’s 1908 annexation of this Slavic province, with its large Serbian population, had angered not only Russia, but Serbia, which was by now an independent nation with ambitions to grow larger. The assassin was a Bosnian student of Serb descent and a member of a terrorist group that received money and arms from Serbia. 8-   The assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne on June 28, 1914, caused an international outrage. Austria blamed _______ for the murders and determined to use them as a pretext to humble its troublesome neighbor once and for all. On July 23, Austria handed this nation an ultimatum, a list of humiliating demands, and threatened to declare war if this nation did not agree to all of them. 9-   Germany’s ________ in World War I called for a dangerous gamble: Germany would send 75 percent of its army against France, in order to capture Paris and knock France out of the war in six weeks. The rest of the army, along with the Austrians, would defend against Russia, which was expected to take months to mobilize fully. To catch the French off guard, the main attack force would move through Belgium, which was neutral. Germany was faced with a two-front ground war against France and Russia, not to mention the long-term threat of the British navy. It was hoped that this idea would help.  10- During the rest of 1914, two European fronts, the Western Front and Eastern Front, took shape. The two were very different. In the west, stalemate prevailed.

Both sides were evenly matched and armed with the latest in industrial-era weaponry. Artillery, machine guns, and modern rifles had made the battlefield so deadly that traditional tactics, which involved charging the enemy, were no longer feasible. Military technology disproportionately favored the defensive. The result was ________, one of the most horrific styles of combat in human history.  Word Bank: Democracy, Russo-Japanese War, The Congress of Vienna, Sun Yat-sen, Civil War, Stratified, Militaristic, Empress Dowager Cixi, Tokugawa, Qing 1-   After the defeat of Napoleon, a distinctly conservative political order settled over Europe. This was largely due to the peace settlement that followed the Napoleonic Wars, _________ (1814-1815). The countries that dominated were Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain. Even defeated France took part in discussions. At this meeting, the great powers redrew the map of Europe, decided not to allow the German states or Italian states to unify, restored the old order, and sought to achieve a balance of power.  2-   Not until 1878 did a strong leader emerge in China and unfortunately, this leader was adamantly opposed to modernizing reform. This leader was the ________, who "ruled" China from 1878 to her death in 1908. A concubine to the emperor in the 1850s, she became a major figure at the Qing court. In 1878, she managed to place her nephew Guangxu on the imperial throne and gain for herself the position of regent. This "ruler" opposed all reform, which she regarded as pro-Western treason. 3-   Many younger Chinese had opposed Manchu domination and favoured Western-style modernization. The most important of these revolutionaries was _________ (1866-1925), the father of modern China. During the early 1900s, he united a number of opposition groups into a movement called the Revolutionary Alliance. He hoped to carry out a government takeover that would progress from military revolt to the formation of a constitutional democracy. 4-   The _________ regime collapsed in 1911. In the fall, a major uprising began in the central Chinese industrial region of Wuhan. Although Sun Yat-sen, the Chinese nationalist, was actually in the United States at the time, his movement was at the forefront of the rebellion. The uprising spread, and Sun returned from America. A Chinese Republic was founded by the beginning of 1912, with Sun as its president. His party was now called the Nationalist Party, or Kuomintang. For the first time in recorded Chinese history, the country was not ruled by an imperial dynasty or foreign conqueror, but by a politician brought to office by popular action. 5-   The People’s Principles of Dr. Sun Yat-sen were Nationalism (which primarily meant opposition to Manchu rule), ________, and People’s Livelihood. 

6-   The Chinese Republic was destined to have a short and stormy history. Sun Yat-sen would be forced to step aside as president shortly after coming to power. Confusion, decentralization, political breakdown, and _________ would characterize the 1910s through the 1940s. In 1949, the republic would be destroyed, and a communist government would take its place. 7-   In the 1750s, Japan was ruled by the _________ clan, which had seized control of the country at the beginning of the 1600s. The form of government was still the shogunate. Although, technically, supreme power rested with the emperor, real power belonged to the shogun, who ran the country in the emperor’s name. At the top of Japanese society was the samurai class, the warrior aristocracy from Japan’s feudal era. 8-   The Tokugawa shoguns had centralized Japan and transformed it from a constantly warring collection of disunified states into a single country at peace. But the Tokugawa shoguns were also highly dictatorial, creating a rigidly ________ society that restricted social mobility, kept ordinary citizens out of politics, and allowed few personal freedoms. Tokugawa Japan also isolated itself from the rest of the world. 9-   Meiji Japan became increasingly ________. Nationalist sentiment ran high during the late 1800s and 1900s, helping spur the desire for empire building. Of course, Japan lacked natural resources and imperialistic endeavors would certainly provide the natural resources that Japan’s factories needed. It is important to remember that the Meiji Restoration in Japan had led to the modernization and industrialization of the nation. 10- An impressive triumph for Japan was the __________ (1904-1905). Competition over influence in Manchuria caused great tension between the two countries. The Japanese opened the war with a surprise attack on Russia’s Pacific naval base at Port Arthur. Tiny compared to Russia, Japan was nonetheless better prepared for the war. While a great victory for the Japanese, especially because it was the first time in the modern era that a non-Western nation had defeated a European power, it was an embarrassment for the Russian tsar. In Russia, dissatisfaction with the tsar increased.  Word Bank: Ashoka, Tanzimat, Middle Class, Romanticism, Slaves, Akbar the Great, Zulu, Ferdinand Magellan, Thirty Years’ War, Indonesia 1-   Founded late in the 1600s by Osei Tutu, the Asante (Ashanti) state took part in the flourishing trade in gold and _________ on Africa’s west coast. Using their profits to buy guns, Asante became a strong military power. Not until 1900 were the British able to subdue the Asante. Next to the Zulu of South Africa, the Asante were the most challenging of the Europeans’ military foes in Africa. 

 2-   The ________, a Bantu-speaking people, had been relatively quiet and peaceful before 1800. Around 1816, however, a new chieftain, Shaka, seized power and united the various Zulu clans into a single tribe. A military leader of tremendous skill, Shaka would later be thought of by many Europeans as the "Black Napoleon." He taught his people how to fight in an organized, efficient fashion. Under Shaka, this ethnic group became a warlike, conquering tribe. Even after his death in 1828, this ethnic group remained a deadly force. 3-   From 1839 through 1876, the Ottoman government introduced a wide-ranging set of changes known as the ________ reforms. These reforms emphasized greater religious tolerance for the many non-Muslims living in the empire, reform of the legal system, the creation of schools that would teach Western science and technology, the establishment of national telegraph and postal systems, and more. These reforms even included discussing the possibility of a constitution. Another effect of the reforms was to give women greater access to education. However, none of these measures solved the Ottoman Empire’s problems.  4-   Religious wars between Catholic and Protestant continued into the 1600s. They climaxed with the long, brutal _________ (1618-1648). This conflict was a huge cataclysm that began as a religious dispute between Protestant Bohemians in the Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic authorities. Eventually, it drew in most of Europe’s major nations. 5-   The best-known of the Mauryan emperors was ________ (269-232 B.C.E.). A great warrior as a youth, this ruler converted to Buddhism and became an advocate of peace and tolerance after a particularly bloody battle. He was admired for his justice and wisdom, and he remains famous for his efforts to create harmony between Buddhists, Hindus, and worshippers of other traditions. He even ordered his words for peace and tolerance carved on columns to be displayed throughout his empire. These columns are sometimes referred to as the Pillars or the Edicts of this ruler. 6-   European society began to change during the eighteenth century. The vast majority of people in Europe were still peasants and the royal families and noble classes made up a very small aristocracy. However, a steadily increasing percentage of people began to make their living by some means other than agriculture. They became craftsmen, artisans, or shopkeepers. They entered the world of banking and finance or became doctors or lawyers. These people began to make up what is now referred to as the _________. 7-   _________ (sailing for Spain) led an expedition to circumnavigate the world. Hoping to cross both oceans, his ships left Europe in 1519 and traversed the Atlantic. They then rounded the tip of South America and made their way through the Pacific. Although this explorer died in the Philippine Islands, his crew reached India, sailed to Africa, then returned to Europe in 1522. This made his expedition

the first to ever circumnavigate the globe and in the process led to Spain claiming the Philippines as a Spanish colony. Indeed, the Philippines are named for King Philip II of Spain. 8-   Mughal rule reached its peak under ________ (1556-1605), the grandson of Babur. This ruler created the bureaucratic machinery and administrative structure that allowed the Mughals to govern the country efficiently. The tax codes and legal system operated fairly. Overall, his reign was one of prosperity. However, he was also famed for his religious tolerance. Not only did he allow non-Muslims to worship as they wished, but he worked actively to encourage friendly relations among Muslims, Buddhists, and Hindus. He made sure that a specific percentage of government officials were Hindu, and he himself married a Hindu princess. Near the end of his life, he attempted to create a new, inclusive religion called the Divine Faith, but it did not survive his death. 9-   The Netherlands’ chief colony in Southeast Asia was _________. Dutch rule over this colony continued to be the responsibility of the centuries-old Dutch East India Company, which handed much responsibility over to upper-class natives, trained and educated in the Western style. 10- The principal cultural movement in Western Europe in the late 1700s and early 1800s was ________. It represented a backlash against the logic- and reason-oriented outlook of the Enlightenment. It placed a premium on emotion and passion, the self-realization of the individual, heroism, and a love of the natural world.  Word Bank: Local, Fieldworkers, Congo, Male, Malaria, Berlin Conference, Fashoda Incident, Ethiopia, "Scramble for Africa", Rubber 1-   One of the major consequences of colonial rule was that many African families were broken up. Husbands often went to work in mines or on plantations, while wives and children stayed behind in villages and on reserves. Women were left to grow food for their families for mere survival and to care for the sick and aged. In general, African men benefited more from the economic changes brought by colonial rule than African women did. In regions where colonial officials introduced private property rights, property was given to ________ heads of households, not women.   2-   Prior to European imperialism, although women in sub-Saharan Africa tended to be treated as subservient to men and patriarchal attitudes existed, women were often valued for their labor as ________ and for producing heirs.  3-   In 1884-1885, the influential diplomat Otto von Bismarck presided over the _________, which resulted from tension caused by conflicting European claims over

pieces of Africa. This meeting set down rules by which the powers of Europe agreed to expand further into Africa. It was decided that no European nation could make new claims in Africa without demonstrating "effective occupation." Claimants also had to make their intentions clear to all other nations who had signed the agreement. 4-   The colonial boundaries European leaders agreed on in Africa failed to take into account ________ conditions. The colonial boundaries intersected with the traditional borders of more than 177 ethnic groups, compromising the natural economic and social development of dozens of areas. The European boundaries were artificial creations that sometimes divided ethnic groups or grouped diverse ethnic groups together in one territory. These borders would create lasting problems and sometimes lead to civil wars after independence. 5-   In 1896, the Italians had attempted to conquer ________. King Menelik II had prepared well by purchasing modern rifles for his army and hiring Western mercenaries to train his troops. The Italians were prevented from taking this land by their humiliating defeat at the Battle of Adowa, which ranks as one of the most embarrassing setbacks in the entire history of European imperialism. 6-   Belgium gained control over one of the largest African colonies; the vast ________ basin. Starting in 1876, King Leopold II of Belgium, working with the Anglo-American explorer Henry Stanley as his manager, established the International Association of this region. This was a private company formed in Leopold’s name for the economic development of the region. Leopold’s exploitation of the region was brutal. 7-   The Belgium occupiers of Leopold’s African colony overexploited ________ trees and vines throughout the region. Belgian-owned plantations brutally forced villagers to meet their quotas. A particularly vile practice was the policy of Belgian overseers to chop off the right hands of workers who did not harvest enough of this natural resource. Even worse was the massacre of workers that Belgian colonists sometimes carried out. Before the Belgians arrived, the area’s population was around 20 million. By 1911, only about 8.5 million people remained. 8-   From the 1880s to the beginning of World War I in 1914, the states of Europe became caught up in a breathlessly rapid _________. Nation after nation fell, until, on the eve of World War I, only two countries in Africa - Ethiopia and Liberia - remained free. 9-   The development of effective medicines to treat tropical diseases - such as quinine for ________ - enabled large numbers of Westerners to move into the African interior after the 1840s. Prior to these medicinal advancements, Europeans stayed largely on the coast because tropical diseases threatened their health. 

10- Although the Berlin Conference helped to prevent a European war over Africa, it did not keep general tensions from rising steadily. In 1896, France and Britain almost came to blows as a result of the ________, in which French troops moving eastward into the Nile Valley encountered British soldiers who regarded the whole region as belonging to them. The French eventually withdrew, but not before a short war scare.  Word Bank:  "Eastern Question", Domestic, "Scramble for Africa", Berlin Conference, Russia, Taiping Rebellion, Hinduism, Eli Whitney, Suez Canal, Zanzibar 1-   In the period between 600 and 1450, Indian and European women were often workers in _________ industries and field workers. Indian and European women worked in producing textiles at home and in agriculture. In this time period, women did NOT have opportunities for political activism. While European women could be guild members, they could not be guild leaders. Patriarchal attitudes greatly restricted women’s roles.   2-   _________ developed many of its ideas from the Vedas. The Vedas, oral literature introduced by the Aryans, became the basis of this belief system. The caste system, which some scholars believe was based on skin color, developed shortly after the arrival of the Aryans to the Indian subcontinent about 1500 B.C.E. Reincarnation, the rebirth of the soul, could produce movement to a higher or lower caste, depending on one’s karma. This belief system greatly affected the lives of many individuals in the Indian subcontinent. 3-   By the fifteenth century, ________ had forged the closest cultural ties with the Byzantine Empire. Indeed since the tenth century, this nation had traded extensively with the Byzantine Empire and had adopted the Eastern Orthodox religion. The conquest of Byzantium in 1453 did not diminish the cultural ties with Byzantium. From religion to the Cyrillic alphabet, the old Byzantine Empire lives in this nation. 4-   The 1793 invention of the cotton gin by American engineer ________ transformed the international textile trade. One of the factors that limited the ability of steam-driven machines such as the spinning jenny, the flying shuttle, and the power loom to speed up the textile industry was the fact that cleaning raw cotton balls by hand took a long time. The cotton gin changed this, enabling enough clean cotton to be produced to keep pace with the machines. Tragically, the cotton gin made slave-based cotton production extremely profitable, thereby prolonging slavery in the United States. 5-   For centuries, the Middle East and most of North Africa had been in the hands of the Ottoman Empire. However, the Ottoman Empire was collapsing and the

________ - how to fill in the power vacuum left behind by the Ottomans’ decline - became a central question in global politics. During the last half of the 1800s, large portions of this region were seized by Europeans, especially the French and British.  6-   During the 1870s, Egypt, an autonomous part of the Ottoman Empire, had fallen under French and British influence. The reason was that both of these Western countries had financed the construction of the _________, which opened in 1869. This strategic waterway was a vital link between Europe and the Mediterranean and the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. In particular, Britain viewed this waterway as vital for it led to the "jewel in the crown" - the British colony of India. 7-   The character of African colonization changed considerably after 1880. From then until 1910s, European nations raced madly to take over territory in Africa. And thanks to better maps, industrial-era weapons, and medicines that were effective against tropical diseases like malaria, European armies and colonizers were able to penetrate every part of what the West thought of prejudicially as the "Dark Continent". The ________ grew so intense that it almost sparked war in Europe several times. 8-   The _________ of 1884 to 1885, presided over by Otto von Bismarck, laid down guidelines for the European colonization of Africa and played a certain role in keeping the peace. By 1914, only two nations in Africa remained free: Liberia, whose independence was guaranteed by the United States, because it had been founded by freed American slaves, and Abyssinia (Ethiopia), which had armed itself with modern weapons and driven off Italian efforts to conquer it.  9-   The ________ was started by Hong Xiuquan, a Cantonese clerk educated partly by Protestant missionaries. Having failed his civil-service examination, he began to have visions in which he became convinced that he was Jesus Christ’s younger brother. Although the movement ultimately was crushed, it was a costly and devastating civil war. 10- ________ was the center of the slave trade in East Africa. Although cloves, spices, sugar, and ivory flowed through this East African port, on a small island off the coast of Tanganyika, an even more important part of its economy was slavery. Ironically, just as the demand for slaves in the Atlantic was finally withering away, there was a major resurgence of the Arab-East African slave market. This resurgence had much to do with the growth of plantation agriculture in the area, fueled by the increased demand for sugar and spices. Indeed it took decades for the Western powers to eliminate the East African slave trade.

Word Bank: Adam Smith, Intellectuals, Class Struggle, Thomas Malthus, Textile, Bessemer Process, Britain, Abolish, Laissez-faire, David Ricardo 

1-   Measuring industrial growth by major indicators such as iron, coal, steel, and cotton production, as well as railroad building, ________, the first country to industrialize, led the way for most of the 1800s. Only near the end of the century did it start to lose ground to countries such as Germany and the United States. The parts of Europe that lagged behind were generally in the south and east. Russia remained overwhelmingly agricultural; and until 1861, economically stagnant, thanks to its reliance on the old-fashioned practice of serfdom.   2-   By the end of the 1700s, a number of economic thinkers began to argue that economies were more likely to flourish when they were left alone to function freely. These classical, or ________, economists theorized that competition, free trade, and the laws of supply and demand, operating by themselves, created greater wealth for all nations and people. 3-   The first major capitalist thinker was the Scottish philosopher ________. In his book, The Wealth of Nations (1776), he used the elegant metaphor of the "invisible hand" to describe how the laws of supply and demand naturally increased prosperity. He also demonstrated how markets when left alone will naturally fix themselves through these very laws of supply and demand. 4-   ________ wrote Essay on Population in 1799 and argued that population growth caused poverty. This economist reasoned that while population grew at a geometric rate, food supply grew at an arithmetic rate. He believed that war, disease, and starvation were natural mechanisms by which population growth was regulated. Of course, this pessimistic perspective led classical economics to be referred to as the "dismal science". 5-   A more radical form of socialism appeared later, during the 1840s. This was Marxism (also known as communism). It was originated by German philosophers and radicals, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. The movement’s fundamental principles came from The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (8167-1894). Marx condemned capitalism and economic competition. Marx and Engels argued that historical development had always been driven by the _________. In the capitalist era, the bourgeoisie (factory owners, businessmen, and the middle class) exploited the proletariat (the industrial working class). Yet for Marx, this was the final stage of human history before the achievement of socialism for the workers of the world would unite and overthrow their bosses.  6-   According to Marx, after the revolution, a dictatorship of the proletariat would arise and ________ private property. This would lead to the end of social classes. With no rich and no poor, a society of complete economic equality would emerge. Over time, the dictatorship would wither away. Yet perhaps Marx had not considered that dictators generally do not forfeit their power and thus rarely do dictatorships wither away. 

7-   While Marxism drew most of its strength from disgruntled workers; as a movement, it was often led by radicalized ________ who promoted communism as the way toward social equality and economic justice. Indeed most workers turned to trade unions rather than radicalism. Over time, trade unionism led to higher wages, shorter workdays, safety regulations, and pensions. These reforms made the class struggle less of a struggle. 8-   _________ was the originator of the "iron law of wages". He stated that an employer will naturally pay his workers no more than whatever it takes to keep them at a subsistence level. If population growth expands more quickly than the economy, too many workers will compete for too few jobs. Wages will decline and those without jobs will starve. However, he believed that to interfere with this "iron law" would only lead to economic ruin. 9-   The first major trade to be fully power-driven and industrialized was the ________ industry. Indeed if the Industrial Revolution can be said to have had a beginning; it was the 1780s, when the steam engine was used to power machines in this industry in England. 10- The ________ allowed the cost-effective and reliable production of steel. It was perfected in the 1850s and created a cheap and easy way to make steel, which was stronger and more useful than iron.

 Word Bank: Marshall, Buffer Zone, Warsaw Pact, Decolonization, Truman, Brezhnev, Détente, Atomic Weapon, Balance of Power, Iron Curtain 1-   The diplomatic alignment that the Cold War replaced was Europe’s ________. The end of World War II brought about a fundamental shift in global power. For well over 200 years, the ability to shape world events had been concentrated in the hands of the European powers. With Europe devastated by the war, however, only two nations possessed any kind of genuine military, political, and economic strength: the United States and the Soviet Union.  2-   The popular name given to the state of bipolar equilibrium that existed between the United States and the USSR from 1945 to 1991 is the Cold War (the term was coined by one of Franklin Roosevelt’s advisers, and then popularized by an American journalist). For almost five decades, the rivalry between capitalist America and the socialist Soviet Union divided the world into hostile camps. It gave birth to a massive arms race that, because it was nuclear, brought into the world the deadliest weapons ever seen. The great wave of _________ that took place after World War II was deeply affected by the Cold War, as newly free nations often had to choose between allying with one superpower or another. Although the United States and the USSR never went to war with each other, dozens of small and medium-sized conflicts were fought worldwide between 1945 and the end of the

Cold War, killing an estimated total of 50 million people, more than half of them civilian. 3-   The overall strategy pursued by Stalin and the Soviet leadership during the half-decade following World War II was to push for as many concessions as possible from the United States, both in Asia and Europe, but not at the risk of war. Indeed Stalin’s policy during these years was simple: to gain as much territory as possible without a fight. Although they kept it a secret, the Soviets had been badly hurt by the war. They had lost 25 million to 30 million people. One third of their entire economy had been destroyed. The USSR could not afford to fight the West. On the other hand, Stalin wanted as much of a ________ in Eastern Europe as he could get in order to protect his country from ever suffering again as it had during World War II.  4-   From 1945 until 1989, the Cold War divided the nations of Europe - with only a few exceptions - into two camps, one dominated by the Soviet Union, the other led by the United States and its European allies. By the mid-1950s, the so-called _________ had descended over Europe. The nations of the West were joined by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance, and many also joined in the European Economic Community. 5-   The Eastern bloc, or nations of eastern and central Europe that were under Soviet domination during the Cold War, was held together by the Soviet-imposed military alliance known as the ________, as well as COMECON, an economic union led by the USSR. 6-   Until the period between 1947 and 1949, the United States had no coherent strategy for the emerging Cold War. In 1947, however, as the threat of communist takeover in Greece and Turkey worsened, the U.S. President decided to act. That March, the United States began to assist Greece and Turkey. It also proclaimed the ________ Doctrine, which promised "moral and material aid to any and all countries whose political stability is threatened by communism." The United States’ overarching strategy for dealing with the USSR was the strategy called containment. This term was coined by the American diplomat George Kennan, one of the U.S. government’s few experts on the Soviet Union. The goal of the containment policy was to prevent the spread of communism. Containment did not necessarily mean war, but could also consist of economic and diplomatic support for an area that the communists seemed ready to move into. 7-   Later in 1947, the United States unveiled the European Recovery Plan (or _______ Plan), the brainchild of the U.S. secretary of state. If the Truman Doctrine represented America’s political commitment to the Cold War, this plan was its economic commitment. Remembering how, during the Great Depression, economic suffering had driven many European nations to political extremism, the General argued that poverty and homelessness in post-war Europe might drive governments to turn to communism. This plan pumped over $13 billion into Europe, for

purposes of economic reconstruction. Even the nations of Eastern Europe were invited to take part, but the USSR forbade them to do so. 8-   1949 was an important turning point in the Cold War because the USSR tested its first _________. By the mid-1960s, both superpowers had reached a state of nuclear parity. Over time, a loose strategic arrangement known as mutually assured destruction (MAD) was reached. Both superpowers informally acknowledged that any nuclear exchange would be equally harmful to both sides. 9-   The ________ Doctrine was the USSR’s ideological justification of its military intervention in Czechoslovakia. When, during the "Prague Spring" of 1968, Czechoslovakia embarked on a campaign of liberalizing reforms, the then leader of the Soviet Union stated that the USSR had the right to intervene in the affairs of its Eastern European allies.  10- ________ means a relaxation of tensions. From 1969 through 1979, the Cold War entered a more peaceful period known as this relaxation of tensions. The United States, wearied by the Vietnam conflict and plagued by economic recession at home, was relieved to scale back hostilities. The USSR’s reasons for agreeing include a similar economic downturn, the need for U.S. grain shipments to feed its population, and fears that America was growing closer to China (by the early 1970s, the United States had become aware of the Sino-Soviet split, and President Richard Nixon skillfully exploited this by visiting China in 1972). However, this period of relaxation of tensions ended with the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.  Word Bank: Collective Security, Appeasement, Kristallnacht, Maginot Line, Ethiopia, Anti-Semitic, Siberia, War Crimes, Leningrad, Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere 1-   The term ________ best applies to France’s and Britain’s 1938 agreement with Germany at Munich, regarding the Sudetenland. The territory known as the Sudetenland had formerly belonged to Germany and had been given to Czechoslovakia after World War I. More than three million Germans lived there. After a serious war scare, Mussolini and Hitler met with Neville Chamberlain, Britain’s prime minister, and Edouard Daladier, the French premier, at the German city of Munich. The Czechoslovaks were not invited; neither were the Soviets, who with France, had promised to protect Czechoslovakia from aggression. Britain and France agreed to let Germany have the Sudetenland in exchange for Hitler’s promise to expand no further. Although Chamberlain claimed to have guaranteed "peace in our time," the Munich Conference destroyed collective security: Stalin, angry and betrayed by the events in Munich, chose not to trust Britain and France any further.  2-   The diplomatic effect of Italy’s invasion of _________ was to strengthen ties between Italy and Germany in the 1930s. Mussolini, seeking imperial glory,

invaded this land and caused an international outcry. The League of Nations imposed sanctions, but these sanctions were not enforced. The League’s efforts did not prevent Italy’s takeover of this land, which was completed in 1936. Indeed the League’s efforts only served to draw Mussolini closer to Hitler. 3-   The USSR’s and Japan’s armies clashed in _________ in 1938 and 1939. This conflict was unofficial, although the battles were quite large. The Soviets drove the Japanese back from their border.  4-   The failure of ________ convinced Stalin to sign a treaty of neutrality with Nazi Germany. Wishing to avoid a two-front war, Hitler sought to reach an agreement with Stalin before invading Poland. In August, Stalin, no longer trusting Britain and France, agreed to sign a nonaggression pact with Hitler. This Nazi-Soviet Pact kept the USSR neutral and opened the way for Hitler to invade Poland. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. This began World War II. 5-   France erroneously trusted its _________ to keep it safe from German invasion in World War II. The Germans attacked France on May 10, 1940. By June 22, the largest and most powerful democracy on the European continent had surrendered. The French had been confident that their great chain of border fortifications would protect them. The German Blitzkrieg ("lightning war") sidestepped these border fortifications and sent tanks streaming into northern France. The defeat of France shocked the world.  6-   The city of _________ experienced the worst siege not just of World War II, but of the entire modern era. Once Hitler had eliminated France from the war, he felt confident enough to fight the USSR. On June 22, 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, starting the largest ground war in history. German forces surrounded this city, the USSR’s second largest city, placing it under the worst siege of modern times.  7-   The _________ was the name given by the Japanese to the Asian empire they conquered in the 1930s and during World War II. Japan’s eventual goal was to gain control over the entire Chinese coast, all of Southeast Asia, India, Indonesia, and perhaps Australia and New Zealand.  8-   Japanese _________ included the abuse of Chinese and Southeast Asian civilians, the execution of U.S., British and Australian prisoners of war, the forced prostitution of women from Korea and Southeast Asia, and the use of prisoners as subjects in chemical- and biological-weapons experiments. 9-   Before World War II, violence against the Jews was not yet official policy in Nazi Germany, even though, in reality, thousands of Jews and Jewish residences and businesses were being harassed, beaten, and vandalized during the late 1930s, on the eve of World War II. The worst of these moments came in November 1938,

on _________ ("the Night of Broken Glass"), when Jewish shops, synagogues, and homes throughout Germany and Austria were attacked or burned in a single night. 10- It was during the war that Nazi _________ policy escalated to the point of genocide. There were 11 million Jews in Europe before the beginning of the war. In 1939 and 1940, as the Germans brought more and more of Europe under their control, Nazi authorities began to round Jews up and detain them, either in ghettos or preexisting concentration camps like Dachau. It was sometime in 1941 that the order for genocide came down from above. Although no written orders survive, it is certain that, ultimately, the command was issued by Hitler himself. Nazi genocidal policy is often referred to by the name given to it by the Jews: the Holocaust. The Nazis themselves referred to it as the "Final Solution." In the end, the Final Solution resulted in 12 million deaths. Of Europe’s 11 million Jews, approximately 6 million were killed. In addition, 6 million non-Jewish victims perished. It was mainly to punish these crimes that the Americans, British, and Soviets staged an important set of court cases, the Nuremberg Trials (1946), to try the remaining Nazi military and political leadership. It was during the Nuremberg Trials that the term "crimes against humanity" was coined. In 1948, in a collective effort to avoid such atrocities in the future, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.  Word Bank: Agricultural, Juan Perón, Order, Institutional Revolutionary Party, Good Neighbor Policy, Sugar, Getúlio Vargas, Exports, Nationalizing, Panama 1-   Mexico had been beset by political troubles since the death of the liberal reformist Benito Juárez in 1872. Mexico was embroiled in revolution at the turn of the century, as rebels like Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa fought the dictatorial leader Porfirio Díaz and his successors. Villa’s raids across the border had prompted U.S. military intervention just before World War I. Not until 1920 was order restored, by the _________ (PRI). Its very name a contradiction in terms, the PRI went to great lengths to appear democratic. Its constitution granted universal suffrage and the right to strike. However, the PRI leadership was an oligarchy that chose a president every six years, and then arranged an election that guaranteed victory to its candidate.  2-   Authoritarianism became genuinely dictatorial in Brazil. Before 1930, Brazilian government was dominated by wealthy landowners, most of whom owed their power and riches to coffee. The Depression, however, gutted the coffee trade and plunged the country into crisis. In 1930, _________, a cattle rancher, became president and ruled as dictator until 1945. This leader governed from the far right, in direct imitation of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. He censored the press and authorized his secret police to use torture against his political opponents. On the other hand, he modernized the Brazilian economy, diversifying it and freeing it from its dependence on coffee. He also turned Brazil into Latin America’s most industrialized nation. Nonetheless, he was forced out of office by his army in 1945.

 3-   Argentina became a military dictatorship during the 1930s. In 1916, Hipólito Irigoyen, of the Radical Party was elected president. His platform had consisted of a number of reform measures intended to improve the lot of the lower and middle classes. Under Irigoyen, labor unions became more active. However, landowners and the upper class sabotaged Irigoyen’s efforts. In 1930, on behalf of the propertied classes, the army ousted Irigoyen. The military government lasted throughout World War II, but its efforts to go back to the old export-based economy failed. Labor unrest increased, and the radical lower classes, the descamisados ("shirtless ones"), grew louder and more belligerent. Shortly after World War II, in 1946, General _________, along with his charismatic wife Eva, would appeal to the lower classes in order to come to power - then establish his own dictatorship.  4-   The United States had gained possessions like Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, as well as a protectorate over Cuba, after the Spanish-American War of 1898. U.S. Marines had occupied Haiti. Just as the British had taken control of the Suez Canal after investing in it, America established a military presence in ________ after constructing the canal there. During this time period, the United States viewed Latin America as its sphere of influence.  5-   During the mid-1930s, President Franklin Roosevelt attempted to reduce the United States’ influence over Latin America. His _________ of 1935 was intended to accomplish this goal and thereby improve relations with the region. As a token of goodwill, Roosevelt withdrew U.S. Marines from Haiti. For the first time in three decades, the United States had no troops in Latin America. 6-   The effects of the Great Depression were devastating on the economies of Latin America. Since Latin American economies were so dependent on ________ to the United States, the inability of the United States to purchase Latin American goods caused tremendous damage. As in many parts of Europe, the economic pain brought about by the Depression had a negative effect on politics. It helped to incline Latin American politics toward extremism and dictatorship. 7-   Before World War I, modern nations in Latin America, while politically independent, had been economically dominated by outside influences. British and U.S. investors had gained a great deal of control over enterprises in Latin America. Most Latin American nations relied on the export of one or two materials or _________ products. 8-   Chile was a source of fertilizer and copper; Peru mined copper as well. Chile and Brazil sold steel. Oil was being taken out of Mexico, Bolivia, Argentina, and Peru. Argentina produced wheat and beef. Central America grew bananas and other fruit. As it had for centuries, ________ came from the Caribbean and Brazil. Brazil was the source of 75 percent of the world’s coffee supply. 

9-   The United States sponsored dictators, such as Vicente Gómez of Venezuela and Fulgencio Batista of Cuba, in order to preserve _________. A sense among Latin Americans that the people of the United States - the yanquis, or "Yankees" - were imperialists grew steadily.  10- Lázaro Cárdenas became president of Mexico in 1934. His land reform, in which more than 40 million acres were taken from the upper class and distributed among the peasantry, made him popular with the lower classes. He also stood up to the United States by ________ the oil industry. Roosevelt lived up to his Good Neighbor promises and refrained from intervention. In exchange, this president compensated U.S. companies for their losses, and then formed PEMEX, Mexico’s state-run oil enterprise.

 Word Bank:  "Little Tigers", Red Guards, Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, Khmer Rouge, Fidel Castro, Dynasty, Diet, Bay of Pigs, Great Leap Forward, Deng Xiaoping 1-   Communism in East Asia came to North Korea after World War II, when the country was divided by the Americans and Soviets. From the 1940s onward, North Korea has remained one of the most isolated and rigidly dictatorial societies on earth. Its longtime leader, Kim Il Sung (1948-1994), was an uncompromising Stalinist and ruthlessly oppressive. His son, Kim Jong-il continued his father’s oppressive policies and his son, Kim Jong-un seems to be continuing these policies as well. North Korea is the only hereditary communist ________ in world history.  2-   South Korea remained authoritarian until 1989, when free elections began to be held. Despite their less democratic nature, both Taiwan and South Korea became allies of the United States because of their staunch anticommunism. They also became economic success stories; along with Hong Kong, Singapore, and Thailand, they became known as the ________ for their economic strength (as distinct from the great "tiger" of the Japanese economy). 3-   The People’s Republic of China was ruled by its founder, Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung), from 1949 until his death in 1976. Mao began the ________ in 1958. It included a rapid industrial buildup, even more grandiose than the First Five-Year Plan. More important, in the sphere of agriculture, it intensified collectivization and called for an utterly unrealistic increase in the production of foodstuffs. The trauma, stress, and confusion caused by it led to utter cause and breakdown in the industrial sector. Even worse, harvests failed and agriculture collapsed altogether. The famines that resulted in 1959 and 1960 killed millions. It was halted in 1960, but not before the damage was done. It also caused splits within the CCP leadership, and opposition to Mao grew. 4-   In 1966, Mao Zedong embarked on yet another program of radical modernization, this time in the sphere of society and culture. This was the

_________, which lasted a decade, until Mao’s death in 1976. It has been interpreted by historians as a policy used by Mao and his wife, Jiang Qing (the movement’s primary architect), to strike at their political enemies. It also represented Mao’s and Jiang’s sincere desire to instill absolute revolutionary purity within Chinese society and culture. 5-   During Mao’s 1966 program of radical modernization, the one acceptable source of all wisdom was The Little Red Book, a collection of Mao’s sayings. Young communist activists, known as ________, rampaged throughout the country, denouncing and putting on trial any person - university professors, factory foremen, heads of collective farms, writers or journalists, even politicians - whom they considered to be untrue to revolutionary communist ideals in any way. Victims were demoted, harassed, often arrested and sent to labor camps for "re-education" - and sometimes executed.  6-   Among the key CCP figures arrested during the years of Mao’s and Jiang’s punishment of their enemies was _________, general secretary of the Party, and years later, the supreme leader of China. The years of punishment and confusion ended with Mao’s death in 1976. A power struggle followed Mao’s passing. By 1978, this once punished general secretary of the Party had defeated Mao’s widow and her allies (known afterward as the "Gang of Four"). This new leader began to pursue economic reform, allowing incentives and elements of free market capitalism but denying democratic reforms (ordering the army to stop the student protests for democracy at Tiananmen Square). 7-   Military or authoritarian government became the rule throughout much of Southeast Asia in the post-World War II years. The communist ________ movement in Cambodia took power and carried out a hideous reign of terror that claimed as many as 2 million victims. The U.S.-backed regime of Ferdinand Marcos, which governed the Philippines until the early 1980s, violated civil rights and was extravagantly corrupt.  8-   After World War II, Japan was occupied by the U.S. armed forces, which presided over democratic constitutional reform (1947) and the demilitarization of the country. The United States viewed Japan as a strategic anchor of its Cold War policy in Asia, and invested in it heavily, both militarily and economically. Politically, Japan became a parliamentary democracy; although the emperor retained his symbolic role, the ________ (parliament) ran the government 9-   In January 1959, the revolutionary movement led by ________ overthrew the right-wing dictator Fulgencio Batista in Cuba. Within months, this communist leader had begun to nationalize industry and carry out land reforms. His goals were to modernize, industrialize, increase literacy rates, and eliminated socioeconomic inequality. This communist leader, along with his second-in-command, the Argentine radical Ernesto "Che" Guevara, also wanted to combat what they considered to be U.S. imperialism in Latin America. Accordingly, the

Cuban revolutionaries declared themselves to be Marxists and turned to the Soviet Union for assistance.  10- Because of its proximity to the United States, Cuba became a Cold War hotspot from 1961 onward, as demonstrated by the _______ incident (1961) and the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962). Domestically, the communist leader in Cuba’s record is mixed. It is undeniable that Cuba has modernized, and the gap between the rich and poor that had prevailed under Batista narrowed considerably. Education levels have improved, and women (at least officially) are treated with greater equality than they had been earlier. However, the communist regime has been rigidly dictatorial and has violated human rights for more than four decades.  Word Bank: Gamal Abdel Nasser, Indira Gandhi, Britain, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, Displacing, Democratize, Rajiv Gandhi, Decolonization, Nonaligned, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 1-   After World War II, ________ became a major agent of change in Asia, the Middle East, and Africa. The war pried loose the grip that countries such as Britain and France had been able to keep on their empires, even after the debilitating effects of World War I. From the 1940s through the 1970s, dozens of new nations came into being, after having attained their freedom from their imperial masters. Ultimately, World War II dealt the final blow to the European powers’ ability to maintain control over their colonial empires. Freedom was attained in a variety of ways - sometimes peacefully, sometimes by force.  2-   Independence, oil-based wealth, and geostrategic importance made the states of the Middle East more assertive in the 1950s and 1960s. The most famous example of this new Arab nationalism appeared in Egypt, which became an independent republic in 1952. By 1954, Colonel ________ had taken control of the government. A great booster of modernization, he was an equally great proponent of pan-Arabism. He labored to create a United Arab Republic that would link all Arab nations together in a cooperative commonwealth. This effort failed, but he was successful in modernizing his country. He also stood up to the West, nationalizing foreign-owned or foreign-controlled industries and businesses. In 1956, he took the bold step of declaring Egyptian ownership of the Suez Canal. 3-   Along with freedom and independence, the most dramatic postwar development in the Middle East has been the establishment of the state of Israel as a homeland for the world’s Jews. In 1917, ________, which gained control over Palestine at the end of World War I, agreed in principle to create a Jewish state there [the Balfour Declaration], but delayed during the 1920s and 1930s in order to avoid Arab unrest. After World War II and the horrors of the Holocaust, however, international sympathy for the Jews, along with strong U.S. support, led to the establishment of the state of Israel, in May 1948. 

4-   The establishment of the state of Israel in May 1948 stirred up Arab outrage and plunged the Middle East into war. The Israelis had to fight a war in 1948 simply to keep the state that had been given them. This had the effect of ________ millions of Palestinian Arabs, who scattered to Jordan, Lebanon, and throughout the Middle East. In 1964, the Palestinian diaspora gained a semblance of leadership with the foundation of the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), a terrorist group and political movement led by Yasser Arafat.  5-   The last shah of Iran, ________, ruled from 1941 to 1979. He used Iran’s oil wealth to industrialize and modernize. Like the Turkish government, the Shah’s regime opposed Islamic traditionalism, encouraging Western dress, Western education, the unveiling of women, and the eradication of Islamic law (Shari’a). The Shah became an ally of the United States. Unfortunately, the Shah relied on repression to carry out his modernization campaign: dissidents were ruthlessly suppressed by the secret police (SAVAK), and the regime was decidedly antidemocratic. By 1979, the Shah was in poor health, and his popularity had plummeted. He left the country to seek medical treatment, but died of cancer in 1980.  6-   In 1979, the Shi’ite cleric _______, an Islamic fundamentalist the Shah of Iran had exiled years before, returned to Iran and took control of the country. The Iranian Revolution transformed the country into an anti-Western (particularly anti-U.S.), theocratic dictatorship based on Sharia or Islamic law.  7-   Jawaharlal Nehru’s overall policy direction for India was to modernize, secularize, and ________ India. Indeed India has turned itself into the world’s largest democracy. Unlike Mohandas K. Gandhi, who had favoured traditional Hindu values with respect for other religions and economic simplicity, Nehru wanted to secularize India and turn it into a modern, educated industrial power. 8-   Diplomatically, Jawaharlal Nehru negotiated a difficult position: neighbor to a hostile China and an even more hostile Pakistan, and not wishing to be a client of the Soviets, the British, or the United States, Nehru maintained a friendly, cooperative relationship with the USSR, without actually falling into the Soviet camp. Like Sukarno of Indonesia, Nehru preserved his country’s status as a ________ nation.  9-   From 1966 to 1975, then again from 1977 to 1984, Nehru’s daughter, ________, was prime minister of India. She continued her father’s polices of modernization and political nonalignment. However, religious strife was her downfall. Her government’s actions against the Sikh minority of Punjab caused much strife. In 1984, Sikh soldiers in her own bodyguard assassinated her. 10- From 1984 to 1991, Indira Gandhi’s son, ________, led the Congress Party and served as prime minister of India. However, he was assassinated by Sri Lankan

separatists. Since 1991, India’s democratic government has continued to struggle with the same problems that Nehru and his descendants did.

 Word Bank: Maastricht Treaty, Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, Globalization, United Nations, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), Bretton Woods, World Trade Organization (WTO), Multinational Corporations, North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 1-   The Middle East has benefited from its dominance in oil production. ________ formed in 1960, consists mainly of Middle Eastern nations. It has been one of the most successful and influential international economic coalitions in history. Members collectively own about two-thirds of the world’s proven petroleum reserves and account for two-fifths of world oil production. Saudi Arabia, which has the largest reserves and a relatively small (but fast-growing) population, has traditionally played a dominant role in determining overall production and prices. Members have sought to gain greater control over oil prices by coordinating their production and export policies 2-   Regional economic unions have become increasingly important. In 1994, the United States, Mexico, and Canada created a zone of free movement of money, goods, services, and labor by means of the ________. It was inspired by the success of the European Community in eliminating tariffs in order to stimulate trade among its members. A tariff is a tax on an imported good. In free trade, there are no tariffs. 3-   In 1991, the nations of the European Union agreed to the ________, which provides for the formation of a common monetary system, the creation of a single currency (the "euro"), the establishment of a European Central Bank, and common policymaking in the fields of immigration, environmental protection, and even foreign affairs and security issues. The EU represents one in a series of efforts to integrate Europe since World War II. At the end of the war, several western European countries sought closer economic, social, and political ties to achieve economic growth and military security and to promote a lasting reconciliation between France and Germany 4-   Systems of international trade had existed long before the twentieth century, and the scope and volume of that trade grew steadily between World War I and the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Depression though sparked a wave of protectionism, as countries sought to shield their own industries and farms by imposing high tariffs on other nations’ goods. The most notorious example of protectionism was the United States’ _________ (1930). This act is widely considered to have spread the Depression to Europe, Latin America, and Asia by destroying the ability of these regions to export goods to the United States.  

5-   True ________ of the world economy began after World War II. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, guided by the economic principles of John Maynard Keynes (and the convictions of Woodrow Wilson before him), believed that free trade was the key not only to economic prosperity, but also world peace. Nations whose economies interacted equitably, he felt, would be less likely to go to war. 6-   Just as Woodrow Wilson had created the League of Nations after World War I, Franklin Delano Roosevelt hoped to establish a new international body, stronger and more effective than the League had been. This body was to be called the ________. This international body was established on October 24, 1945. It was the second multipurpose international organization established in the 20th century that was worldwide in scope and membership. Its predecessor, the League of Nations, was created by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and disbanded in 1946. In addition to maintaining peace and security, other important objectives of this organization include developing friendly relations among countries based on respect for the principles of equal rights and self-determination of peoples; achieving worldwide cooperation to solve international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems; respecting and promoting human rights; and serving as a center where countries can coordinate their actions and activities toward these various ends. 7-   Before the end of the war, the Roosevelt administration began to lay the groundwork for U.S. leadership in the postwar global economy. Pursuant to this aim, in July 1944, representatives of forty-four Allied countries met in _______, New Hampshire, to commit themselves to the goals of economic development, monetary stability, and free trade. 8-   The ________ was established, along with the World Bank, at a conference in New Hampshire in the closing stages of World War II. The participants represented the governments soon to win the war against fascism. They were concerned about the rebuilding of Europe and of the global economic system after a devastating war. Since the Second World War, this organization has provided loans to governments facing economic crises. The loans have come to be known as structural adjustment loans because they aim to help borrowing governments adjust the structure of economic activity. The institution continues to evolve with the changing conditions of globalization. Most recently, it has begun to focus its policy-making strategies to incorporate poverty reduction policies in addition to creating economic stability. Of course, economic instability created conditions that eventually gave rise to the Second World War.  9-   The _______ was established to supervise and liberalize world trade. The WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was created in 1947 in the expectation that it would soon be replaced by a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) to be called the International Trade Organization (ITO). Although the ITO never materialized, the GATT proved remarkably successful in liberalizing world trade over the next five decades. By the late 1980s there were calls for a stronger multilateral organization to monitor trade and

resolve trade disputes. Following the completion of the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations, this organization began operations on January 1, 1995. 10- _________, also called transnational corporations, are corporations that are registered and operate in more than one country at a time. These huge conglomerates, although technically "from" a single country, maintain factories, subsidiaries, and distribution networks all over the world, employing foreign workers and selling directly to foreign markets. For years, these conglomerates have been laying the groundwork for further globalization of the economy. Critics say that multinational corporations have hurt indigenous populations by exploiting their labor, harming their environments, and preventing their own economies from producing homegrown industries and manufactured goods. Ultimately, the costs and benefits of economic globalization are mixed. On one hand, globalization has created great wealth and led to increased prosperity in certain parts of the world. Yet, globalization also can adversely affect the entire world when an economic crisis in one area affects other areas and of course, the benefits of globalization are not evenly distributed.  Word Bank: Industrial Revolution, France, Susan B. Anthony, Rachel Carson, Anxiety, The Feminine Mystique, Jean-Paul Sartre, World War I, Taliban, Simone de Beauvoir 1-   An active women’s movement dated back to the late 1800s and early 1900s in the Western world, as American and European suffragettes - including ________, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Emmeline Pankhurst - lobbied for the right to vote. However, before World War I, only a few small countries, such as Finland and Norway, granted suffrage to women. Women during this time period were also fighting for equal access to colleges and universities. 2-   World War I brought large numbers of middle-class women into the workplace (not just working-class women, who had been employed in low-wage, low-status positions since the days of the ________). This boosted women’s claims to equal rights in many Western nations. 3-   Between 1917 and 1920, women received the right to vote in Russia, Sweden, Great Britain, Germany, Poland, Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and the United States. Among the major European nations, only Italy and ______ failed to give women the vote before World War II. Of course, fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, and militaristic Japan were all extremely hostile to the notion of gender equality. 4-   One of the first systematic attempts to analyse women’s place in modern society was written by the French philosopher ________, The Second Sex (1949), which investigated the deep-seated cultural and biological reasons for male domination of women.

 5-   A giant step toward equality was taken by women in the Western world during the 1960s and 1970s. This was the era of feminism, or women’s liberation (popularly known in the United States as "women’s lib"). Major figures were Gloria Steinem, as well as Betty Friedan, whose book, _________ (1963), joined by The Second Sex in providing an intellectual foundation for the women’s movement.  6-   Women are still relegated to traditional and secondary roles in many non-Western societies. Although it is a stereotype to say that women are not treated equally in Asian, African, Middle Eastern, and Latin American societies, the fact remains that Islamic fundamentalism, conservative Catholicism, machismo, old-fashioned views of women as inferior (or wives as servants, even property) constrain women more commonly in these regions than they do in the West. Notably, the _________, the Islamic fundamentalist group that took control of much of Afghanistan after the Soviet withdrawal in 1989, has deprived women of most individual rights and introduced stiff penalties for breaking rules, such as those against going out in public unescorted by a man. 7-   A major boost was given to the environmental movement by the publication in the United States of Silent Spring (1962) written by ________. The book warned of the dangers connected with the use of the insecticide DDT. The celebration of Earth Day in 1970 also popularized the environmental movement. In many West European countries, political parties whose primary concern is the environment, "green" parties, actually play an important role in national politics. 8-   After World War II, the philosophical and literary school of existentialism, championed by the playwright Samuel Beckett and the philosophers-novelists Albert Camus and _______, proposed that humanity was not guided by any deity, special destiny, or objective morality. Alone in the universe, the individual must learn to create a worthwhile, ethical existence for himself or herself without the benefit of religion or the hope of any life beyond the earthly one. 9-   After World War I, art and literature in the Western world tended to be dominated by the themes of uncertainty and ________ that had begun to appear by the late 1800s and early 1900s. The psychological theories of Sigmund Freud, as well as the philosophical implications of scientific findings such as Albert Einstein’s theory of relativity and the new field of quantum physics, had dampened the overall optimism of the mid-to-late 1800s. 10- The demoralization caused by ________ increased the spirit of pessimism and relativism (the belief or attitude that there are no objective standards or truths). The best-selling nonfiction book in interwar Europe was German philosopher Oswald Spengler’s The Decline of the West. The prose and poetry of T.S. Eliot and Franz Kafka dealt with the dehumanization caused by life in a modern, industrialized, bureaucratized era. By experimenting with stream-of-consciousness prose, authors like Virginia Woolf, Marcel Proust, and James Joyce attempted to

capture the workings of the human mind on the written page. Abstract painters such as Pablo Picasso distorted reality to demonstrate that objects and concepts could be seen from a variety of perspectives. Surrealists like Salvador Dalí placed realistic objects in unrealistic situations to confuse the viewer’s sense of reality.

 Word Bank: Vladimir Lenin, Sufis, Grand Canal, Theodor Herzl, Ibn Rushd, Cecil Rhodes, Emiliano Zapata, T.E. Lawrence, Ashoka, James Watt 1-   ________ was the founder of Zionism. Witnessing the Dreyfus affair in France helped crystallize his belief in the importance of creating a Jewish state. In the Dreyfus affair, a Jewish officer named Alfred Dreyfus had been falsely charged with the crime of giving French military documents to German agents. The ensuing political controversy produced an outburst of anti-Semitism among the French public. The founder of Zionism said in later years that it was the Dreyfus affair that had made a Zionist out of him. He believed that so long as anti-Semitism existed, assimilation would be impossible, and the only solution for the majority of Jews would be organized emigration to a state of their own. Of course, he was not the first to conceive of a Jewish state. Orthodox Jews had traditionally invoked the return to Zion (Israel) in their daily prayers. 2-   The Sui construction of the _______ would have important economic implications well into the 20th century. This series of waterways in eastern and northern China links Hangzhou with Beijing. Some 1,100 miles in length, it is the world’s longest man-made waterway. It was built to enable successive Chinese regimes to transport surplus grain from the agriculturally rich Yangtze) and Huai river valleys to feed the capital cities and large standing armies in northern China. 3-   The Mauryan emperor _______ fought his bloodiest battle against the Kalinga. The sufferings that the war inflicted on the defeated people moved him to such remorse that he renounced armed conquests. It was at this time that he came in touch with Buddhism and adopted it. Under its influence and prompted by his own dynamic temperament, he resolved to live according to, and preach, the dharma (the teachings of the Buddha) and to serve his subjects and all humanity. Toward all religious sects he adopted a policy of respect and guaranteed them full freedom to live according to their own principles, but he also urged them to exert themselves for the "increase of their inner worthiness."  4-   The _______ believed in an emotional and mystical union with Allah. Islamic mysticism is called ta-awwuf (literally, "to dress in wool") in Arabic, but it has been called Sufism in Western languages since the early 19th century. These Islamic mystics have been responsible for a large-scale missionary activity all over the world and have spread Islam to many lands.  5-   ________ or Averroës was the Islamic thinker who studied Aristotle and whose thought, in turn, influenced the rise of European scholasticism (Scholasticism

focused on offering detailed philosophical and rational justifications for religious belief). This influential Islamic religious philosopher integrated Islamic traditions with ancient Greek thought.  6-   ________ was a Mexican agrarian rebel who fought for the goals of La Reforma. He fought in guerrilla actions in the Mexican Revolution and in the course of his campaigns; he distributed lands taken from the haciendas (large estates or plantations), which he frequently burned without compensation. He often ordered executions and expropriations, and his forces did not always abide by the laws of war. But he believed that the land belonged to those who worked the land. He said, "Tierra y Libertad."   7-   ________ was a leading British imperialist who founded a colony in Africa. He was prime minister of Cape Colony (1890-96) and organizer of the giant diamond-mining company De Beers Consolidated Mines, Ltd. (1888). By his will he established the Rhodes scholarships at Oxford (1902). He spent much time planning and organizing the colony that was to bear his name; Rhodesia. He also dreamed of a Cairo to Cape Town railway line.  8-   ________ improved the design of the steam engine. In fact, a unit of measurement of electrical and mechanical power is named in his honour. The steam engine can easily be considered the single most important invention of the entire industrial revolution.  There is not one part of industry present in today's society that can be examined without coming across some type of reference or dependence upon the steam engine. 9-   ________ worked with Ibn Ali Hussain to lead the Bedouins of Arabia against Ottoman rule. This British archaeological scholar was sent in 1916 as a liaison officer to join the Great Arab Revolt, led by Prince Feisal. He took money and guns and helped keep the Revolt alive. Using guerrilla tactics, he struck at Turkish lines of communication but avoided direct confrontation. 10- The main difference between the philosophies of Karl Marx and ________ was the Bolshevik leader’s belief that the working class or proletariat was incapable of developing revolutionary consciousness on its own. He argued that the proletariat revolution could only occur in a pre-industrial society such as Russia if stimulated by a small but dedicated group of visionaries. He believed in the necessity of a "vanguard of the revolution".   “Dates” Bank: 1945, 1643-1715, 1453, 1960, 220-589, 1991, 1441-1888, 1498, 1931-1947, 1871 

1-   From _______, the Atlantic Slave trade radically transformed the lives of captured Africans. After Columbus’ voyages and the subsequent conquest of the Americas, African slaves replaced a dying indigenous population in the Americas. The production on American plantations of tropical produce, of which sugar was the most important, and especially the marketing of this produce in Western Europe, were extremely profitable activities. But plantation agriculture in the tropics required large and regular supplies of cheap labor. America did not have these, but, just across the Atlantic, western Africa seemed to have relatively great quantities of productive labor. In the earliest years of this trade, the Portuguese had begun to transport some African slaves to supplement the meager labor resources of their own country (especially of the southern provinces they had reconquered from the Moors), and their own plantations in Madeira, the Cape Verde Islands, and, ultimately, on the islands of the Gulf of Guinea had come to be dependent on African slave labor. The Spaniards, and subsequently other Europeans, in America came to look to Africa to make good their labor shortage. 2-   In ________, the Ottomans conquered Constantinople. The siege and conquest of Constantinople and its transformation into the Ottoman capital of Istanbul marked an important new stage in Ottoman history. Due to its location on the crossroads between Europe and Asia, this former capital of the Byzantine Empire had been a thriving commercial city. Moreover, the possession of Constantinople stimulated in Sultan Mehmed a desire to place under his dominion not merely the Islamic and Turkic worlds but also a re-created Byzantine Empire and, perhaps, the entire world of Christendom. 3-   From _______, Buddhism spread in China. This Indian religion, founded by Siddhartha Gautama in the 5th century B.C.E., stressed the causation and cessation of suffering. With the collapse of the Han Dynasty in China and a subsequent period of disunity, this foreign religion found increasing favor among the Chinese. Perhaps it was its Eightfold Path; a path to ending suffering that appealed to the Chinese in a difficult time. 4-   In _______, Vasco da Gama arrived in India after circumnavigating Africa. This Portuguese navigator opened up the sea route from Western Europe to Asia by way of the Cape of Good Hope. Of course, this led to the Portuguese actively entering Indian Ocean trade and through the use of gunpowder weapons, controlling significant aspects of the trade. It also led to other Europeans following da Gama’s route and directly entering the lucrative trade with Asia. 5-   From _______, Louis XIV reigned in France. This absolute monarch known for his famous comment, "L'état, c'est moi" or "I am the state," made it abundantly clear that he ruled without any limits to his power. Of course, later in history during the Age of Reason, philosophers like Montesquieu would challenge absolutism and argue for a separation of powers. But when Louis XIV reigned, it was believed that kings ruled by divine right and as such, no person or document could limit a king’s power, at least not in France. Of course, the English had

managed to attempt to limit the king’s power through the medieval document known as the Magna Carta and later in France; a revolution would eventually limit the king’s power and lead to the execution of Louis XVI. Sometimes "L'état, c'est moi" is challenged. 6-   In _______, the year that World War II ended, a new peace-keeping organization was created. The United Nations was the second multipurpose international organization established in the 20th century that was worldwide in scope and membership. Its predecessor, the League of Nations, was created by the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and disbanded in 1946. Headquartered in New York City, the United Nations also has offices in Geneva, Vienna, and other cities. In addition to maintaining peace and security, other important objectives of the United Nations include developing friendly relations among countries based on respect for the principles of equal rights and self-determination of peoples; achieving worldwide cooperation to solve international economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems; respecting and promoting human rights; and serving as a center where countries can coordinate their actions and activities toward these various ends. 7-   In ________, the Soviet Union collapsed. The communist system had proved ineffective. Under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev, the Soviet Union’s last leader, the country was in a situation of severe stagnation. Recognizing this, Gorbachev introduced reforms. On one level, he initiated a policy of glasnost, or freedom of speech. On the other level, he began a program of economic reform known as perestroika, or rebuilding. What Gorbachev did not realize was that by giving people complete freedom of expression; he was unwittingly powerful emotions that had been pent up for decades. Ultimately, with increased freedoms, people voiced their desire to be freed from communist rule.  8-   From _______, Mohandas K. Gandhi led nonviolent resistance to British imperialism in India. Gandhi believed in Satyagraha or a truth force that would ultimately triumph. Using nonviolent tactics like boycotts and civil disobedience, Gandhi made it abundantly clear that a handful of British administrators could not control millions of Indians if those Indians refused to cooperate. Indeed, that is what Gandhi organized: nonviolent noncooperation campaigns like the boycott of British cloth and the illegal making of salt. Ironically, a pinch of salt did topple the British Empire in India. 9-   _______ is sometimes referred to as the Year of Africa. Yes, in one momentous year, 17 African nations gained independence from European colonial rule. Indeed by the end of this year, there would be a total of twenty-seven independent African nations. Of course, European engagement in Africa began in the mid-15th century when Portuguese traders came in search of gold. By the end of the next century, the Portuguese were trading in African slaves (with many ultimately sent to the Americas), but large-scale colonization did not occur until later. In the late 1800s, explorers uncovered the riches of the continent's interior, including diamonds,

rubber, and iron, setting off what became known as the "scramble for Africa." Finally, by this year, European colonization was coming to an end. 10- In ________, Germany was unified. It is important to remember that when the United States announced its independence from Great Britain in 1776, Central Europe was a fragmented area of roughly 300 sovereign, independent states (kingdoms, duchies, principalities, free cities, etc.). The German states were bound together in a loose political entity known as the Holy Roman Empire, which dated to the era of Charlemagne in the 800s. By the late eighteenth century, the Holy Roman Empire was, as Voltaire remarked, "Neither holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire." Under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, the Prime Minister of Prussia, German unification was achieved by the force of Prussia ("Blood and Iron"), and enforced from the top-down, meaning that it was not an organic movement that was fully supported and spread by the popular classes but instead was a product of Prussian royal policies.  “Dates” Bank: 1400, 1839-1876, 1955, 1990, 1792, 1808-1825, 1603, 1792, 1405-1433, 1823 1-   From _______, Zheng He, the Chinese explorer and admiral of the treasure ships, traveled to Southeast Asia, Arabia, and East Africa (even returning with a giraffe!). However, ideological differences in the imperial court led to the abrupt ending of the voyages. While the court eunuchs encouraged exploration, the Confucian scholar-gentry generally viewed the expeditions as an unnecessary waste of resources. It is interesting to note that traveling far from home was considered a violation of the Confucian ideal of filial piety: to love, respect, obey and honor parents and ancestors. 2-   In _______, apartheid was officially ended in South Africa. Under apartheid, black South Africans were required to carry passbooks, Bantustans (black African homelands) were created, and South African society was segregated. Nelson Mandela (imprisoned for twenty-seven years for his anti-apartheid activities) became a potent symbol of the system’s injustice and international pressure through divestment campaigns (refusing to invest in the South African economy) encouraged the South African government to change. Today, apartheid no longer exists but vestiges of the system can still be seen in the disproportionate poverty levels among black South Africans. Yes, change has occurred but continuities still linger. 3-   From ________, Latin Americans led independence movements against European colonizers. Latin American nationalists like Simon Bolívar, Jose de San Martín, and Bernardo O’Higgins led the new nations of Latin America to independence. However, Bolívar’s dream of a united South America, a Gran Colombia, failed due to regionalism and geographic obstacles and while creoles gained political power, little changed for mestizos, Native American Indians, and Africans.

4-   By _______, the Swahili states of East Africa prospered and were a major world economic power. As Indian Ocean trade intensified between Africa and Asia, powerful city-states flourished along the eastern coast of Africa. These included Kilwa, Sofala, Mombasa, Malindi, and others. The city-states traded with inland kingdoms like Great Zimbabwe to obtain gold, ivory, and iron. These materials were then sold to places like India, Southeast Asia, and China. These were Africa’s exports in the Indian Ocean Trade. These items could be sold at a profit because they were scarce in Asian countries. 5-   By _______, the Inca Empire expanded and flourished. By this date, during the reign of Inca Roca, the Incas had conquered all areas close to Lake Titicaca in the south as well as the valleys to the immediate east of Cusco. Pachacuti ("earth shaker") who reigned from 1438-1463) conquered all of the Titicaca area. The Incas developed a vast Empire on the Andes Mountains of South America. With the use of terrace farming, a quipu for record keeping, and a social welfare system that provided for the sick, widowed, and orphaned, the Incas created a vibrant civilization. Tragically, in 1533, they were conquered by the conquistador Pizarro and his horses, guns, and diseases.  6-   In ________, the Tokugawa Shogunate was founded. The Tokugawa shoguns united Japan after a period of civil war. They also isolated Japan and established the Act of Seclusion in which no foreigners were allowed in and no Japanese were allowed to leave and return. Of course, the port at Nagasaki remained open for Chinese and Dutch traders but their activities were strictly regulated. The Tokugawa feared that foreign ideas would divide Japan and return Japan to the civil war that had devastated the country. Therefore, the Tokugawa created a very strict and stratified society where social mobility was virtually impossible. 7-   The Monroe Doctrine issued in _________ was a cornerstone of U.S. foreign policy. Declaring that the Old World and New World had different systems and must remain distinct spheres, President Monroe made the important point that the Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization; and that any attempt by a European power to oppress or control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the United States.  8-   From _______, the Tanzimat Reforms were proclaimed in the Ottoman Empire. The Tanzimat were a series of reforms promulgated in the Ottoman Empire under the reigns of the sultans Abdülmecid I and Abdülaziz. These reforms, heavily influenced by European ideas, were intended to effectuate a fundamental change of the empire from the old system based on theocratic principles to that of a modern state. However, resistance from the Janissaries and the ulama ensured the failure of these reforms. 9-   In ________, Mary Wollstonecraft wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. Ms. Wollstonecraft was an English writer and passionate advocate of educational

and social equality for women. In this treatise calls for women and men to be educated equally. A Vindication of the Rights of Woman is one of the trailblazing works of feminism. Wollstonecraft’s work argued that the educational system of her time deliberately trained women to be frivolous and incapable. She posited that an educational system that allowed girls the same advantages as boys would result in women who would be not only exceptional wives and mothers but also capable workers in many professions. Other early feminists had made similar pleas for improved education for women, but Wollstonecraft’s work was unique in suggesting that the betterment of women’s status be effected through such political change as the radical reform of national educational systems. Such change, she concluded, would benefit all society. 10- In ________, the Bandung conference was held. It was a meeting of Asian and African states - organized by Indonesia, Myanmar (Burma), Ceylon (Sri Lanka), India, and Pakistan - which took place in Bandung, Indonesia. Representatives from twenty-nine governments of Asian and African nations gathered to discuss peace and the role of the Third World in the Cold War, economic development, and decolonization. The core principles of the Bandung Conference were political self-determination, mutual respect for sovereignty, non-aggression, non-interference in internal affairs, and equality. The meeting is considered to have been a landmark on the way to the nonaligned movement. The Bandung Declaration called for the right of all nations to freely choose their governments, for an end to colonial rule, for a North-South dialogue on economics, and for refraining from entering into military alliances with either of the two superpowers (nonalignment). 10   Word Bank: Ahimsa, Cold War, Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere, Socrates, Hanseatic League, Encomienda, Teotihuacán, Marxist, Shi’ism, Wheel 1-     The euphemism __________ was used by Japan in World War II to refer to the territories conquered by their military and included in their Empire. Japan tried to appeal to fellow Asians by suggesting that they create an anti-imperialistic zone under Japanese control. This meant expelling the Europeans from Asia and; while some Indians, Indonesians, and Malaysians did collaborate with the Japanese to fight the Europeans, many saw this appeal as a way to replace one imperialist with another. Propaganda from Tokyo continued to publicize the Japanese triumphs over the British and the Dutch, but many Asians fought Japan and helped the Allies during the war. After all, imperialism by any other name is still imperialism. 2-     The term _________ best refers to two hostile camps, communist and capitalist, contending for influence in the world. After the surrender of the Axis powers, a rivalry arose between democratic states led by the United States and communist states led by the Soviet Union. From the end of the Second World War to the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, this conflict created numerous regional

confrontations in which the Americans and the Soviets sought domination over the other. 3-     A similarity between the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Chinese Revolution of 1949 is that both revolutions were led by committed _________ leaders. The tsarist regime of Russia had been weakened by World War I and it helped create opportunities for the radical Bolsheviks. A generation later, World War II also weakened the nationalists in China and helped the insurgents under Mao Zedong take control. Like Lenin in Russia in 1917, Mao used radical ideas to appeal to the poor and dispossessed in China. He preached the overthrow of the landed elites and the capitalist classes. Yet in neither revolution was the nation fully industrialized. Of course, the author of the Manifesto and his co-writer, Engels, believed that the revolution would be the work of the proletariat in an industrialized nation.  4-     The development of a feudal-like farm system to ensure a cheap labor supply in New Spain was called the __________ system. This system was a state-sponsored labor system that gave colonials the power to use natives as de facto slaves. This practice systematized the oppression of Native Americans and left them political weak and disadvantaged. The privileges of conquest were used by the Spanish to take advantage of the conquered people and make them work for Spain. The Spanish priest, Bartolomé de las Casas, in his In Defense of the Indians revealed the terrible abuses committed in the system and demanded its eradication.  5-     One major difference between the Ottoman and Safavid empires was _________ in Iran. The Islamic schism between the Sunni Muslim community and the Party of ‘Ali is evident when comparing the Ottoman and the Persian Safavid empires. The Party of ‘Ali found its greatest following in the area east of Arabia, in present-day Iraq and Iran. Conflicts between the Turks and Persians from the sixteenth century helped deepen the rift between the two major schools of Islamic tradition. Of course, the issue separating the two communities concerns who is the legitimate successor of the Prophet Muhammad.  6-     One crucial invention not found in Mesoamerican culture was the _________. This limited the amount that could be carried and also the speed at which the goods could be transported. Even so, the Mayans had roads hundreds of kilometers long that were used to transport goods for trade. 7-     The practice of Jainism in South Asia advocated the practice of _________, or nonviolence to living things. In India, a religious teacher named Mahavira preached respect for all living things. Devout followers would even brush the ground in front of them as they walked to avoid stepping on insects. Jainism stressed that all creatures are sacred, so they have a strict vegetarian diet.  8-     The philosopher of ancient Athens who was accused of corrupting the youth of Athens was _________. In 399 B.C.E. this philosopher was accused of teachings that

were detrimental to the youth of the city of Athens. He was tried and sentenced to commit suicide. His trial is one of the most famous in history and highlights the difficulties in maintaining freedom of thought. Indeed, this philosopher encouraged the asking of questions in order to "know thyself."  9-     The city of _________ in Central America, c. 200 B.C.E., was known for massive pyramids dedicated to the sun and moon. Indeed this city was one of the great urban wonders of ancient America. Its pyramids were focused on worship of the heavens. It is believed to have grown to over 100,000 people by 600 C.E., and it was some 8 square miles. With no written records, all knowledge of this great city is limited to archaeological excavation.  10-  The __________ was the name of a trade network in the North Sea and Baltic regions c. 1430. This was a trade association, with trading cities across northern Europe, at the end of the Middle Ages. Cities such as Hamburg and Bremen entered into commercial agreements that allowed more modern banking systems to develop. The merchant classes in the German states, Holland, and Poland grew, which in turn allowed for more upward mobility.  Chronology: “The science that deals with measuring time by regular divisions and that assigns to events their proper dates.”~ Merriam-Webster  This quiz is dedicated to dates everywhere! “Dates” Bank: 1949, 750, 1868, 1689-1725, 476, 1526, 1600s, 1910, 1914-1919, 1947 1-   In _______, the Meiji Restoration transformed Japanese society. The emperor had been restored to power, feudalism had been abolished, and most Japanese recognized the need to adopt Western learning, economics, and military methods to compete with the West. After all, Japan had been humiliated when Commodore Perry arrived in 1853 and effectively ended the Tokugawa Shogunate’s Act of Seclusion. During the Meiji Restoration, Japan began the process of modernization and industrialization that would allow it to defeat a European power in 1905 (the Russo-Japanese War). 2-   From _______, Europe imploded. During the First World War and the subsequent Versailles Conference, the Europeans were confronted with the realization that their supposedly "Enlightened" cultures were perhaps not as enlightened as they had believed. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism (MAIN) had fueled the tensions that led to war. Of course, all wars have trigger events that actually ignite conflicts. In the case of the "Great War" that event was the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand in the Balkan Peninsula. And after four miserable years of trench warfare on the Western Front (a stalemate only broken by the arrival of American soldiers) and three years of

miserable losses for Russian soldiers on the Eastern Front (that is until Vladimir Lenin pulled Russia out of the war - remember the Bolshevik promise of "Bread, Peace, and Land"), the war ended but the war and the subsequent peace treaties did not create a lasting peace. The punitive Treaty of Versailles (Germany was forced to pay reparations for the cost of the war and lost its colonies) paved the way for a greater and even more destructive conflict. 3-   In _______, the Mughal Empire was founded by Babur in the Indian subcontinent. While Babur founded an empire that flourished in the subcontinent for many years, he always longed for his Central Asian homeland. The Mughals were a Muslim minority in a Hindu-dominated subcontinent. While some rulers, like Akbar the Great, promoted religious toleration, others like Aurangzeb persecuted Hindus. Some Indians converted to Islam during the Mughal period. Untouchables and lower-caste Hindus were particularly drawn to Islam’s egalitarianism (all believers are equal in the eyes of Allah) in contrast to the rigid hierarchy of the Hindu caste system. And of course, a most beautiful monument was ordered constructed by Shah Jahan for his beloved, Mumtaz Mahal (the Taj Mahal). 4-   ______ is generally recognized by historians as the date that marks the fall of the Western Roman Empire. "Barbarian" invasions, corrupt emperors, and economic woes were some of the factors for the Western Empire’s collapse. However, it is incorrect to state that the Roman Empire fell on this date for it survived in the East. While historians do not refer to it as the Eastern Roman Empire after this date, it still thrived for a thousand more years. Of course, students of world history know it as the Byzantine Empire; named for Byzantium - the city for which the Roman Emperor Constantine gave the name Constantinople, a magnificent city which experienced another name change in 1453 when it was conquered by the Ottomans and renamed Istanbul. 5-   In _______, the Chinese Communist Party experienced victory when it defeated the Nationalist Party led by Chiang Kai-shek. The Nationalist leaders fled to Taiwan and the Communists renamed the country the People’s Republic of China. Of course, the Communists under the leadership of Mao Zedong radically restructured China. Like Stalin, Mao used five-year plans to promote industrial growth. He also began the collectivization of agriculture in 1955. In 1958, he began the Great Leap Forward. This plan was even more grandiose than his First Five-Year Plan and resulted in a terrible famine due to poor state planning and poor harvests. In 1966, Mao launched the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution to silence his critics. Many Chinese suffered at the hands of young communist activists known as the Red Guards. 6-   In _______, India and Pakistan gained independence from the British. At independence, the subcontinent was partitioned into a Hindu-dominated India and a Muslim-dominated Pakistan. Muslims had feared discrimination in a Hindu-dominated country and under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the

Muslim League sought a solution in the partitioning of the subcontinent. The British agreed with this division.  7-   From _______, the Russian tsar, Peter the Great, transformed Russia. Peter sought to westernize Russia and reorient the country towards Europe. While Peter did not completely bridge the gulf between Russia and the Western countries, he achieved considerable progress in development of the national economy and trade, education, science and culture, and foreign policy. Russia became a great power.  8-   Though it is hard to precisely date, historians generally date the Scientific Revolution as occurring in the _______. Of course, Copernicus’ heliocentric model which placed the sun at the center of the universe was proposed earlier but Galileo was ordered to appear before the Inquisition [Catholic Court] in this time period. And scientific thinking profoundly changed world history with its observation, experimentation, and proofs.  9-   _______ marks the start of the Abbasid Dynasty. The Abbasid Dynasty succeeded the Umayyad Dynasty and the focal point of Islamic political and cultural life shifted eastward from Syria to Iraq, where, in 762, Baghdad, the circular City of Peace (madinat al-salam), was founded as the new capital. During the Abbasid Dynasty, a golden age in science, mathematics, and literature occurred. However, this burst of artistic vitality came to a halt with the sack of Baghdad by the Ilkhanid branch of the Mongols in 1258 10-               _______ marks the start of the Mexican Revolution. There were many causes of this revolution from dictatorship to foreign ownership of land to profound class inequalities. During the revolution, agrarian rebels like Emiliano Zapata and Francisco "Pancho" Villa sought to improve the lives of farmers and ranchers. Indeed Zapata promised "Tierra y Libertad" or "Land and Freedom". However, Zapata and Villa were assassinated and the Constitutionalists came to power in the same year as the Bolshevik Revolution. The Constitution gave Mexicans many rights and limited the President to one term for six years. The Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) has been the country's preeminent political organization from 1929 until the early 1990s.  "Dates"   Bank : 1911, 313, 1839-1842, 1206-1227, 1888, 1312-1337, 1959, 221, 332-184, 1884-1885 1-     In the Opium War (________), China suffered a series of humiliating defeats. The first Opium War was between China and Britain, and it was followed by a second Opium War, also known as the Arrow War or the Anglo-French War in China and was fought by Britain and France against China. The Treaty of Nanjing (Nanking) resulted from the first Opium War and provided for the payment of a large indemnity by China, cession (giving up) of five ports for British trade and residence, and the right of British citizens to be tried by British courts in China

(extraterritoriality). Other Western countries quickly demanded and were given similar privileges  2-     In _______, Fidel Castro, Ernesto "Che" Guevara and other communist insurgents overthrew the dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista in Cuba. Greatly concerned with a communist state only ninety miles from the coast of Florida, the United States government supported the failed Bay of Pigs invasion in an attempt to topple Castro’s regime. However, Castro remained in power and after the Soviets withdrew their missiles from the island during the Cuban Missile Crisis, the United States promised to never invade the island though continued its trade embargo. 3-     During the Berlin Conference (_______), a series of negotiations occurred at Berlin, in which representatives from the major European nations met to establish rules for the European conquest and colonization of Africa. As such, the Berlin Conference stimulated the "Scramble for Africa" by establishing rules for the recognition of European claims. A European nation could no longer simply raise its flag on the African coast and claim everything that lay behind it in the hinterland. Instead, a European colonial power had to physically occupy whatever it claimed with troops, missionaries, merchants, or better yet, railroads, forts and buildings. Of course, tragically, no Africans were present at the meeting. 4-     In _______, the last Chinese dynasty, the Qing Dynasty, collapsed. In October of this year, a group of revolutionaries in southern China led a successful revolt against the Qing Dynasty, establishing in its place the Republic of China and ending the imperial system. 5-     In ________, slavery was abolished in Brazil. Despite its brutality and inhumanity, the slave system aroused little protest until the Age of Reason, when rationalist thinkers of the Enlightenment began to criticize it for its violation of the rights of man, and Quaker and other evangelical religious groups condemned it for its un-Christian qualities. As moral disapproval of slavery became widespread, antislavery reformers won a number of victories. 6-     Mansa Musa was the reigning king of Mali from _______. Remembered for his famous pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj), he was accompanied by an impressive caravan consisting of 60,000 men including a personal retinue of 12,000 slaves, all clad in brocade and Persian silk. The emperor himself rode on horseback and was directly preceded by 500 slaves, each carrying a gold-adorned staff. In addition, he had a baggage train of 80 camels, each carrying 300 pounds of gold. Of course, Mansa Musa was the most significant king of the West African kingdom of Mali, a pious Muslim, and a king who controlled important Trans-Saharan trade routes or salt for gold trade routes in the region. 7-     In _______ B.C.E., Shihuangdi founded the Qin Dynasty in China. As emperor of China, he initiated a series of reforms aimed at establishing a fully centralized administration. He also issued orders for almost universal standardization - from

weights, measures, and the axle lengths of carts to the written language and the laws. Construction of a network of roads and canals was begun, and fortresses erected for defense against barbarian invasions from the north were linked to form the Great Wall. However, he was a proponent of Legalism and punished dissenters harshly. 8-     In ________, Christianity became legal in the Roman Empire. After Emperor Constantine’s conversion to Christianity, the religion found favor in the Empire. Of course, it was rather surprising since the Romans had crucified Jesus centuries earlier. Nonetheless, the Edict of Milan permanently established religious toleration for Christianity within the Roman Empire.  9-     The Mauryan Empire (________ B.C.E.), in ancient India, was an empire centered at Pataliputra. In the wake of Alexander the Great’s death, Chandragupta Maurya, its dynastic founder, carved out the majority of an empire that encompassed most of the subcontinent except for the Tamil south. The Mauryan Empire was an efficient and highly organized autocracy with a standing army and civil service. One of its most significant rulers was the Buddhist Mauryan emperor Ashoka. His visions for peace and religious tolerance were exquisitely executed edicts carved on stone pillars that were erected throughout his realm.  10-  From _________, Genghis Khan ruled the Mongols. This Mongol ruler brought all the nomadic tribes of Mongolia under his rule in a rigidly disciplined military state. He then turned his attention toward the settled peoples beyond the borders of his nomadic realm and began the series of campaigns of plunder and conquest that eventually carried the Mongol armies as far as the Adriatic Sea in one direction and the Pacific coast of China in the other, leading to the establishment of the great Mongol Empire. Yet while the Mongols conquered Russia, China, and Persia, they never conquered Japan, although they tried twice.  Chronology: “The science that deals with measuring time by regular divisions and that assigns to events their proper dates.”~ Merriam-Webster  This quiz is dedicated to dates everywhere! "Dates"   Bank : 1917, 1492, 1979, 5th, 960-1279, 1517, 661-750, 1789, 610, 1947-1991 1-   In _______, Martin Luther posted the Ninety-Five Theses thereby igniting the Protestant Reformation. 2-   In _______, Christopher Columbus embarked on an oceanic voyage that changed world history by accidentally landing in the Americas. The Americas were permanently incorporated into the world trading system, the indigenous peoples of the Americas suffered a "Great Dying" due to the introduction of European

diseases, populations ultimately exploded in Europe and Asia due to new crops from the Americas, and silver discovered in the Americas fueled European trade with China. 3-   In _______, Muhammad received his first revelation. After receiving more revelations, Muhammad and his followers spread the teachings of Islam throughout the Arabian Peninsula. Over time, Islam became a significant world religion with Muslims all over the world adhering to the Five Pillars of the Faith: Monotheism, Prayer, Charity, Fasting, and Pilgrimage (Hajj). 4-   The ______ century B.C.E. was a significant century in world history. Important philosophies developed in diverse lands. Siddhartha Gautama achieved enlightenment and became teaching the Four Noble Truths on the origin, causation, and cessation of suffering. Confucius developed ideas like filial piety and the Five Relationships. And of course, Socrates kept asking questions in Athens.  5-   _______ marked the start of the French Revolution. This Revolution was triggered by a government on the verge of bankruptcy, tremendous class inequalities, and unfair taxation. It ultimately led to the execution of a king, a Reign of Terror, and the rise of Napoleon.  6-   In ________, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks promised the Russian people "Bread, Peace, and Land." For the poor and hungry, the communists promised bread. For those weary of war on the Eastern Front and the enormous causalities and losses during World War I, the Bolsheviks promised peace; and for the farmers barely eking out a living on the land, the Bolsheviks promised land.  7-   In ________, the Shah of Iran fled the country and the Ayatollah Khomeini led a religious revolution thereby creating a theocracy in Iran. Shari’a or Islamic law became the foundation of the new society and anti-Western sentiment increased.  8-   From ________, the Cold War dominated world events. This ideological conflict between the capitalistic, democratic United States and the communist Soviet Union affected many regions. While the two superpowers managed to avoid direct confrontation, they intervened in conflicts in other regions leading to a divided Korea, a temporarily divided Vietnam, and conflicts in Africa, Latin America, and Asia. However, with the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cold War ended. 9-   From ________, the Umayyad Caliphate ruled the Islamic world. After the death of Muhammad in 632, a series of four caliphs, known as the Rightly Guided, succeeded. However, following the assassination of ‘Ali, Muhammad's cousin, son-in-law, and fourth caliph, Mu’awiya, the governor of Syria under the Rightly Guided Caliphs, seized power and established the Umayyad caliphate, the first Islamic dynasty. Under Mu’awiya's successors, the important historic city of Damascus was transformed into the capital of an empire that extended from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indus River.

 10- From ________, the Song Dynasty ruled China. This dynasty ruled the country during one of its most brilliant cultural epochs. Widespread printing of the Confucian Classics and the use of movable type, beginning in the 11th century, brought literature and learning to the people. It also should be noted that footbinding became popular during this dynasty.  Word Bank: Luddites, Tokugawa Japan, Enlightenment, Succession, Sati, Confucianism, Akbar, Social Darwinism, Zheng He, Janissary 1-     An explanation for the Ming Dynasty’s decision to bring a brief period of extensive overseas exploration guided by Admiral ________ in the early fifteenth century to a halt was that attitudes toward the expeditions within the imperial bureaucracy ranged from indifference to hostility. The voyages were too much of a break from tradition with too few tangible benefits for Confucian bureaucrats steeped in tradition to embrace.  2-     In ________, the conversion of the local population to Christianity reached hundreds of thousands before there was a state crackdown on the religion that accompanied a more comprehensive move toward isolation from the West. Of course, this shogunate had unified Japan after a period of civil war and viewed any belief or action that threatened unity as dangerous. Indeed, regional lords (daimyo) converted and led Christianized populations in warfare against each other and uprisings against the imperial center. Christianity had become a mobilizing factor in an ongoing situation of feudal conflict and was targeted as a threat to internal order. 3-     A leadership issue dating from the earlier caliphates that continued to impact Muslim empires such as the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals into the period 1450 to 1750 was a lack of clear ________ principles that led to recurrent crises when replacing leaders. Unfortunately, the Prophet Muhammad had died before selecting an heir. This led to questions in the umma (Islamic community) as to who was the legitimate successor to the Prophet. Sunni Muslims believe that any pious, capable Muslim man may lead the umma whereas Shi’a Muslims believe that ‘Ali, the Prophet’s son-in-law, and his descendants were the legitimate successors. 4-     Religious tolerance, Hindu-Muslim intermarriage, and abolition of the jizya (tax on non-Muslims) are all associated with the Mughal ruler, ________. This ruler made efforts to reduce the hostility of the Hindu majority of the subcontinent to Muslim rule. This great Mughal ruler reigned from 1556 to 1605 and extended Mughal power over most of the Indian subcontinent. In order to preserve the unity of his empire, he adopted programs that won the loyalty of the non-Muslim populations of his realm. 

5-     The prohibition of ________ is associated with the rule of Akbar the Great. This prohibited practice was the practice of ritual widow-burning. Among some Hindus, an obedient wife was expected to follow her husband to death. The widow was expected to jump on the burning flames of the deceased husband’s funeral pyre, thus committing suicide. Aside from prohibiting this ritual suicide, Akbar’s rule is also known as a time when the status of women was rising. Special market days for women were declared as well, presumably, so that women might speak, act, and conduct business more freely without the presence of men. 6-     Characteristics of the ________ corps in the Ottoman Empire included: it was composed of young men taken from conquered lands as children and conscripted for training in the military arts; it relied on gunpowder musketry and artillery for weaponry; it intervened in dynastic succession disputes more frequently over the years; and it carried out operations against foreign enemies and also served internal police functions. 7-     Hinduism, Islam, Jainism, and Christianity were belief systems that had followings in India by 1750 but ________ had little to no following in India. This Chinese philosophy spread to Korea, Japan, and Southeast Asia but never into the subcontinent. Western missionaries had been met with limited success by 1750 in some Indian coastal areas but not this Chinese philosophy.  8-     The ________ were a failed response to industrialization in Western Europe. The members of these organized bands of 19th-century English handicraftsmen rioted for the destruction of the textile machinery that was displacing them. They believed that the machine had taken their job away, and if they destroyed the machine they would get their job back. Factory owners, however, were making too much profit, and hired unemployed soldiers to guard their factories and prevent such actions.  9-     During the _________, philosophers in Europe were shaped by a belief in natural law, the equality and rights of man, and the need for representative government. This European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and man were synthesized into a worldview gained wide assent and that instigated revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and politics. Central to its thought was the use and the celebration of reason, the power by which man understands the universe and improves his own condition. The goals of rational man were considered to be knowledge, freedom, and happiness. 10-  _________ was a nineteenth-century ideology that most directly promoted imperialism. Proponents held that the life of humans in society was a struggle for existence ruled by "survival of the fittest," a phrase proposed by the British philosopher and scientist Herbert Spencer. On a social and political level, this philosophy was believed to allow rich and powerful individuals or nations to conquer, exploit, or abuse less wealthy or less powerful individuals and nations.

 Word Bank: Lin Zexu, Taiping Rebellion, Japan, Opium, Tiananmen Square, Queue, Barbarian, Buddhism, Tanzimat Reform, Neo-Confucianism 1-   In May 1989, Chinese students, who had serious aspirations for greater freedoms, began to stage demonstrations at ________, in central Beijing. There was a deliberate historical significance here: it was the seventieth anniversary of the May Fourth Movement, which, in 1919, had gathered at the square, in order to demand progressive reforms. Inspired by that long-ago event, as well as ongoing developments in Eastern Europe and the USSR, Chinese students hoped to bring about positive changes in their own country. However, the government refused to grant any concessions. By the end of May, the authorities sent in troops and tanks, crushing the demonstrations by means of force. Here, at least, the leadership chose not to run the risk of being overthrown. 2-   An explanation for the reason why the British turned to trading _______ in China is that British merchants could find no other commodity the Chinese needed or wanted. Even in 1800, Chinese market capacity surpassed that of Britain. For centuries, the only commodity the British and other Westerners had that the Chinese desired was silver. So, silver flowed out of Britain and into China. To reverse Britain’s unfavorable trade, the British turned to this highly addictive product. It worked and silver began flowing into Britain and out of China. 3-   Land redistribution, reforms to simplify Chinese writing, equality for women, and armed struggle were major features of both the ________ and the Communist movement. In these respects, the Communist movement that emerged in the 1920s can be seen to be picking up where this earlier movement of the 1850s and 1860s left off. Of course, ideology was the difference. The leaders of the movement of the 1850s and 1860s were influenced by a Chinese-inspired Christianity while the communist leaders adhered to a Chinese-inspired Marxism. Even here, similarity persists since both ideologies were Western in origin. However, Marx believed that religion was an opiate of the masses and Marxism is unequivocally anti-religion. Of course, both movements modified systems they inherited from the West. The founder of the movement of the 1850s and 1860s claimed to be Jesus Christ’s younger brother and Mao Zedong depended on peasants as opposed to the industrial proletariat for his revolution. To this day, Maoists focus their communist revolutionary activity in the countryside among peasants.  4-   In the period before the early 1800s, the ruling Qing dynasty’s attitude toward the West was to view Western civilization as just another _______ foreign society. This imperial arrogance caused a stunning lack of awareness to the danger the West posed to China. As Western European nations industrialized, their military capabilities greatly increased. With its ethnocentric "Middle Kingdom" attitudes, Qing leaders refused to take these nations seriously until China experienced a tremendous reversal of fortune.

 5-   Britain, France, Germany, and _______ had achieved territorial concessions in China by 1914 but Italy had not. The Italians came relatively late to the nineteenth-century race for colonies and limited their ambitions to the African continent. Of course, the one Asian nation that gained territorial concessions in China was aided by its own industrial revolution; a revolution that began during its Meiji Restoration.  6-   The Boxer Rebellion, the May Fourth Movement, the Kuomintang (Nationalist) Movement, and the Chinese Communist Movement all belong in a list of Chinese movements resentful of foreign domination. However, the ________ Movement does not belong on this list. This movement was a movement in the Ottoman Empire heavily influenced by European ideas and intended to effectuate a fundamental change of the empire from the old system based on theocratic principles to that of a modern state. 7-   During the Qing dynasty-era, ethnic Han Chinese men were forced to show their respect for their Manchu rulers by being forced to wear the distinctive _______ hairstyle. This unique hairstyle was a distinguishing and commonplace feature of life in China under the Qing dynasty. Indeed when the Manchu conquered China, they forced the Chinese to adopt this custom as a sign of loyalty to the new dynasty. Apart from this though, the Manchu made no attempt to impose their manners and customs upon the Chinese. 8-   _______ was a Chinese imperial bureaucrat who wrote a famous letter to Queen Victoria demanding a cessation of British shipment of opium into China. Unfortunately, the British continued to sell opium in China and war resulted. The only lesson Lin drew from China’s defeat and humiliation was that it was necessary to learn more about these "barbarians" and to import their technology. 9-   The emergence of ________ in the Tang-Song era in China led to a regeneration of a centralized bureaucracy, preference of Chinese ideas and practices over foreign ones, the development of public works, and the institution of a more rigorous education and examination system. However, it did not lead to a growing egalitarianism in gender roles. This philosophy believed that women were inferiors in society. 10- Neo-Confucianism incorporated ideas from Confucianism, ________, and Daoism. Of course, in Confucian teaching, the family is the most basic unit of society. Everyone should respect and obey his or her parents and put the interests of the family before personal interests. This attitude of "filial piety" extended also to ancestors. It was considered essential that everyone marry, so that family lines would continue and male heirs make offerings of food and drink to their deceased ancestors. But in Neo-Confucianism, there is also a creative reinterpretation of the traditional Confucian core to meet new intellectual and spiritual expectations.

 Word Bank: Glasnost, Reagan, Solidarity, "Four Modernizations", Afghan, Free-Market, Eastern Europe, Perestroika, Legalized, Dissolve 1-   China underwent a painful modernization process under Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong). Mao’s death in 1976 led to great changes. In 1978, after a power struggle, Deng Xiaoping came to power in China, having defeated the so-called Gang of Four (which included Mao’s widow, Jiang Qing). Like Mao, Deng was a modernizer. He instituted a ________ program, focusing on industry, agriculture, technology, and national defense. However, while Mao had been idealistic, inflexible, and revolutionary, Deng was pragmatic, willing to compromise, and gradual. Although a communist, Deng was more concerned with China’s well-being and growing strength than he was with absolute commitment to abstract Marxist ideals. Famously, he commented that whether a cat is black or white makes no difference, as long as it catches mice. 2-   In opposition to Mao’s militant anticapitalism, Deng allowed limited ________ reform in China. Under the slogan, "create wealth for the people," Deng permitted private enterprise, small business, and limited capitalist exchange. Economically, the result was clear: China experienced fabulous economic growth throughout the 1980s. Wages and standards of living improved considerably. There was, however, a social and cultural effect as well. With greater wealth came the desire for greater freedom. This was a luxury that even Deng was not prepared to allow.  3-   In March 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the USSR. Gorbachev inherited a Soviet Union in crisis. The political system was riddled with corruption and apathy. The deadly accident at the nuclear reactor in Chernobyl, Ukraine, in 1986, demonstrated clearly the inefficiency of the Soviet system. The _______ War raged on, killing more Soviet troops, draining the country’s finances, and accomplishing nothing. Unrest in Eastern Europe was worsening. Beyond that, the non-Russian republics of the Soviet Union were starting to become independent-minded, threatening to break up the USSR itself. In terms of military affairs, although it took care not to reveal it publicly, the Soviet government knew the USSR was falling behind in the arms race - and did not have the economic resources to catch up with the United States. 4-   At home, Gorbachev’s response to the Soviet Union’s problems was to attempt a thorough reform of the Soviet system. In his famous policy of ________ ("restructuring"), Gorbachev tried to strengthen the Soviet economy. He emphasized local control over central planning. He allowed limited free enterprise and loosened rules regarding private property. He set into place some of the foundations of a free-market economy. In many ways, much of perestroika was similar to what Deng Xiaoping was doing in China during the 1980s. The major difference was that, while economic liberalization led to prosperity in China, it did not do so in the USSR. This was largely due to ingrained inefficiency in the Soviet system, dating back to the Stalin period. It also had to do with the fact that Deng

dealt better with conservative opposition in China than Gorbachev did in the Soviet Union. 5-   Another difference between Gorbachev’s liberalization and Deng’s was that Gorbachev allowed political and cultural liberalization at the same time. Gorbachev’s policy of _______ ("openness") provided for greater freedom of the press and media, frank discussion of the Soviet Union’s clouded past (especially the Stalin period), public criticism of contemporary problems, and exposure of political corruption or workplace abuses. Gorbachev’s hope was that this greater social and cultural freedom would motivate the Soviet population to carry out his "restructuring" policy in the political and economic spheres. 6-   Gorbachev also carried out political reforms. He allowed competitive elections in 1987 (although all candidates were members of the Communist Party or ran as individuals). A nationally-elected parliament, the Congress of People’s Deputies, met in 1989. In 1990, Gorbachev __________ non-Communist parties.  7-   A diplomatic breakthrough in the Cold War came in 1987, when U.S. President _______ and Gorbachev negotiated the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, which removed short- and intermediate-range nuclear weapons from Europe. Steps like this were long steps forward in ending the Cold War. 8-   Gorbachev also began to loosen the Soviet Union’s grip on ________. Publicly, he called for economic reform and greater observance of human rights. With regard to the Warsaw Pact, Gorbachev chose to allow these nations to go their separate paths. In a famous joke, the Soviet foreign minister stated that the USSR was replacing the Brezhnev Doctrine (which declared the right of the Soviets to intervene in East European affairs) with the "Sinatra Doctrine," according to which each nation in this region could "do it ‘My Way.’" 9-   Gorbachev’s new stance toward Eastern Europe helped stir up the massive wave of liberalization and freedom that swept over the region in 1989 and 1990. In Poland, _______, which had emerged from underground in 1988, was made legal in 1989. That summer, it was allowed to take part in nationwide elections, winning a huge victory and bringing a noncommunist leadership to power. The Hungarian Communist Party opened the country’s borders to the West, and then voted itself out of existence. November 1989 was the great climax. In Czechoslovakia’s "Velvet Revolution," Vaclav Havel’s dissident movement, Civic Forum, swept to power. Bulgaria’s communist leadership resigned. Most striking of all, however, the East German Communist Party, the strongest and most hard-line in Eastern Europe, collapsed. In the freedom movement’s most celebrated, most triumphant event, the Berlin Wall - which, since 1961, had been the most hated symbol of the Cold War - was opened. Shortly afterward, it was torn down altogether. 10- In late 1991, Mikhail Gorbachev was forced to ________ the USSR. On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev resigned as leader of the Soviet Union. At the same

time, he declared an end to the USSR itself. Soviet Communism, whose birth in 1917 had been one of the major events of the twentieth century, did not live to see the twenty-first.

 Word Bank: Nelson Mandela, Zimbabwe, Belgium, Patrice Lumumba, Apartheid, Pan-Africanism, Soweto, Mau Mau, Colonizers, Kwame Nkrumah 1-   Decolonization in South Africa was tainted by the racist policies of the white-minority government. The government that had declared freedom from Britain was controlled by a white minority, largely descended from the Dutch Boers. These Afrikaners practiced the policy of ________, or extreme racial segregation. South Africa is one of the world’s richest sources of gold and diamonds. Therefore, from the 1960s through the 1990s, the white government of South Africa turned its nation into the wealthiest, most modern and most industrialized nation on the continent. However, its policy of extreme racial segregation made it one of Africa’s most repressive nations. "Pass" laws, homelands or Bantustans and separate facilities were aspects of this era. 2-   Although the white-minority government of South Africa had the power to suppress virtually all criticism of its policies, there was always some opposition to apartheid within South Africa. Black African groups, with the support of some whites, held demonstrations and strikes, and there were many instances of violent protest and of sabotage. An attempt to enforce Afrikaans language requirements for black African students led to the ________ riots in 1976. Afrikaans was the language of the descendants of the Dutch Boers and black South African students viewed it as the language of oppressor classes; the language of segregation. 3-   By the 1980s, internal unrest, economic problems, and international revulsion were placing extreme pressure on the South African government to abandon the policy of racial segregation. Groups like the Zulu Confederation and the African National Congress (ANC) opposed the white-only government. The ANC’s leader, _______, gained the status of sympathetic dissident during his long imprisonment (1964-1990) by the white authorities. Another moral figure in this movement was Bishop Desmond Tutu, a black clergyman in the Anglican Church and a Nobel Peace Prize recipient. Finally, in 1990, the government released the sympathetic dissent and in 1994, free elections resulted in the ANC’s victory. The once imprisoned sympathetic dissident became the country’s president. 4-   The first sub-Saharan African colony to gain its freedom, in 1957, was the British-controlled Gold Coast, which, under the leadership of ________, renamed itself Ghana. For the most part, independence movements in sub-Saharan Africa were nonviolent and led by intellectuals and labor activists. Indeed, most independence leaders and new leaders of decolonized African nations were Western-educated individuals. 

5-   For the most part, decolonization in the parts of Africa that had been ruled by the British and French went smoothly. Both Britain and France (to a lesser extent) took great care to prepare their colonies for freedom by educating native elites, allowing native representation in transitional governments, and minimizing the possibility of interethnic conflict. However, the worst transitions to independence were made in colonies that had been conquered and colonized by ________ and Portugal. Here, the imperial masters had been particularly exploitative and took no steps to prepare their colonies for independence. 6-   Though most decolonization movements were nonviolent, there were exceptions. One of the most famous was the ________ movement among Kenya’s Kikuyu people. In contrast to Jomo Kenyatta’s (a Kenyan nationalist and the first prime minister of independent Kenya) approach to decolonization, this movement killed more than 100 Europeans and 1,700 Africans during the 1950s. Members of the movement advocated violent resistance to British domination in Kenya. 7-   In Rhodesia, a white-controlled government declared independence from Britain in 1965. The new government harshly repressed black natives, who responded with violence. Only after a savage fifteen-year conflict was Rhodesia placed under native rule, in 1980, when the country renamed itself _______.  8-   During the postwar period, free African nations took many paths toward modernization. Some leaders, such as Jomo Kenyatta, attempted Western-style capitalism. Others were attracted to Marxism and various types of socialism, such as Julius Nyerere of Tanzania, Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, _______ of the Congo, and Sékou Touré of Guinea. It should be noted that the prime mover in the campaign for Congolese independence was assassinated by political rivals in late 1965. 9-   _________ was a utopian goal of several African leaders. This movement was dedicated to establishing independence for African nations and cultivating unity among black people throughout the world. In 1964, Nkrumah presided over the foundation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU). An African Economic Community was also founded in 1991.  10- In Africa, the lines that determine a nation’s political borders are, in most cases, meaningless when it comes to determining where people of a certain ethnicity or language group live. Most borders were drawn by European ________ for their own benefit and convenience. Therefore, within most African nations, there is a dizzying array of ethnicities, languages, cultural practices, and religions. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for example, there are more than 200 distinct tribes, and 75 languages are spoken. Often, the only common tongue is that of the former colonial power. This makes it difficult for a single state to govern all its people fairly. It also can become an even more serious problem when ethnic differences break out into violence, even all-out warfare. Since the colonial period, nearly all the wars in Africa have been fought within national borders, not between different countries.

Word Bank: Griots, Mahayana, Hijra (Hegira), Zoroastrianism, Gupta, Heian, Dhows, Confucius, Popol Vuh, Monsoons 1-   The White Huns occupied Bactria and prepared to cross the Hindu Kush into India during the 4th and 5th centuries. Their invasions reduced the _______ Empire into an empty name. The cost of self-defense drained the financial resources of the empire and the weakened dynasty could no longer sustain itself. Initially, this empire repelled the Huns, but by the end of the 5th century, the empire was too weak to organize resistance and the Huns moved across the Hindu Kush almost at will, establishing several kingdoms in northern and western India. This Indian Empire had risen to power in Magadha and unlike the Maurya Empire, was relatively decentralized. However, a golden age had occurred during this empire with significant advances in mathematics and science.  2-   It is known as "the greater vehicle" and spread to central and east Asia. Its notion of a bodhisattva or "enlightened being" made it attractive to new converts. A bodhisattva was an individual who intentionally delayed entry into nirvana to help others struggling to get there. Theologians in this tradition began to teach that bodhisattvas could perform good deeds on behalf of others, thus opening up the possibility of salvation to the masses. Yes, _______ literally meant "the greater vehicle," so called because it could carry more people to salvation. In later centuries, it also became established in central Asia, China, Korea, and Japan. It is one of the two major schools of Buddhism (the other school is Theravada or Hinayana) but both schools share basic concepts of Buddhist doctrine such as the Four Noble Truths, the Eightfold Path, and nirvana. 3-   The _______, a Mayan creation myth, taught that the gods created humans out of maize and water. The Mayas believed that the gods maintained agricultural cycles in exchange for honors and sacrifices. Besides sacrificing captives, the Mayas also engaged in voluntary bloodletting. The Mayas developed an accurate calendar and created the most sophisticated of all early systems of writing in the Americas. Their script contained both ideographic elements and symbols for syllables. Tikal was the most important political center of the Mayas with its plazas, pyramids, and palaces. But in 800 C.E., the Mayas began to desert their cities for reasons still unknown to historians. 4-   ________ was a Persian religion that honoured Ahura Mazda ("Wise Lord"). Followers believed in a cosmic struggle between Ahura Mazda and the Angra Mainyu ("the destructive spirit"). This important religion in the history of religions developed significant religious concepts such as a future judgement and of heavenly paradise or hell as reward or punishment. It allowed followers to enjoy the world and its fruits, so long as individuals abided by the moral teachings of "good words, good thoughts, good deeds." Its teachings had a substantial influence on Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.  

5-   _______ were highly specialized historians of Africa who, as counselors of kings, were commissioned to memorize the past and transmit it orally from generation to generation. The lengthy epic of Sundiata, the founder of the Mali Empire of the 13th

century, was preserved by these "oral historians". The epic relates Sundiata’s great victory over another kingdom as well as his grand celebration and his return to his hometown, the capital city at Niani. Besides the capital Niani, many other cities of this prosperous kingdom existed on important caravan routes (Trans-Saharan trade routes). 6-   ______, seasonal winds, were vital in Indian agriculture. Indeed Indian agriculture depended on the rains these winds brought in the spring and summer. The rains, supplemented by irrigation during the dry months, made food production possible in much of the subcontinent.  7-   _______, a significant Chinese philosopher, believed in Ren or a sense of humanity; Li or a sense of propriety, and Xiao or filial piety. He concentrated on the formation of Junzi or "superior individuals". Mencius (372-289 B.C.E.) was a principal spokesman for the Confucian school and he advocated government by benevolence and humanity.  8-   Under persecution, Muhammad and his followers fled to Medina. Muhammad’s flight is known as the _______ and is the starting point of the Islamic calendar. Muhammad eventually returned to Mecca and imposed a government dedicated to Allah. He destroyed the pagan shrines and built mosques. However, the Ka’ba shrine was not destroyed. In 632, Muhammad led the first Islamic pilgrimage to the Ka’ba which had been rededicated to the one God, Allah with all other idols being destroyed. 9-   During the _______ period in Japan (794-1185 C.E.), the capital was moved to this city (modern Kyoto) in 794. The Japanese emperors became ceremonial figureheads and symbols of authority but effective power was in the hands of the Fujiwara family. The emperor did not rule and Chinese learning dominated Japanese education and political thought. The Tale of the Genji, a novel, was published and it is important to note that women contributed most to Japanese literature and writing during this time period. 10- _______ and junks dominated Indian Ocean trade in the post-classical era. The first ship in this sentence was a lateen-rigged ship with one or two masts, used in the Indian Ocean. A lateen is a triangular sail. These ships averaged 100 tons in 1000 C.E. and 400 tons in 1500. Larger ships plied Indian Ocean and no longer needed to follow coastal lines. Large Chinese and southeast Asian junks also sailed the Ocean.  Word Bank: Nationalism, New Economic Policy (N.E.P.), Karl Marx, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Margaret Sanger, Soviet Union, Mustafa Kemal, Alexander Kerensky, Albert Einstein, Theodore Herzl 

1-     In early March 1917 (February by the old Russian calendar) food ran out in Petrograd (St. Petersburg), the capital. Housewives and women factory workers staged mass demonstrations. Soldiers mutinied and joined striking workers to form soviets (councils) to take over factories and barracks. A few days later the tsar of Russia abdicated, and leaders of the parliamentary parties, led by ________, formed a Provisional Government. Thus, began what Russians called the "February Revolution." But the Provisional Government continued Russian involvement in World War I; and when Vladimir Lenin, the leader of the Bolsheviks (communists) promised "Bread, Peace, and Land," a war-weary Russia listened. On November 6, 1917 (October 24th in the Russian calendar), the second Russian revolution began. 2-     The Bolsheviks sued for peace with Germany and Austria-Hungary. By the ________, signed on March 3, 1918, Russia lost territories containing a third of its population and wealth. Poland, Finland, and the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) became independent republics. Leon Trotsky, the leader of the Red Army, tried to persuade the reluctant Bolsheviks to adopt a policy under which Russia would leave the war but sign no peace treaty ("neither war nor peace"). However, Lenin, realizing that the new Soviet state was too weak to survive a continuation of the war, threatened to resign if the German terms were not met. 3-     Years of warfare, revolution, and mismanagement ruined the Russian economy. By 1921, it had declined to one-sixth of its pre-World War I level. Factories and railroads had shut down for lack of fuel, raw materials, and parts. Farmland had been devastated, and livestock killed, causing hunger in the cities. Finding himself master of a country in ruin, Vladimir Lenin decided to release the economy from party and government control. In March 1921, he announced the ________. It allowed peasants to own land and sell their crops, private merchants to trade, and private workshops to produce goods and sell them on the free market. Only the biggest businesses, such as banks, railroads, and factories, remained under government ownership. But this policy reflected no change in the ultimate goals of the Communist Party. It merely provided breathing space, what Lenin called "two steps back to advance one step forward." 4-     In the modern era, a nationalist movement called Zionism, led by _______, arose among those who wanted to return to their ancestral homeland in Palestine. The concept of a Jewish homeland appealed to many Europeans, Jews and Gentiles alike, as a humanitarian solution to the problem of anti-Semitism. 5-     ________, known as Atatürk, was eager to modernize and westernize the new nation of Turkey, which had emerged out of the ashes of the Ottoman Empire. Atatürk was eager to bring Turkey closer to Europe as quickly as possible. He abolished the sultanate, declared Turkey a secular republic, and introduced European laws. In a radical break with Islamic tradition, he suppressed Muslim courts, schools, and religious orders and replaced the Arabic alphabet with the Latin alphabet. He even attempted to westernize the traditional Turkish family. Women received civil equality, including the right to vote and to be elected to the

national assembly. He forbade polygamy and instituted civil marriage and divorce. He even changed people’s clothing, strongly discouraging women from veiling their faces, and replaced the fez, until then the traditional Turkish men’s hat, with the European brimmed hat. 6-     After the First World War, women were active in many other areas besides the suffrage movement. Among the most controversial, and eventually most effective of the reformers, were those who advocated contraception, such as the American _______, (1883-1966). Her campaign brought her into conflict with the authorities who equated birth control with pornography. Finally, in 1923, she was able to found a birth control clinic in New York. In France, however, the government prohibited contraception and abortion in 1920 in an effort to increase the birthrate and make up for the loss of so many young men in the war. Only the Russian Communists allowed abortion for ideological reasons. 7-     Ho Chi Minh and Mao Tse-tung both borrowed their ideologies from ________. Ho Chi Minh became the father of modern Vietnam, while Mao founded the People’s Republic of China in 1949. Both borrowed heavily from ideas about workers needing to overthrow imperialist capitalists. 8-     The great twentieth-century physicist credited with the theory of relativity is _________. The older model of Newtonian physics was rethought when this individual published his theory of relativity in the early twentieth century. He theorized that matter, space, and time were not fixed but relative to one another. New theories about the nature of light and the universe followed. This amounted to a revolution in terms of human understanding of the universe.  9-     The nation that experienced the most casualties during World War II was the _________. It is estimated that over 50 million people died in World War II. The war between Germany and this nation was particularly gruesome and hard-fought, and left as many as 20 million dead in this nation. Both sides set aside the conventional rules of combat and fought one another without restraint. While many more individuals in this nation died in the battles fought, the Germans were eventually invaded by this nation and defeated in 1945. 10- The most influential factor in the weakening of European empires after 1945 was the rise of _________ that was prompted by both world wars. The Age of Imperialism was at its peak prior to World War I as European nations competed for foreign territories in Asia and Africa. Both World War I and World War II dealt severe blows to European powers and also encouraged Asian and African independence movements. Even victorious powers such as Britain and France suffered greatly in fighting the long and costly wars of the twentieth century. After 1945, they tried unsuccessfully to retain their empires but no longer had the will or resources to do so. One by one, Asian and African nations fought for and won their independence. By 1970, little was left of European power in the Southern and Eastern hemispheres.

Word Bank: Nikita Khrushchev, Wannsee Conference, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Taiping Rebellion, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Peace of Westphalia, Peasants, Matteo Ricci, Great Depression, "Velvet Revolution" 1-   The _______ was the European settlement of 1648 that brought to an end the Thirty Years’ War. It confirmed the Peace of Augsburg which had granted Lutherans religious tolerance in the Holy Roman Empire and which had been rescinded by the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand II in his Edict of Restitution (1629). Moreover, the peace settlement extended the Peace of Augsburg’s provisions for religious toleration to the Reformed (Calvinist) church, thus securing toleration for the three great religious communities of the Holy Roman Empire: Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Calvinist.  2-   In 1600, _______ finished the process of unifying Japan. In 1603, the powerless but prestigious imperial court, which over the years had dutifully assigned him titles that reflected his growing power, appointed him shogun, thereby acknowledging that he was the most powerful daimyo in Japan and officially authorized to keep the peace in the emperor’s name. By 1612, however, certain diplomatic incidents had convinced this old soldier that Christian missionaries in Japan were, potentially at least, part of a secular threat to the political order that he had so laboriously constructed, and in the next two years he took steps to stop missionary activity and discourage the practice of their religion. He started a trend that his successors were to pursue for three decades, until Christianity was nearly eradicated in Japan and only a token foreign trade survived at Nagasaki. 3-   In The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven, ________ argued that the doctrines of Confucius and Jesus were very close to each other. This Italian Jesuit missionary introduced Christian teaching to the Chinese empire in the 16th century. He lived in China for nearly thirty years and was a pioneer in the attempt at mutual comprehension between China and the West. By adopting the language and culture of the country, he gained entrance to the interior of China, which was normally closed to foreigners. 4-   The leader of the _______ was Hong Xiuquan. When this religious prophet and leader failed the civil service exam for the third time in 1837, the strain was more than he could bear. He suffered an emotional collapse. During a delirium that lasted several days, he had several visions. Later, he came to believe that during his illness he had been transported to heaven and had spoken to Jesus Christ. Hong came to believe that he was the second son of God, sent to save China. He proclaimed his new dynasty, the Taiping Tianguo ("Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace"). His followers grew from a ragged band of a few thousand to a fanatical but highly disciplined army of more than a million, divided into separate divisions of men and women soldiers. Men and women were considered equal but were allowed no contact with one another. After Hong’s army captured the great central China city of Nanjing on March 10, 1853, he decided to halt his troops and make the city his permanent capital, renaming it Tianjing ("Heavenly Capital"). A northern

expedition to capture the Qing capital at Beijing failed and eventually this leader committed suicide. 5-   On Black Thursday, October 24, 1929, the U.S. Stock Market crashed; contributing to the _______ of the 1930s. Many factors likely contributed to the collapse of the stock market. Among the more prominent causes were the period of rampant speculation (those who had bought stocks on margin not only lost the value of their investment, they also owed money to the entities that had granted the loans for the stock purchases), tightening of credit by the Federal Reserve, the proliferation of holding companies and investment trusts (which tended to create debt), a multitude of large bank loans that could not be liquidated, and an economic recession that had begun earlier in the summer. 6-   The leader of the Arab world in the 1950’s and 1960’s was ________. This army officer, prime minister (1954-56), and then president (1956-70) of Egypt became a controversial leader of the Arab world, creating the short-lived United Arab Republic (1958-61), twice fighting wars with Israel (1956, 1967), and engaging in such inter-Arab policies as mediating the Jordanian civil war (1970). The Aswan Dam was built with the help of the Soviet Union under his leadership and began operating in 1968.  In addition, 20th-century life was introduced into many villages; industrialization was accelerated; land reforms broke up Egypt’s large private estates; a partially successful campaign was conducted against corruption; and women were accorded more rights than they had ever had, including the right to vote. In foreign affairs, he joined Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia and Jawaharlal Nehru of India as an advocate of nonalignment, or "positive neutrality." At the Bandung Conference of Asian and African nations in 1955, he emerged as a world figure. 7-   At the _______, the Nazis put in place the Final Solution. At this meeting of Nazi officials on January 20, 1942, in a Berlin suburb, the Nazis planned the "final solution" to the so-called "Jewish question". The conference marked a turning point in Nazi policy toward the Jews. An earlier idea, to deport all of Europe’s Jews to the island of Madagascar, off of Africa, was abandoned as impractical in wartime. Instead, the newly planned final solution would entail rounding up all Jews throughout Europe, transporting them eastward, and organizing them into labor gangs. The work and living conditions would be sufficiently hard as to fell large numbers by "natural diminution"; those that survived would be "treated accordingly." The Nazi leaders understood that "evacuation to the east" was a euphemism for concentration camps and that the "final solution" was to be the systematic murder of Europe’s Jews, which is now known as the Holocaust. 8-   An active policy of de-Stalinization was begun in 1956 by _______. On February 25, 1956, during the 20th Party Congress in Moscow, this Soviet leader delivered his memorable secret speech about the excesses of Stalin’s one-man rule, attacking the late Soviet ruler’s "intolerance, his brutality, his abuse of power." The spectacle of the first secretary of the Communist Party exposing the wrongful executions of the

Great Purge of the 1930s and the excesses of Soviet police repression, after years of fearful silence, had far-reaching effects that he himself could barely have foreseen. The resulting "thaw" in the Soviet Union saw the release of millions of political prisoners and the "rehabilitation" of many thousands more who had perished. Inevitably, the de-Stalinization movement had repercussions in the communist countries of Eastern Europe, especially Hungary. Yet this leader's decision to crush the Hungarian Revolution by force came largely because of the Hungarian premier Imre Nagy’s decision to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact. Aside from this sanguinary exception, this leader allowed a considerable amount of freedom to the European communist parties. 9-   The ________ brought change to Czechoslovakia. In late 1989, a wave of democratization swept through Eastern Europe with the encouragement of the leader of the Soviet Union, Mikhail Gorbachev. Czechoslovakia’s Communist leadership found itself confronted by mass demonstrations in Prague opposed to its policies, and the party soon gave in to the demands for reform. In December, the Communists formed a coalition government with non-Communist opposition groups. A multiparty political system was written into law, the writer and former dissident Vaclav Havel became the country’s new president, and free elections to the Federal Assembly were held in June 1990, with non-Communists winning resounding majorities. With the end of Communist rule and the reemergence of true multiparty democracy, disagreements between the two halves of the country escalated. In particular, Slovaks resisted the Czechs’ preference for rapid privatization of the country’s state-run industries. The results of parliamentary elections in June 1992 highlighted these differences, and talks between Czech and Slovak leaders later that year resulted in the peaceful dissolution of the Czechoslovak federation and the creation of two new countries, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, on January 1, 1993. 10-   According to Confucian tradition, the most honorable class among the peasants, artisans, and merchants was the ______. The scholar-gentry were deemed fit to rule because of their education. The peasants, the majority of the people, were vital for food production.  The artisans were allowed artistic expression. Merchants were viewed as caring only for profits and not creating anything of value.  Word Bank: Furs, Rice, Muslims, Catherine the Great, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Angkor, Zaibatsu, Wudi, Yellow Turban, Sikhism 1-     The Chinese emperor who started the imperial university was _______. This emperor made Confucianism the official philosophy of China and his university encouraged Confucian thought. In his imperial university, young men studied for rigorous examinations for government service. Those who passed the examinations found employment in the civil service. Ultimately, the examination system created a bureaucracy based on merit, a meritocracy, as opposed to a bureaucracy based on birth.  

2-     As the Han dynasty became more powerful and wealthy, the gap between rich and poor grew dangerously large. Poverty, famine, and pestilence contributed to rebellions. The ________ Rebellion was a popular uprising that contributed to the fall of the Han Dynasty. Led by a Daoist faith healer, the rebellion was directed against the tyrannical officials who dominated the emperor. The rebellion itself was controlled within a year but weakened the dynasty which ultimately fell to invaders.  3-     The most important new crop introduced into China during the Tang and Song period was fast-ripening or Champa _______. This new strain from Vietnam, along with improved methods of water control and irrigation, spectacularly increased agricultural yields. This new crop was more drought resistant; it could be grown in more places; and it ripened even faster than previous strains. It greatly benefited the Chinese people. It is also important to remember that to feed China’s city people, most Chinese had to remain farmers. This is why many years later when Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party won the civil war, they did so because they had the support of the peasants, China’s majority.  4-     Srivijaya and ________ made deep commitments to Buddhism. Srivijaya was a maritime and commercial kingdom that flourished between the 7th and the 13th century in the Malay Archipelago. The kingdom soon extended its influence and controlled the Strait of Malacca. Srivijaya was also a religious center in the region. It adhered to Mahayana Buddhism and soon became the stopping point for Chinese Buddhist pilgrims on their way to India. The other city also made deep commitments to Buddhism and served as a royal center from which a dynasty of Khmer kings ruled one of the largest, most prosperous, and most sophisticated kingdoms in the history of Southeast Asia. There were many changes in architecture and artistic style in this city, and there was a religious movement from the Hindu cult of the god Shiva to that of Vishnu and then to a Mahayana Buddhist cult devoted to the bodhisattva Avalokiteshvara. 5-     _______ was a syncretic combination of Hinduism and Islam. It was founded in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent by Guru Nanak in the late 15th century. Sikhs do not accept caste but believe in reincarnation and monotheism. 6-     Although she was an Enlightened Despot, accepting some Enlightenment ideas like religious freedom yet refusing to part with her absolute power; ________, the tsarina of Russia, in an effort to strengthen her tsarist authority, made a deal by which the nobles or boyars could treat the peasants however they wanted. She realized early in her reign that emancipation of the serfs would never be tolerated by Russian nobles, whom she depended upon for support. As such, she even imposed serfdom on the Ukrainians who had until then been free.  7-     The Russians were mainly interested in pushing eastward into Siberia to gain access to _______. Russian occupation began in 1581 with a Cossack expedition. At first the area’s Russian rulers collected tribute, which was paid by the native

inhabitants in this commodity as it had been paid to the Mongols. Sadly, many of the Siberian tribes succumbed to exploitation and imported diseases. 8-     ________ was the organizer of the Seneca Falls Conference. This American leader in the women’s rights movement formulated in 1848 the first organized demand for woman suffrage in the United States.  9-     A ______ was the Japanese equivalent of a trust. It was any of the large capitalist enterprises of Japan before World War II, similar to cartels or trusts but usually organized around a single family. One might operate companies in nearly all important areas of economic activity. The Mitsui combine, for example, owned or had large investments in companies engaged in banking, foreign trade, mining, insurance, textiles, sugar, food processing, machinery, and many other fields as well. They even owned banks, which they used as a means for mobilizing capital.  10- In 1946, six thousand people died in the Great Calcutta Killing in a confrontation between Hindus and _______. These communal riots took place in 1946, when the partition of British India became imminent and tensions between these two groups reached their height.  Word Bank: Xiongnu, Tito, Paul, Jati, Taliban, Africa, "Prague Spring", Buddha, Brezhnev, Deng Xiaoping 1-   The government of Muhammad Najibullah, who had been put in place in Afghanistan in 1986, was finally overthrown in 1996 by the _______. The Soviets had invaded Afghanistan in 1979 to support an unpopular communist regime. In 1986, amid continuing hostilities between the Islamic resistance and Soviet forces, the Afghan prime minister was ousted by the Soviets for his ineffectiveness and replaced by the former chief of the Afghan Secret Police, Mohammad Najibullah. However, fighting continued and eventually, this group of Islamic fundamentalists rose to power in Afghanistan. 2-   Alexander Dubcek’s _________ promised "socialism with a human face". This brief period of liberalization in Czechoslovakia under Alexander Dubcek in 1968 granted the press greater freedom of expression and rehabilitated victims of political purges during the Joseph Stalin era. Many Czechs, however, wanted real democracy. The Soviet Union and other members of the Warsaw Pact viewed these demands as counterrevolutionary. Soviet armed forces quickly occupied the country and ended this brief period of "socialism with a human face". 3-   The communist Yugoslavian leader, Josip Broz - more popularly known as _______, refused to follow Russian direction in foreign policy and was eventually expelled from the Soviet bloc in 1948. He was the chief architect of the "second Yugoslavia," a socialist federation that lasted from World War II until 1991 and he was the first Communist leader in power to defy Soviet hegemony. He was a backer of independent roads to socialism (sometimes referred to as "national communism")

and a promoter of the policy of nonalignment (a policy of neutrality) between the two hostile blocs in the Cold War. 4-   The _______ Doctrine was also known as the Doctrine of Limited Sovereignty. After the invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, the Soviet leadership justified the use of force in Prague under this Doctrine. It stated that Moscow had the right to intervene in any country where a communist government had been threatened. It also became the primary justification for the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.  5-   The situation wherein national boundaries were artificial conveniences that did not correspond to economic or ethnic divisions was most common in _______. European imperialists ultimately created national boundaries that still affect these nations today. 6-   _______ brought free market reforms to China. As the most powerful individual in China from the death of Mao Zedong until his death in 1997, this individual restructured China’s economy. He abandoned many orthodox communist doctrines and attempted to incorporate elements of the free-enterprise system into the Chinese economy. As he noted, "Whether a cat is white or black makes no difference, as long as it catches mice." 7-   The leading figure in the expansion of Christianity beyond Judaism was _______ of Tarsus. Although he spent many years persecuting Christians, he is often considered to be the second most important person in the history of Christianity. After his conversion, he directed much of his missionary activity to the conversion of Gentiles or non-Jews.  8-   _______ believed that all life involves suffering; that desire is the cause of suffering; and that a life lived in accordance with the Noble Eightfold Path eliminates desire. The two main schools of this belief system are Theravada (also known as Hinayana) and Mahayana.  9-   One of the biggest transformations of the Hindu caste system was the rise of guilds which essentially served as _______. Of course, the Hindu caste system has four Varnas or castes: Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras with birth determining membership in each Varna and no mobility across caste lines during one's lifetime. However, in different parts of India, certain groups within varnas have claimed certain occupations. Within the Vaishyas Varna, for instance, there are these groups of bakers, sheep herders, metal workers, and so on. 10- The greatest military threat to the Han was the ________ Confederation. These nomadic pastoral people who at the end of the 3rd century B.C.E. formed a great tribal league was able to dominate much of Central Asia for more than 500 years. China’s wars against this Confederation, who were a constant threat to the country’s northern frontier throughout this period, led to the Chinese conquest of much of Central Asia.

Word Bank: Humanist, Tamerlane, Young Turks, Islam, Chandragupta Maurya, Mestizo, Camel, Aborigines, Mongols, Cuzco 1-   The Abbasid dynasty finally came to an end in 1258 when they were overrun by the _______. Known as the golden age of Islam with advances in science, mathematics, and literature, this dynasty succeeded the Umayyad dynasty and controlled much of the Islamic world from 750-1258. Yet by the tenth century, Abbasid political unity had already begun to weaken and independent or semi-autonomous local dynasties were established in Egypt, Iran, and other parts of the realm. Of course, these nomadic invaders from the steppes of Central Asia brought the entire dynasty to its end.  2-   Mahmud Ghazan was the most prominent of the Il-Khans to rule the Mongol dynasty in Persia. Reigning from 1295 to 1304, he is best known for the conversion of his state to _______ and his wars against Egypt. Ghazan reorganized the administration of the Il-Khanate to reflect its new official faith. He replaced traditional Mongol law with Sharia and adopted the faith’s military codes for the Mongol army. At Ghazan's death in 1304, virtually all Mongol elements in the Il-Khanate had been absorbed into this new religious culture. 3-   _______, the Turkish ruler who weakened the Golden Horde, sacked Delhi, and launched campaigns in southwest Asia and Anatolia, was the last of the mighty conquerors of Central Asia to achieve military successes. In 1402, he captured the Ottoman Sultan Bayezid I on the battlefield in 1402. Above all, he was a master of the military techniques developed by Genghis Khan, using every weapon in the military and diplomatic armory of the day. He never missed an opportunity to exploit the weakness (political, economic, or military) of the adversary or to use intrigue, treachery, and alliance to serve his purposes.  4-   _______ moral philosophers believed that people could lead morally virtuous lives while participating in the world. This philosophy emphasized the human realm. Unlike medieval European society that emphasized religious life, Renaissance humanist philosophers emphasized the inherent worth and dignity of the individual.  5-   One of the central factors in the establishment of trans-Saharan trade was the domestication of the ________. Around the fifth century, Berber-speaking people began crossing the Sahara Desert. From the eighth century onward, annual trade caravans followed routes later described by Arabic authors with minute attention to detail. Gold, sought from the western and central Sudan, was the main commodity of the trans-Saharan trade. The rise of the Soninke Empire of Ghana appears to be related to the beginnings of the trans-Saharan gold trade. This gold for salt trade was significant for the rise of the West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai.  

6-   The first ruler to unify India was _________. He was the first emperor to unify most of India under one administration. Credited with saving the country from maladministration and freeing it from foreign domination, he fasted to death in sorrow for his famine-stricken people. Traditionally, Chandragupta was influenced to accept Jainism by the sage Bhadrabahu I, who predicted the onset of a 12-year famine. When the famine came, Chandragupta made efforts to counter it, but, dejected by the tragic conditions prevailing, he left to spend his last days in the service of Bhadrabahu at Shravana Belgola, a famous religious site in southwest India, where Chandragupta fasted to death. 7-   The capital of the Inca Empire was ________. The Incas imposed order by taking hostages from the conquered tribes’ ruling classes; they conquered a vast empire on the Andes Mountains of South America; they engaged in terrace farming on the mountains; they used the quipu or a mnemonic aid consisting of small cords with knots; and they provided food and shelter for the sick, the widowed, and the orphaned.  8-   The cultural and religious traditions of the Australian ________ did not diffuse much beyond their own region. Australia is the only continent where the entire indigenous population maintained a single kind of adaptation - hunting and gathering - into modern times. Although they have many cultural features in common with other hunter-gatherer peoples, these individuals are unique in the degree of contrast between the complexity of their social organization and religious life and the relative simplicity of their material technologies. They, also like the indigenous peoples of the Americas, were negatively affected by the introduction of European diseases.  9-   The term _______ refers to an individual of indigenous and European parentage in colonial Latin America. In colonial Latin America, the social hierarchy ranked peninsulares or individuals born in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) as the elite followed by creoles (born in the Americas of European ancestry), this group, and Native American Indians. 10- The _______ advocated universal suffrage, emancipation of women, and free public religion. These nationalists like Mustafa Kemal led to radical changes in Turkey, the nation that emerged from the ashes of the Ottoman Empire after World War I.  Word Bank: Monsoon Winds, Swahili, Córdoba, Mandate System, Axum, Confucius, John Maynard Keynes, Shi Huangdi, Olmecs, Silla 1-   The _______ angered the Arab world because it was little more than a glorified form of imperialism. It also made the rest of the world think that the Europeans were intent on reestablishing imperialism. Following the defeat of Germany and Ottoman Turkey in World War I, their Asian and African possessions, which were

judged not yet ready to govern themselves, were distributed among the victorious Allied powers under the authority of Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations (itself an Allied creation). The mandate system was a compromise between the Allies’ wish to retain the former German and Turkish colonies and their pre-Armistice declaration (November 5, 1918) that annexation of territory was not their aim in the war.  2-   In response to the Great Depression, the economist ________ urged governments to expand the money supply and undertake public works to create jobs. It is important to remember that a rise in unemployment and a dramatic decrease in industrial production and trade occurred during the Great Depression and caused very real human suffering on a global scale. Prior to the Great Depression, economists believed in laissez-faire or that governments should not intervene in the market for the market would fix itself. However, this economist believed that government intervention in a severe financial contraction could alleviate human suffering and restore an economy. 3-   _______ was a Christian kingdom in Ethiopia. The variety of Christianity practiced in this kingdom was Coptic. At its height (3rd-6th century), it became the greatest market of northeastern Africa; its merchants traded as far as Alexandria and beyond the Nile River. 4-   The success and timing of trade through the Indian Ocean basin largely depended upon understanding the rhythms of the _______. The Arabs sailed in the Indian Ocean with its help. Of course, a factor in determining trade routes is the necessity of understanding weather patterns. Indeed, as trade intensified between Africa and Asia, powerful city-states flourished along the eastern coast of Africa. These included Kilwa, Sofala, Mombasa, and Malindi. 5-   Many of the merchants from the Arabian Peninsula, India, and Southeast Asia stayed in the city-states of East Africa as a result of Indian Ocean Trade. Interracial marriages were not uncommon, and gradually over the centuries, a new and distinct ethnic group developed, known as the ________. Today millions of people of this ethnic group live in the nations of East Africa, where the language is widely spoken. The city-states of this ethnic group steadily grew and prospered, and were a major world economic power by the 1400s. The language a Bantu language with Arabic words. 6-   _______ was the Chinese emperor who was notorious for his hatred of Confucianism and his burning of books. This ruler established a precedent for centralized imperial rule in China by disarming regional military forces. As a proponent of Legalism, he believed that clear and strict laws were essential to control human nature. He also believed that the foundation of a state’s strength was found in its armed forces and agriculture.   

7-   _______, whose practical philosophy is best expressed in the Analects, believed that proper balance and order in human relationships would bring about social and political harmony. He worked to create junzi, "superior individuals," who possess the needed education and dedication to staff governmental positions. Certain core values such as ren (benevolence), li (propriety), and xiao (filial piety) were central to his philosophy. This philosophy greatly influenced the Han Dynasty and many subsequent dynasties in China.  8-   The ______ were the first recognized society in Mesoamerica. This civilization stretches as far back as 1200 B.C.E. and featured important political and religious centers such as San Lorenzo, La Venta, and Tres Zapotes. Colossal human-like heads, from sculpted basalt, remain their most characteristic creation. Their invention of a calendar would later be copied by succeeding Mesoamerican societies. There is no evidence of a complete system of writing, although scholars suspect that the Olmecs experimented with writing and used written symbols to store information. Although it is still a mystery, it is believed that the Olmecs destroyed their own centers at San Lorenzo and La Venta. By 400 B.C.E., they were in a state of decline. 9-   The _______ dynasty in Korea copied China in many ways, it adopted Confucian thought; many Koreans converted to Buddhism; and Korea formed a tributary relationship with China. However, it never established a bureaucracy based on merit. In Korea, birth determined status not merit. In Korea, aristocratic birth mattered. 10- The capital city of al-Andalus was _______. In 711, an army of Arabs and Berbers from North Africa, united by their faith in Islam, crossed the Strait of Gibraltar and arrived on the Iberian Peninsula. In less than a decade, the Muslims brought most of the Iberian Peninsula under their domination; they called the Iberian lands they controlled al-Andalus. Although the borders of al-Andalus shifted over the centuries, the Muslims remained a powerful force on the peninsula for almost eight hundred years, until 1492, when they were expelled by Ferdinand and Isabella, the king and queen of the newly unified Spain.

Word Bank: Enlightenment, Safavid, Indian National Congress, Ottoman, Islam, Great Britain, Kulaks, Song, Liberals, Vladimir I 1-   The final set of treaties that ended the First World War included the formation of a League of Nations (an international peace-keeping organization) that the United States refused to join; the Treaty of Versailles that forced Germany to accept blame for the war (a War Guilt Clause) and to pay reparations to the victorious Allies; the division of Austria-Hungary into a Germanic Austria as well as independent states of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia; and the end of the ________ Empire. However, Russia was most definitely NOT rewarded for its service to the Allies

because with its Bolshevik Revolution; Russia had dropped out of the war, signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with the Germans, and embraced Marxist ideology. 2-   The three Muslim Empires of the early modern era (Ottoman, ________, and Mughal) had many similarities such as all were derived from Turkic nomadic cultures of the Central Asian steppe; all depended on the effective use of firearms and gunpowder on the battlefield and in siege warfare; all produced a flowering Islamic civilization; and all supported their bureaucracies and military with taxes levied on the peoples of their agrarian societies, societies that each conquered and ruled. Of course, there were differences. One of these Empires adhered to Shi’a Islam. 3-   Economic developments that occurred during the period of commercial expansion in the T’ang and _______ Dynasties of China included a series of technological breakthroughs; increasing trading activities carried out by Chinese sailors and ships; enlarged market quarters in all cities and major towns; and a growing sophistication in commercial organization and forms of credit.  4-   The Kievan ruler, ________, preferred Orthodox Christianity to Roman Catholicism because he believed that Roman Catholicism implied papal interference, while Orthodoxy embraced the control of the church by the state. Indeed, Kievan Russia’s religious culture and social and economic patterns developed separately from Western Europe’s. Of course by 1236, Kievan Russia was conquered by the Mongols. Mongol rule in Kiev was particularly harsh because the Kievans had resisted paying the tribute and ultimately, the Mongols favoured Moscow which emerged as the centre of the new Russian state after the era of the "Golden Horde." 5-   The following statements concerning the ethical system of early _______ are correct: It stressed the dignity of all believers and their equality in the eyes of Allah; it stressed the responsibility of the wealthy and strong to care for the poor and weak; a tax for charity was obligatory; and it recognized the truth of similar ethical ideas in Judaism and Christianity. According to this religion, Muhammad is the "Seal of the Prophets" or the final prophet and the Islamic umma or community transcends old tribal boundaries, making possible political unity among Arab clans. 6-   The causes of the French Revolution included the influence of the ________ and its philosophers urging the need to limit the powers of the monarchy, aristocracy, and the Catholic Church; the middle class demand for greater political representation; the peasant desire for freedom from manorialism; and the inequity of the class system [the Estates System]. The Revolution began in 1789. On July 14th, the political prison known as the Bastille was stormed; providing a revolutionary symbol. During the radical phase of the Revolution [known as the Reign of Terror and under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre], the king was executed and the titles of nobility were abolished. The final phase of the Revolution was ushered in by Napoleon Bonaparte.

 7-   ________ would espouse the following statement: "The political goals of greatest significance are the establishment of constitutional rule and the extension of the parliamentary franchise to propertied men of the middle class." However, socialists would espouse, "As long as property is controlled by private individuals, inequality will exist. It is the role of the state to manage property for the benefit of all citizens." 8-   The Industrial Revolution began in ________ because it possessed natural resources such as coal and iron, strong capital reserves from previous trade, faith in human progress and in human ability to dominate nature, and the existence of a large peasant class. The first industry in Great Britain to experience industrialization was the textile industry. 9-   The wealthy, commercially oriented peasants who controlled most of Russian land were called the _______. In 1929 the Soviet government began a drive for rapid collectivization of agriculture. These wealthy peasants vigorously opposed the efforts to force the peasants to give up their small privately owned farms and join large cooperative agricultural establishments. At the end of 1929 a campaign to "liquidate the [these peasants] as a class" was launched by the government. By 1934, when approximately 75 percent of the farms in the Soviet Union had been collectivized, most these peasants - as well as millions of other peasants who had opposed collectivization - had been deported to remote regions of the Soviet Union or arrested and their land and property confiscated. 10- In 1885, regional associations of Western-educated Indians came together to form the _________. In the 1920s and 1930s, this group was led by Mohandas K. Gandhi who promoted nonviolent noncooperation to protest British rule of India. Much of the group’s civil disobedience was implemented through the All India Congress Committee, formed in 1929, which advocated tax avoidance to protest British rule. When independence was achieved, Jawaharlal Nehru dominated the group as did his daughter, Indira Gandhi.