DIALOGUE REPORTS

I. Background information

a. Location of dialogue:

Four community dialog (two female & two male) and two government workshop (Filtu & Dolo) were conducted at Filtu PC meeting hall for Filtu district participants and Dolo PC office for Dolo district participants. The objective of the dialog/ workshop were to develop greater awareness about the climate hazards, trends and their impact on community-level resources, to develop a shared understanding of the actors and institutions that have access, management and control over key community resources that impact climate resilience, to understand community-level preparedness and responses to climate impacts, and their relative effectiveness & finally identify key community priorities for strengthening climate resilience, as well as dates and participants for taking priorities forward.

Filtu & Dolo districts are located in south eater parts of Ethiopia; Filtu is the capital town of Liban administrative zone of the Somali National Regional State that is situated at a road distance of 720kms South East of Addis Ababa along the Nagelle-Dolo road while Dolo is located at border of Ethiopia and Somali 340 km from Filtu. Dolo district has boarder with Somalia & Kenya. The altitude of the area is 300-1500m above sea level and average annual rainfall 300-1,000mm but higher along the river (small mountain ranges). The area get two rainy seasonsthe Gu (April-June) and Deyr (October- December).

The climate is semi-arid and arid, with a temperature range of 19-38ºC. The Filtu & Dolo-ado lies between the Genale (perennial) and Dawa (seasonal) rivers. The land is very fertile with soil types include black soil (fertile, contains clay) along the river and at Haya-Dimtu, and scattered red soils; Bakool soil is found in Seru and part of Ayinle; black-reddish mixes are also found. Vegetation covers most of the area consists of grasslands, shrub, bush and forest.The main livelihood in the area is rain-fed agro-pastoralism (maize is the main crop; camels, cattle, shoats). Agricultural land is individually owned and unlimited both in Filtu and Dolo districts especially rain fed farmland& the limiting factor is individuals’ capacity to cultivate. Grazing land is communal and accessible to all within the clan (Digodiya) during normal season while during drought or conflict abnormal migration is common even cross border from Somalia and Kenya and vise verse occur.

b. Date of dialogue:

The date is 26-27/ 05/ 2013 for community dialog both male and female and from 29-30/05/2013 for government workshopat Filtu. While the community dialog dates are 1-2/6/2013 for both male and female and 3-4/6/2013 for government workshop.

c. Participant detail:

Local district government office heads, deputy heads, experts from each offices especially from Live stock, crop and Rural Development Office, Water Resource Development Office, Cooperative Office and other key sector offices such Woman Affair Offices of the two districts of Dolo and Filtu were participated on the two days workshop held at Filtu and Dolo Ado PC compound. Similarly 15 influential men of different ages and 15 influential women of different ages were participated on community dialog held at Filtu and Dolo districts.

II. Key Issues Discussed

a. Resource Mapping

Identification of key resources& the map develop:

Identification of most important key resources that the community depends on and, where they are located and also how they are used which are important to understand community resilience, and improving community livelihoods were done. All the following information were included on map and presented by participants including how they are important.

Wet season grazing areas, Dry season grazing areas, Farmlands, Forests Market centers Areas for watering animals Areas for accessing water for households Areas for accessing fuel wood, Mobility routes for cattle Mobility routes for market access Public service areas for veterinary services, health or schools Settlement areas, including new settlements

The detail of each resource is as follows.

Wet season grazing area

Ramabale, Hogorow, Qurabiye, Wadiweyne, Nur GawWeyne&Gel reyb, Jarsi are some of the wet season grazing area for live stocks in Dolo district while GubadAano, AdableMadoow, SheekhUsmaan, Riingi, Dargeel, Warmoose,Haro dubo, Waleysoman, Burweyn, Shandarimod, dharkale, Sanwayne, Warerbenle, and Barkoare some of wet season grazing areas in Filtu district.These areas are the area out of the two rivers havingtemporary water access such as ponds, hand dug wells etc.., many small stream which can retain water, good shrubs for browsers and good grass for grassers, less invasion of ticks and mites, has sandy soil or no mud, wider areaof meeting place during rainy season all cattle and shoat herders made good environment for livestock production, some the area has also salty soil and water believed good for animals in resisting parasite.

Some of the area like jersi in Dolo is known by its salty tasting species of plant and traditional well where most livestock producers of the area like to use its water with early green pasture to wash the abdomen of their livestock and also known by its good tasting milk.In general wet season grazing areas are where there is enough vegetation or pasture and far from rivers and having temporary or permanent water access.

Dry Season Grazing Area

River banks, Biyole, Beer raran, Arad, Triangula, LaabMooye, Wanarida, Adey, Hada, Mugyooya, Aligaiye, Qurahididaale, Burtaelweyne, lukun mere, malkahagar, karsole, kabyeye, elsare, Did Liban area of Nagelle, Chilanko area of Mubarak district & Sham area of Dolo district.The two rivers bank area are the largest area of wet grazing because of having wider riverbank fields, great shade trees,abundant shrub species, good grass and water pastoralist .the salty soil around the rivers mainly river Dawa is very important for pastoralists in Liban zone that they collect its soil for their livestock.

Some of areas have big ponds and several small traditional wells some area has permanent hand dug wells with salty water with vast range land covered with small thorny bushes and a grass locally called biila small short and thorny grassin area such as Biyoley,Arad, Hada, Elsero, LaabMooye,Hada, Burtaelweyne, elsare, Waleysalaman, Warade, ben higle etc…. Some of grazing areas are the farthest from water point that made it to be used by camels only though far away from water it has good pasture the areas like traianglo, Aligaciye, Wanaridalukun mere, malkahagar, karsole, kabyeye. Be it is near or fare from water point some of grazing areas sometimes may has invasion of (Nyaqil) type of ticks where a million of small ticks attach themselves to grass or a branches of tree and when an animal pass by it invade the animal and causes to the animals skin disease locally called Chitta.

In general migration in the wet season is within districts in the zone and in the dry season (and drought years) animals move closer to the rivers and boreholes. In very bad years, livestock moves across clan borders. Pastoralist in Dolo districts and adjacent area of Filtu will migrate to around sham grazing area as it has good rangeland during drought and farther migrate to Filtu district dry season grazing areas while Filtu pastoralists during abnormal seasons migrate to Dida Liban grazing area of neighboring grazing land to access pasture and water or Chilanko grazing areas is beyond Dawa river in Mubarik district.

Farmlands

Irrigated land currently extends 144km along the Dawa and 80km along the Genale river in Dolo district in more than 30 sites and in around 19 sites in Filtu districts. Land ownership is important. Only areas unsuitable for cultivation or irrigation are un-owned or unoccupied.Currently the government had resettled a lot of HH along the river banks by providing irrigation pumps.

Similarly a lot people who became pastoral drop out had also settled and became agro pastoralist. All these farms are strip off areas that is located on banks of Dawa &Genalerivers. Most of the people use irrigation pumps to irrigate their farms, they also use river floods. These is riverine economic zone in which livestock plays an important role in sustaining livelihoods, they mainly grow fruits and vegetables particularly Mango, pawpaw, Banana, onions, tomatoes, its mixed subsistence and cash cropsas well as maize, wheat, sorghum and beans are cultivated. Sesame and groundnuts are cultivated. Poor households exchange labor for oxen/ploughs use belonging to middle/better-off households.

Significant parts of the farms are used to grow fodder and pasture. The land is fertile due to silt from up in the Ethiopian highlands. Due to irrigation the farmers are enable to grow crops and fodder all over the

year. When Dawa river dries the farms digs shallow wells in the river bed to irrigate their farms.Rain fed farm practiced in some of the area Haya-Dimtu, Masaajid,, Ahad, Arasamo, Borey, Usubey, Bifato, Kulun, Hugul, Lantuwer, Gunwayn, and Garabgel, farmlands of Filtu cultivatingbeans, maize, sorghum and wheat in good black clays soil areas by diverting water from the valley to the farm.

Markets Centers

The main livestock markets are Nagelle in (Oromia Liban district), Haya-Suftu, in (Dheka-Suftu district), Filtu& Ayinle in (Filtu District), Dolo & Raamo (Dolo district), Chirati in (Afdher zone), Mandhera in (Kenya) &Bay-dhaba market in Somalia. Mandhera and Dolo are markets for livestock bound for Somalia and Kenya while Nagelle and Chiratimarkets are main routes for supply of livestock for Nazareth and Babile thereby export to Djibouti.

Kenya is the most important market for live stocks where cattle and shoats are sold locally to Kenya.Camels are also sold to Kenya and Somalia. Bay-dhaba located in south western Somalia, is the center for donkey and sheep trade. Kenya is most important by taking over the fresh fruits from Dawa River and livestock milk from Dolo and Suftu markets.

Dolo and Filtu are the main local maize, sorghum & wheat markets. Nagelle is also a key transit point for goods (cereals, wheat flour, kerosene, soap, candles) coming from other parts of Ethiopia. Many non-staple and non-food items are imported through Dolo Ado and Mandhera from Somalia and Kenya.

Areas for watering animals

Lack of permanent water sources is a major problem in dry periods, especially in central, populated areas. Groundwater is very deep; most water (poor quality) is obtained from communal rain-fed ponds and birkas. Kulun, Masaji, Harabali,Bifato, Usubey, Filtu, A/amin, Arasamo, Malka labi,Kuley, Ayinle, Sayidmahamed, W/laman and Ahad are ponds in settlement area which have good for livestock watering during in normal dry seasons. W/laman is a wide pond that retains water for a long time used for both humane conception and Livestock and as it is on border sometimes conflict may arise from competition over this water.

The only permanent water sources are a borehole at Sero and two boreholes in the Kura’i-bul area in Filtu district. The other source of drinking water supply government owned Filtu and surrounding village’s water supply which intended for cattle troughs and public taps provided at each place of the identified rural areas to be used for their domestic and livestock watering the area it pass through from Sora river point at Genale 100 km from Filtu and then Kulan, Masajid and Bifatu 7km, 12km & 17km respectively from Filtu but not well functioning. Shallow wells are both communally and privately owned. Most of wells are salty that are used by animals only, some of them permanent like Boqolmayo spring. Boreholes are government owned and their use for live stock is not interested due to saltiness and the fuel consumption and technical problems always it face. Therefore the pastoralist live stocks in the area migrate to the two river sites to get water as the rain fed ponds and birkas dryout. The two river side watering points in Dawa and Genale where animals are watered is locally called Helo or Helooyin (plural form).

Areas for accessing water for households

Scarcity permanent water sources are a major problem in dry periods, especially in central, populated areas. Most water (poor quality) is obtained from communal rain-fed ponds and birkas. Though it is not fit for human consumption all rain fed ponds & Birkas (Kulun hand dag well, Masaajid hand dag well, Ayinle birkas, Laan-TuweerBirkas in Filtu) are used for human consumption including the Filtu town.

The difference is in case of Birkas it is most of the used for human consumption unless there is water shortage or no pond nearby.Regarding ground water in the area most of them are salty with high content of calcium and they are unfit for human consumption (Makinajab, Washaqabar, Jaarso, Eldhere shallow wells in Dolo).

The other source of drinking water supply government owned Filtu and surrounding village’s water supply which intended for cattle troughs and public taps provided at each place of the identified rural areas to be used for their domestic and livestock watering the area it pass through from Sora river point at Genale 100 km from Filtu and then Kulan, Masaajid and Bifatu 7km, 12km & 17km respectively from Filtu but not well functioning.Similar to live stock the two rivers water points are also used for human being in Dolo and Filtu. Dry season water trucking by the government and NGOs is frequent; water prices can be very high in the dry seasons (20 Birr/20litres).

Areas for accessing fuel wood

There is no specific place in which firewood is collected, ever since the influx of Somali refugees started, the distance for fetching firewood particularly around refugee camps tripled due to excessive use. These mentioned sites are the places where currently firewood is collected, the need for fire wood and its price is increasing, significant donkey loads of firewood are daily transported to Kenya from Ethiopian side. The only place that retains firewood currently is that site deep into interior far from the main roads and refugees camps. All the fuel wood type that is used in these area are from the same species which is acacia family but, recently when the fuel wood finished from nearby area the communities are bringing from Usubey 25km ,Masaajid 17km, Laan-Tuweer 17kmand Bifatu17km.

Mobility routes for cattle (from - to)

Boqol-mayo routs From Malka-Dida, Kole, Kobe,and Boqol-mayo to Labmoye, mugyoyedry season grazing area through wartaseyid and Ringi grazing area. This rout connects the southern Dolo green season grazing area to southern part dry season grazing areas. Qulay rout From southern Dolo parts through Ayinle to wancarida ,Hada, mugyoyaetc… This is the longest rout that connects northern southern Dolo wet season grazing areas to western Filtu dry season grazing areas.

Mobility routes for markets (from - to)

The main road Dolo-Nagelle the longest road stretched from Addis Ababa to Mogadishu Somalia. It has great significance that the trade for both sides is carried out on it. It also connects the three big livestock markets, Nagelle, Filtu and Dolo.Animals are purchased from Dolo are transported by trucks and use this roadChirati -Kole-Washaqabar-Suftu- Mandera road connect Dolo district with Mandhera (Kenya) and Chirati live

stock market of Afdher Zone.Malka kulow road connects Gura-DhamoleWoreda of Zone Afdher to Filtu town of Liban Zone.Bandheer road (from Filtu to Chirati) connects Chirati Woreda of Zone Afdher to Filtu town of Liban Zone.Cusubey, roadfrom Golbo -Cusubeey toFiltu market. Also connect Mubarak woreda to Filtu town of Liban Zone. These roads connects Berraran -Sade - Rhamu (Kenya), Sade road connect Sade thenRamo of Kenya through seedy. Also it connects from Sade area to Ayinle and Filtu market. Filtu it is important in that links Kenya to Ethiopia.

Figure 2. Resource Map of Filtu-Dolo district

b. Hazard Mapping and Impact Analysis

During discussion identification and mapping of each hazards, and discussion on their impacts were done and explored which hazards affect them, and how, who is most affected by looking at who uses or depends on these resources. Referring to the first major resource area that is affected by a hazard, the participants explained the primary impact of the hazard on the resource then what happens as a result of this impact or secondary impact and an impact chain developed.

Drought affects areas such as:Both dry and wet season grazing areas, water points and farm areas of rain fed and Dawa irrigation farm landsin the both districts.

Heat stress affects areas such as:

Wet and dry season grazing areas, all water points including Dawa River& farm lands of the districts.

Conflict affects areas such as: Border area of the Somali and Oromia regions (Dheka, Haysuftu, Walesa leman, Galuun and Warade) as well as the Dawa river side irrigation settlements (Willa, Golbo, Bodbod, Sogto, Lanbarde, Sade etc…)

Erratic rain fall affects areas such as: All rain fed farms; dry and wet season grazing lands including the water points are affected.

Heavy short rain fall affects areas such as: Farm lands, roads and water point especially the ponds and settlement areas are affected.

Pest and Disease affects areas such as: The pasture and farms, live stocks and people.

Heavy wind affects areas such as:Market areas, social services…

Drought causes scarcity of pasture, water and food crops and death of live stock which will result in shortage of animal product, malnutrition and disease of both livestock and human being.

Heat stress causes abortion of livestock’s and women, movement restriction of weak animals, children, women and old age people which will resulting reduction of productivity of livestock women suffer of bleeding which may result in death and market crises by spoiling of heat sensitive commodities.

Conflict causes loss of property, life displacement and road block which will result in shelter loss, food scarcity disease, children become orphan and women become widows and market diminution.

Erratic rain fall causes scarcity of water and pasture and welting of crops which will result in livestock production loss work burden on women for fetching water migration and conflicts.

Heavy short rain fall causes soil erosion road damage destroys water points increase pests and disease even kills life some times which will result in farm destruction, scarcity of food and water, market diminution.

Pests and diseases causes’ loss of livestock, kills people, loss of pasture and farms which will result in gully formation, scarcity of food malnutrition of the children loss of livestock productivity.

Heavy wind causes erosion, fire which will result in destroying of property and social infrastructure and kills life.

c. Existing Preparedness and Response Strategies

Change of climate caused by population growth high demand of resource ,high population of livestock with less productive food scarcity competition in range and water increments of farm land with less productivity are the major impacts caused by climatically caused hazards.

To minimize the risks caused by these hazards there are different existing strategies and preparedness addressed regardless of their effectiveness. These are communal enclosures, forage supply, cooked grains and feeding live stock during drought and use of drugs (different vitamin combination) for pasture scarcity, while ponds, traditional well and birkas construction and water trucking are for water problem solving.

Soil erosion, gully formation, pond distraction road damage flood caused by heavy short rainfall are protected by Construction of local gabions, making soil benchdiverting gorges and runoffs from the farms and roads.

Burning the range before rain came through prescribed fire Usage of insecticides vaccination, awareness creation, making supplication,slaughtering animals, reading the holly Quran are among the strategies of controlling pests and disease.

Negotiations between the Clans by customary institutions leaders and Religion leaders, Government intervention and Migrating from the conflict areas are strategies applied during conflict. Resettlement to river banks for small scale irrigation, Quality seed,Usage of fertilizers Increasing FTCis amongst strategies of erratic rain fall.

Closing the outlet of rivers by making gabions are strategies for controlling river floods.Reforestation, Awareness creation through customary institutions leaders and religion leaders concerning deforestation and its effect, Movement at the night time settling in the river banks, covering jerry cans by cloth material and then keeping under tree shade and boiling milk and keeping in a cold place are strategies of controlling heat stress. Changing construction material to fire resistant materials are strategies of controlling fire caused by heavy wind.

Shortage of pasture and water, Movement restriction gullies and soil erosion are amongst impacts caused by the major hazards which are happening to most pastoralist and agro pastoralists. As these impacts are happening most of the time strategies like:

Communal enclosure, forage supply, cooking grain and feeding the animals during the drought ,Construction of birkas, pond and traditional well and water rationing when drought heat the areas of pastoralists are among the effective strategies .Journey in night time, working at the cool hours of the day are effective strategies of heat stress. While early sowing crop before rain drops burning rang land before rain and vaccination are effective strategies of controlling pests and diseases.

While cooling of water through covering the jerry cane by cloth material and keeping under tree shade, settling in the river banks are among the less effective strategies used for heat stress.

d. Historical Timeline

The frequency and severance and relativity of the hazards on historical time line maps show great climate change. Starting from emperor Hailesilase to EPRDF up to present time, 12 drought, 9 conflicts, 3 floods 2 animal disease; while erratic rain fall heat stress and heavy winds are become regular in EPRDF time. Half of the drought are happened in EPRDF while in DERG and Hailesilase each 3 droughts.

The severity is so high in Hailesilase and DERG time than EPRDF in contrast of the frequency. And this is because of that during EPRDF both the governments and the community with the NGOs are addressing different strategies to minimize the impacts caused by the hazards, while in Hailesilase and DERG nothing was done to address the impacts.

Of the conflicts most of them are in EPRDF and the cause is resource competition between neighboring clans of Somali and Oromo’s of the area. This is caused by the growing population number that resulted high demand of resource that caused deforestation overgrazing and land degradation.

Generally Heat stress, heavy wind, Erratic rain fall, pest and Disease and floods are happened during EPRDF caused by the population growth which resulted inland degradation deforestation that play great roll on climate change. Relativity of the hazards is directly related to drought, that when drought comes with disease heat stress and others are also come after.

e. Alternative Adaptation Strategies

Stronger adaptation strategies for preparedness and response, how it supports adaptation, or builds resilience were identified, and analyzed against barriers and opportunities of each strategy and then solutions given in order to minimize the barriers or challenges. Some preparedness and response strategies that are exerted by the participants categorized under DRM, NRM & Livelihood adaptation in order to build communities adaptation to the climate change impacts and hazards discussed, and thus build their resilience as follows.

NRM

1. Forage production by enhancing the bay product from Filtu floor mil factory and range land enclosure main settlement areas.

2. Community managed participatory range land management through customary institution.3. Use of alternative energy for light and fuel fire.4. Soil Conservation through modern soil conservation methods5. Fodder production and grain storage for drought.

DRM

1. Mobile school feeding with attention to female students in primary schools.2. Expansion and rehabilitation of existing water ponds3. Construction of hostel or boarding school for pastoralist students who pass from primary schools.4. Construction, expansion and rehabilitation of existing water ponds (Birkas).5. Construction of large dams& large birkas at good pasture areas6. Animal health intervention & livestock vaccination prior to occurrence of disease

7. SMS or mobile system use of early warning to minimize hazard impact.

LIVELIHOOD ADAPTATION

1. Improving MF though establishment of IGAs.2. Introduction of modern livestock fattening3. Establishment commercial nursery sites near water points where there is enough water to be used

house construction.4. Production of plant trees used for house construction through establishment commercial nursery at

river side where there is enough water.5. Agro pastoralist way of life through destocking livestock & diversifying income by irrigation based

farming for livestock support and business.6. Enhancing irrigation based farming

IV. Analysis

a. Climate change context and impacts (context analysis should include both the climate changee issues experienced by communities, as well as their understanding of the phenomenon)

Local people shared some experiences of climatic conditions, ecosystem function & process, and biological system. But most of the respondents were not aware about climate change instead they understand only rainfall and warming system. Moreover, they were totally unaware about changing climate and its impacts. The community is unaware what causes climate changes; some of them relate climate change to bad luck of government or punishment of GOD as a result of increased human disobedience

Communities ‘past experience showed increasing warming days, erratic rainfall patterns, ecological variability, biological change and their adverse effects on human beings. Almost all community dialogue participants said that warming days are increasing, rainfall pattern is unpredictable, seasons are changing, incidents of drought is increasing, wind pattern is getting warmer, decreasing water sources, wind storm is getting stronger, changes in flowering and fruiting time, invasion of new plant species and reduction of some indigenous plants. Some elder person observed the less cold at Hagaa season in between June-August, According to them, 30 years ago; it was difficult in Filtu to look after animals at Hagaa season without having fire.

Many community members reported that forests, grasslands and agricultural ecosystems in the study area are in critical condition. Local People revealed that different plant species were flowering and fruiting irregularly:

Local peoples‘ responses and verification in the field provided evident of invasive species like (Aligarob)Procopius/julifilora and (Kaligiinolaada)peritoneumwhich is not edible for livestock),) and

these weeds are taken as a major causes of declining cereal production, grass coverage and reduction of perennial local herbs. At the same time, the common herbs of the area, (which is edible for livestock), are disappearing/decreasing from the area. Some of the community members believe that changes in temperature and rainfall are creating favorable environments for pests, diseases and invasive species to emerge, spread and encroach on grass land. Erratic rainfall patterns and winds are contributing to soil erosion, soil fertility loss, and crop damage are having an adverse impact on livelihoods of most of these communities, thus increasing risk to food security. Though drinking water is increasing due to availability of water storage tanks and water pipes, Local people said that they are facing more drought periods resulting decrease in natural springs and irrigation water. This may affects agriculture, and subsequently food security.

b. Institutions and relationships (clan relationships, administrative frameworks)

Institutional involvement in the management of impacts from climate change is low. Involvement ranged from low to moderate from the local and national levels, with a focus on improving access to water resources and animal health improvements.

Lack of harmonization between management approaches of traditional clan-based systems and modern committee based approaches creates conflicting directives and impedes the process of development in the water sector.

Incorporating climate change can still be difficult due to resistance to change within the institutional construct. On-the-ground operations can be further complicated by incomplete work or local actors that do not adhere to the national recommendations. Finally, inclusion of the private sector is limited in management practices and there remains a significant gap between local, community-level entities and national level-policy. Regionally based institutional involvement needs to be strengthen

c. Differential vulnerability - which sectors/groups are more vulnerable

• Human disease (especially malaria):affects the laborer or pump owner than the other and once the laborer affected the productivity will decrease.

Flooding:mostly affects irrigation and destroys fruit trees except mango, may away pump itself. Drought:Richhouseholds are less affected as they increase livestock sales, storing their harvest;

and decrease the risk by having pumps in both rivers while poor households more are affected and migrate (in severe times) to urban areas for water sales, domestic work and food aid.

• Gender dynamics and implications: Female are more affected than male during drought and dry seasons as they are most of the time responsible for fetching water from far sites for small animals and households especially in the pastoralist community.

d. Preparedness and Response strategies - challenges, barriers and opportunities

Preparedness and Response strategies

I. DRM

1. Mobile school feeding with attention to female students in primary schools. 2. Expansion and rehabilitation of existing water ponds3. Construction of hostel or boarding school for pastoralist students who pass from primary

schools.4. Construction, expansion and rehabilitation of existing water ponds (Birkas).5. Construction of large dams& large birkas at good pasture areas6. Animal health intervention & livestock vaccination prior to occurrence of disease7. SMS or mobile system use of early warning to minimize hazard impact.

II. NRM

1. Forage production by enhancing the bay product from Filtu floor mil factory and range land enclosure main settlement areas.

2. Community managed participatory range land management through customary institution.3. Use of alternative energy for light and fuel fire.4. Soil Conservation through modern soil conservation methods5. Fodder production and grain storage for drought.

III. LIVELIHOOD ADAPTATION

1. Improving MF though establishment of IGAs.2. Introduction of modern livestock fattening3. Production of plant trees used for house construction through establishment commercial

nursery at river side where there is enough water.4. Agro pastoralist way of life through destocking livestock & diversifying income by irrigation

based farming for livestock support and business.5. Enhancing irrigation based farming

Challenges or Barriers

NRM

Lack of awareness, knowledge, skill and experience, Lack of material such as sickle, axle etc for production & preparation of forage, Lack of mixing and packing forage, Infestation of invasive species, Existing customary institution is weak, No pastoral land use policy, Conflict on area enclosure

may arise, Lack of fund is some of the challenges or barrier for the alternative strategies of NRM suggested.

Opportunities

Availability of man power, Availability of bay products, Availability of range land, Recurrent drought affected the pastoralist is enabling factors, There is already traditional shifting for grazing land on wet and dry seasons,

Fire wood & charcoal become in accessible, increasing price of fire wood and charcoal are some of enabling factors or opportunities to implement the NRM strategies suggested.

V. Options for the future

i. DRM

a. Areas of support (based on alternative response strategies)

Development of community grain banks with credit facilities Improved access to pesticides Recruitment of exactor & dozer Do over flow canal for every water ponds. Support with hand tools and construction materials.

b. Recommended approaches

Establishment of permanent water sources must be evaluated against environmental degradation; better pasture attract livestock from neighboring districts, accelerating water/pasture depletion and spread of diseases

Construction of the house equipping with all necessary goods for boarding schools. Mobilization of fund through NGO and government support

ii. NRM

a. Areas of support (based on alternative response strategies)

• Awareness creation on climate change, deforestation etc..• Awareness creation & training on range land mgt. • Strengthening of existing customary institution.• Awareness creation and training on forage production.• Provision materials necessary and hand tools.• Purchase of mixing machine and training on production

b. Recommended approaches

Establishment of forage producer cooperatives. Establishment of traditional rangeland management practices whereby certain parts of the zone

are protected from grazing in wet seasons so as to enhance the pasture availability in dry seasons (Establishment of communal enclosure).

Introducing new technologies such as solar energy, cooking gas, stoves etc…. Experience sharing the other pastoralist are who done well Reinforcing community resolution on communal land use.

c. Next Steps

iii. Livelihood Adaptation

a. Areas of support (based on alternative response strategies)

• Agricultural extension and the development of irrigation• Supply of irrigation pumps• Support maintenance of pumps through facilitation of supply of spare parts • Establishment of IGGs.• Training and technical support IGA.• Inject startup capital.• Provision of the tools.

b. Recommended approaches

• Establishment of cooperatives and injecting seed money Micro Finance.• Improve animal health facilities such as training community animal health workers, promotion

of private veterinary clinics and improving extension services• Establishment of co-operatives and dealers who brings the spare parts and fuel in fair and

acceptable price.• Establishment of linkage with market.• Research on the feasibility, soil type and best species.

c. Next Steps

VI. Observations on Tools and Process