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JANUARY 2017

SHIP SAFETY, ENVIROMENTAL PROTECTION AND PERSONNEL CARE TIME ALLOWED - 2 HOURS

AFTERNOON PAPER

Instructions1.Answer FIVE questions only . Not more than TWO from any section2.All questions carry equal marks.3.Neatness in handwriting and clarity in expression carries weightage4.Illustration of an answer with clear sketches / diagrams carries weightage5.All unused pages of answer script must be cancelled out by two lines (X) across the

page.

Q1. The fire protection provided for the propulsion motor and generator of a diesel electric drive vessel is usually one of the following methods:i Fixed foam extinguisher; ii. Fixed CO 2 system; iii. Steam smothering system; iv. Dry Chemical PowderB. Briefly state in a comparative analysis, how each one of these methods has some disadvantages when used with propulsion system as stated aboveAnswer:- (1) The fixed foam extinguishing system extinguishes the fire by spreading a blanket of foam over the oil spread that has ignited and thereby smothers the fire by starving it of air for combustion. *The main disadvantage of this system is , being basically a liquid it cannot permeate the space containing the fire . * Being water it will damage the motors placed low on the engine floor, and hence will involve the liability of repairing the damaged motors. (3) Steam smothers the fire by displacement of the air within the space in the same manner as carbon-di-oxide. The disadvantages are :

It can be fatal to personnel trapped in the space . Death is caused by asphyxiation.

The modern motor ship steam requirements are not much and in most ships a boiler of small holding capacity is enough for its daily needs. If it is to also provide for fire protection, then the capacity of the boiler has to be increased and maintained in full pressure amounting to extra cost.

The condensation of steam on electrical motors can cause damage to their winding insulation.(2) Carbon-di- oxide smothers the fire by displacing the air in the space, being heavier than air and in this manner oit extinguishes the fire. Its disadvantages are:

It can be fatal to personnel trapped in the machinery space .

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It is a one time used medium and would need immediate refill for full 100% after usage. The installation becomes useless until it is recharged to the full extent This may be a disadvantage if there is a second major fire in the ship during a voyage.

Refilling facilities are not available at all ports CO2 is a dense gas heavier than air(oxygen+ nitrogen) and hence willnot

vent out fast when the fire is extinguished. This makes entry into machinery space difficult and is delayed especially when mechanical ventilation is not possible till power is restored. (4) Dry powder extinguishes by the spread of the fine powder over the

surface where fire is spreading by starving the fire of air for combustion. Its disadvantages are :

* it does not spread easily like a liquid and hence is good only for a small limited space and hence suited for electrical fires. It is likely to coagulate after some storage time and hence has a short

shelf life. If it coagulates it will not spread.

Q2. Give a pragmatic approach to dealing with a sea water leakage, which is flooding the engine room and which has the potential of causing a serious impairment to a vessel’s stability.

Answer:- -The actions are as follows sequentially arranged: (1)Check the bilge levels by sounding to confirm that the alarms are not false. (2)Assuming the ship is at sea sailing, the ballast pump should be connected to the bilge system through the master interconnecting valve. The bilge water is now being pumped directly to sea. (3) Inform C/E and the Bridge so that they can take suitable documentary action to allow the ship to pump out the E/R bilges without passing the bilge through the oily water separator because the bilges are filling up fast and the oily bilge separator cannot cope up with the high flooding rate. This exemption is provided as per Reg 4 of MARPOL annexe one. (4)When the level has gone down sufficiently the source of the leakage may be revealed. It could be a crack or hole on the ship side just above the tank top through which the water is gushing in. (5) continue pumping out with the ballast pump. Prepare a suitable tapered wooden plug using the ship’s lathe. (6) Enlarge the hole or crack using a large diameter punch and hammering it with a sledge hammer till the hole becomes large enough to fit the wooden plug. The plug can now be fitted in by wrapping it with a piece of cloth so that it fits tight in the hole. (7) The leakage would be stopped sufficiently , and it has to be reinforced by a suitable cement box The box is made by taking the frames adjoining the hole as supports and welding a plate to the frames by tack welding at locations.

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(8)The space is now filled with a mortar mixture of one part quick setting cement and three parts sand using fresh water for mixing. Fill the space between the plate and the frames and tank top with this mortar. The mortar will settle hard quickly since quick setting cement is used. The temporary repair is shown in the sketch

Note:- The emergency bilge injection is not mentioned because it is coupled with the main sea water pump which has a lower capacity than the ballast pump. So when we need faster action the ballast pump is to be used.

Q3. With reference to an automatic water sprinkler, fire detecting alarm and extinguishing system for accommodation spaces: - A. Sketch a typical system; B. Describe the operation of this system; C. State the sources of water available; D. Describe the sprinkler head and its operation; E. State how the temperature rating of the sprinkler head is determined.Answer:- (A)

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(B) The structural fire protection is based on zones separated by fire proof bulkheads and having fire proof divisions within them. A network of sprinkler heads is arranged throughout the spaces to be protected. Each sprinkler head is normally kept closed by a quartzoid bulb which is almost filled with a liquid having a high expansion ratio. When the liquid is exposed to abnormal heat it expands rapidly to completely fill the bulb. Further expansion is sufficient to shatter the bulb. Water, maintained under pressure by compressed air, is then expelled from the sprinkler head or heads in the form of a heavy spray. Each head adequately showers a deck area of 16m2 and the heads are arranged so that every part of each space requiring protection, can be covered by water spray. The system shown has a pressure tank which is kept part-filled with fresh water and pressurized to 8 bar compressed air. When the pressure drops below 5.5 bar, a salt water pump cuts in automatically so that if the sprinklers operate a supply of water is maintained.Each installation is divided into sections containing up to 200 sprinkler heads and each section has an alarm valve When a sprinkler comes into operation water flows through the section alarm valve. The water lifts the non-return valve exposing an annular groove which connects to a diaphragm alarm switch. This switch is coupled to an alarm and to an indicator panel on the bridge which gives audible and visual warning that a sprinkler has operated and fire has probably broken out in the section indicated. Fires have frequently been found to have been extinguished by the system alone. When any occurrence has been dealt with the stop valve, which is usually locked open, may be closed to replace the sprinkler head which has operated and to enable the section to be drained of salt water before being filled with fresh from the system. (C) The sources of water are, fresh water stored in the sprinkler tsnk for the initial supply followed by sea water pumped by the sprinkler pump (D)

When the liquid is exposed to abnormal heat it expands rapidly to completely fill the bulb. Further expansion is sufficient to shatter the bulb. Water, maintained under pressure by compressed air, is then expelled from the sprinkler head or heads in the form of a heavy spray. Each head adequately showers a deck area of 16m2 and the heads are arranged so

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that every part of each space requiring protection, can be covered by water spray

(E) In accommodation and service spaces , the sprinklers will come into operation within the temperature range from 680 C to 790 C . In locations such as drying rooms and galleys where high ambient temperatures might be expected the operating temperature may be increased by 300C above the maximum deck head temperature.

CLASSIFICATION

MAXIMUM CEILING TEMPERATURE

SPRINKLER ACTIVATION TEMPERATURE

GLASS BULB COLOR

FUSIBLE LINK COLOR

Ordinary 100°F 135°F - 170°F

Orange (135°F)Red (155°F)

black; no color

Intermediate

150°F 175°F - 225°F

Yellow (175°F)Green (200°F)

White

High 225°F 250°F-300°F

Blue Blue

Extra High 300°F 325°F - 375°F

Purple

Red

Very Extra High

375°F 400°F - 475°F

Black

Green

Ultra High 475°F 500°F - Blac Oran

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CLASSIFICATION

MAXIMUM CEILING TEMPERATURE

SPRINKLER ACTIVATION TEMPERATURE

GLASS BULB COLOR

FUSIBLE LINK COLOR

575°F k ge

Ultra High 625°F 650°F Black

Orange

SECTION II

Q4. A. Which legislation is framed at preventing the emission of black smoke, sets the limits on the length of time of such emission?

B. Discuss the reasons for setting time limits rather than imposing a complete ban on emission

C. State why different times are quoted, giving examples.D. State the likely constituents of black smoke from the combustion of residual

fuel in a boiler.E. List the contaminants likely to be found in the clear exhaust from a diesel

driven alternator burning gas

Answer:- (A) The Dark Smoke (Permitted Periods) (Vessels) Regulations, 1958

This act is to be observed by all ships plying within the territorial waters of UK.

(B) The reasons for setting different time limits rather than a total ban is that the emission of black smoke which is the result of combustion of oil fuel or coal is a temporary phenomenon if the correct quantity of air is properly controlled.

(C) Different times are quoted based on the properties of the combustion process and the prime mover. Some examples are quoted under.

1. Emissions from a forced draught oil- 10 minutes in the

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fired boiler furnace, or an oil engine. aggregate in any period of 2 hours.

2. Emissions from a natural draught oil-fired boiler furnace (except in the cases falling within class 4 below).

10 minutes in the aggregate in any period of 1 hour.

3. Emissions from a coal-fired boiler furnace:—

(a) when the vessel is not under way (except in the cases falling within class 4 below).

10 minutes in the aggregate in any period of 1 hour.

(D) The constituents of black smoke from the burning of residual fuel in a boiler are:

CO2 ----------excess of 14% about 18 %

N2 -------------------------------------- 72%

H2O (water vapour)------------------- 7%

O2 (due to excess air)-----------------3%

(E) The constituents of the exhaust gas by burning natural gas in an engine is Carbon di oxide, water vapour, nitrogen and oxygen, provided the natural gas is not contaminated by hydrogen sulphide. The presence of oxygen is the result of burning with excess air.

Q5. With reference to an oil/water separator:A. i) Sketch such a device; ii) Describe the passage of oil/water mixture from

the delivery of pump to the outlets of separator.B. State how oil density and temperature affect the case of separation of oil

from water.C. State how the movement of oil on board ship or its discharge and the discharge

of oily-bilge ballast water overboard is recorded.Answer:- (A) (a)

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The above sketched separator is an improvement of the simplex Turbulo oil/water separator to satisfy the more stringent requirement of limitation of oil pollution from E.R. bilges as specified in the amendment to MARPOL 73/78, when the limitation was reduced from 100 ppm to 15ppm. In this separator the filtering chamber which has a two stage filter removes any small droplets of oil in the discharge and cause them to be held until they form larger droplets (coalesce. As they form larger globules , they rise to the oil collecting space.. (B) The principle of separation in the oily water separation is the difference in separation force between oil and water and this is dependent on the e individual densities of oil and water. ρ This primary separation force is increased by heating the mixture , whereby the oil gets lighter, whereas there is no change in the density of water . This can be mathematically expressed considering the separating force by displacement existing between equivalent equal volume drops of oil and water

The primary separating force is given by,

∏/6* D3 *g*{ρw--ρo}-------------------(1)

Where D is the dia of water and oil drop. g is the gravitation constant. ρw and ρo are the relative densities of water and oil

respectively. This separation force is further increased by the change

in temperature due to heating the mixture and is given by

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[∏/6* D3 *g*{ρw--ρo(1-3 ἀ T)}----------------(2)

Where ἀ is the coefficient of linear expansion of oil and T is the increase in temperature of oil.

Equation(2) results in a larger value than equation (1)

(C) The activities of pumping out machinery space bilges and the transfer of fuel oi on board are recorded in the MARPOL oil record book part 1. As per the regulations of MARPOL Annexe 1

Q6. Name various statutory Certificates and Documents to be carried on board Gas Tankers giving reference to the conventions and justify for their requirement.Answer:-

The statutory certificates are listed in the above tabular statement. The second column gives the title of the certificate. The third column indicates the validity of the certificates. Now since all ships have been brought under the harmonious validity period , all the certificates which have a period of 5 years validity have their anniversary dates same and is the date when the new vessel was commissioned.

The permanent certificates are issued for the full length of the life of the ship which is till the vessel is scraped. The fitness

No Title Validity Convention

1 Registration certificate

Permanent till

change of flag or

scrapped

M.S. Act

2 Tonnage Permanent

Tonnage Convention

1969

3

LOAD/LINE 5 YearsL/L

CONVENTION 1966

4Safety

Equipment Certificate

5 YearsSOLAS

Chapter II & Chapter III

5Safety

Construction certificate

5 YearsSOLAS

Chapter II, III, V

6Cargo Ship

Safety Radio Certificate

5 Years SOLAS Chapter IV

7 IOPP 5 Years MARPOL Annexure I

8 ISPP 5 Years MARPOL Annexure IV

9 IAPP 5 Years MARPOL Annexure VI

10ENERGY efficiency certificate

5 years MARPOL Annexure VI

11 SAFE Manning 5 Years SOLAS

Chapter IX

12 ISM 5 YearsSOLAS

Chapter IX, ISM Code

13 DOC (True Copy) 5 Years -Do-

14 ISPS 5 Years SOLAS CH XI-2

15 MLC 5 YearsM L

Convention 2006

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certificate though permanent is subject to cancellation if the vessel is not in accordance with the rules of the gas code. hence at every special survey for renewal of class certificate ,the requirements of the gas code are also made good.

Q7. Explain the principle of port State control and give in detail the verification the Port

State Control Officer may carry out with particular reference to the following; A. Emergency generator; B. Auxiliary steering gear; C. Lifeboat engine; D. Bilge pumps; E. SOPEP

Answer:- The concept of Port State Control is the need for increasing the vigilance on ships with regard to their safety and pollution control capabilities. In modern shipping practice the large cargo ships consisting of bulk carriers, tankers and container ships are do not ply on fixed routes and they ply any whereas required by the charterer or owner and this type of movement is called tramping. With tramping, the flag state has no control on the ships safety and pollution control aspects. To overcome this drawback the IMO has constituted regional maritime states to formally agree on a common inspection standard which is called a treaty. This treaty or standard is based on all the requirements of the various conventions of IMO which have been adopted by the member states. Hence the Port State officer is carrying out the function of the flag state officer. It is also a requirement that the port state officer is responsible to ensure that any unsafe ship which can also be a pollution hazard is not allowed to sail out of the port till the necessary corrective action for the defects noted have been carried out. This is the principle of Port State Control.

(A) Emergency generator:- The working generator will be stopped , which will put the ship in black out. He will check that the emergency generator comes on load within 45 seconds. He will check that the listed services and light points are on. If any of the above functions are defective , he will give a recommendation that the function should be set right.

(B) Auxiliary steering gear:- For ships provided with an auxiliary steering gear , he will instruct the concerned engineer to start the auxiliary steering gear and verify if it is able to move the rudder as required on both sides of mid ship. Any failure will receive a recommendation.

(C) Lifeboat Engine:- He will request one of the engineers to start the engine, put it in gear and turn the propeller in ahead and astern directions. The engine must be capable of starting at --150C. Liquid butane spray may be allowed for starting in very cold weather.

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(D) Bilge pumps:- He will ask for the bilge to be pumped from the machinery space back to machinery space for which most ships are provided with a bypass valve. He will also check the function of the 15 ppm alarm and the stopping device If any function is defective a suitable recommendation will be issued.

(E) SOPEP:- He will ask for the SOPEP manual and check the following:

He will see the amendment page and verify the amendments have been suitably inserted.

He will look for the official approval stamp and the date of approval.

He will call for the SOPEP equipment and see if it is in accordance with the SOPEP documented requirement.

Q8. A. Explain the principles underlying the STCW Convention; B. Explain how as a senior engineer you would implement the regulation for controlling and monitoring of minimum hours of rest for watch keepers; C. What type of specific shipboard familiarization is required to be given?Answer:- (A) The Standards of Training, Certification and Watch keepingConvention came into force first in 1984 and then amended in 1995. The need for this convention was sensed by IMO especially when it was observed that the ships built were reliable and safe but lacked human reliability and proper training .Hence the need for this convention . (B) I will have a register of attendance in which the staff working under me will be entered with thei daily watch keeping and /or day work hours entered. I will ensure that the day workers hours of total weekly work hours is not exceeded’ For watch keepers I will compensate off periods during long port stay or if the policy of the company is to pay overtime , I will recommend payment of over time to the concerned staff. (C) The specific familiarization will be given to a new entrant and will be as follows: * If the new entrant is a watch keeper, I will take him around the machinery space and explain what he has to observe about each machine, how to start and stop the unit in his watch and to bring to the notice of the engineer on watch any malfunctioning immediately it is noticed.. * I will instruct him on the possibility of fire and the likely sources of its commencement and therefore the need for proper care and vigilance required.

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* I will instruct him on the locations of the local firefighting implements available in the machinery space, and revise his knowledge on the use of these equipments , since he would have undergone a basic fire fighting course.

Q9. A. State the instructions you as Second Engineer will give to watch keepers with respect to boiler uptake fire;

B. State how the incidence of uptake fires may be minimized.C. State the reasons for blow-back from the furnace of an auxiliary boiler.D. State the standing instructions you might have received from your Chief Engineer With respect to the avoidance of boiler furnace blow-back.

Answer:- (a) STANDING INSTRUCTIONS: (1) An uptake fire is recognized by the sounding of the uptake temperature alarm. (2) When this alarm is sounded and recognised. Go to the Fiddley deck or upper platform where the forced circulation exhaust gas economiser is located, feel the casing plates or observe if the paint is blackening indicating existence of a fire. (3) Confirm from Bridge if any flame or sparks leaving the economiser

uptake. (4) Slow down main engine, inform C/E and 2/E, and stop M/E.. (5) stop circulation pump to economizer

(6) Start boundary cooling of economiser casing plates. (7) When sufficiently cool , open inspection door on casing plate to for

inspection. (b) Incidence of uptake fires may be minimised by regularly water washing the finned tubes in the economiser every six months or annually. Thisis to be done apart from the regular usage of sootblowers if provided. (c) The reasons for furnace blow back from auxiliary boiler are: (1) Purging of air insufficient. (2) Water in the oil causing steam lock in the oil and making flow

discontinuous and subsequent blow back.

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(3) Oil overheated causing gas lock and subsequent blow back. (d) STANDING INSTRUCTIONS for avoidance of boiler furnace blow back: (1) When starting the boiler combustion system, start on manual mode

so that long air purge can be given (2) Ensure the fuel oil is sufficiently heated and this may require circulating the oil through the heater sufficiently till the oil temperature reaches the right temperature. (3) Ensure the fuel oil is free of water and this can be verified by operating the spring loaded drain valve on the oil service tank and ensuring the oil is free of water. (4) Change over to auto-mode only when steady state conditions are achieved.

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