Lesson 2: ReconstructionObjectives: Students will be able to. Understand what U.S. Reconstruction is Understand the types of Southern

Reconstruction Summarize Reconstruction Policies Recognize the Problems of Reconstruction Understand how Reconstruction ended and

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What do you know about Reconstruction?

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What do you think you should know about Reconstruction?

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Begin Reconstruction Lesson

1865 – 1877The period of time in

America’s history when ____________________________________________________________________________________

____ Background information to better understanding of the lesson

The Civil War was fought during 1861 and 1865 between most southern states that believed in and supported the idea of both slavery and state’s rights. Because these ideas on those issues were threatened, 11 southern states choose to leave the Union and start a new country founded on the idea that

supported slavery and states’ rights. These 11 southern states became known as Confederate States of America (or the Confederacy) and were defeated by the Union in 1865.

After the Civil War, the Union had to have a plan on how to bring back the 11 defeated states of the Confederacy into the Union. This created a problem. Many northerners had different ideas about how the Confederacy should re-enter the Union. Additionally, the defeated Southern states had a difficult time accepting the northerner’s plans.

This lesson is about the northern plans to re-unite the Union, who should be the people who make the decisions on what the plan should be, and southern acceptance or resistance to these plans.

First, let’s understand the effects of the Civil War on the both the North and the South

Slavery ended The proved that a government run by the people CAN

succeed The power of the Federal government proved to be

supreme over the power of the states The responsibility of the United States government was

changed forever to protect the rights of its people No state since the Civil War has ever again tried to secede

from the United States

DEFINITION HOW USED IN LESSON

RECONSTRUCTION

AMNESTY

SEGREGATION

SHARECROPPING

IMPEACH

BLACK CODES

JIM CROW LAWS

AMEND(As in Amendment)

SOOOO… what is meant by RECONSTRUCTION?YOU WILL NEED TO UNDERSTAND SEVERAL ISSUES

Reconstruction means to “rebuild” something after it was built once

If you saw this sign on the side of the road what would you think it means?

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_________________________________________________ This is an example of ________________________________

The picture on the left is Richmond after it was burned and destroyed during the Civil War. What do you think will need to be done to these buildings?

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Think about your life.

What changes would affect your life if they were forced on you? How would you feel about these changes?

Changing your family name? ___________________________________ Changing your family? _______________________________________ Changing all your friends? ____________________________________ Changing your religion? _______________________________________ Changing the country you live in? _______________________________

Would you try to fight to prevent these changes from taking place? ____.

Fortunately, these changes would not be forced on you. But many changes were forced on the defeated South after the Civil War. The South had to be rebuilt in several ways.

Ways how the Defeated South had to be rebuilt.PHYSICALLY:

POLITICALLY:

The picture on the left is Richmond after it was burned and destroyed during the Civil War. What do you think will need to be done to these buildings?

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Much of the South was destroyed by the war and had to be rebuild. Many roads, houses, railroad tracks, buildings and towns, farms, factories

Many southern states had to rewrite their state Constitutions abolishing slavery and accepting the idea that slavery no longer existed. Old southern leaders were expected to be replaced by new leaders that accepted racial equality.

SOCIALLY:

ECONOMICALLY:

How do you think the defeated Southern States felt about the changes that were FORCED ON THEM? _______________________________

WHY DID THEY FEEL THIS WAY? ____________________________

But Disagreements on how to bring the defeated Southern states back into the Union started to develop. These

disagreements were about….

1. Who would decide on the plan to bring the defeated Southern states back into the Union? The Radical Republicans or the President? Both the Radical Republicans and the President were

in the North (but not necessarily FROM the north) Did the Radical Republicans and the President agree

on the plans for the defeated Southern states to rejoin the Union?

Equality of races in education, housing, jobs, equal rights as American citizens the same as whites. Southerners had to understand and accept equality of races.

The economy (businesses and how people made a living working) in the South had to be changes. Remember, after the Civil War the South no longer had slaved to work on the plantations.

2. How would the defeated Southern states react to Northerner’s power making decisions about their states plans for re-entering the Union?

Would they accept racial equality? Would the Southern leaders give up their power? What would happen to the land plantation owners

owned since they no longer had slaves to work the land?

Thaddeus Stevens, New York Herald (13th December, 1865) (He was a Senator from Pennsylvania and one of the leaders of the Radical Republicans

Reformation must be effected; the foundation of their institutions - political, municipal, and social - must be broken up and relaid, or all our blood and treasure have been spent in vain. This can only be done by treating and holding them as a conquered people. Then all things which we can desire to do follow with logical and legitimate authority

Radical Republicans Cleveland Convention (Plans for Reconstruction)

May 31, 1864 

Mr. Carroll, Chairman of the Committee on Resolutions,1 reported the following resolutions:

First. That the Federal Union shall be preserved.

Second. That the Constitution and laws of the United States must be observed and obeyed.

Third. That the rebellion must be suppressed by force of arms, and without compromise.

Fourth. That the rights of free speech, free press, and the habeas corpus be held inviolate, save in districts where martial law has been proclaimed.

The 13 defeated

Southern states

Fifth. That the rebellion has destroyed slavery, and the Federal Constitution should be amended to prohibit its reestablishment, and to secure to all men absolute equality before the law.

Twelfth. That the question of the reconstruction of the rebellious States belongs to the people, through their representatives in Congress, and not to the Executive.

Thirteenth. That the confiscation of the lands of the rebels, and their distribution among the soldiers and actual settlers, is a measure of justice.

1) Benjamin Wade, speech in the Senate (21st April, 1862) (Senator from Ohio, also a Radical Republican

If there is any stain on the present Administration, it is that they have been weak enough to deal too leniently with those traitors. I know it sprung from goodness of heart; it sprung from the best of motives; but, sir, as a method of putting down this rebellion, mercy to traitors is cruelty to loyal men. Look into the seceded States, and see thousands of loyal men there coerced into their armies to run the hazard of their lives, and placed in the damnable position of perjured traitors. force of arms.

(6) Charles Nordhoff, managing editor of the New York Evening Post had a meeting with President Andrew Johnson about the planned Reconstruction Act. In a letter to his friend, William Cullen Bryant, he described the president's views on the act (2nd February, 1867)

The president grew much excited and expressed the most bitter hatred of the measure in all its parts, declaring that it was nothing but anarchy and chaos, that the people of the South, poor, quiet, unoffending, harmless, were to be trodden under foot "to protect blacks,"

He is a pig headed man, with only one idea - a bitter opposition to universal suffrage and a determination to secure the political ascendancy of the old Southern leaders, who, he emphasized, must in the nature of things rule the South.(3) Benjamin Loan, letter to Charles Sumner (1st June, 1865) (Radical Republicans)

Shall we acquiesce in the policy of the administration or shall we adhere to our former views that Congress alone is authorized to deal with the subject of reconstruction and that our safety and the peace of the country requires us to disenfranchise the rebels and to enfranchise the colored citizens in the revolted states and thereby confide the political power therein to local and therefore safe hands.

Read all the writings about Reconstruction to answer the following questions.

Who were the authors? What was the subject of the writings? What was the major issue of the writing? Who was the audience? Write a brief summary of

the main idea?

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Read all the writings about Reconstruction to answer the following questions.

Who were the authors? What was the subject of the writings? What was the major issue of the writing? Who was the audience? Write a brief summary of

the main idea?

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It is n ow more t han a year since I last had the honor of addressing my fellow citizens of man. On that occasion I dwelt on what seemed to be the proper policy towards the states recently in rebellion - insisting that it was our duty, while renouncing indemnity for the past, to obtain at least security for the future; & this security I maintained could be found only [inserted: in the exclusion of ex-rebels from political power] the irreversible guarantees especially applicable to the national creditor & the national freedman. During the intervening months the country h as been agitated by this question, which [struck: is] [inserted: was [struck: suddenly]] perplexed by an unexpected difference between the Presdt. & Congress: The Presdt. insists upon installing ex-rebels in political power, & sets at naught the claim of guarantees & the idea of sec[text loss] for the future, while he , [inserted: 2], [2] denies to Congress any control over this question & takes it all to himself. Congress has asserted its control & has endeavored to [struck: exclude] shut out ex-rebels from political power & to establish guarantees, to the end that there might be security for the future. Meanwhile the states recently in rebellion, with the exception of Tennessee, are without representation in Congress. Thus stands the case., [inserted: 3 The Two Parties in the Controversy], [3] The two parties to the controversy are the Presdt. on the one side & the people of the U. States in Congress assembled on the other side; the first representing the Executive [struck: Power]; [struck: on the] the second representing the Legislative [struck: Power]. It is the One Man Power vs. [struck: the] Congress. Of course each of these performs its part in the govt.; but [inserted: until now] it has always been supposed that the Legislative gave the laws to the Executive, & not that the Executive gave the law to the Legislative. Perhaps this irrational assumption becomes more astonishing when it is considered, that the [inserted: actual] Presdt., besides being the creature of an accident, is inferior in ability & character, while the House of Reps. is eminent in both respects. A President, who has already sunk below any other president, even , [inserted: 4], [4] Buchanan, madly undertakes to give the law to a House of Reps, which there is reason to believe is the best that has sat since the formation of the Constitution. Thees in looking at the parties we are tempted to exclaim - such a Presdt. dictating to such a Congress! It was said of Gustavus Adolphus that he had drilled the diet of Sweden to vote at the word of Command; but Andrew Johnson is not Gustavus

This is a letter written by Charles Sumner on October 2, 1866

Charles Sumner was another leader of the Radical

28 Aug ’65

My dear Sir,

All should write in honest efforts to obliterate the grievous effects of war, & to restore the blessings of peace. They should remain if possible in the Country; promote harmony & good feeling by those who will devote their abilities to the interests of the Country & the healing of all dissensions. I have invariably recommended this course, since the cessation of hostilities, & have endeavored to practice it myself.

Most truly yours R E Lee

Read the letter written by Robert E. Lee in August, 1865, four and a half months after the Civil War ended. Based upon the letter, what do you think General Lee’s thoughts were about what should happen to the Union. Highlight the lines that answers the question.

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Robert E. Lee’s

thoughts on Reconstructi

Lincoln on Reconstruction

"With malice toward none, with charity for all" Lincoln

Amnesty

Therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln,

The above quote and Amnesty that Presdent Lincoln gave reflects Lincoln’s plans for Reconstruction

After reading the above, how would you describe beliefs on Reconstruction.

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Frederick Douglas

On the Rights of all People

”A government that cannot, or does not protect the humblest Citizen in his right to life, Liberty and the pursuit of happiness, should be reformed or overthrown without delay.”

After reading the note by Frederick Douglass, how can you describe his thoughts about he felt about the topic of peoples rights (and the 14th Amendment.

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It is n ow more t han a year since I last had the honor of addressing my fellow citizens of man. On that occasion I dwelt on what seemed to be the proper policy towards the states recently in rebellion - insisting that it was our duty, while renouncing indemnity for the past, to obtain at least security for the future; & this security I maintained could be found only [inserted: in the exclusion of ex-rebels from political power] the irreversible guarantees especially applicable to the national creditor & the national freedman. During the intervening months the country h as been agitated by this question, which [struck: is] [inserted: was [struck: suddenly]] perplexed by an unexpected difference between the Presdt. & Congress: The Presdt. insists upon installing ex-rebels in political power, & sets at naught the claim of guarantees & the idea of sec[text loss] for the future, while he , [inserted: 2], [2] denies to Congress any control over this question & takes it all to himself. Congress has asserted its control & has endeavored to [struck: exclude] shut out ex-rebels from political power & to establish guarantees, to the end that there might be security for the future. Meanwhile the states recently in rebellion, with the exception of Tennessee, are without representation in Congress. Thus stands the case., [inserted: 3 The Two Parties in the Controversy], [3] The two parties to the controversy are the Presdt. on the one side & the people of the U. States in Congress assembled on the other side; the first representing the Executive [struck: Power]; [struck: on the] the second representing the Legislative [struck: Power]. It is the One Man Power vs. [struck: the] Congress. Of course each of these performs its part in the govt.; but [inserted: until now] it has always been supposed that the Legislative gave the laws to the Executive, & not that the Executive gave the law to the Legislative. Perhaps this irrational assumption becomes more astonishing when it is considered, that the [inserted: actual] Presdt., besides being the creature of an accident, is inferior in ability & character, while the House of Reps. is eminent in both respects. A President, who has already sunk below any other president, even , [inserted: 4], [4] Buchanan, madly undertakes to give the law to a House of Reps, which there is reason to believe is the best that has sat since the formation of the Constitution. Thees in looking at the parties we are tempted to exclaim - such a Presdt. dictating to such a Congress! It was said of Gustavus Adolphus that he had drilled the diet of Sweden to vote at the word of Command; but Andrew Johnson is not Gustavus

Policies of Reconstruction African Americans: _______________________________

African Americans: _______________________________

o Civil Rights Act of 1866

People born in the United States are citizens

All people (except American Indians) have full rights and these rights will be protected

Southern military leaders could not hold office

Freedman’s Bureau was established to help recently freed blacks

The Military Reconstruction Act, 1867. Northern soldiers were placed in the south to protect African Americans.

How would you summarize Reconstruction Policies

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Problems created by Reconstruction

Lincoln on Reconstruction

"With malice toward none, with charity for all" Lincoln

Amnesty

Therefore, I, Abraham Lincoln,

The Military Reconstruction Act, 1867. Northern soldiers were placed in the south to protect African Americans.

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Southerners resented Carpetbaggers from the North _______________________________________________

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Southern States adopted black codes

Mississippi Black Codes, 1967

Section 1. Be it enacted by the legislature of the state of Mississippi, that it shall be the duty of all sheriffs, justices of the peace, and other civil officers of the several counties in this state to report to the Probate courts of their respective counties semiannually, at the January and July terms of said courts, all freedmen, free Negroes, and mulattoes under the age of

eighteen within their respective counties, beats, or districts who are orphans, or whose parent or parents have not the means, or who refuse to provide for and support said minors; and thereupon it shall be the duty of said Probate Court to order the clerk of said court to apprentice said minors to some competent and suitable person, on such terms as the court may direct, having a particular care to the interest of said minors:

Provided, that the former owner of said minors shall have the preference when, in the opinion of the court, he or she shall be a Suitable person for that purpose

Provided, that said apprentice shall be bound by indenture, in case of males until they are twenty-one years old, and in case of females until they are eighteen years old

Section 4. Be it further enacted, that if any apprentice shall leave the employment of his or her master or mistress without his or her consent, said master or mistress may pursue and recapture said apprentice and bring him or her before any justice of the peace of the county, whose duty it shall be to remand said apprentice to the service of his or her master or mistress; and in the event of a refusal on the part of said apprentice so to return, then said justice shall commit said apprentice to the jail of said county, on failure to give bond, until the next term of the county court; and it shall be the duty of said court, at the first term thereafter, to investigate said case; and if the court shall be of opinion that said apprentice left the employment of his or her master or mistress without good cause, to order him or her to be punished, as provided for the punishment of hired freedmen, as may be from time to time provided for by law, for desertion, until he or she shall agree to return to his or her master or mistress:

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Sharecropping______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Sharecropper’s contract between Isham G. Bailey, Cooper Hughes, and Charles Roberts, Marshall County, Mississippi, January 1, 1867.Document signed, 2 pages + docket.

The State of Mississippi Marshall County Articles of agreement made and entered into this 1st day of January AD 1867, between IG Bailey of the first part and Cooper Hughs Freedman and Charles Roberts Freedman of the second part Witnesseth The said parties of the second part, have agreed and do by these presents agree and bind themselves to work for the said party of the first part during the year 1867, on the farm belonging to said party of the first part near Early Grove on said County upon the following terms and conditions to Wit the said Cooper Hughs Freedman with his wife and one other woman, and the said Charles Roberts with his wife Hannah and one boy are to work on said farm and to cultivate forty acres in corn and twenty acres in cotton, to assist in putting the fences on said farm in good order and to keep them so and to do all other work on said farm necessary to be done to keep the same in good order and to raise a good crop and to be under the control and directions of said IG Bailey and to receive for their said services one half of the cotton and one third of the corn and fodder raised by them on said farm in said year 1867 and the said Charles Roberts Freedman with his wife Hannah further agrees and binds themselves to do the washing and Ironing, and all other [2] necessary house work for said IG Bailey and his family during said year 1867 and to receive for their said services fifty dollars in money at the expiration of said year 1867 and the said Cooper Hughs Freedman further agrees and binds himself to give the necessary attention of feeding the Stock of cattle and milking the cows twice daily belong to said IG Bailey, and do the churning when ever necessary during the said year,And the said IG Bailey party of the first part, agrees and binds himself to furnish necessary Mules and farming implements to cultivate said crop and to feed said Mules to furnish said Cooper Hughs Freedman and his family five hundred and fifty pounds of meat, to furnish said Charles Roberts Freedman and his family four hundred and eighty seven pounds of meat and to give said parties of the second part,one half of the crop of cotton and third of the crop of corn and fodder cultivated and raised by them in said year 1867In witness whereof we hereto set our hands and seals the date first above written Signed Sealed and acknowledged[strikeout ]

Why did sharecropping take place only in the South? _____________ __________________________________________________ What type of Reconstruction would sharecropping be an example of?

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Land Owned by Plantation owner before 13th

Amendment

What can you determine about sharecropping? ______________ __________________________________________________

The Reconstruction Period brought three new Amendments

to the Constitution of the United States

13th

Sharecropping took place in the South

Amendment

14th

Amendment

15th

Amendment

Construction Comes to an End

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