Jacob AronsonMarch 23, 2015

Course: Modern World HistoryGrade: 9thUnit: The Road to World War IISubtopics: Fascism, Rise of Dictators, AppeasementLength: 7 days

Essential Concept:Dictators appealed to the common masses to overturn the unjust conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, which led to the outbreak of the Second World War.

Objectives:1. Explain the appeal Fascist Dictators had within their respective countries.2. Identify the chain of events that leads to World War II.

Outcome:Students will be able to understand the causes of the Second World War and identify the key persons and events that created those causes.

LessonsDay One - The Great DepressionContent: Students will understand the economic climate of the 1920’s and 1930’s.Skill: Students will be able to analyze primary sources to create conclusions about the economic climate during the Great Depression.

1. Presentation 1 will be playing. Students will attempt to list the 5 currencies in order of highest to lowest value. After 2 minutes, the answers will be shown.

2. Short 15 minute lecture (max): discusses the following vocabulary terms:a. supply and demandb. inflationc. Black Tuesday

Expect students to already have some knowledge about inflation from previous units, but to know nothing about the workings of the Stock Market, which may require further explanation.

3. P-Sources 1-5 should be placed around the room. Have students move in groups to each source and write down their thoughts on each source. Expected answers:

a. Direct observations about the pictureb. Very basic emotions - “sad”

Spend 3 minutes at each source then rotate. Should take about 20 minutes accounting for transition times.

4. Review sources and observations as a class. Point out:a. Economic problems in Great Depressionb. Reactions people have (anti-immigration, connect to scapegoats <- define)

Reviewing the sources should take about 10 minutes.5. Have students make inferences about how these problems might be solved. Hint at:

a. Fascismb. Dictatorships

6. Assign homework - study guide due day before test (Handout 1)

Day Two - Fascism and MussoliniSome elements adapted from Mountain View, CA teacher Ms. Carson RosenbergContent: Students will know the definition of Fascism and how it developed as an ideology under Mussolini in Italy.Skill: Students will be able to define Fascism and correlate it to propaganda made during the time period to influence public political thought.

1. Students will receive Handout 2 as an introductory and warm-up reading. Expect students to take about 10 minutes to complete. Expect the following statements:

a. “We haven’t learned how World War II started.”b. “I don’t remember that much about communism.”c. Also expect students to confuse nationalism and authoritarianism, even so far as

getting them completely wrong.2. Review the answers and give a short (10 to 15 minute) lecture. Talk about:

a. Definition of Fascismb. Feelings Italians had after WWI, Treaty of Versailles, and appeal of fascismc. Ensure students have understanding of other previously used vocab like

nationalism and authoritarianism3. Give students Handout 3. Analyze the first picture, “Black Brigades…” with the class.

Highlight the following points:a. Militarist symbolismb. Manly strength and power, individual strengthc. Symbols of Death, eventual death

4. Students are then expected to complete the worksheet by the end of class.

Day Three - Hitler’s Rise to PowerLesson appropriated from cooperating teacher Mrs. Leah Cosby.Content: Students will learn how Hitler went from failing to overthrow the Weimar Republic to being elected to rule a “New German Empire.”Skill: Students will be able to summarize and compile primary and secondary source information and draw their own conclusions.

1. Class will be spent in the computer lab.2. Students will have the full class period to complete the “Rise of Hitler” lesson on

www.schoolhistory.co.uk and print off their notes and answers. Expect the following problems:

a. The scroll down matching section is confusing for studentsb. Munich Putsch box is poorly worded with directions

c. The website will prevent students from proceeding if, “Not enough is filled.”d. The “Print My Work” button may delete all answers without printing. Have

students take a screenshot before clicking the button at the end of “Conclusions.”3. If students are looking like they will not complete the assignment in the allotted time,

stop them 15 minutes prior to the end of the period. To the best of their ability, they are to answer the conclusion question (“How and why was Hitler able to come to power?”) in a separate word document and print that off to be handed in.

Day Four - Militant JapanContent: Students will learn why Japan sought to go to war to build an empire.Skill: Students will be able to convey complex ideas in an organized format.

1. Presentation 2 will be used for the warm-up and short lecture. Handout 4 will be given to students after the lecture.

2. The 2 minute video will be played as a warm-up. Students are to consider the question: “Why do countries go to war?” They may write this answer down in a journal or simply think about it silently.

a. Note: video quality isn’t perfect; you may have to make some clarifications.3. Hold a small discussion focusing on the following points:

a. Where did Japan invade?b. What problems were the Japanese dealing with at home?c. What did other nations do to oppose them?

Expect students to draw some parallels to Hitler and Mussolini. If these expectations are not met, review them explicitly. This should take about 5 to 10 minutes.

4. Give the short lecture, particularly highlighting Japan’s connection to European and American affairs: fascism, the Great Depression, and growth of dictators. Draw parallels to Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. This should take no more than 15 minutes.

5. Students should receive Handout 4. Students are responsible for turning it in at the end of class, completed.

Day Five - AppeasementLesson adapted from elements found in History Alive!Special Note: Discussion may run longer than expected necessitating a second day to finish. If this occurs, use exit ticket/homework question as in class essay response with MCAS rubric for open response essays.Content: Students will identify the chain of events that ultimately led to the start of WWII.Skill: Students will be able to argue and support the various perspectives of European powers during the period of appeasement to conclude the success or failure of such policies.

1. Presentation 3 will be used for this lesson.

2. Students will be shown a clip of Neville Chamberlain (explain he was the Prime Minister of Britain until 1940) declaring, “Peace in our time.” Then show his quote on the next slide and ask students whether they think peace will remain in Europe and if Chamberlain actually thinks peace will stay forever. Allow a small discussion, and expect students to have opinions based on former knowledge of fascism. This should take 7 to 10 minutes.

3. Review three vocabulary words, and inform students will cover and use these later in the class. Also have a look at a Pre-WWII map to remind students. This review should take no more than 5 minutes.

4. Separate students into group through randomly drawing spots onto various teams: Britain, France, Germany, and Italy.

5. Now move through the activity. Read through each scenario and give students 5 minutes to discuss in their smaller groups about what action their country would take. Move through the groups to ensure they have appropriate responses. Then start a discussion and debate between the various countries about what the correct action to take would be. Finally, reveal what actually occurred. Timing on these discussions can vary anywhere from 1 minute to 10 minutes.

6. Wrap up with an exit ticket/homework: students are to answer the question, “Is World War II inevitable?” Responses should be broken into three parts:

a. What they think (yes or no)b. Evidence that supports their conclusionc. Evidence that does not support their conclusion

This asks students to play devil’s advocate against themselves, and some difficulty and confusion with the task is expected.

Differentiation Required: For classes still working on public speaking ability and debate, structure of this lesson will vary dramatically.

1. Handout 6 will be cut-up by each “Page” and placed around the room at eight locations.2. After the same introduction (video, vocabulary review, and map review), have students

rotate through the eight locations using a blank piece of paper to create a small booklet on the Appeasement information.

3. Have students read through notes in their booklets to answer the same exit ticket/homework question.

Day Six - 1938Content: Students will wrap up their knowledge on the road to World War II and understand the immediate cause behind the outbreak of war.Skill: Students will be able to identify the immediate and fundamental causes behind the start of World War II.

1. Have students return to sitting with their groups from the appeasement activity. Review the results and ensure all students understand the process that led to Nazi Germany destroying what remained of the Treaty of Versailles and how, by 1939, all of Europe knew war was likely. This should take no more than 10 minutes.

2. Give a short lecture on the events of 1939:a. Start with Germany breaking the pact made in Munich by annexing the rest of

Czechoslovakiab. Be sure to specifically talk about the Soviet-Nazi Non Aggression Pact in full

detail.This short lecture should take no more than 10 minutes, but might run longer.

3. Assign students randomly to groups. They are to give a short skit explaining an event in the 1930’s that led to WWII at the end of class. The choices are:

a. Great Depressionb. Rise of Dictators (Mussolini or Hitler)c. Invasion of China by Japand. Appeasement

4. Don’t forget to collect the unit homework!

Day Seven - Test

Materials

PresentationsPresentation 1

Presentation 2

Presentation 3

Primary Sources

P-Source 1

P-Source 2

P-Source 3

P-Source 4

P-Source 5

Handouts

Handout 1Mr. AronsonThe Road to World War IIDue: April 2 (Thursday)

Define the following key terms in your own words:

supply and demandinflationBlack Thursday

FascismMussoliniLebensraum

NaziHitlerappeasement

Rome Berlin AxisMunich ConferenceReichstag Fire

Answer the following questions in at least 3 sentences:1. How did the Great Depression make the economic situation in Germany worse? (Think

about the Treaty of Versailles’ war guilt clause)2. What is the difference between Fascism and Communism?3. Why did the German people support and vote for Hitler?4. What did Japan hope to gain by building an empire?5. List all examples of appeasement in the 1930’s.6. Was World War II inevitable?

Handout 2

Document A (Textbook)“Fascism was a new, militant political movement that emphasized loyalty to the state and obedience to its leader. Unlike communism, fascism had no clearly defined theory or program. Nevertheless, most Fascists shared several ideas. They preached an extreme form of nationalism, or loyalty to one’s country. Fascists believed that nations must struggle—peaceful states were doomed to be conquered. They pledged loyalty to an authoritarian leader (dictator) who guided and brought order to the state. In each nation, Fascists wore uniforms of a certain color, used special salutes, and held mass rallies.”

Guiding Questions1.) Identify: How does the textbook define Fascism? 2.) Summarize: According to the textbook, what are the main ideas of Fascism? 3.) Analyze: Based on the information presented, how might Fascism have contributed to the outbreak of WWII?

Handout 3

Black Brigades, Ready Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow Defend Him!

One for All, All for Mussolini Dream of a Roman ItalyQuestions:

1. What ideas of fascism do you see illustrated in these pictures?2. How do these pictures appeal to the average Italian citizen?3. According to your own opinion, which propaganda picture is the most persuasive? Why?

Handout 4

Name: ______________________________ Date: _________________Directions: As a group, you are responsible for writing a full response on Japan’s decisions to go to war. Each person is responsible for writing the response on their own sheet, but the group’s answers can be the same (This is to ensure everyone has participated and learned the material).How and why might the Japanese gain strength by going to war?

How does this answer relate to the Germans and Italians in the 1930s?

Could these events happen today?

Handout 5 (Test)

Name: _____________________________________ Date: __________________Multiple Choice: Select the best answer to the question.

1. The day the stock market crashed is called _________________.a. Black Fridayb. North of the Wallc. Black Thursdayd. Black Tuesday

2. The Great Depression affected the whole world due to _______________.a. problems with currency valued at different amounts.b. the French Empire being responsible for feeding the grain industry.c. a loss of American money helping countries to pay off their debts.d. German economic hyperinflation.

3. Mussolini declared that the Mediterranean would once more be ______________.a. a Roman Lake.b. an Italian precinct.c. open to trade.d. filled with fish.

4. Mein Kampf was published while ______________________.a. Hitler was serving in World War I.b. Ribbentrop was a corporal in the Austrian military.c. Hitler was chancellor, but before he was Fuhrer.d. Hitler was in jail.

5. Hitler put the blame of the German loss in World War I on ________________.a. the British and the French.b. the Jews.c. the Americans.d. the Communists in Soviet Russia.

6. Hitler believed the Aryan Race needed Lebensraum (“Living Space”) because ________.a. he believed the Aryans to be racially superior to other races.b. he hated the Jews who ran Soviet Russia.c. he wanted to build a big empire for his sons.d. he couldn’t handle another defeat like World War I.

7. Japan first attacked Manchuria in order to ___________________.a. secure new territory after it had beaten Russia in 1905.b. gain access to natural resources not available to Japan.c. create a new Japanese Lake in the East.d. stop China from acquiring nuclear weapons.

8. Nazi Germany first tested out its new weapons during ______________.a. the Spanish Civil War.

b. the occupation of the Rhineland.c. the occupation of the Sudetenland.d. the invasion of Poland.

9. The chief reason appeasement failed was because _________________.a. the declarations passed by the League of Nations weren’t followed by Germany.b. the British colonies were threatened by rising German military power.c. the British and the French were unable to work together.d. the Polish army was made up of cavalry.

10. The immediate cause of World War II was ___________________.a. the Nazi occupation of the Rhineland.b. the Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia.c. the Nazi occupation of Poland.d. the Soviet-Nazi Nonaggression Pact.

Identification: Match the key terms with their definitions.

supply and demand An alliance between two nations after the Leagueof Nations proved completely ineffective.

Fascism An event run by Fascists to scare regular peopleinto fearing Communism would destroy Democracy.

inflation The policy of giving land or resources in exchange for peace.

Rome-Berlin Axis The devaluing of currency.

Reichstag Fire A system of government with a strong, militaristic leader.

Communism Having more of something decreases its value.

appeasement A system of government which controlsall aspects of the economy

Document Analysis: Look at the following pieces of propaganda. Explain what the author is trying to tell the viewer, why he is doing that (who is he supporting), and in what context is the propaganda being used (why is it important?).

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Handout 6Page 1Write a title for the booklet. Suggestions:

● Appeasement● If You Give Hitler an Army● The Road to World War II

Write a definition for appeasement. You may use your phone, a book, or your own knowledge.Write your name at the very bottom of first page.

Page 2List the important information and tell who they are (which country they lead and their title)

● Neville Chamberlain● Adolf Hitler● Benito Mussolini● Josef Stalin● Francisco Franco

You may use your phone, book, or notes to look up information you don’t know.

Page 3Title: October 1935Read the information below and write notes about the event in your booklet.

In October 1935, Benito Mussolini declared that he would build a new Roman Empire. To do this, he invaded Ethiopia. Italy had a much stronger military and could produce more weapons than Ethiopia. In response to the attack, the League of Nations decided embargo (cut trade off) with Italy and Ethiopia. Italy still won their invasion very quickly, but Mussolini was now furious with Britain and France. It also proved that Britain and France would not want to fight new wars after World War I.

Page 4Title: March 1939Read the information below and write notes about the event in your booklet.

After a year of building up his military, Hitler decided to send troops into the Rhineland. The Rhineland was in Germany, but the Treaty of Versailles said that Hitler could not put troops there. Troops in the Rhineland would threaten France. However, when Hitler ordered the troops forward, Britain and France did nothing to stop him. Neville Chamberlain said, “Why should Germany not station troops in their own borders?” Hitler realized he could get away with anything

Page 5Title: July 1936Read the information below and write notes about the event in your booklet.

In July 1936, Francisco Franco and his Fascist party declared a Civil War against the Spanish Republican Party for control of Spain. Britain and France decided not to intervene, since the fight was between Spanish people. But Hitler sent Franco tanks, planes, and other war supplies. Mussolini also helped Franco. Hitler and Mussolini were able to test out their new weapons and war plans. Franco also won the war by 1939, and, as a Fascist, he seemed like an ally to Hitler.

Page 6Title: March 1938Read the information below and write notes about the event in your booklet.

Hitler declared that he was going to annex (take over) Austria, a country south of Germany. Austria had a large German population but, according to the Treaty of Versailles, Germany was not supposed to reunite (join) with Austria. Hitler didn’t care. On March 13, 1938, Hitler ordered German troops to invade Austria. Britain and France agreed to do nothing, and believed it was okay for Hitler to take over Austria without a fight. When German troops marched through Austria, they were met with cheering crowds.

Page 7Title: September 1938Read the information below and write notes about the event in your booklet.Hitler declared that he would also annex (take over) the Sudetenland. The Sudetenland was the main defenses of the country Czechoslovakia. There were also Germans living there. Hitler promised that this was his last territorial demand in Europe. Chamberlain believed him. At the Munich Conference, without talking with Czechoslovakia, Britain and France agreed to give Hitler the Sudetenland. But only 6 months later, Hitler broke that agreement and annexed the rest of Czechoslovakia, destroying the country. Britain and France prepared for war.

Page 8Title: September 1939Read the information below and write notes about the event in your booklet.After Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia in March 1939, Britain and France realized war was coming. Chamberlain promised to protect Poland, the next country Hitler demanded to surrender. Hitler was afraid of fighting Britain, France, and the USSR. That would be a two front war, just like World War I. So in August, Hitler and Stalin signed a Nonaggression Pact. This pact said that Germany and the USSR would not fight for ten years. It also promised to divide Poland between the two countries when war started. On September 1, Hitler invaded Poland. On September 3, Britain and France declared war on Germany. World War II was on.

Extra Tools/Sponge ActivitiesET 1 - Frayer Model (especially successful with learning Fascism)

ET 2 - Crossword ReviewName: _____________________________________ Date: ___________________

Road to WWII ReviewDirections: Fill in the answers to the clues into the crossword. Answers will not have spaces.

Across6) Term for person who rules a country with support from the military.9) United States policy on international affairs after World War I.10) He ruled the USSR after 1924.11) This country was run by the military after the Great Depression.14) The signed document that ended WWI.15) The name of the Republic of Germany after World War I.17) The fascist ruler of Italy after 1922.20) The book Hitler wrote in prison.

Down1) Term for restricting the media2) US President from 1928 to 19323) Nickname for Mussolini’s supporters4) US President from 1932 through WWII.5) The event where Mussolini took control.7) A government that controls all aspects of life.8) Stock Market crash caused this event.12) Day the Stock Market crash began.13) Government that controls the economy.16) “Night of Broken Glass”18) Fascist ruler of Germany after 1933.19) Territory invaded by Japan in 1931.

21) Government seeking glory for state and military growth.

ET 3 - Guided Notes for JapanDirections: Fill the blanks with words from the word bank. Words can be used more than once.

trade Eastern civillian Western

Great Depression First World War China Emperor

Manchuria resources USA military

1. In 1922, Japan was ruled by a _____________________________ government.

2. Japan had a rapidly growing population and few _____________________________ of

their own at home.

3. Japan relied on ______________________ to get those __________________________.

4. With the _____________________________, Japan could no longer support itself.

5. The _____________________________ took control of the government in 1931.

6. In 1931, Japan invaded _____________________________ in order to support

themselves and start building an empire.

7. By 1936, Japan was attacking and invading _____________________________.

8. There was no response from the _____________________________ powers.

ET 4 - Notes for AppeasementAppeasement (Giving something up to keep the peace) NotesGreat Britain

● Wanted to avoid war at all costs (Feared a repeat of World War I)● Wanted to keep control of their vast empire● Could not fight a war without France’s land forces

France● Wanted to avoid a war (Feared a repeat of World War I)● Wanted to keep control of their vast empire● Wanted to keep Germany weak, but couldn’t fight without Britain’s naval forces

Italy● Wanted to demonstrate strength and power, even wanting to build a new Roman Empire

○ “The Mediterranean Sea shall be a new Roman Lake!”● Wanted to be respected on the European mainland

Germany● Wanted to destroy the Treaty of Versailles because it was so unfair● Wanted to rebuild the German military to be strong again● Wanted to unify all German peoples and create a big empire

Timeline

March 1939: Hitler takes

September 1938: Hitler

March 1938: Germany

July 1936: Start of the Spanish Civil

March 1936: Germany

October 1935: Italy invades

ET 5 - Extra Activity (Write Around) for Munich ConferenceDirections: Students in groups are responsible for turning in a final paragraph that answers all parts of the questions on Document 5.Document 1

The Sudeten Crisis, 1938

Before 1938, Britain had already given way to Hitler on a number of occasions, but it was the events of the Sudeten crisis which showed appeasement in action – trying to buy off Hitler by giving way to his demands.On 11 March 1938, Hitler invaded Austria. It was clear he wanted to do the same in the Sudetenland.On 7 September 1938, the German Sudeten Party demanded union with Germany.

● There were riots.● German newsreels showed ‘evidence’ of Czech ‘atrocities’ against the Sudeten

Germans.● Hitler threatened to support the Sudeten Germans with military force.

Then Chamberlain intervened.1. Chamberlain met Hitler on September 15.

● Hitler promised him that this was the ‘last problem to be solved’.● Chamberlain decided Hitler was ‘a man who can be relied upon’.● Chamberlain persuaded the Czechs to hand over the Sudetenland.

2. Chamberlain met Hitler on September 22.● Hitler made more demands.● At first Chamberlain refused, but then he decided that Czechoslovakia was not one of

the ‘great issues’ which justified war, but just ‘a quarrel in a far-away country between people of whom we know nothing’.

3. Britain and France made a Pact with Hitler at Munich on September 29.● They gave the Sudetenland to Germany.● Czechoslovakia was not even invited to the talks. The Czechs were free to fight if they

wished, but they had no support. They chose not to fight.On 30 September, Chamberlain returned to England with his famous piece of paper. ‘I believe it is peace for our time’, he told the cheering crowds.On 1 October 1938, Hitler marched unopposed into the Sudetenland. He said that it was the start of a 1000-year German Reich (empire).

Document 2Text in Cartoon:

Ex French-British Family

Austria-Czechoslovakia-Poland-Hungary-Yugoslavia-Romania-Bulgaria-Greece-Turkey

Written on the bag, translated: “Germany over all”

Document 3

On March 15, 1939, Hitler ordered German troops to invade the remaining part of Czechoslovakia from the German controlled Sudetenland. Previously given up by the French and the British at the Munich Conference, the Sudetenland was Czechoslovakia’s main defensive line, complete with bunkers, artillery (large guns), and mountains. The open plains of Czechoslovakia were no place for fighting. The Czechs surrendered without a fight.

Chamberlain realizes that the Munich Conference was a complete failure, and the British and French people now believe that only war will stop Hitler. While the leaders of France and Britain had already been making preparations for war, they now publically declare that Hitler will get no further gains in Europe without military intervention.

By April, Hitler was planning to take over and invade Poland. But with France and Britain declaring that they would go to war with Germany if Hitler moved on Poland, he needed some way to prevent a major two front war. Fighting on two fronts was exactly why Germany lost World War I. If it could be avoided again, Germany might win the next major war.

Document 4

In April 1939, Chamberlain made a declaration to, “Defend Poland if attacked by Nazi Germany.” However, he had also previously ignored an offer of alliance from the USSR. While the Soviet Union was also an enemy of Nazi Germany, Chamberlain feared the growing Communist influence.

Hitler’s original plan was to move on the Soviets. He called them, “An uncivilized Jewish-Bolshevik international guild of criminals.” But with Britain and France threatening war, he could not risk fighting against both the USSR and Britain and France.

On August 23, 1939, Hitler and Stalin signed a Nonaggression Pact. This Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact publically declared that their two nations would not fight for ten years. Secretly, it also divided Poland between the two countries. It also said that Stalin would not interfere when Hitler attacked the Nordic countries (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) while Hitler would not interfere when Stalin attacked the Baltic countries (Lithuania, Estonia, and Latvia). Hitler would not have to worry about fighting on two fronts.

This agreement shocked the world! Hitler and Stalin were mortal enemies and polar opposites. While each leader knew the pact would be broken eventually, they realized that it was necessary for now.

Document 5Write AroundDirections: As a group, you are responsible for writing a paragraph. One sentence should answer each of the following questions so that, together, it forms a single paragraph. Each member should contribute their own writing (meaning I want to see different handwriting, not just one person doing the writing for the whole group).

Questions1. What did Germany claim was happening in the Sudetenland?2. What did Hitler promise to the German’s living in Czechoslovakia?3. How did Neville Chamberlain “solve” this crisis?4. How did people react to Chamberlain’s claim that he bought, “Peace in our time?”5. How did their viewpoints change after Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia?6. Who did people think Hitler would take next?7. What was Hitler afraid of if he went after his next target?8. What did Hitler do to avoid fighting a two front war?9. What secret provisions existed in the pact?10. Why would the pact not last forever?